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The article presents a comparative analysis of the Rottmann v. Freistaat Bayern case's ruling with regards to European Union (EU) citizenship withdrawal and Dred Scott v. Sanford case's decision. It notes the undesirable outcomes of citizenship dependency or autonomy in federal systems in light of these court rulings. It advises the need to boost the European citizenship without detaching from the nationality of each member state.

This article examines the conflict management potential of the African Union (AU) and its regional economic communities (RECs), in particular ECOWAS and SADC, in light of the relationship between the central and 'subordinate' actors. An apparent misalignment in vision seems to be the result of the Organisation of African Unity's origins and regime-driven behaviour, its limited peacemaking and peacekeeping experiences, and the dynamics associated with its transition to the AU. A perennial shortage of human and material resources to effectively tackle African crises has had a further debilitating impact. The article provides a brief overview of the security constructions at the levels of the AU, ECOWAS and SADC, after which it explores the relationship between the AU, the UN and RECs. It concludes that despite the shaky pillars of the African peace and security architecture, several opportunities exist to bring about an improvement in these relations, and consequently, Africa's ability to manage and resolve its crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor countries are more volatile than rich countries, and this volatility impedes their growth. Furthermore, commodity prices are a key source of that volatility. This paper explores price volatility since 1700 to offer three stylized facts: commodity price volatility has not increased over time, commodities have always shown greater price volatility than manufactures, and world market integration breeds less commodity price volatility. Thus, economic isolation is associated with much greater commodity price volatility, while world market integration is associated with less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in business is one of the great challenges facing firms today. Societal stakeholders require much more from the firm than pursuing profitability and growth. But these societal stakeholders often simply assume that increased societal expectations can easily be accommodated within efficiently run business operations, without much attention devoted to process issues. We build upon the core-periphery thesis to explore potential avenues for firms to add recurring CSR initiatives to their existing business practices. Based on Siggelkow's (Admin Sci Quart 47:125-159, ) analysis of organizational change, we conceptualize seven major patterns of CSR initiative adoption. We develop a new organizing framework showing how a firm can integrate CSR initiatives in business. Within the new framework, each of the seven patterns represents an idiosyncratic path through which recurring CSR initiatives can be included as practices into conventional operations. We also explore the nature of the resulting internal fit between recurring CSR initiatives and business practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to that aspect of Andrew Sherratt's writings that argued for building specifically archaeological theory. In describing a theory of entanglement, I have focused on the archaeological sensitivity to the complexities and practical interlacings of material things. The theory argues that human-thing entanglement comes about as a result of the dialectic between dependence (the reliance of humans and things on each other) and dependency (a constraining and limiting need of humans for things). Andrew's discussion of the role of the wheel in his Secondary Products Revolution is a good example of how humans and things have become entangled so that, over the long term, we have been channeled down particular evolutionary pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a version of the Core-Periphery model in which equilibrium is not assumed a priori, but may develop out of the choices of workers and firms. The research presented here finds that the assumption of general equilibrium present in the original model is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for systems to adjust to stable Nash Equilibria. This article introduces the idea of leakage to describe the minute inaccuracies in optimization that can cascade into major shifts in outcomes. This leakage plays an increasingly important role when the population is evenly spread among cities. Furthermore, as other assumptions are relaxed the effects of leakage on model stability are multiplied. This finding is of particular interest as the equilibrium-based results of geographical economics are increasingly being applied in policy settings where moderate concentrations of population and heterogeneity are the norm rather than the exception. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Food security is of great urgency in the developing world. Many countries have sought to attract foreign capital to promote development and reduce hunger. But how do foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows affect food security? Extant research based on dependency and modernization arguments or the globalization debate offers contradictory theoretical predictions and produces conflicting evidence. We resolve the puzzle by disaggregating FDI. Foreign investments in distinct economic sectors have disparate attributes, producing different welfare consequences for food security. We test our arguments using the food security indicators recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and new data on sector-specific FDI inflows to 56 developing and transition economies between 1981 and 2001. We find highly robust evidence that manufacturing FDI improves food security. We also find that primary-sector FDI reduces food security and that service-sector FDI has an ambiguous but sometimes negative effect. These results are largely robust under different statistical methods, additional control variables, and alternative measures of food security. Our research offers policy lessons for how to improve food security and demonstrates how to resolve theoretically the long-standing dependency-modernization controversy that has informed the contemporary debate between the pro- and anti-globalization camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is 2-fold. First, we briefly discuss the constraints associated with the canonical ‘Cobb-Douglas—Dixit-Stiglitz-Spence—Samuelson’ NEG setup originally used by Krugman in 1991. We outline the key features of his core-periphery (CP) model and highlight what results are robust to changes in functional forms and agglomeration mechanisms. We also selectively review the literature that amends the original CP model in various directions and discuss what qualitative insights do change. Our conclusion is that progress within the straightjacket of Krugman's original framework is unlikely to produce path-breaking new insights. Second, we suggest that there are potentially large payoffs to stepping outside of the established framework and to extend the NEG approach into various directions that have to date received only little attention. Heterogeneity, cities, transportation, public policy and calibration are avenues along which NEG needs to make progress. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article aims to integrate discourse analysis of politically instrumental imagined identity geographies with the relational and territorial geography of the communities of praxis and interpretation that produce them. My case study is the international community of nationalist scientists who classified Europe’s biological races in the 1820s—1940s. I draw on network analysis, relational geography, historical sociology and the historical turn to problematize empirically how spatial patterns of this community’s shifting disciplinary and political coalitions, communication networks and power relations emerged, were structured, persisted, changed, interacted and disappeared. I focus especially on core— periphery relations. I argue that if local historical spatial patterns affect those of later phenomena, geographies like that of European integration should be understood in the context of Europe’s complex historical cultural geography. Unlike discourse deconstruction alone, this complementary relational de-essentialization of geography can identify large-scale, enduring associations of cultural patterns as well as cultural flux and ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is significant confluence in the literature that leads one to expect groups of haves and groups of have nots in socio-economic systems within common spatial contexts. Several economic theories suggest economic activity to be concentrated in a few core areas with geographically large 'peripheries' relying on one or two industries for employment and income. In the context of the north of Australia, issues of disparities in socio-economic status between the region and elsewhere in Australia, and also within the region have been highlighted in the literature for some time. This paper discusses the contemporary situation using customised data collected and analysed for 55 river-basin catchments in the Tropical Rivers region of northern Australia to highlight the extent of the haves and have nots problem. A range of spatial economic theories are discussed as theoretical bases for the present day situation and as pointers to revisionist approaches which may address it. Transforming the have nots to improved states of well-being will be a costly and difficult process. Consequently, we argue that factors other than raw incomes and economic production should be reconsidered and re-prioritised by governments as redress to the ongoing 'problem' of the North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of inter-group relations in Nigeria is not new as it has attracted scholarly attention for some decades now. As recurring as this subject may have been to analysts of inter-group relations in Nigeria, it cannot be abandoned, because the dimension which it has taken threatens the existence of the country. This paper seeks to argue that there was a relative harmonious relationship among the people before colonialism in Nigeria, but this was altered by colonial policies. The relationship among the people became more tenuous due to the activities of the political class that emerged since independence and the unfavourable economic space. The extent of the correlation between the character of the political elite and economic failure and the emerging trends in Nigerian inter-group relations is explored in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the problematic of the core-periphery model and the world system theory. Discussions around this model have generated a long lasting polemical discussion among large number of European and other scholars, coming from various fields. The present study analyzes the original theory elaborated by Immanuel Wallerstein, it`s theoretical reception and its adaptation for historical or archaeological analysis. We are convinced that using the possibilities for interpreting offered by the \"coreperiphery\" model would benefit Romanian archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krugman P. The New Economic Geography, now middle-aged, Regional Studies. This paper claims that the New Economic Geography has now become 'middle-aged'. On the one hand, the New Economic Geography is said to be of less relevance when describing current developments in advanced economies because it focuses more on tangible causes of the spatial concentration of economic activities, and not so much on intangible sources, such as information spillovers. On the other hand, the paper states that recent developments in developing economies like China are quite in line with the core-periphery model that predicts increasing regional specialization as a result of economic integration. Although both economists and geographers study these spatial processes, no fruitful exchange between the two is expected because of the use of different methodologies. [image omitted] Krugman P. La nouvelle geographie economique atteint l'age mur, Regional Studies. Cet article pretend que la nouvelle geographie economique atteint 'l'age mur'. D'un cote, on dit que la nouvelle geographie economique est peu pertinente quant aux developpements des economies avancees parce qu'elle porte plutot sur les causes manifestes de la concentration geographique des activites economiques que sur les sources indefinissables, telles les retombees de l'information. De l'autre cote, l'article affirme que des developpements recents dans les economies avancees, voire la Chine, sont tout a fait en accord avec le modele du centre-peripherie, qui prevoit une augmentation de la specialisation regionale suite a l'integration economique. Bien que les economistes et les geographes etudient ces processus geographiques, on n'attend aucun debat constructif a cause des methodologies differentes. Nouvelle geographie economique Agglomeration Regions Commerce international Krugman P. Die Neue Wirtschaftsgeografie - inzwischen im mittleren Alter, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird die These aufgestellt, dass sich die Neue Wirtschaftsgeografie inzwischen im mittleren Alter befindet. Einerseits gilt die Neue Wirtschaftsgeografie als weniger relevant zur Beschreibung von aktuellen Entwicklungen in den Industriestaaten, weil sie sich starker auf die greifbaren Ursachen der raumlichen Konzentration von Wirtschaftsaktivitaten und weniger auf nicht greifbare Quellen wie z. B. Informationsubertragungen konzentriert. Andererseits wird in diesem Beitrag festgestellt, dass die jungsten Entwicklungen in Schwellenlandern wie China durchaus dem Kern-Peripherie-Modell entsprechen, in dem eine hohere regionale Spezialisierung als Ergebnis einer wirtschaftlichen Integration prognostiziert wird. Obwohl diese raumlichen Prozesse sowohl von Okonomen als auch von Geografen untersucht werden, ist aufgrund der Verwendung unterschiedlicher Methodologien kein fruchtbarer Austausch zwischen diesen beiden Gruppen zu erwarten. Neue Wirtschaftsgeografie Agglomeration Regionen Internationaler Handel Krugman P. La Nueva Geografia Economica ahora ya ha madurado, Regional Studies. En este articulo se defiende la tesis de que la Nueva Geografia Economica ahora ya ha madurado. Por una parte, la Nueva Geografia Economica tiene menos relevancia cuando se describen los desarrollos actuales en las economias avanzadas porque se centra mas en las causas tangibles de la concentracion espacial de las actividades economicas y no tanto en las fuentes intangibles, tales como los desbordamientos de informacion. Por otra parte, en este articulo destaco que los recientes avances en las economias en desarrollo como China se ajustan mucho con el modelo centro-periferia que preve una mayor especializacion regional como resultado de la integracion economica. Aunque tanto economistas como geografos estudian estos procesos espaciales, no se espera un intercambio fructifero entre los dos debido al uso de diferentes metodologias. Nueva Geografia Economica Aglomeracion Regiones Comercio internacional [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-urban divides have characterized recent violent insurgencies around the world, but there are important differences in dynamics: sometimes rural insurgents target cities and sometimes not; sometimes the combat frontier is blurry, other times neat. This paper attempts to construct a simple model of the rural-urban relationship in conflict to understand when predators will attempt to prey on cities, versus when they remain in the hinterlands. It takes Krugman's (1991) core-periphery model as a starting point, in which there are just two regions, A and B (perhaps rural and urban), and two sectors. However, the model is modified such that the sectors are not "manufacturing" and "agriculture," but rather production and predation, after Hirshleifer (1991), which can both occur in either or both regions. It finds that at middling levels of predation and/or high transportation costs, rural predatory actors will target cities. At high levels of predation and/or low transportation costs, however, multiple stable equilibria may arise, creating disincentives for rural predatory actors to target cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on an analysis of documents published by Canadian international development non-governmental organizations (NGOs), this article presents the findings of an exploratory qualitative study that attempted to address the following question: how do international development NGOs address disability issues and people with disabilities? Findings demonstrate that not only are people with disabilities mostly absent from the international development discussion, but when present, they are discussed in ableist ways that reflect and reinforce a neo-colonial discourse. The paper concludes with a discussion of the need for an alternative development discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos (1900-9895) is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article claims that while the concept of ethno-nationalism may be taken as shorthand for describing what appear to be the dominant features of certain political conflicts, it possesses little explanatory value -- instead obscuring and confusing more than it reveals. Using the Northern Ireland case as an illustrative example, it is argued that the reluctance to problematise or contextualise ethnic claims means that ethnic conflict theorists may effectively contribute to the reproduction of dominant narratives. The article explicitly rejects the notion that a single framework should replace the ethno-national model. Instead, it highlights the importance of focusing issues of timing and historical sequencing, source criticism and empirical evidence, as well as the significance of marginal narratives and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on how the rapid economic growth in Finland affected the taxable incomes by postcode area in a core-periphery setting. It analyzes the change of both income gradients and surfaces in North Karelia in 1996 and 2003 to look into the extent of the spread of growth and the hypotheses of spatial polarization of incomes. The relative decline in incomes in natural-resource towns and sparsely-populated areas, the internal scale economies, and small towns are discussed.

In this paper we apply the social network concept of core-periphery structure to the socio-technical structure of a software development team. We propose a socio-technical pattern that can be used to locate emerging coordination problems in Open Source projects. With the help of our tool and method called TESNA, we demonstrate a method to monitor the socio-technical core-periphery movement in Open Source projects. We then study the impact of different core-periphery movements on Open Source projects. We conclude that a steady core-periphery shift towards the core is beneficial to the project, whereas shifts away from the core are clearly not good. Furthermore, oscillatory shifts towards and away from the core can be considered as an indication of the instability of the project. Such an analysis can provide developers with a good insight into the health of an Open Source project. Researchers can gain from the pattern theory, and from the method we use to study the core-periphery movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to test an explanation for the crisis in contemporary capitalism and unveil new ways to understand the way in which uneven development occurs. The crisis in neoliberal capitalism represents the decline of a project that pretended or intended to restructure and expand neoliberal capitalism. Led by collective imperialism in an epoch, which places humanity at a corresponding crossroads: capital or life. Anticipating capital as the possible answer, this paper postulates the need to generate alternatives to postneoliberal or post-capitalist development, (which still contributes to the overexploitation, environmental devastation and centralized accumulation), in order to create better working and living conditions for most of the population and thus, into the center of the need to guarantee the reproduction of human life on the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Asia y África is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 65 years Latin America had two experiences of capitalist development associated with the center of the capitalist world system and neoliberalism, both considered successful until the global crisis of 2008. According to the IMF, 40 percent of Latin American financial wealth was lost as a result of the crisis on stock exchanges and other business activities. The economic crisis was felt throughout Latin America, even in Brazil, a very large country, where industrial production had a strong fall. But also in Panama, the least populated country in the region, who suffers a decrease in transits the Panama Canal. Developmentalist and neoliberal projects are bankrupt. It is for Latin America go beyond the draft national market or even export primary. The area needs to define a comprehensive strategy capable of placing it on the world stage. Although many people related economic crisis with the abuse and mismanagement of global resources (neoliberalism), in reality these alleged causes are also the consequence of an even deeper crisis with outputs and results of which shed a new social and spatial organization of society and a balance of power among different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyse patterns of international trade and financial integration using complex network analysis. The combination of both binary and weighted approaches delivers more precise and thorough insights into the topological structure and properties of international trade and financial networks (ITN and IFN). It is found that the ITN is more densely connected than the IFN, while both types of network display a core-periphery structure. This hierarchical organization is more pronounced in financial markets, suggesting that the bulk of trade in financial assets occurs through a handful of countries acting as hubs. High-income countries are better linked and form groups of tightly interconnected nodes. This kind of structure can explain why the recent financial crisis has spread rapidly among advanced countries while reaching emerging markets only in a second phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the devastating 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, Asian economies have tried to learn the lessons and orchestrate an effective development strategy in the midst of increasing global capital flows. In this paper, we attempt to identify the development strategy of Asian countries and the implications thereof for their economies and for the rest of the world. We argue that neither the "interdependency" theory nor the "decoupling" thesis adequately explains the current Asian development path. Instead, we argue that the dependency theory may shed light on the recent Asian development experience. By showing this, we highlight the fact that the ever growing financial power has, to a large degree, shaped the "real," productive side of the economy in Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide welfarist evaluations of decision rules for federations of states and consider models, under which the interests of people from different states are stochastically dependent. We concentrate on two welfarist standards, viz. that the expected average utility for a person in the federation be maximized or that the expected utilities for the different people be equal. We discuss an analytical result that characterizes the decision rule with maximum expected average utility, set up a class of models that display interstate dependencies and run simulations for different dependency scenarios in the European Union. We find that the results that Beisbart and Bovens (Soc Choice Welf 29:581–608, 2007) established for two types of models without interstate dependencies are fairly stable if interstate dependencies are switched on. There are exceptions, though: sometimes the way in which alternative decision rules shape the welfare distribution is significantly affected by such dependencies. These exceptions particularly include cases in which the interests of people from different states are partly anti-correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on the contributions on republican political thought from several symposiasts who attended a symposium on republicanism and global justice. He notes that all contributors confirm that there is a republican understanding of freedom. Philip Pettit and Lena Halldenius are said to emphasize that the status of the dominated as free agents is undermined by domination and dependence. He also comments on the views of the symposiasts about the proper relation between states.

Copyright of Socio-Economic History / Shakai-Keizai Shigaku is the property of Socio-Economic History Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have developed vigorously amid China's current social transformations and government reforms. Government-organized public-interest foundations are a new and unique example among these NPOs. While their arrival has helped introduce NPOs' social, public-interest characteristics to a broader segment of the public, this type of NPO is also largely a derivation of government system transformations. Viewed as a process of institutional change, we can see, in China's reforms, characteristics of increasing returns and path dependence. Theories of institutional change and path dependence can therefore not only offer a systematic response to and analysis of public-interest foundations' emergence and reforms; they can also offer helpful new directions for the healthy development and organizational improvement of China's foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "La cultura de la resistencia" by Marta Traba, published in the book "Literatura y praxis en América Latina" compiled by Fernando Alegría. The author discusses the historical struggle against cultural and political dependence in Latin America, focusing on the relationship between art, cultural expression and reactions to political dependence.

The author focuses on dependent economic development posted by countries within the English-speaking Caribbean (ESC) region from 1945 to 2000. He recalls that several economists have accused economist Sir W. Arthur Lewis of doing a disservice to the Caribbean by urging leaders to observe a Puerto Rican model of dependent development. He admits that he felt the same disenchantment that Lewis felt about the path that economics was heading in 1980 several years later. It is concluded that development in the ESC region is dependent on foreign investments.

In a declining periphery, tourism is often considered as a vehicle for regional development due to the positive economic impacts of the industry. However, tourism is not automatically the best saviour for all peripheral areas, because it can also cause some negative impacts. Therefore, sustainable planning is needed to balance the benefits and costs of tourism. The aim of this review is to discuss how to develop the tourism industry in order to create positive regional development in the peripheral areas in the Nordic context. The paper presents two approaches to the tourism planning and regional development nexus: the tourism-centred and regional development-centred. However, the structure of the regional economy and the tourism resources of the area set limitations for the application of these basic approaches in practice. In this respect, the proposed spatio-functional model would be an option to increase the positive regional development at the local level in a sustainable way. The model emphasizes a functional collaboration between industries in the core-periphery framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last years gene interaction networks are increasingly being used for the assessment and interpretation of biological measurements. Knowledge of the interaction partners of an unknown protein allows scientists to understand the complex relationships between genetic products, helps to reveal unknown biological functions and pathways, and get a more detailed picture of an organism's complexity. Being able to measure all protein interactions under all relevant conditions is virtually impossible. Hence, computational methods integrating different datasets for predicting gene interactions are needed. However, when integrating different sources one has to account for the fact that some parts of the information may be redundant, which may lead to an overestimation of the true likelihood of an interaction. Our method integrates information derived from three different databases (Bioverse, HiMAP and STRING) for predicting human gene interactions. A Bayesian approach was implemented in order to integrate the different data sources on a common quantitative scale. An important assumption of the Bayesian integration is independence of the input data (features). Our study shows that the conditional dependency cannot be ignored when combining gene interaction databases that rely on partially overlapping input data. In addition, we show how the correlation structure between the databases can be detected and we propose a linear model to correct for this bias. Benchmarking the results against two independent reference data sets shows that the integrated model outperforms the individual datasets. Our method provides an intuitive strategy for weighting the different features while accounting for their conditional dependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del CENDES is the property of Universidad Central de Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tourism development cannot be fully understood and validated from a positivist perspective without the testing of theory against empirical evidence. Thus the pattern-matching approach studies phenomena on the basis of facts and observations relevant to the testing of theories and models. This paper tests two selected tourism development theories, diffusion and dependency, against empirical evidence from Crete. In doing this, it has three main objectives: to set out the nature of the pattern-matching approach; to illustrate the application of the pattern-matching approach, in an exploratory way, and to evaluate the approach based on the evidence of the exploratory application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trimodal framework of core-semiperiphery-periphery has been challenged by globalization theorists. This article is not only an anti-criticism of critics but also a criticism of the trimodality itself. Against critics, I argue that the national state is still a meaningful unit of world inequalities. But I also argue that semiperiphery has been decomposed since the late-1970s. It implies that the semiperiphery may not be a constant feature of the capitalist world-economy for a longue-durée but an historical product specific to two decades of development in 1960-70s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a simplified theoretical model, we illustrate the potential existence of a market failure in the location of economic activity, which could lead to an exaggerated concentration in the core region. Based on this, we analyze whether a public policy intervention of decreasing the mobility costs of production factors could lead to the elimination of, or at least a decrease in, the consequences of a market failure. We show that the market failure can be eliminated only when the reduction in mobility costs is made concurrently with changing exogenous conditions in the peripheral regions (such as improvements in infrastructure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  To explore the capability of unstructured mesh to simulate detonation wave propagation phenomena, numerical simulation of H2/air detonation using unstructured mesh was conducted. The unstructured mesh has several adv- antages such as easy mesh adaptation and flexibility to the complicated configurations. To examine the resolution dependency of the unstructured mesh, several simulations varying the mesh size were conducted and compared with a computed result using a structured mesh. The results show that the unstructured mesh solution captures the detailed structure of detonation wave, as well as the structured mesh solution. To capture the detailed detonation cell structure, the unstructured mesh simulations required at least twice, ideally 5times the resolution of structured mesh solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of the state in the liberalisation of the banking industry in China and the implications for the conventional convergence thesis of market segmentation and financial exclusion. I argue that the usefulness of the convergence thesis is constrained because it does not take region-specific institutional systems into consideration. This limitation is clearly illustrated by the experience of Chinese banking reforms. As China is still undergoing a series of institutional reforms to create a functioning market economy, the banking reforms implemented in China have created a ‘hybrid property’. ‘Hybrid property’ refers to a mixed public–private ownership structure that has been adopted for previously wholly state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs). This transformation of the property structure blurs the conventional boundaries between public and private property, while the state still plays an important role in the regulation and operation of these banks. I further argue that financial geographers have to account for the institutional path dependency of non-market economies and the consequent state response to public–private initiatives of ‘hybrid property’ in transitional economies. The ‘region-specific segmentation’ policy implemented by the Chinese state is a response to these public–private initiatives of ‘hybrid property’. Under this de facto rural–urban market segmentation policy, the state has to open up the banking industry to foreign banks in lucrative urban markets while maintaining much stronger control in rural areas to lower the level of financial exclusion. This intervention policy is inefficient but it is an acceptable compromise between the needs of corporate governance and private initiatives, and socio-economic and political stability in China. This is an indication of the institutional path dependency of the planned economy. Therefore, liberalisation in the Chinese banking industry and the resultant rural–urban market segmentation is spatially contingent on the public–private initiatives of ‘hybrid property’ in the transitional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of the political status of Kosovo is presented a case of path dependency. The article identifies a number critical junctures since summer 1999, arguing that there were a variety of options that would have led toward a settlement other than independence. These critical junctures included the October 2000 overthrow of Slobodan Milosevic; the March 2003 assassination of Zoran Đinđdic; the March 2005 indictment of Ramush Haradinaj; and the January 2007 Serbian parliamentary elections. Because of choices made primarily in Belgrade and Prishtina the process was driven toward a path that favoured independence. The article stresses the indeterminacy of the process at its start, as well as the importance of local agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a review of centre-periphery relations and local politics in the Afghan province of Badakhshan from the 1980s to the post-2001 era. It maps the local powerbrokers and charts the transformations that occurred during this period, with particular reference to the impact of the central government's policies on local political alignments and relations of power. The key argument is that President Karzai's and the cabinet's behaviour towards Badakhshani politics was aimed at re-establishing a patrimonial system, rather than at institution-building as claimed. Unable or unwilling to successfully deal with established local players, Kabul resorted to sponsoring new players in local politics and facilitating their rise in order to weaken more independent powerbrokers. However, a local perception of weakness in Kabul, not least due to uncertainty over the durability of the Karzai administration, led local players, old and new, to behave with very short-term horizons, as 'roving bandits' rather than as 'stationary' ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core-periphery studies neglect early political doctrines. Different responses of emerging core-periphery relations in northern Scandinavia, Greenland, and Iceland can be understood in light of the political doctrine put forward as laws at an 1158 assembly by the German-Roman emperor and the political contemporaries of the papacy. The doctrine became a pattern across medieval Europe and defined ideas of imperial (royal) power versus that of the pope and the magnates, declaring the emperor supreme in ruling the country and maintaining law, order, and peace (i.e., embryonic elements of the later states). This doctrine accepted the Church as an independent political power. Royal duties were, according to the doctrine, to be financed by exclusively royal sources of income, some of which are visible in the archaeological record: minting, markets, towns, and various natural resources in "marginal areas"—such as the border areas between emerging territorial states. Reluctance (documented in Iceland) or ignorance (Greenland) boosted marginality, while the acceptance (northern Sweden) expanded centrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of dependency and underdevelopment in Nepal. It mentions that Nepal's poor economic conditions and deficient natural resources caused it to be dependent on foreign aids. Underdevelopment, on the other hand, is said to be caused by various reasons including geographic factors, economic factors, political factors, and the exploitation of the masses by the ruling class. According to the author, the dependency and underdevelopment problems in Nepal are closely associated and cites that Nepal's total dependence on foreign aids made it unable to support and finance developmental projects.

Abstract: Rural development is a priority in Uganda, East Africa and tourism is being promoted there for that purpose. However, in Uganda's Bigodi village tourism appears to have encouraged a dependency on Westerners—a situation contrary to development objectives like self-reliance. The research presented here investigated the relationship between tourism and dependency in Bigodi. Using qualitative methods, data were collected and analyzed during 10 months of fieldwork. Results show Bigodi's dependency is not a direct result of tourism. Instead, it results from a social-psychological condition known as an external locus of control. This condition has resulted from traumatic events in the village's past, such as civil strife and the creation of a nearby national park, which were acting on residents well before the introduction of tourism. This finding highlights the importance of understanding the social-psychological context into which any tourism development intervention will be injected. Management implications are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effective supply chain configurations are increasingly cited as a key driver of value creation. However, many supplier relationships are characterized by differing levels of dependence between the parties, which has the potential to influence the outcomes achieved. We build and test an empirical model to examine how buyer firms respond to dependency on a supplier by undertaking either socialization processes or closer integration in order to achieve relational capital. Using empirical data collected from 111 UK purchasing executives, a structural equation model is used to test the theoretical framework. The results provide support for four of the five hypotheses developed. Buyer firms facing high supplier dependency are found to undertake socialization processes to mitigate the dependency and generate relational capital. However, buyer dependency did not, in isolation, lead to increased levels of supplier integration. The study extends our understanding of how firms deal with asymmetric power within their supplier relationships and suggests important implications for both research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a supernode amalgamation algorithm which takes into account the characteristics of a hypermatrix data structure. The resulting frontal tree is then used to create a variable-sized partitioning of the hypermatrix. The sparse hypermatrix Cholesky factorization obtained runs slightly faster than the one which uses a fixed-sized partitioning. The algorithm also reduces data dependencies which limit exploitation of parallelism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One can find from a survey of the work of three prominent philosophers of technology in the late twentieth century, a very different kind of metaphor for describing the powerful, but not fully determinative influence that technology has on our lives. These three theories each centre on a concept I call "technological dependency." The most prominent exponents of technological dependency are Marshall McLuhan, Herbert Marcuse and Jacques Ellul. Although there are similarities between their descriptions of the phenomenon of dependency, their discussions of this phenomenon are focused around very different sub-metaphors for describing the nature of the dependency. McLuhan portrays our relationship with technology as capable of becoming a form of addiction or habit, Marcuse portrays it as a form of bribery, and Jacques Ellul portrays it as a form of religious cultism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the discourses of the globalisation theorists and dependency scholars in respect of their views on development and underdevelopment. The paper argues that there are underlying similarities between the central concepts of the dependency approach and globalisation theories. Some of the globalisation theorists come remarkably close to the central concepts of the dependency theories by rewording and rephrasing the same concepts but colouring them with different ideological hues. Neither classic development theory nor dependency theories have full explanatory power with respect to the current order of global economic relations. The branch of globalisation theories which has historical roots in classical development theory has shown resilience, while dependency theories have not totally lost their significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a geographical and historical overview of the Territory Nunavut (Canada) established in 1999 and inhabited by a majority of Inuit People. The author outlines the process that led to the conclusion of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and the current structure of the government of Nunavut, which can best be described as a form of Inuit self-government. Th e main objective of the paper consists in an overview and analysis of current socio-economic challenges faced by the government of Nunavut. Based on the visions of the Bathurst Mandate, the author attempts to assess the success of the ‘Nunavut Project’. The author concludes that because of Nunavut's weak economy and fi scal dependency on the central federal government of Canada, the numerous socio-economic challenges have not been resolved. The Nunavut experiment has not yet been proven a success. The prosperous vision, expressed through the Bathurst Mandate, of a viable Nunavut seems for now just an illusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, the effect of globalization on the pharmaceutical sector has resulted in a decrease in exportation and domestic production, accompanied by an increase in importation of pharmaceuticals and a rise in prices and expenditures. As an example of a developing country, Turkey has been facing the long-standing and increasing pressure of global regulations placed on its pharmaceutical sector. This has led to an increasing dependency on multinational companies and a gradual deterioration of an already weakened domestic pharmaceutical sector. This case study of Turkey offers points to consider in the world of increasing globalization, as it offers lessons on ways of examining the effects of globalization on the pharmaceutical industry of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]