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The legacy of career and technical education (CTE) in years past, stretching into the vocational education era, was lower college enrollment after participating in CTE. More recently, others have concluded that college enrollment is not affected but that CTE students enroll more frequently in 2-year degrees over 4-year degrees. I revisit the question with more recent data than has been used by other researchers. I adjust my estimates by the level of academic preparation that students have undergone in high school, known as curricular intensity. I use transcripts from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) to determine participation in meaningful CTE course sequences, known as programs of study, and then follow the students via the HSLS:09 survey administered in the fall after high school. I find that participation in CTE has no association with a student's probability of enrolling in college. Further, participating in CTE has no association with a student's decision to enroll in a two-year or four-year program, after adjusting for curricular intensity. These results are exciting because they allow for the general recommendation of CTE to any interested student, without fear of adverse effects on later educational attainment and the no-harm finding opens the door to many new CTE policy conversations.

Given the tendencies of education to become oppressive in theory and practice, exploring the premises of critical pedagogy as an educational philosophy becomes timely and compelling. This study aims to describe the possibilities of intensifying the essential role of pedagogy in teaching-learning processes, thereby leading to the framing of a liberating curriculum. In this qualitative phenomenological study, stories from purposively selected Senior High School stakeholders were collected through interviews, survey, and observations. After careful analysis, it revealed that some of the existing pedagogical practices still adhered to the traditional approach that deterred education from its being a genuinely free act. Proofs were gleaned from the areas of instruction, assessment, and learning environment. It is recommended that by strengthening critical pedagogy, learners become agents of social change. Teachers should then also be curriculum reformers who could make learning not just relevant but also liberating, and hence, humanizing.

Within Turkey in recent years, there has been a testing period for the implementation of the foreign language oriented curriculum to understand its contribution to language learning for the fifth graders. Accordingly, by considering the experience of the students, teachers and school administrators in the schools where this curriculum is implemented, this study aims at developing suggestions to determine the improvements for the foreign language oriented curriculum, which is to be practiced in the fifth grade of middle school in Turkey as a pilot study during the year of 2017-2018 and planned to be practiced across the country in the upcoming years. The study was carried out with concurrent triangulation design, a mixed method design. The participants consisted of 209 fifth grade students, 6 English teachers and 4 school administrators in Hatay. The data was collected from the students through the survey developed by the researchers. As for the interviews with teachers and administrators, two separate semi-structured interview forms were used. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were utilized for the analysis of data. Validity and reliability of the data were strengthened by the use of various techniques which were getting expert opinion, pilot practice of the data collection tools, data diversity and coder compatibility. The findings of the study show that the participants are generally satisfied with this practice and support the continuation of it on the condition that some problems are solved. Students expressed positive views in the improvement of language skills except for speaking skill. However, some emergent problems related to the practice were revealed. Moreover, there could be possible risks of practicing this curriculum throughout the country considering regional differences, other lessons' hours and teacher insufficiency. It is essential to evaluate it continuously in terms of creating a sustainable curriculum and implementing it efficiently.

This study aims to describe the policies adopted by the Aceh government in implementing peace education in the secondary schools. It used the qualitative descriptive method with a case study design, whereby 17 participants consists of officials of education bureau and teachers of civic and religious education were involved in the study. The data was collected by in-depth interview and documentary study. The data was analyzed using Creswell's spiral data analysis. The study found that, firstly, the Aceh government focused more on implementing Islamic-based education in accordance with the national standards, and had not considered the normative and sociological chances to make a policy that regulated the implemention of peace education in the schools. Secondly, the Aceh peace agreement used the concept of human rights in regulating the education in Aceh, and therefore, the Law on Governing Aceh did explicitly regulate Aceh educational reform for peacebuilding. This had resulted in unanimous understanding and implementation of peace education at the secondary schools. Thus, there is a need for educational system reform in respect to peace-related education curriculum in the region. Finally, this study suggested for future research that focused on the regional government's authority in reforming and restructuring regional educational system that incorporated peace education as long-term peacebuilding vis-à-vis the central government.

In this essay, I explain how I switched the lens of my sophomore research unit to one that focuses on rural issues. This essay follows the unit from beginning to end. I explain what I do to raise awareness through the use of daily articles along with providing models for their own research. The essay then details the writing portion and how it has changed over time. The essay ends with a reflection of my work and choices. [The page range (94-97) on the .pdf is incorrect. The correct page range is p95-98.]

To drive the wider adoption of STEM in schools, researchers have promoted the benefits of teaching STEM subjects integrated across the curriculum. This integration can support more authentic learning opportunities where learning is framed in real-world application or driven through problem/project-based learning. The integration of digital technologies (DT), where the learning moves away from consumption to creation, provides for further application of learning where the development of artefacts can be situated within other subjects. This integration, however, raises new challenges for effective teaching and learning, and while new technologies and approaches can support this practice, this is still evolving. In this study we explore how one high school in New Zealand has integrated the creation of digital artefacts situated, in the digital technologies (DT) class, with learning in the Maori Performing Arts class. The study explores how mixed reality (MR), combined with design thinking approaches, provide new opportunities to integrate learning and support engagement in STEM. Drawing on a participatory action research methodology, this article explores the experiences and perceptions of three teachers as they adopt MR to engage and teach students drawing on critical DT skills.

Achievement data from New Zealand secondary schools suggest that students from lower socio-economic communities have fewer opportunities to engage with complex content in subject English. This article examines this phenomenon by drawing on Foucault's notion of governmentality and considers how a context of simultaneously increased autonomy and surveillance may shape curriculum and assessment choices. To explore these ideas, I use interview data from ten secondary English teachers in the wider Auckland region. I complement Foucault's (1982) explanation of governmentality with Ball, Maguire, and Braun's (2012) notion of policy enactment to explore spaces of both compliance and resistance.

The aim of this study was to analyze the attainments of map literacy skills in the 2018 Social Studies course curriculum according to the learning areas and examine the applicability of the program. The research sought answers to the following questions: 1. How is the distribution of attainments related to map literacy skills in the 2018 Social Studies course curriculum by class levels and learning areas? 2. What is the level attainments associated with map literacy in the 2018 Social Studies course curriculum related to the lower dimensions of map skills in the high school geography curriculum? 3. What is the applicability level of map literacy skills in the 2018 Social Studies course curriculum for student-centered learning activities? Looking at the results of the study, it was found that at fourth-grade level, there was an improvement in the global connections learning area, where four skills were included with map writing in "People and Places and Environments." At fifth-grade level, it was found there were two attainments linked to map literacy in "People Places and Environments," while there was one attainment in "Global Connections." According to the results of the research, it was found that at sixth-grade level, there were four achievements in "People, Places and Environments," one achievement in "Production, Distribution and Consumption," and three achievements related to map literacy skills in "Global Connections." Finally, at the seventh-grade level, it was found there were two achievements related to map literacy skills in the field of learning "People Places and Environments." When Social Studies textbooks were examined, it was observed that map literacy skills and application activities were at a limited level. In Social Studies course learning areas, the level of applicability in terms of map literacy skills is quite high. The recommendations to be developed on this issue are to teach both teachers and students about Geographic Information Systems, where students can find application areas, support map literacy skills.

This research assessed certain socio-demographic variables and how they affect students' satisfaction with the study of ICT in secondary schools. The study adopted a survey research design and was guided by six specific objectives. A total of 4,484 senior secondary school students represented the study's population, while a simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting a sample of 2,242 respondents. Secondary school Students' Satisfaction with the Study of ICT Questionnaire (SSSSSICTQ)" was used primarily as the tool for data collection. Although there are differences in students' satisfaction levels across various groups, age, gender, parents' income level, students' education level and school location do not significantly influence students' satisfaction with the study of ICT in secondary schools respectively. It was concluded that the socio-demographic factors of students do not influence to a notable extent, students' satisfaction with the study of ICT in secondary schools. Based on this conclusion, the implication imposes additional responsibilities for future studies to attempt to uncover reasons why socio-demographic factors do not affect the satisfaction of students with the study of ICT at the secondary education level.

Responding to student diversity has become a key policy priority in education systems around the world. In addition to international and national institutional policies, major changes are underway in instructional practices and pedagogy in many national contexts. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) has become a key pedagogical approach used in education systems which seek to promote inclusive and equitable education in response to student diversity. Despite Ireland's policy commitment to inclusive education, UDL has been traditionally focused on the higher education sector with little discussion about the role UDL can play at primary and second-level education to achieve inclusion. Furthermore, there has been no research to date on the extent to which education policy reforms are introducing part, or all, of the aspects of the UDL framework. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which UDL is gaining momentum in Irish primary and second-level education through an analysis of curriculum policy. This paper examines the development and evolution of UDL in Irish education policy over the past decade by exploring the use of UDL in national educational curriculum frameworks. The paper highlights how UDL is slowly and implicitly emerging in education policy at a national level but suggests further momentum could be gained from its inclusion in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) and professional development programmes. By exploring the development of UDL within existing policy contexts, the paper argues for a more explicit commitment to UDL as part of ongoing curriculum reform at the primary level, the review of Senior Cycle, and Ireland's broader inclusive education agenda.

Previous analyses of German geography textbooks confirm tendencies towards the moralization of sustainability-related content. Against this background, this study examines moralizations and normative implications of recurring sustainability narratives in German textbooks for secondary schools. From the sample of 15 current middle school textbooks from Thuringia and North Rhine-Westphalia, energy-related double pages (n = 106) were analyzed in terms of their surface and depth structures. The analysis focuses on the thematic and spatial references and the dimensions of sustainability, as well as on education for sustainable development (ESD 1 and ESD 2) and the transported narratives. The article concludes with the formulation of certain recommendations for action, to deal with energy-related topics in the sense of an emancipatory ESD 2, in both critical geography lessons and the design of educational media.

In addition to providing knowledge and skills to individuals in the educational process, it is also aimed to attainment value and attitude. In this context, today, values are included in the curriculum of many countries around the world as a curriculum component. The aim of this research is to examine the geography course curriculum (GCC) applied in Turkey from the Republic to the present day with the dimension of values education. In this study, which is a qualitative research, descriptive content analysis method was used. All GCC's applied from 1924 to the present day constitute the universe of research. Since the entire research universe has been reached, no sample selection has been made. All GCC's that make up the research universe have been subjected to descriptive analysis. According to the results of the analysis, the research findings were presented in three periods: 1924-1971, 1971-2005 and 2005-2021. Accordingly, the GCC's applied between 1924 and 1971 do not include any content related to values education, while the GCC's applied between 1971-2005 included values implicitly in the general teaching purposes, and in the period 2005-2021, a curriculum element of values was included in the GCC. With the 2017 GCC, values were relationship with attainment, unit and class level for the first time. As a result, in the last half century, GCC's have shown slow but continuous development in terms of values education, but there are some problems in practice.

The attempts to evaluate the published postgraduate theses aiming to research the Social Studies curriculum in Turkey between the years of 2015-2020. The study adopted general survey model. The study consisted of 866 open access theses which were conducted on the Social Studies curriculum between 2015-2020, and which were obtained from Council of Higher Education (HEB) National Thesis database in Turkey by using the keywords such as "Social Studies", "Social Studies Curriculum", "Social Studies course". The study samples comprised a total of 177 theses that met the certain criteria in the thesis analysis form, consisting of 22 criteria. The data were analyzed through the document analysis technique. The results revealed that the postgraduate theses have increased in number over the years except for 2020. It is noteworthy that the published theses mainly consisted of doctoral dissertations. The ratio of female supervisors (22.5%) was found to be low. The findings also suggested that qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the theses, and those using mixed research method were fewer. Another significant result of the study was that the majority of participants were students.

This study aims to investigate to what extent learning objectives in the secondary school Turkish curriculum (2019) reflect and engage Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence. Furthermore, the study considers the frequency with which each intelligence type is presented in the curriculum. In the study, a total of 112 objectives are focused on. These objectives have been checked and rated by each of the experts. The study employs document analysis method as a research design. Research data has been collected and analysed through using document analysis descriptive and analysis techniques, respectively. Careful analysis of these objectives reveals that the intelligence profile of the curriculum is primarily verbal/linguistically (103). This is followed by mathematical/logical (17), visual/spatial intelligence (12), social/interpersonal (3), and bodily/kinesthetic intelligences (2), respectively. It further reveals that there are no objectives that cater to internal, musical/rhythmic and naturalistic intelligences. These findings suggest several courses of action for future researches.

The purpose of this study was to review concept teaching for a history course, and analyze and compare the case of secondary education history curriculum and course books in Turkey in this context over the past decade. The concepts to be taught were written item-by-item in the 10th-grade (2008) history course curriculum, whereas this was not the case in the 9th- (2007) and 11th- (2009) grade history course curricula. The history course curricula that was prepared for the 9th, 10th, and 11th grades in 2018, and consolidated into a booklet, drew attention to the importance of concept teaching and aimed to teach the concepts within the course; however, it did not specify the concepts to be taught in this curriculum. While examining the history course books prepared for secondary education, it was observed that the 9th-grade history course book prepared in 2009 introduced the concepts under the heading 'Basic Concepts' at the beginning of each subject, and the 10th-grade history course book introduced the concepts under the heading 'Basic Concepts' at the beginning of each unit; however, there was no list of concepts in the 11th-grade history course book, neither at the beginning of the unit nor at the beginning of the subject. As a result, it may be suggested that the target concepts should be introduced word-byword in history course curricula and these concepts should be taught in history course books using alternative teaching methods.

One of the most common concepts in the field of education in the 21st century is undoubtedly values education. In addition to the procedures related to values education in schools, the acquisitions and processes related to values education are constantly updated in each curriculum. In this process, history lesson curriculums have been one of the courses in which the procedures related to education of values have been started. As well as the explanations and information in the programs, how values education is handled in the lessons, teachers' studies and observations are also important. In this study, teachers' opinions were asked about the treatment of values education in history lessons. For this reason, a study was conducted with 30 history teachers using a semi-structured interview form in October-December 2019. In the findings obtained in the study; providing alternative activity examples instead of providing only definitions and knowledge in history curriculum and textbooks, processing case studies about Turkish culture in accordance with the level, ensuring accessibility of materials in schools and providing materials free of charge, conducting activities that can prevent peer bullying, activities and operations on women's rights attention was drawn to issues such as increasing the cooperation between teacher-family and students.

The transition from primary to postprimary education is a significant milestone in children's education and can be characterised by the multiple challenges that they experience, specifically the move from childhood to adolescence, from one institutional context to another, and from established social groups into new social relations. This research employs a theoretical framework that describes this transition from the perspective of secondary school inservice practitioners as they aim to help students to make a successful transition. An incremental, sequential mixed-methods data collection strategy took the form of an exploratory survey followed by qualitative semistructured interviews. Current transition practices in the context of the challenges presented in Irish secondary schools are reported on in five key areas: administration, social and emotional supports, curriculum support, pedagogical support, and management/autonomy of learning. The findings of this research also highlight a need to reflect on the purpose and timing of current practices, along with calls for continuing professional development programmes to be developed that specifically target the challenges faced by Irish inservice teaching practitioners. It is hoped that this paper will spark discourse relating to the development of transitional supports for students and associated training for those who are best placed to provide those supports.

The school curriculum is often the formal document designed for teachers to treat topics that allow for the impartation of knowledge and the development of competencies that prepare students for further studies. Achieving this depends mainly on its content structure and sequencing. The aim of this study is two-fold: to find the extent of vertical articulation of topics in the economics syllabus that makes it possible for the syllabus to achieve its purpose of preparing students for further studies; and to explore the extent to which the syllabus is up-to-date and relevant in dealing with current economic issues. Document analysis was used to analyse the syllabus, while eight (8) service teachers purposively selected were interviewed. The study found that the SHS economics curriculum lacked vertical content articulation regarding the learning competencies for Forms 1 to 3. Also, the interviews revealed that the curriculum is not up-to-date though relevant since many evolving economic concepts have not been captured. The study supports the call for curriculum change and alignment of content to improve its vertical articulation and coherence and its currency and relevance in helping to equip students with the requisite knowledge and fundamental economic tools for their daily survival.

A sense of audience is important in the development of student writing (Many & Henderson, 2005). Research shows students need to consider an audience's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations to be effective writers (Midgette, Haria, & MacArthur, 2007). Therefore, students need learning opportunities in L2 classrooms to develop this ability. Yet, the incorporation of audience in L2 textbook writing activities has not been sufficiently addressed. This study examined textbook activities to whom students write based on parameters of audience influence proposed by Grabe and Kaplan (1996, 2014). Writing prompts from six high school textbooks in Saudi Arabia were analyzed. The results indicate prompts instruct students to write to a single reader, known/unknown readers, as well as write about general topics. However, prompts do not provide information for students about three parameters (age, gender, and social status) which are necessary ingredients in developing a writer's sense of audience and play a significant role on textual variations. This study also modified a model of audience that can be used for textbook evaluation. The findings benefit textbook developers and teachers by motivating them to consider parameters of audience influence when they design lessons and materials for L2 writing classrooms.

The visualization concept and multimedia is commonly used in designing various learning methods in education. However, less study was conducted for Fundamental of Computer Science (FCS) subjects especially in STEM education approach. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the content of design learning module for the subject of secondary two-topic Algorithms. The study uses a qualitative approach by interviewing five experts with related educational background to validate the content of the module. The findings show positive responses from those experts regarding applied visualization and multimedia suggesting some modifications be done for teaching and learning environment in the future. In conclusion, this study conclusively improvises design learning module for FCS subject by enhancing STEM education aligned with the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025.

Social evolution, globalization, and advances in technology are making it increasingly necessary to offer complete and comprehensive teacher training. This training should produce citizens who are concerned about the planet and its future. These values are embedded in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the breadth of which allows them to be integrated into the secondary school curriculum for most subjects. To construct a complete teacher training model, the following have been considered: previous studies based on qualitative and quantitative methodologies (the Delphi method and questionnaires for 'expert' teachers), the teaching experience of the authors, the action research methodology, and validation by other teachers who use technologies and are concerned about sustainability issues. The result is a teacher training model that is in line with UNESCO's sustainability competencies and based not only on technology, the scientific content of the subject to be taught, and didactics (pedagogy), but also on education in sustainability and the SDGs that need to be integrated. This approach is expected to produce changes in citizens' attitudes that contribute to the achievement of the SDGs and lead to the teachers feeling positive about their teaching experiences. However, a systematic application of this approach in classrooms and an assessment of its learning results are still pending.

Post-apartheid South African curriculum reforms, from outcomes-based education (OBE) to the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), resulted in different challenges. Teachers, in particular those teaching Physical Sciences in the Further Education and Training (FET) phase from Grades 10-12, were expected to cope with changes and master Physical Sciences curriculum for the attainment of good results, but were unable to do so because they were missing an understanding of curriculum concepts. The success of any curriculum depends on ten fundamental and broad curriculum concepts: rationale, goals, activities, assessment, accessibility, resources, content, roles, environment, and time. However, empirical findings show that Grade 12 Physical Science teachers in South African schools still struggle to understand and contextualise curriculum concepts in order to redefine specific CAPS Physical Science concepts. Consequently, this conceptual study uses Van den Akker (2004) curriculum spider web concept framework in reconceptualising Grade 12 CAPS Physical Science concepts. This study argues that teaching without knowing specific subject curriculum concepts can lead to poor teacher performance and poor subject results, this study concludes by proposing a formal, non-formal and informal framework for CAPS Physical Science to resolve this.

One of the definitions of biodiversity, which has many definitions, is the differences between living things or the diversity of life forms in the world. According to another definition, biodiversity is a group of wholes formed by genes, species, ecosystems and ecological events in a region. The importance of biodiversity is gradually increasing nowadays where some living species existing on earth are gradually disappearing. In this context, many disciplines have started to work on this subject. Studies in the fields of biology and science are especially important. On the other hand, although some studies have been done on the subject in the field of geography, studies on the place of biodiversity in geography education are limited. Biodiversity; Turkey has not received the place it deserves due to be reduced to just one unit in the Geography Curriculum. Biodiversity, due to the reduction to only one unit in the Geography Curriculum in Turkey, it has not received its deserved place. Because, when the secondary education geography curriculum is examined, it is seen that only in the first unit of 11th grade includes biodiversity. Likewise, there is only one learning outcome directly related to the subject in the Geography Education Program. Document analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in our research. In the research, the place of biodiversity subject in secondary education geography curriculum was examined. Within this framework, journals, articles, books of academic value and reports containing statistical data that are published regarding to the topic were reviewed. In this context, many resources published in domestic and foreign languages on the internet has been scanned. In conclusion, in order for the biodiversity of what our country has, to be understood in terms of the whole society, this existence must be well known and assimilated. It gains importance to increase the efforts to transfer the biological diversity that exists in our day to future generations. Geography education is one of the most important factors in order to increase the level of awareness in this regard. In this context, it is important to allocate more space for this subject in different units in the secondary education geography curriculum. [This article was presented as a summary paper at the International Battalgazi Scientific Studies Congress, December 18-20, 2020, Malatya.]

The study investigates the vocabulary profile of a set of English textbooks "New Senior English for China," which is widely used for senior secondary education in China. It examines how the words required by the 2017 National English Curriculum Standard for General Senior Secondary Education in China are covered, repeated and distributed in the textbooks. The results show that the textbooks cover only about 80% of the lemmas required by the 2017 English Curriculum Standard. Among the lemmas covered in the textbooks, half of them are repeated less than five times in the textbooks. Most of the lemmas which recur more than five times in the textbooks have dispersion values above 0.5. Lemmas with dispersion values below 0.1 are mainly composed of theme-based words. Although the study indicates that some words are distributed favorably, the textbooks fail to provide sufficient coverage and repetition of the words required by the 2017 English Curriculum Standard. Therefore, extra exposure and repetition of these words are required for optimal learning.

In history curriculum design in England, currently at least two loci of authority -- the history teachers' 'extended writing movement' and the national awarding body Pearson Edexcel -- present somewhat contrasting portrayals of the narrative mode for the purposes of historical causal explanation. Nonetheless, both loci suggest they are reappropriating academic knowledge for the purposes of secondary schooling in a fashion similar to what Basil Bernstein (1986) dubs 'recontextualisation'. As a practising history teacher, I provide a phenomenological critique of Pearson Edexcel's specifications for the national GCSE and A-level examinations from the perspective of the extended writing movement's realisation of the Bernsteinian model, with a specific focus on the narrative mode for the purposes of historical causal explanation. In order to characterise the status of historical narrative in the academic field of production, I draw on analytic philosophies of history, theories of history by practising historians and historical explanations from one historiography: the Salem witch trials. Finally, I make recommendations for future reforms in national history examinations in England: constant revaluation with reference to academic knowledge; the avoidance of specific yet unsustainable claims about the discipline of history generally; and the abandonment of a genre-led assessment in favour of an epistemology-led alternative.

Career choice involves the selection of one occupation over another. It is very important as it gives people focus on what career to follow. However, a lack of adequate information on career choice is capable of negatively influencing career choices. Hence, this study examines the significance of the adequate information on career choice among first year students using a selected rural South African university. A quantitative research method was employed for data collection. Purposive and random sampling was used to select the institution and sample respectively. Questionnaires were administered to 375 randomly selected first year students studying in the selected rural South African university. The findings of the study show that career choice is important and can contribute to the success of students. Attempts are made to communicate about career pathways with students while in high schools through the provision in the curriculum. Various factors ranging from parental influence, teachers, presence or absence of career counsellors, amongst others affect the career choice of students. The study recommends that education stakeholders, inclusive of parents, should be informed on the need to guide students in making informed career choices. Career information centres should be made available to students in various locations in the country.

STEM is becoming widespread as an education model in many countries today, and it has been included in the curriculum in our country, and the need for teachers trained in this field has emerged. The purpose of this study, in which the case study method, one of the qualitative research methods, is used, is to examine the skills of Physics-Chemistry teacher candidates to create real-life knowledge-based problems covering the achievements in the high school curriculum and propose solutions for these problems. For this reason, 4 Physics and 2 Chemistry teacher candidates who took formation training and participated in the study voluntarily were studied for five weeks in the research. The data of the study were collected through semi-structured written documents given to teacher candidates and face-to-face interviews. The collected data were evaluated with the content analysis approach. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the teacher candidates had difficulties in associating the problems they created with the achievements of the STEM discipline and physicschemistry discipline, and they were successful in terms of their ability to propose solutions such as product development and testing.

The need to address culture in the language learning process has been emphasized as a means to promote both intercultural awareness and communicative language curricula. In countries such as Turkey, this has been an ongoing concern in the context of English as a foreign language (EFL) education. Thus, attempts have been made to enhance the cultural aspect of EFL learning in Turkey with the current English language curricula for elementary and high schools. To determine whether these curricula truly address culture in ways that support intercultural awareness, the researcher conducted a content analysis of the learning outcomes and objectives for each grade level, focusing on the curricula developed in 2013 and 2014 respectively for elementary and high school, as well as the program updates introduced in 2017 and 2018. The culture-related objectives and outcomes including products, practices, perspectives and persons relating to native Englishspeaking and international cultures were identified, and the total numbers of culture-oriented outcomes and objectives were recorded and analyzed. The findings indicate that culture-related outcomes and objectives were highly limited in number; and they mainly addressed superficial aspects of culture such as names of countries/languages, foods and traditional costumes. Abstract and complex topics such as pragmatics, beliefs, and worldviews were largely ignored. Moreover, while the updated programs of 2017 and 2018 were intended to improve on the 2013 and 2014 versions, little was accomplished in this regard. As such, the findings suggest that current EFL curricula are unlikely to support the development of intercultural awareness in language learners. Some recommendations for addressing this issue are offered.

This study aims to investigate whether there is a discrepancy between local coursebooks and international coursebooks in terms of the extent to which they comply with the model of communicative competence depicted in the Turkish foreign language curriculum. Speaking activities in two selected 9th grade English language coursebooks were classified according to the taxonomy developed by Khan and Tas (2019), in which speaking activities are categorised as either pre-communicative or communicative in consonance with which subcomponents of communicative competence they tend to address. Results indicate that the international coursebook is relatively more communicative than the local one, gravitating closer towards the communicative goals stated in the official curriculum. The local coursebook, on the other hand, seems to be dependent more upon pre-communicative activities, hence deviating from a balanced progression of leaners' communicative competence but focusing on their linguistic competence. The difference suggests an arguable advantage in favour of the international coursebook with respect to developing learners' communicative language ability. It is, therefore, discussed that a truly communicative mindset is not only required in preparing the foreign language curriculum but also in writing local coursebooks that are assumed to reflect the goals set out in the same curriculum.

The aim of this study is to examine how middle and high school curricula and practices support students to acquire information, media and technology skills. In the qualitative dimension of the study which was designed according to the mixed method, document analysis, observation and interview were used. The 23-itemed Information, Media and Technology Skills Competency Scale was used for the quantitative dimension of the study. Content analysis was performed for analysing the curricula, data obtained through observations and interviews. In the analysis of the data obtained from the scale, frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean and standard deviation values were used in the central and prevalence measurements. The results of the curricula analysis show that problem solving and information and data literacy skills were outnumbered in all analysed curricula. The activities carried out in the classroom during the observation and interview process were mostly related to information and media literacy and problem solving. According to the results of the scale; middle and high school students considered themselves to be relatively moderate in their information, media and technology skills. While the highest score of the students was of information and data literacy; programming skills were the weakest dimension.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the high school mathematics curriculum, which came into force in 2013, according to the CIPP model. In this research, it was intended to evaluate the high school mathematics curriculum, which has been implemented since 2013, based on the opinions of the teachers and survey model was adopted as a quantitative research model. The population of the research consists of mathematics teachers teaching in high schools in 2017-2018 academic year. The sample of the research included 711 mathematics teachers who were working in high schools located in fourteen cities, representing seven different regions of Turkey. In the research, 5-point Likert scale was used. The scale was developed within the framework of the CIPP assessment model considering the context, input, process and product (CIPP) dimensions. The data were collected in the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year. Computer-aided data analysis programs were used to analyze quantitative data. According to the results of the research, teachers' views on mathematics curriculum do not significantly differ according to gender and educational status. However, there exists a significant difference in terms of "experience" "the status of reviewing the curriculum", "having in-service training", "the faculty graduated" and "school type that the teachers work in" variables, in all dimensions.

The large world is made up of small places. Towns, riverbanks, bridges, neighborhoods, forests, and city blocks tell the stories of what things are and how they work. Paying attention to local places and what place-based education (PBE) can bring to global studies will give students a better understanding of the wide world. While this might seem to some a contradiction, it is in the understanding of how things function in actual places that students will better comprehend global issues and phenomena. And by addressing these issues in authentic relationships within the context of community, young people will come to know their role in the world. In the author's work as a place-based curriculum educator, four elements of place-based education have been identified. These elements present the educator a rich mix with which to create curriculum: personal experience, acquisition of content, understanding of place, and a student's emergent role in, or service to, their community. This article describes how these elements can inform the curricular planning for a more traditionally assigned global study.

This paper aims to analysis an English language textbook used in "middle school" (high school) in Saudi Arabia in-depth, to ascertain the type of pedagogy pushed by the teacher's book. The criteria of analysis are adapted from Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). These criteria are used to analyses the textbook in terms of how communicative it is and personalised, how authentic, how meaningful; its degree of linguistic complexity; whether it is scaffolded, accuracy or fluency oriented; and how much of all each of these categories is in the textbook activities. The methodology of this paper is qualitative and presents only one aspect, textbook analysis, of a broader case study which forms part of a Ph.D. project that explores the factors behind the failure of implementation of CLT in Saudi Arabia. The results of this analysis show that in the textbook there is a careful balance between accuracy and fluency. There are some person, alised and meaningful activities, however most of the activities lack of authenticity which limits freedom for the students in using use the target language.

Latin is currently being trialled as a subject in 40 state secondary schools in England. This paper focuses on one of the justifications of this trial: that teaching Latin in state secondary schools provides students with cultural capital which in turn counters social injustice. By taking the example of Latin as a starting point, I reach two conclusions about cultural capital. The first is that providing students with cultural capital can be good for some individuals, and so justified on a case-by-case basis depending on context. However, this justification does not hold for curriculum policy making. My second conclusion is that in the long term, pursuing cultural capital as part of curriculum policy exacerbates the social injustices it purports to address. Wherever an activity is introduced for the sake of cultural capital rather than its educational value, educationally valuable activities risk being pushed off the curriculum, potentially degrading the educational value of the curriculum. In the case of teaching Latin, it may provide benefits to particular students, but as part of curriculum policy it risks exacerbating social injustices and undermining the educational value of school curricula. Going beyond the place of Latin on the curriculum, I argue that all appeals to cultural capital provide a poor basis for curriculum policy making.

In recent decades, several countries have made efforts to close the historic gender gap in physics through curricular reforms. Research indicates that while the acute underrepresentation of females in physics courses and related careers is linked to a number of interlaced social, contextual and motivational factors, the personal relevance of physics curricula is important. Some researchers argue that physics has been historically perceived as a "masculine" domain which operates through contexts that are unfamiliar to females. Introduction of a "girl-friendly" physics curriculum is one of the prominent measures employed to mitigate this concern, with researchers arguing that a context-based/humanistic physics curriculum will improve gender inclusivity and thereby increase females' motivation to learn physics. However, this approach has been criticised as a "feminisation" of the physics curriculum. This paper uses a mixed-methods approach underpinned by expectancy-value theory, to analyse 247 students' perceptions of an Australian senior secondary physics curriculum and investigates the claim that including "female-friendly" topics will make physics more appealing to females. Findings suggest that while most students found their physics curriculum interesting and personally relevant, neither females nor males found the "feminine" topics particularly appealing. Both male and female students also found there was a lack of mathematical applications, and they identified descriptive topics, such as those addressing social and historical contexts, as uninteresting and irrelevant in a physics curriculum. This paper concludes that gender was non-significant in student perceptions of a senior secondary physics curriculum.

This study examines how access to the academic curriculum creates patterns of inequality in Australian schools. Examining students' access to the academic curriculum gives an indication of how schooling is structured to support students in pursuing higher education opportunities. To date, little research attention has been given to the opportunities schools offer students to access the academic curriculum in order to enter university. Using administrative data on students and schools, we find that there are fewer average curriculum subjects, and less complexity in the subjects offered, in schools with low levels of socio-educational advantage. We argue that curriculum differentiation across schools is a systemic constraint that students in schools with higher levels of socio-educational disadvantage face in progressing to university because these schools are less able to provide students with access to core academic curriculum subjects in the final year of secondary school. Previous research has highlighted the social differences reflected in both educational access and outcomes due to the marketisation of schools and policies of school choice. Our findings indeed demonstrate that there are relationships between access to the academic curriculum, school socio-educational advantage and the social composition of schools, and these factors have important educational policy implications.

Background: STEM fields are instrumental in increasing the technological and innovative capacity of the economy. As women are underrepresented in the STEM workforce, diverse strategies have been implemented to boost their preparedness and interest in these fields, including early exposure to academic and vocational STEM courses. Using the case of Chile's highly differentiated school system, this paper examines the role of secondary curricula on students' enrollment and persistence in STEM programs offered by vocational postsecondary institutions and universities. In doing so, we seek to identify whether exposure to STEM courses within the academic or vocational tracks translates into fewer gender differences in STEM higher education. Results: Our results reveal that upper-secondary tracks connected to STEM courses are positively associated with enrollment in STEM higher education and, to some degree, persistence. More specifically, exposure to STEM courses in the academic track is the most effective path to boost chances of enrolling in STEM university programs but has no connection to later persistence. In contrast, applied STEM courses within the vocational tracks perform better in the case of STEM programs in postsecondary vocational institutions both in enrollment and persistence. However, this STEM pipeline significantly amplifies gender gaps as males benefit more than women from early exposure to applied STEM courses. We also found that other indirect routes, such as enrolling in STEM university programs from the vocational track with applied STEM courses, boost female participation in these programs, helping reduce gender gaps. Conclusions: While secondary STEM courses attract more female students to STEM higher education, they alone are insufficient to achieve gender equality in STEM fields as gender gaps widen in the more effective routes. In highly differentiated school systems, policymakers and high school leaders should offer increased support to women interested in STEM studies and careers across all secondary tracks to boost female participation in STEM fields. At the same time, all high school students should be able to select both academic and applied STEM courses as a part of their non-mandatory curriculum.

Human rights education (HRE) is an urgent historically and globally recognized challenge for societies. However, it has not been sufficiently addressed by empirical and theoretical research in education. Based on the UN Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training (UNDHRET), there is wide agreement that HRE should include education "about," "through," and "for" human rights. We argue that a situated "deliberative pedagogy" can offer these three dimensions to HRE. However, this is not without challenges for teachers and students. One way to deal with these challenges and support this pedagogical innovation is to design curriculum material that supports teachers. To contribute to this, we conducted a "design-based research" (DBR) aimed at participative designing of educative curriculum material for human rights deliberative education. Four teachers participated in two phases of the study. Two participated in refining the material's structure and its controversies and the other two participated in discussing the dilemmas and activities relating to implementation of the material at school with their 11th- and 12th-grade students. The results show participatory educative curriculum material designed for holistic HRE: "about," "through," and "for" HR. The implications and problems of the design process associated with a deliberative curriculum for HRE are discussed.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Target 4.7 stated that by 2030, all learners should acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development. However, only scattered studies outline how SDG knowledge has been taught in public K12 curricula. This study aims to identify SDG topics in 13 subjects in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education curriculum and the perceptions of teachers in relation to SDG education. Data were collected through a machine learning approach and semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the module, subject, and curriculum level was conducted. By examining how teachers perceive in relation to the results of SDG classification and implementation of SDG education, the findings showed that teachers and administrators have adopted positive attitudes towards SDG classification, and supportive government can positively influence teachers and administrators in implementing SDG education. Such findings can be useful for policymakers to develop strategies to facilitate SDG education.

Learner-centred education has become a global reform policy among Southeast Asian countries including the Philippines. This policy however raised critical issues in pedagogy as it placed learner-centred teaching in binary opposition with teacher-centred instruction, thus creating a simplistic dichotomy between good and bad teaching in the Philippines. With this research problem, this study used ethnographic methods to examine teacher and students' understanding of what constitutes good pedagogy in one class within an urban public school in the Philippines. Ethnographic findings suggest that teacher-centred pedagogies are still valued by the students and teachers in this study not only as practices of good teaching but most importantly, as enactments of 'academic care'. This 'academic care' provides an important orientation towards understanding how learner-centred pedagogies could be articulated for the Filipino context and could offer a possibility which bridges the presumed dichotomy between learner-centred and teacher-centred pedagogies in the Philippines.

Focusing on a large study of the implementation of secondary English Language Arts curriculum in California and Washington, we assess how teachers use learning goals to support students developing expert learning practices. Highlighting the value of goal setting to support students' agency in learning to write, we describe teachers' reasons for not teaching these strategies more than any other aspect of the curriculum, as well as highlight the strategies of teachers who made learning goals meaningful. We ultimately offer the cycle for cultivating expert learners as a possible solution for professional development to better support goal setting through curricular planning.

Systems thinking is a powerful concept in biology which can help students understand how the diversity of contexts in the biology curriculum all have similar underlying characteristics. However, it is not currently a common feature in secondary education as it is not part of the National Curriculum of England. Research on systems thinking has suggested that students struggle with systems thinking in secondary school biology but there is little consensus on how systems thinking can be implemented in schools. Most research focuses on developing pedagogical activities that function as stand-alone units. In this article I complement this work by suggesting that systems thinking needs to be an integrated component of the entire biology curriculum and I offer a simple framework for analysing the extent of systems thinking in curricula, assessments, and student thinking. The intention is that with the creation of pragmatic frameworks and simple pedagogy for systems thinking, the latter will become more prevalent in secondary school biology curricula.

There is a broad consensus about the need to educate students in ecosocial skills and intersectional feminist perspectives, which implies designing, developing and assessing interventions that address this learning in different curricular subjects. Initiatives to educate in these issues generally lack tools to assess what students have learned. In this conceptual and methodological paper, we present a theoretically grounded and empirically verified tool based on the theoretical framework of teaching and learning conceptions and designed to analyse and assess what the students have learned related to an intersectional feminist perspective. The tool distinguishes three dimensions of learning: functionality (with domains such as inequality, sexist violence and feminism), complexity and generalization, each of them with different competence levels. This makes it possible to study the impact of feminist educational interventions and can guide teachers in the design of proposals of this type. [English translation by Mary Black.]

This research paper aims to characterize Mathematical Reasoning (MR) in teaching and learning of mathematics in high-school education. To achieve this goal and reveal the status of Mathematical Reasoning as a concept, we analyze the content of curricula and official textbooks of the initial and second year of high school in Morocco. Our analytical framework focuses on the commognitive perspective, exploiting the different components of MR presented in literature. The results obtained from this study using a quantitative approach show that MR occupies a central place in mathematics education at Moroccan high school, but the use of some structural and procedural aspects is still too limited.