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Purpose: The choroid plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of many diseases affecting the choroid and the retina, but adequate visualization and the certain thickness measurement of the choroid have not been possible until recently. Since 2006, a variety of spectral-domain OCT instruments have become commercially available; and invivo choroidal thickness measurements are possible. In this study we examined central choroidal and macular thickness in healthy Turkish subjects using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and aimed to reveal normal choroidal thickness to compare with pathologic conditions.Materials and Methods: Three hundred eyes of 150 subjects with no retinal or choroidal disease and refractive error, underwent high-definition raster scanning using SD-OCT with frame enhancement software. Choroidal thickness was measured from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid-sclera junction. Furthermore, the central foveal thickness was also measured at the same time.Results: The mean age of the subjects was 36.8 (range, 29 to 41) years. All eyes had normal foveal contour with no retinal pathology and no abnormalities of the choroid. The visual acuity in all patients was 1.0 Snellen lines. The mean choroidal thickness at the center of the fovea was 287.6 µm (range, 241 to 313). The mean central macular thickness was 215.4 µm (range, 179 to 252).Conclusions: The choroid is a highly vascular tissue necessitating in vivo imaging to accurately determine its true structure and thickness. Choroidal thickness can change in some ocular pathologies. Until recently, the information regarding choroidal thickness in normal eyes was based primarily on histological results, which do not necessarily reflect the true measurements of this dynamic tissue. Choroidal and macular thickness may vary with location and this should be considered when evaluating the choroidal and macular thickness. Improved in vivo visualization of the choroid and measurement of choroidal thickness using OCT is likely to improve our understanding of a variety of ophthalmic diseases in the future.

Amaç: Bu çalýþmada ratlarda deneysel olarak oluþturulan glokomda antiglokomatöz ilaçlarýnretina gangliyon hücre ölümü üzerine etkileri araþtýrýlmýþtýr.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Üç episkleral veni oftalmik koterle yakýlarak göziçi basýnçlarý yükseltilen36 adet Wistar albino erkek rat çalýþmaya alýndý ve beþ grup oluþturuldu. Tüm ratlarakoterizasyon uygulandýktan sonra 1nci gruptakilere (n=6) ilaç tedavisi verilmedi; ikinci grupratlara (n=8) latanoprost 3. grup ratlara (n=6) brimonidine, 4ncü gruptakilere (n=9) dorzolamidve 5. gruptakilere (n=7) betaxolol uygulandý. Operasyondan hemen önce ve sonra, birinci,ikinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü haftada ölçülen göz içi basýnçlarý kaydedildi. Dördüncü hafta sonundaratlarýn gözleri enüklee edildi. TUNEL iþaretleme tekniði ile pozitif boyanan hücreler sayýlaraksonuçlar istatitiksel olarak deðerlendirildi.Bulgular: Dördüncü hafta ölçümlerinde, latanoprost uygulanan ratlarda göziçi basýncý, kontrolgurubuna göre anlamlý derecede düþük bulundu (pgruplarýndaki apoptotik hücre sayýlarý, tedavi almayan-kontrol grubuna göre anlamlý derecededüþüktü (papoptotik hücre sayýlarý açýsýndan bir farklýlýk görülmedi.Sonuç: Deneysel rat modelinde topikal olarak uygulanan latanoprost, brimonidin, dorzolamidve betaxolol, apoptozu önlemede eþit derecede etkili bulunmuþtur.Anahtar kelimeler: Apopitoz; Deneysel Hayvan Modeli; Glokom., Purpose: It was aimed to determine the effects of topically applied latanoprost, brimonidine,dorzolamide and betoxolol on ganglion cell apoptosis in an experimental rat model.Material and Methods: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was increased by episcleral vein cauterizationin 36 Wistar male albino rats. Rats were divided into 5 sub-groups as follows: Group 1 receivedno medication (n=6), group 2 received latanoprost treatment once daily (n=8), group 3received brimonidine treatment twice daily (n=6), group 4 receieved dorzolamide treatment3 times daily (n=9), and group 5 received betoxolol treatment twice daily (n=7). IOP wasrecorded before and immediately after the cauterization, on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks.All eyes were enucleated after four weeks after medication. Apoptosis was determined usingthe TUNNEL method.Results: IOP was observed as increased after cauterization. The eyes were found to havehigher rate of apoptosis in group-1. There was not a statistically significant difference amongthe groups in terms of rate of apoptosis.Conclusion: In an experimental rat model of glaucoma, latanoprost, brimonidine, dorzolamideand betoxolol was found as equally effective in reducing IOP and these agents similarly loweredthe rate of ganglion cell apoptosis when compared to group 1.Key words: Apoptosis; Experimental animal rat models; Glaucoma.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilköğretim 7. sınıfta yer alan Cebir öğrenme alanının Denklemler alt öğrenme alanı öğretiminde, teknoloji destekli öğretimin öğrencilerin erişi düzeyine, tutumuna ve kalıcılığa etkisini incelemektir.Araştırmanın modeli ön test-son test kontrol gruplu deneme modelidir. Araştırma, 2008-2009 öğretim yılında İzmir ili Buca ilçesinde yer alan bir devlet okulunda öğrenim gören 28 deney, 28 kontrol olmak üzere toplam 56 7. sınıf öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deney grubu öğrencilerine cebir öğretiminde ?Teknoloji Destekli Öğretim? yöntemi uygulanmış, kontrol grubu öğrencilerine de cebir öğretiminde ?Geleneksel Öğretim? yöntemi uygulanmıştır.Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, öğrencilerin erişi düzeylerini ve öğrenmenin kalıcılığını incelemek amacıyla Cebir (Denklemler) Başarı Testi ve öğrencilerin matematik dersine yönelik tutumlarını incelemek amacıyla da Matematik Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Teknoloji destekli öğretim yapılırken, bilgisayarlar ve projeksiyondan faydalanılmıştır. Teknoloji destekli etkinlikler The Geometer's Sketchpad ve Grafik Analiz programlarında hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen verileri çözümlemek amacıyla, SPSS 13.0 paket programı yardımıyla uygun istatistiksel analizler kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonucunda, Teknoloji Destekli Öğretim yönteminin, matematik dersi Cebir öğrenme alanı Denklemler alt öğrenme alanında öğrencilerin erişi düzeylerini artırdığı bulunmuştur. Deney ve kontrol grubu öğrencileri arasında öğretim yöntemine göre anlamlı bir fark olmasa da, teknoloji destekli öğretim yöntemi uygulanan deney grubu öğrencilerinin başarı testi son test ve erişi puan ortalamalarının kontrol grubu öğrencilerine göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin kalıcılık testi puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı, kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin kalıcılık testi puan ortalamalarının deney grubu öğrencilerine göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Deney ve kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin matematiğe yönelik tutumları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamakla birlikte, kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin matematiğe yönelik tutumlarında anlamlı ve olumlu bir artış olduğu görülmüştür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Teknoloji Destekli Öğretim, Akademik Erişi, Matematiğe Yönelik Tutum, Kalıcılık This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of technology assisted instruction in one of the algebra the sub learning fields, Equations instruction which is a learning field in the seventh grade to the students? achievement level, attitude and its retention.Pretest-post test control group experimental design was used in this research. The research was carried out with 56 seventh graders attending to a state school in Buca, İzmir, there were 28 students in both control and experiment groups. ?Technology Assisted Instruction? method in algebra instruction was applied to experiment group students and ?Traditional Instruction? method in algebra instruction was applied to control group students.Quantitative research model was used in the research. As data collection tool, Algebra (Equations) Achievement Test was applied to examine achievement levels of the students and persistency of learning and Mathematics Attitude Scale was used to analyze students? attitude towards mathematics. Technology assisted activities was prepared with The Geometer?s Sketchpad and Graphic Calculus programs. SPSS 13.0 packaged software and suitable statistical analyses was used in the analysis of gained data.As a result it is found that technology assisted instruction method increase the achievement levels of students in the Equations sub learning field of algebra learning field in mathematics courses. Although there is no significant difference in terms of instruction method between experiment and control group, it is observed that average scores of post test of achievement test and achievement point of experiment group students were higher those of control group students. It is found that there is no significant difference between retention test average scores of students, it is observed that average scores of retention test of achievement test of control group students were higher those of experiment group students. When it comes to the attitudes towards mathematics, there appears to be no significant difference between students, though, there appears to be a positive and significant attitude of control group students towards mathematics.Key Words: Technology Assisted Instruction, Academic Achievement, Attitude towards Mathematics, Retention 220

Objectives: We aimed at assessing the visual functions in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture and to compare the results with age-matched controls in this three-year prospective study.