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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) transmitted by wireless devices (2.45 GHz), which may cause physiopathological or ultrastructural changes, in the testes of rats. We addressed if the supplemental gallic acid (GA) may reduce these adverse effects. Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Forty eight rats were equally divided into four groups, which were named: Sham, EMR only (EMR, 3 h day−1 for 30 days), EMR + GA (30 mg/kg/daily), and GA (30 mg/kg/daily) groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels increased ( p = 0.001 for both) in EMR only group. TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels decreased in GA treated group significantly ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.045, respectively). Total antioxidant status (TAS) activities decreased in EMR only group and increased in GA treatment group ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). Testosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels decreased in EMR only group, but this was not statistically significant. Testosterone and VEGF levels increased in EMR+GA group, compared with EMR only group ( p = 0.002), and also increased in GA group compared with the control and EMR only group ( p = 0.044 and p = 0.032, respectively). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and calcitonin gene releated peptide (CGRP) staining increased in tubules of the testes in EMR only group ( p < 0.001 for both) and decreased in tubules of the testes in EMR+GA group ( p < 0.001 for all parameters). In EMR only group, most of the tubules contained less spermatozoa, and the spermatozoon counts decreased in tubules of the testes. All these findings and the regenerative reaction, characterized by mitotic activity, increased in seminiferous tubules cells of the testes in EMR+GA group ( p < 0.001). Long term EMR exposure resulted in testicular physiopathology via oxidative damage and inflammation. GA may have ameliorative effects on the prepubertal rat testes physiopathology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1771-1784, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amikacin (AK) is an antibacterial drug, but it has remarkable nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects due to increase in reactive oxygen radicals. This study was established to determine the possible protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, on AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Three different groups of rats ( n = 6) were administered saline (control), AK (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally), ALA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and AK combination (ALA one day before the AK for five days). Renal function, oxidative stress markers and histological changes were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde was increased as an indicator of free radical formation in AK-induced group and decreased with ALA treatment. While catalase activity was increased significantly, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not statistically significant increased with ALA treatment. The result showed that AK enhanced levels of urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in serum significantly. Administration of ALA reduced these levels of biochemical markers. Histopathological observations were confirmed by biochemical findings. In conclusion, ALA is suggested to be a potential candidate to ameliorate AK-induced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Artificial food colourings and additives (AFCAs) have long been discussed to have adverse effects on cognition and behaviour in children. In this study, our aim was to assess the probable side effects of prenatal exposure to colouring food additives on neurobehaviour and spatial learning process. Methods We administered 'no observable adverse effect levels' (NOAELs) of common used AFCAs as a mixture (erythrosine, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red AC, Sunset yellow FCF, tartrazine, Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Azorubine and Indigotine) to female rats before and during gestation and tested their effects on spatial working memory and behaviour in their offspring. Effects of AFCAs on spatial working memory were evaluated by Morris water maze, behavioural and locomotor effects by open-field and forced-swim tests. Results Prenatal exposure to commonly used AFCAs had no adverse effects on spatial working memory; however, assessment of interaction of sex and AFCAs on 'latency to locate the visible platform', which was used as a measure of motivation, showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05) on female rats. In addition, AFCAs caused an increase in anxiolytic like effect in the open-field test (P < 0.05) and an increase in mobility time (P < 0.05) in the forced-swim test. We also detected a significant interaction of sex and AFCAs on forced-swim test parameters (P < 0.05). Discussion These findings indicated that prenatal exposure to NOAELs of AFCAs resulted in implicit adverse effects that caused an increase in motility and a decrease in motivation and anxiety in offspring in sex-related manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation and oxidative stress are key players in lung injury stemming from cardiac ischemia (LISCI). Cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates tissue-protective properties through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics. This study aims to assess the preventive (p-CBD) and therapeutic (t-CBD) effects of CBD on LISCI. Methods: Forty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups: control (CON), LISCI, p-CBD, and t-CBD. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 30 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Lung tissues were then extracted for histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses. Results: Histopathologically, marked hyperemia, increased septal tissue thickness, and inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in the lung tissues of the LISCI group. Spectrophotometrically, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels were elevated, while total antioxidant status levels were decreased. Immunohistochemically, expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), interleukin-6 (IL6) were increased. In genetic analyses, PERK and CHOP expressions were increased, whereas Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2) expressions were decreased. These parameters were alleviated by both prophylactic and therapeutic CBD treatment protocols. Conclusion: In LISCI-induced damage, both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, along with oxidative and inflammatory markers, were triggered, resulting in lung cell damage. However, both p-CBD and t-CBD treatments effectively reversed these mechanisms, normalizing all histopathological, biochemical, and PCR parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Despite the advances in medicine, sepsis still remains a major health problem worldwide and brain tissue is one of the structures damaged in the early period of sepsis. Neuroinflammation (NI) is considered as the main mechanism in septic brain injury. Ramelteon (RML) is a non-selective (MT1 / MT2) melatonin receptor agonist and was approved by the FDA in 2005 with the indication of insomnia. RML shows relatively higher affinity for both receptor subtypes among other melatonergic agonist drugs. Material and Method Twenty-eight male Wistar Albino rats were used to investigate the protective effect of RML on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced NI. Control, LPS (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), RML (8 mg/kg, orally) and LPS + RML (45 minutes before LPS) groups were created. Six hours following the last drug administration, rats were sacrificed. Blood for hemogram analysis and cortical and hippocampal tissues for histopathological evaluation were collected. Results LPS increased white blood cell and neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio (NLR) while it decreased lymphocyte and platelet counts. RML decreased NLR and increased platelet counts significantly. In histochemical evaluation, marked inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis were observed in both hippocampal and cortical areas of LPS group. RML decreased the inflammatory response and apoptotic bodies in these areas. Conclusion RML may be protective on LPS-induced NI observed in hippocampus via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]