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A description of the pattern of structure and organization of the penial macrosetae was recently put forward for Gonyleptoidea Sundevall, 1833 and demonstrated to occur also in other families of Grassatores Kury, 2002, such as Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884, Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886 and Pyramidopidae Sharma, Prieto & Giribet, 2011. This set of homology hypotheses is herein called AE11 pattern. In this work, the monotypic Sri Lankan genus Eurytromma Roewer, 1949 of the family Podoctidae Roewer, 1912 (which is currently assigned to the Epedanoidea in the Grassatores) is studied. Male genitalia of Eurytromma are described for the first time and the first attempt is made to reconcile the chaetotaxy of ventral plate of podoctid species with the AE11 pattern. The podoctid genera Hoplodino Roewer, 1915, Strandibalonius Roewer, 1912 and Santobius Roewer, 1949 are also exemplified here; their set of macrosetae is described and the AE11 pattern is demonstrated to occur in all of them. Therefore, AE11 is more phylogenetically widespread in the Grassatores than previously thought. Eurytromma pictulum (Pocock, 1903) from Sri Lanka is redescribed. It is characterized by the presence of a meso-frontal stridulatory saw of denticles on the cheliceral hand and extreme reduction of mesotergal sutures. A further refinement is made on the current terminology system of cheliceral dentition of Podoctidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peridroma saucia (Hübner, [1808]) or 'variegated cutworm' is a cosmopolitan owlet moth pest resilient and abundant in agroecosystems. However, the morphology of their immatures is only briefly described, and information from distinct life stages is fragmentary. This study describes in detail all immature stages of the species based on a Neotropical population and compares it with populations from other continents and with other cutworm pests found in the Neotropical region. The eggs present useful characters to distinguish P. saucia from other noctuinae pests, such as the number of micropylar openings, and the number and location of aeropyles. The larvae also have unique characters, concentrated on the head capsule (mainly mandibles and spinneret), general color pattern and several aspects on the chaetotaxy. On the other hand, the pupae are remarkably similar to those of cutworms species, although the number of spines on cremaster is potentially a diagnosable character. In general, immature characters can therefore be useful to identify P. saucia regardless of the life stage. These results confirm the relevance of detailed morphological studies on immature of pest species that may be useful to identify and distinguish these individuals without the need of obtaining adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaetotaxy is an important character especially in mites and can be applied in species diagnosis, phylogenetics, ontogeny, and so on. Chaetotaxic ontogeny of Bdella was carried out through comparing both immature and adult descriptions of eight Bdella species, including a new species, B. xinisp. nov., from China. Based on these species, chaetotaxy changes in Bdella mainly focused on ventral hypostomal setae (vh), setae on palpal basifemur, aggenital setae (ag), genital setae (g), anal setae (ad) and leg setae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two predominant sources of taxonomically useful morphological variability in the diverse tardigrade family Echiniscidae: the internal structure and surface sculpture of the cuticular plates covering the dorsum (sculpturing) and the arrangement and morphology of the trunk appendages (chaetotaxy). However, since the appendages often exhibit intraspecific variation (they can be reduced or can develop asymmetrically), sculpturing has been considered more stable at the species level and descriptions of new echiniscid species based solely on morphology are still being published. Here, we present a case study in which a detailed analysis of the morphology and multiple genetic markers of several species of the genus Viridiscus shows that cuticular sculpture may also exhibit considerable intraspecific variation and lead to false taxonomic conclusions. In a population collected from the eastern Nearctic, in the type locality of the recently described species V. miraviridis, individuals with transitional morphotypes between those reported for V. viridissimus and V. miraviridis were found. Importantly, all morphotypes within the viridissimus–miraviridis spectrum were grouped in a single monospecific clade according to rapidly evolving markers (ITS-1, ITS-2 and COI). Given the morphological and genetic evidence, we establish V. miraviridis as a junior synonym of V. viridissimus. This study explicitly demonstrates that a lack of DNA data associated with morphological descriptions of new taxa jeopardizes the efforts to unclutter tardigrade systematics. Additionally, V. perviridis and V. viridissimus are reported from Lâm Đồng Province in southern Vietnam, which considerably broadens their known geographic ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original description of Scheloribates crassusHammer, 1967 was incomplete, lacking information and figures about some morphological structures. Our specimens of S. crassus match broadly with the original description of the type specimens. However, there are the following differences: the morphological structures of leg I–II, the number of saccules, the presence of small holes between h3. Therefore, to help with its identification and discussion in the future, supplementary description of specimens is necessary. The supplementary description of Scheloribates crassusHammer, 1967 is presented on the basis of specimens from Auckland and Bay of Plenty, New Zealand in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe one new tribe, two new genera and three new species of the subfamily Cypridopsinae Kaufmann, 1900 from Brazilian floodplains. Brasilodopsis gen. nov. belongs in the nominal tribe Cypridopsini, and both new species in this new genus were found in both sexual and asexual populations. Brasilodopsis baiabonita gen. et sp. nov. has a wide distribution and was found in three of the four major Brazilian floodplains. Brasilodopsis amazonica gen. et sp. nov. was recorded only from the Amazon floodplain. Brasilodopsis baiabonita gen. et sp. nov. has a subtriangular shape in lateral view, whereas Brasilodopsis amazonica gen. et sp. nov. is more elongated and has more rounded dorsal margins in both valves, as well as more pronounced external valve ornamentation, consisting of rimmed pores in shallow pits. Paranadopsis reducta gen. et sp. nov. was found in asexual populations in the Upper Paraná River floodplain only and differs from other Cypridopsinae in the more elongated carapace, an A1 with strongly reduced chaetotaxy (hence the specific name) and the total absence of caudal rami in females. Because of these strong reductions in valve and limb morphology, Paranadopsini trib. nov. is created within the Cypridopsinae for this intriguing new genus and species.

Thailand is today the richest country for the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872, with 17 species described from the country. In this study three troglomorphic new species are described from caves in the western region. They are T. spectabilis sp. nov. and T. rungsimae sp. nov. from Kanchanaburi province and T. takensis sp. nov., from Tak province. The three new species share elongated antennae and have the same number of central mac on Th. III and Abd. IV. However, they differ from one another by the combination of: presence of eyes, antennal length, claw morphology, central head macrochaetotaxy and internal row of dental spines. Troglopedetes spectabilis sp. nov. is remarkably different from its congeners by its extreme long appendages, especially the antennae (ratio antenna: head = 5.5). In the second part of the paper the arrangment of antennal chaetotaxy and the diversity of its phaneres is analyzed in the three new species, homologized and compared with those of two other species described from Thailand (T. meridionalis and T. kae). A total of 22 types of chaetae have now been recognized among the species. A new type of S-chaetae for the genus was discovered in this study. There are 5 types of ordinary chaetae, 15 types of S-chaetae, the subapical organite of Ant. IV and scales. A total of 1,107 to 2,183 antennal chaetae on each side were observed, which includes 308–485 S-chaetae, 687–1,402 ordinary chaetae, 72–295 scales and a subapical organite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the medical importance of sandflies as vectors (Diptera: Phlebotominae) of Leishmania spp., immature stages of phlebotomine sandflies have never been found in the wild in Mexico. In the present investigation, we sought to identify specific microhabitats associated with the presence of sandfly immature stages. Field work was conducted in 11 localities of the Yucatan Peninsula and we collected soil samples from each site during two periods (November 2007 to April 2008, November 2008). Soil samples were transported to our base camp and were processed using the Berlese's funnels. We processed a total 242 soil samples with an average weight of 362 ± (SD) 317 gr. From these samples, we were able to recover 51 phlebotomine larvae in five different microhabitats and largest number was obtained from mammal burrows (88%) and from tree‐buttresses of Brosimium alicastrum (Berg) (6%). We identified larval microhabitat for Brumptomyia hamata (Fairchild & Hertig) and those specimens provided the material to describe for the first time the fourth instar larva. We also include information of a larval microhabitat of Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillett). In addition, we recorded a total of 4872 arthropods from 15 taxa in all those soil samples in which sandfly larvae were found, being Collembola (76%) and Acari (10%) the most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description of the pattern of structure and organization of the penial macrosetae was recently put forward for Gonyleptoidea Sundevall, 1833 and demonstrated to occur also in other families of Grassatores Kury, 2002, such as Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884, Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886 and Pyramidopidae Sharma, Prieto & Giribet, 2011. This set of homology hypotheses is herein called AE11 pattern. In this work, the monotypic Sri Lankan genus EurytrommaRoewer, 1949 of the family Podoctidae Roewer, 1912 (which is currently assigned to the Epedanoidea in the Grassatores) is studied. Male genitalia of Eurytromma are described for the first time and the first attempt is made to reconcile the chaetotaxy of ventral plate of podoctid species with the AE11 pattern. The podoctid genera Hoplodino Roewer, 1915, StrandibaloniusRoewer, 1912 and SantobiusRoewer, 1949 are also exemplified here; their set of macrosetae is described and the AE11 pattern is demonstrated to occur in all of them. Therefore, AE11 is more phylogenetically widespread in the Grassatores than previously thought. Eurytromma pictulum (Pocock, 1903) from Sri Lanka is redescribed. It is characterized by the presence of a meso-frontal stridulatory saw of denticles on the cheliceral hand and extreme reduction of mesotergal sutures. A further refinement is made on the current terminology system of cheliceral dentition of Podoctidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe and illustrate Zercon hamaricussp. nov. based on all postembryonic stages obtained from soil samples and laboratory cultures. The new species belongs to a species group in which dorsal setae J1–J4 in females are short and similar in length, and J5 are considerably longer. In most species of this group opisthonotal setae J5 and Z4 are clearly displaced anteriorly. Zercon hamaricussp. nov. is most similar to Z. forsslundiSellnick, 1958 and to a less extent to Z. polonicusBłaszak, 1970. The females of Z. forsslundi, Z. polonicus and Z. hamaricussp. nov. can be distinguished based on the range of J5, the length and character of the Z and S-series setae, the distance between setae Z5 and the location of gdZ3. We also include comparative information on other related species of Zercon. The new species is one of the six known species that have clearly visible sexual dimorphism in opisthonotal chaetotaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most extensive species radiations in the tardigrade evolution took place in the Echiniscus phylogenetic line, which contains the genus Echiniscus with over 120 species described to date. The internal classification of Echiniscus is historically based on two major sources of variability: chaetotaxy, that is the arrangement and the shape of trunk appendages, and the sculpturing of dorsal plates. These two criteria allowed for the delineation of species complexes, such as the blumi-canadensis or the spinulosus group. Recent phylogenetic analyses confirmed that they represent monophyletic lineages. However, the affinities of some species that have not been sequenced are not straightforward given their uncommon morphologies. In this paper, we present five Echiniscus species found in Argentina, two of which constitute such exemplary cases. Echiniscus aonikenk sp. nov. exhibits extraordinarily elongated cirri A , exceeding 50% of the body length, and dorsoventrally flattened trunk spines, including particularly wide spines E. The species is a probable sister group of the spinulosus complex. Furthermore, Echiniscus evelinae de Barros, 1942, reported here only third time ever, is characterised by an extreme elongation of cirri E , often exceeding the body length, and by autapomorphic dorsal sculpturing comprising epicuticular granules, pseudopores, distinct endocuticular reticulum and pillars. Analogously to E. aonikenk sp. nov. , E. evelinae apparently constitutes a separate evolutionary lineage. Finally, Echiniscus pellucidus sp. nov. (the merokensis complex), Echiniscus peruvianus Binda & Pilato, 1994 syn. nov. (the testudo complex) and Echiniscus manuelae da Cunha & do Nascimento Ribeiro, 1962 (the spinulosus complex) are analysed. Morphological peculiarities revealed in this study are discussed in the light of the Echiniscus taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preimaginal morphology of Austroscaeva occidentalis (Shannon, 1927) is described for the first time, and the morphology of larvae and pupae of Dioprosopa clavata (Fabricius, 1794) is updated based on material obtained from captive rearing of wild females from Argentina and Venezuela, respectively. We describe the morphology of the third instar larva, head skeleton and puparium using optical microscopy, cryo‐scanning and scanning electron microscope. The immature stages of both New World flower fly species are analysed and compared with the known preimaginal morphology of other taxa that belong to the evolutionary lineage of Eupeodes‐Scaeva, where Austroscaeva Láska, Mazánek & Mengual, 2018, and Dioprosopa Hull, 1949, form a Neotropical radiation within, together with the genus Notosyrphus Vockeroth, 1969. Larvae of all members of this lineage have abdominal segments 5 and 6 with the tips of the locomotory prominences facing posteriorly, and the anal segment with a characteristic U‐shaped grasping organ. Two other larval synapomorphies of this group of genera are the presence of metathoracic setae accompanying ventral sensilla, and the abdominal segments 1–7 with an extra lobe on each locomotory prominence. These two last characters cannot be assessed for Macrosyrphus Matsumura, 1917, and Lapposyrphus Dušek & Láska, 1967, based on published information on larval descriptions. Despite a similar colouration pattern of the fully grown larvae, larval morphology of A. occidentalis and D. clavata are quite distinct. The preimaginal morphology of A. occidentalis has a mixture of morphological characters from the taxa Scaeva Fabricius, 1805, Semiscaeva Kuznetzov, 1985, and Dioprosopa. The larvae of D. clavata show several unique diagnostic features, such as the presence of a slightly serrate outline due to the great development of the segmental spines and a pinnate ornamentation of the setae of its dorsal and dorsolateral sensilla. Regarding their biological cycle, the length of the preadult stages of A. occidentalis is almost 5 days longer than the length observed for D. clavata. In addition, new DNA barcodes are provided for A. occidentalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correct identification of morphological species is a key task for species richness estimation of any ecosystem. Although body colour is a widely used character identifying European Lepidocyrtus species, recent investigations using molecular data have revealed that species delineation using body colour can result in an underestimation of real species diversity because of the presence of cryptic species. Lepidocyrtus violaceus is a European species characterised by its dark violet body colour. Its wide distribution leads us to suspect that several cryptic species can be present within this morphospecies. Since traditional morphological characters have appeared insufficient for real diversity identification in Lepidocyrtus , new morphological characters were needed in order to describe the cryptic diversity detected by molecular data in this genus. Pseudopores are integumentary structures present in all Lepidocyrtus species, but the distribution of these structures has not been properly described in the genus, as well as in Entomobryioidea overall. In the present work we aimed to analyse whether L. violaceus is a monophyletic entity in Europe. Moreover, we aimed to determine if the position and number of pseudopores on the different parts of the body and appendages is a phylogenetically useful character in the identification of the species or superspecific entities. Fourteen populations of L. violaceus from five European countries, and another 25 Lepidocyrtus species from nine European countries have been studied. In total, 208 specimens have been analysed morphologically and half of them were studied molecularly using sequences of the genes COXII and EF-1α. Molecular data revealed that the widely distributed Lepidocyrtus violaceus morphospecies is a polyphyletic entity in Europe. Between 6 and 12 diferent cryptic species have been detected within this European morphospecies, and only the presence of pseudopores on the basal plate of the fourth abdominal segment has been found to be a promising diagnostic character between them. A common basal pattern of pseudopore distribution has been recognised in the European members of the genus, and also a diferential pattern within each European species group. As a general trend, an increase in the number of pseudopores has been detected from the most basal to the most derived species groups in the phylogeny of the genus in Europe. Species richness estimation of European Collembola using morphology is challenged by molecular detection of cryptic species. In this study, the morphological and molecular analysis of 26 European Lepidocyrtus species reveals that the common L. violaceus morphospecies is a polyphyletic entity in Europe. The number and distribution of pseudopores on body and appendages is a promising morphological character with a clear phylogenetic signal that can help in describing the detected cryptic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Eukoenenia sinensis, is described and illustrated from specimens collected in two forests in nearby islands in Guangdong Province, Southeast China. The genus Eukoenenia is recorded for the first time from China and it represents the second palpigrade species reported for this country after Koeneniodes madecassusRémy, 1950. The new species shares several morphological characters with other soil-dwelling Eukoenenia species from Africa, Asia and South America. One of the distinctive characters of E. sinensis is the presence of 6 pairs of setae (a1, a2, a3, a4 þ s1, s2) on opisthosomal sternites IV to VI, a character only shared with another five species. Eukoenenia sinensis is most similar to specimens captured from Chile and identified by Dr. Bruno Condé as Eukoenenia cf. grassii; several morphological and morphometric features allow to differentiate both species. From the other four species, two can be readily distinguished by their troglomorphic characters, and the other two are soil-dwelling species that show differences in the chaetotaxy of basitarsus IV, metapeltidium, deutotritosternum, opisthosomal tergites III–VI, as well as the number of teeth in the cheliceral fingers. In addition, E. sinensis is the first palpigrade to exhibit sexual dimorphism in the number of thick setae of coxa IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of all instars of Dromica (s. str.) kolbei (W. Horn, 1897), D. (s. str.) alboclavata Dokhtouroff, 1883 and instar I of D. (s. str.) helleri (W. Horn, 1897) are described and figured in detail. The larvae of these species have several unique morphological characters. The shape of the pronotum, appendages of abdominal segment V and the peculiarities of chaetotaxy are of taxonomic importance. The main diagnostic characters to separate these species from each other and from other known Dromica larvae are given and discussed. Some bionomical peculiarities of D. (s. str.) kolbei are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic analyses testing the monophyly of the tribe Hydrobiusini and the relationships among its genera are performed based on a data matrix including characters of larval morphology and morphometrics, larval chaetotaxy and adult morphology, including eight of the nine hydrobiusine genera plus 15 outgroup taxa. The head chaetotaxy of six genera of the tribe Hydrobiusini is described (Ametor , Hybogralius , Hydramara , Limnohydrobius , Limnoxenus and Sperchopsis). Morphometric characters derived from the head capsule and mouthparts are included. All characters are illustrated in detail. The analyses performed on the above datasets and their combinations reveal the monophyly of the Hydrobiusini except for Hybogralius , and reconstruct the internal topology of the tribe, largely corresponding to results of previous molecular analyses. Hybogralius groups with genera having larvae adapted to underwater feeding in all analyses. The position of the genus Tritonus within the Laccobiini is questioned by our analyses, which suggest a closer relationship with the tribes Hydrophilini or Hydrobiusini. Larval characters are revealed as highly homoplastic, with chaetotaxic characters performing slightly worse than usual larval morphology. Nonetheless, they are phylogenetically informative and useful for testing phylogenetic hypotheses resulting from analyses of molecules or adult morphology. A key to larvae of the genera of the Hydrobiusini is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Spodoptera depravata (Butler) is an important lawn pest in northeastern Asian countries, and its larvae mainly target the leaves of Gramineae crops. However, the morphological traits of egg and larva of this species have not been well elucidated. In this study, we examined the external morphology and ultrastructure of egg and larva of S. depravata using light and scanning electron microscopy. The egg is subspherical and covered with abundant female hair silk (modified scales). The upper exochorion sculpture consists of a dense network of irregular contiguous polygonal cells, with 2–3 micropyles at the top. Three types of sensilla were observed on larval antenna and maxilla: sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica and sensilla styloconica. The larva, eruciform, bears three pairs of thoracic legs, and five pairs of prolegs on abdominal segment III to VI and X (anal prolegs), respectively. The crochets of prolegs are arranged in uniordinal mesal penellipse, and protected by membranous stripes. Besides, the head and body chaetotaxy of S. depravata were illustrated and described in detail. This study also briefly discussed the application of morphological traits of eggs and larvae to classification and systematic studies on Spodoptera species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first detailed description of the late-instar larva of Prionochaeta opaca (Say, 1825) is provided, with chaetotaxy, illustrations and photos. The single Nearctic representative of Cholevina and the only known larval stage of Prionochaeta Horn, 1880 is discussed and compared to other known larvae of Cholevini with special reference to its autapomorphic characters: pectinate tergal setae and four-segmented antenna. New data confirmed a mosaic distribution of larval characters within the subtribes Cholevina and Catopina and only one character supporting division into subtribes (mandibular prostheca), after excluding Cholevinus Reitter, 1901. The placement of Prionochaeta in the clade of Cholevina, based on larval morphological characters, is doubtful because of many characters unique to this larva, but the unusual prostheca (apically wide with minute spines) places them in this subtribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All available Danish Ephippiochthonius Beier, 1930 material was examined in this study to investigate if some specimens conform to E. kewi Gabbutt, 1966, a species previously not reported from Denmark. Specimens were sorted into four groups by number of microsetae (0-3) present along the posterior border of the cephalothorax. The distribution of each group was mapped and related to recorded habitat, chaetotaxy of genital opercula, number of preocular microsetae and colouration of the cephalothorax. It was possible to assign most specimens of the four groups to two taxa conforming to E. kewi and E. tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790), thus both species are members of the Danish fauna. The grey-brown and strictly coastal E. kewi inhabits sheltered coasts throughout Denmark, while the yellow-brown E. tetrachelatus shows a distinct south-eastern distribution and is found at both inland and coastal sites. Chaetotaxy of the genital opercula did not differ between females of the two species, but for males it was found that E. tetrachelatus has a statistically significant higher proportion of specimens with 11 rather than 10 setae on the anterior genital operculum compared to E. kewi. The most frequent configuration of preocular microsetae in both species is two on each side, but E. kewi has significantly fewer (average a lower mean of microsetae) compared to E. tetrachelatus. The variation in chaetotaxy of the cephalothorax is limited in each species in those regions where species distributions do not overlap. But in regions with overlapping distributions, like south-eastern Denmark, some populations exhibited a higher variability in chaetotaxy which could be due to local hybridisation events. These assumed hybrids are grey-brown as E. kewi, but possess the habitat preferences of E. tetrachelatus which may explain why they are not strictly coastal, but usually found near the coast. Ephippiochthonius tetrachelatus is frequently introduced from abroad, resulting in establishment of at least temporary populations in garden centres and botanical gardens. A limited number of Ephippiochthonius specimens from Sweden were also examined and it appears that both species are present in this material as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary chaetotaxy of the head capsule and head appendages of the larva of Chaetarthria bruchiBalfour-Browne is described for the first time. Morphometric characters derived from the head capsule and mouthparts are included, together with detailed illustrations of all characters. Chaetotaxy of C. bruchi is compared with that of C. seminulum (Herbst), the only other Chaetarthriini species for which the chaetotaxy has been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoaceus gen. nov., a new genus of the family Laelapidae Berlese, is erected and described to accommodate Hypoaceus eugenitalis (Karg) comb. nov. and Hypoaceus pycnosis (Karg) comb. nov. that have been collected from Chile and Argentina. Important morphological characters of the above-mentioned species are presented and redescribed based on the type species. Some of the important morphological characters of the new genus are as follows: setae st4 absent; genitiventral shield well expanded posterior to coxae IV with two-three pairs of setae including st5 and bears numerous pore-like structures on the surface; interior appendages of internal malae elongate and scarcely barbed; epistome with fair denticles anteriorly; supralabral process long and style like; straight spermadactyl is about of twice of movable digit length; apotele two tined; male holoventral shield bearing numerous pore-like structures on the surface. Tarsus II both in male and female bearing strong spur or spine-like setae (av1 and pv1); male with strong spur-like seta (pv1) on femur II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neotropiella quinqueoculata (Denis, 1931) is redescribed, SEM photos and drawings are included, new localities and intraspecific variation data are provided, and phenology and ontogenetical development with specimens from Estación Biología Tropical de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Mexico are given. The complement to original descriptions of N. silvestrii (Denis, 1929) and N. carli (Denis, 1924) are also added. New records, confirmation or ratifications of distribution for the three taxa from Mexico and countries from Central America are given; Barcode Index Number (BIN) from BOLD System is included for N. quinqueoculata material from Panama. An identification key for members of the genus is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly reported as a household pest throughout the northern hemisphere, Willowsia nigromaculata (Lubbock) is among the most abundant and widely distributed springtails. However, taxonomic uncertainty due to incomplete morphological descriptions based on specimens from different continents may lead to incorrect identifications and/or prevent the recognition of distinct lineages within this morphospecies. Here, we perform the first comprehensive morphological and genetic comparison between W. nigromaculata specimens collected from North America and Europe. Morphological and genetic evidence reveals that populations in the United States and France represent two distinct nigromaculata-like species, but a phylogenetic analysis indicates both species may also be present in Canada. Based on these results, we redescribe W. nigromaculata from France, provide a description for Willowsia neonigromaculata sp. nov. from the United States, and propose new diagnostic characters for their separation, including the number of inner appendages on the maxillary sublobal plate. We also highlight the need for morphological and molecular investigations of additional populations to better understand the diversity and distribution of W. nigromaculata and related species.

The present study was conducted in four central-southern Italian regions (Abruzzo, Campania, Molise, Puglia) in the years 2008 and 2016–2018, with the aim to verify in hilly areas characterized by the coexistence of vineyards and olive groves, the presence, frequency and density on olive trees of the larval instars of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana on olive tree flowers, and to compare these parameters with those of other lepidopteran species as well. The sampling collection was conducted on the selected plots twice in each spring, during the phenological phase of flowering. The Lepidoptera larvae found in flower buds were identified through a chaetotaxy analysis. During samplings, 384 larvae belonging to three families (Geometridae, Tortricidae, and Praydidae) were found. The olive moth, Prays oleae, was by far the most abundant species (89.8% of the total collections) and was found in all samplings. L. botrana represented 8.2% of collected specimens and was found in all sampled fields, except in Molise during 2017. Prays oleae populations were significantly more abundant compared to L. botrana populations in all cases, except in Campania during 2017. The largest L. botrana populations were found in 2008 in Abruzzo olive groves, with 0.3 larvae per inflorescence, whereas in the other years and experimental fields the densities ranged between 0 and 0.14 larvae per inflorescence, from 3 to 24 times lower compared to P. oleae. At similar levels of infestation, L. botrana did not represent a harmful pest for olive trees; however, its presence cannot be considered occasional, as it has been found constantly, year after year, even on different olive cultivars. Kruscal-Wallis results showed significant differences among the olive orchards differently related with vineyards and suggests a direct link of L.botrana populations in olive groves and neighbouring vineyards. Olive trees located near vineyards can thus represent an important infestation focus and an insect reservoir, from which the first annual generation of L. botrana adult moths easily move and colonise the surrounding areas, including the neighbouring vineyards. Our results should be considered in IPM programmes for the control of L. botrana in those territories where vineyards and olive trees are closely cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturization strongly affects functional morphology. Whereas some anatomical structures are barely affected by scaling, others can fundamentally change as the body becomes ever smaller. No prior study has focused on the effect of miniaturization on grooming and attachment structures in Hymenoptera, which can be highly diverse and complex. Through comparative description of the legs of the extremely small wasps of the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae, we evaluate the functional and phylogenetic patterns concerning possible functional effects of miniaturization. On the one hand, the studied species retain some features characteristic of other Chalcidoidea, while on the other, they display some parallelisms associated with miniaturization in leg structure. These observations support a two‐stage morphocline of miniaturization, wherein the first stage is characterized by the preservation of structural complexity and retention of all basic functions, as for instance in examined Megaphragma and the females of Dicopomorpha. The second stage is characterized by a significant simplification, with the loss of redundant non‐essential functions, as observed for the males of Dicopomorpha, which have grossly reduced leg structures, including total loss cleaning devices. Whether these stages are ordered or unordered should be evaluated in future study. Functional optimization of attachment in male Dicopomorpha is indicated by the highly derived mushroom‐shaped tarsi, complemented by novel grappling spurs on the hindfeet, possibly for copulation. Our observations underline adaptive trade‐offs in the expression of complex and multifunctional leg structures at extreme scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allochthonius (Urochthonius) yoshizawai sp. nov., found in Hiura-do Cave, a limestone cave located in the municipality of Kumakogen, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, is described. It can be distinguished from the consubgeneric species mainly by the carapacal chaetotaxy (6-2, 18), by the presence of 6 setae on the cheliceral palm, by the rallum with 11 blades, by the presence of 8 clavate coxal blades on coxae I, and by the decreased number and distinct shape of the chelal teeth. A redescription of the subgenus Urochthonius, and keys to the subgenera of Allochthonius and to the species and subspecies of Urochthonius are also provided, as well as some ecological remarks, a brief discussion on troglomorphisms for the subgenus, and potential threats for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crambidae is a group of moths with more than 10,000 species occurring worldwide that evolved diverse morphological and ecological habits. They can be best recognized by morphological characters of the adult tympanal organ and larval chaetotaxy. We present the first molecular phylogeny of Crambidae including all subfamilies and most tribes. We use available molecular data from two previous studies, and published transcriptomes and genomes, compiling ten genes totalling 11,247 bp. Up to eight genes are sequenced for thirty‐nine additional taxa, with Cathariinae, Cybalomiinae and Linostinae sampled for the first time. Maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses recover topologies mostly agreeing with those of previous studies, with several groupings showing better support. Cathariinae syn. n. and Cybalomiinae syn. n. are recovered as ingroup of Glaphyriinae and are consequently synonymized with the latter. Linostinae are either sister to Glaphyriinae or sister to the 'CAMMSS clade'. Lathrotelinae are recovered monophyletic and as sister to Musotiminae in the Bayesian analysis. Hoploscopinae stat. n. are recovered as sister to ((Crambinae + Erupinae stat. n.) + (Scopariinae + Heliothelinae s. str.)). Evolution of host‐plant preferences is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of HimalanuraBaijal, 1958 is described here and it is the first report of the genus from China. H. shanxiensis sp. nov. is characterized by its colour pattern and chaetotaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(1) Background: Leptophallus nigrovenosus , an esophageal parasite that primarily affects water snakes of the genus Natrix , has a known life cycle that involves snail and amphibian hosts. However, the biological aspects, chaetotaxic patterns, and pathogeny of this parasite in its hosts have not been fully elucidated. (2) Methods: Snails ( Planorbarius metidjensis ) were collected in Spain and examined for cercaria emergence. The larvae were used to experimentally infect Salamandra salamandra , and metacercariae were isolated. Their chaetotaxy was studied using microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The eye histology was also examined. (3) Results: The cercariae displayed distinctive morphological characteristics. The results of this study revealed three types of ciliated sensory papillae on the cercarial teguments, suggesting an adaptation for host detection and orientation. The metacercariae isolated from subcutaneous tissues showed oval bodies covered in spines. The chaetotaxy patterns matched those of Leptophallinae species. This is the first report of the presence of L. nigrovenosus in the snail P. metidjensis . Additionally, this study detected metacercariae in the eyes of S. salamandra , emphasizing the need for further research on trematode infections in amphibian eyes. (4) Conclusions: Members of the genus Salamandra can serve as secondary intermediate hosts for L. nigrovenosus , and the presence of metacercariae in amphibian eyes may have implications for the survival and habitat management of these amphibians. Understanding this parasite's prevalence, transmission dynamics, and impacts on host populations is crucial for conservation strategies.

We describe for the first time, the larvae of Cybister (Cybister) lewisianus Sharp, 1873, an endangered species of diving beetle in Japan, emphasizing the chaetotaxy of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. Cybisterlewisianus larvae are characterized by a longer third article of antenna 3 than the sum of the first and second articles; rounded apex of parietal setae 1-3; labium seta 8 absent; elongated trochanter seta 4, not multi-branched; rounded apex of abdominal setae 1, 12, and 13 (instar I); narrow lateral projections of the frontoclypeus; pronotum without two dark-brown longitudinal stripes dorsally (instar III); and the base of the thick row of small setae on the inner edge of the mandible angulate and projecting medially (all instars)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Kohei Watanabe, Masakazu Hayashi.)

Abstract The third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Anticheirina), collected in Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrations and comments are given. The larva differs from other Macraspis larvae by the head with 6 posterofrontal setae and mandibles with a blunt second left incisor tooth. The pupa is similar to that of M. festiva Burmeister, 1844.

Symphylella minuta sp. nov. and Symphylella communa sp. nov. from China are described and illustrated. Symphylella minuta sp. nov. is characterized by the delicate and minute body, a well-developed and thin central rod with a vestige of a transverse suture in the middle, eight setae on the first tergite, pointed processes on the tergites, and short cerci with sparse setae. Symphylella communa sp. nov. is characterized by the chaetotaxy of the first tergite with 4+4 setae, processes of the tergites somewhat longer or the same length with broad, most of lateromaginal setae long, anterolateral setae of tergites 2-4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 distinctly longer than other lateromarginal setae, approximately as long as the process of the same tergite, and cerci with numerous subequal and slightly curved setae. In addition, the chaetotaxic variation on the tergites, the distribution, the habitat, and the feeding habit of the genus Symphylella are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eublemma amabilis Moore [1884] (Erebidae) and Syncola pulverea (Meyrick, 1907) (Blastobasidae) are the dominant predators of cultured lac, Kerria lacca (Hemiptera: Kerridae), in northern Thailand. Two additional gelechioid species, Scythropiodes lacca Adamski, n. sp. (Depressariidae: Oditinae), and Stathmopoda venustaMeyrick, 1913 (Stathmopodidae) are, to a lesser degree, also predatory on lac insects. Several species of detritivorous Lepidoptera are found on lac-infested branches of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Fabaceae) including: Erechthias leucopogon (Meyrick, 1924) (Tineidae), Stenachroia elongellaHampson, 1898 (Pyralidae: Galleriinae), Cryptoblades gnidiella (Millière, 1867) (Pyralidae: Phycitinae), and Pyroderces spatulata Adamski, n. sp. (Cosmopterigidae). Adults of all species associated with lac are described or redescribed. Detailed descriptions of available immature stages of these lac-associated moth species are supplemented with chaetotaxal maps, illustrations, photographs, and scanning electron micrographs. A lectotype is designated for Blastobasis pulvereaMeyrick, 1907. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a series of papers focusing on the description of immature stages of the genus Catasticta Butler, 1870, we here describe for the first time the immature stages of the high Andean butterfly Catasticta incerta incerta (Dognin, 1888), from Azuay province in southern Ecuador. The host plant was identified as an aerial hemi-parasitic mistletoe Antidaphne andina Kuijt (Santalaceae), which is restricted to high elevations in the Andes. Immature stages were reared in situ by enclosing them and the vegetation on which they were feeding in a mesh enclosure. A comparison with the immature stages of Catasticta philothea (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) from Colombia is presented. Finally, the larval chaetotaxy is illustrated and described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new laelapid genus, Chapalaelapsgen. nov. is erected and described to accommodate Chapalaelaps granulatus comb. nov. and C. latisternalis comb. nov. Important differences exist between Chapalaelaps and other close genera supporting recognition of Chapalaelaps as a genus level taxon. A new species, Chapalaelaps secretumsternalissp. nov. is described based on specimens collected in litter from French Guyana. A key for separation of species of the new genus is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neotropiella is a genus of springtails which can be of medium size (2 mm) or relatively long (5 mm). These springtails live in leaf litter, under the bark of dead trees or in decomposing wood, mainly in the Neotropical Region and are often collected by litter samples on Berlese funnels or by pitfall traps. Most species have been described, based on relatively few specimens and chaetotaxy of several species is incomplete. New information: A new species within Neotropiella was discovered in recent pitfall trap collections from Peru. Neotropiella peruana sp. n. was taxonomically treated and studied under both phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. It is similar to N. insularis from Brazil, but smaller with only 4 mandibular teeth (vs. 5) and with well-developed unguis lateral teeth. Intraspecific variation of the new species is provided. We also present the first DNA barcodes for the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new species of the subfamily Neanurinae from north-western Iran are described and illustrated in detail. Endonura agnieskae sp. nov. differs from the most similar congener, E. reticulata (Axelson, 1905), in chaetotaxic details and the arrangement of tubercles on the dorsal side of the body. Endonura annae sp. nov. can be easily recognised by its wide labrum, the absence of chaetae C on the head and the presence of a toothed claw. Endonura schwendingeri sp. nov. is especially distinctive due to the absence of chaetae A and Ocp on the head and the presence of the male ventral organ. Deutonura breviseta sp. nov. is related and most similar to D. persica Smolis, Shayanmehr & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2018, described recently and known from Mazandran Province in Iran. The new species can be easily distinguished by the following set of features: dark pigmented body, presence of chaetae C and Dl3 on the head, absence of microchaetae on the furca rudimentary, presence of thickened macrochaetae on dorsal side of body and absence of cryptopygy. The main characteristics of Deutonura sengleti sp. nov. include a white body with dark pigmented eyes, the fusion of tubercles Di and De on the first thoracic segment and the presence of the male ventral organ. Deutonura iranica sp. nov. is superficially similar to D. gibbosa Porco, Bedos & Deharveng, 2010, a species known from the Alps and Jura in Europe, but it differs in the body colour and the number of labial chaetae and chaetae (L+So) on the head. Paravietnura rostrata sp. nov., the first member of this enigmatic and intriguing genus known from Iran, is characterised by an unusually elongate ogival labrum and extreme reduction of dorsal chaetotaxy. Furthermore, new records of several other species of the subfamily: Cryptonura maxima Smolis, Falahati & Skarżyński, 2012; C. persica Smolis, Falahati & Skarżyński, 2012; Deutonura persica; Endonura longirostris Smolis, Shayanmehr, Kuznetsova & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2017; E. paracentaurea Smolis, Shayanmehr, Kuznetsova & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2017; Neanura deharvengi Smolis, Shayanmehr & Yoosefi-Lafooraki, 2018; N. muscorum (Templeton, 1835) and Protanura papillata Cassagnau & Delamare Deboutteville, 1955 are given. The present study is based on the rich material collected by Antoine Senglet and loaned by Peter J. Schwendinger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes Pseudosinella altamirensis sp. nov. from the Altamira Caves, municipal district of Santillana del Mar (Cantabria, Spain), and five other caves near the coast of Cantabria (northern Spain). Its taxonomic position is discussed and differences and similarities among morphologically and geographically close species are highlighted. The new species can be identified by its five eyes, the basal and small inner paired teeth on the claw, and the length of the uncrenulated part of the distal dens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872 (T. meridionalis sp. nov. and T. kae sp. nov.) are described from caves of the Thai peninsula. This is the first report of the genus south of the Kra Isthmus. The two new species have two rows of dental spines shared by all Thai Troglopedetes. They differ from other members of the genus mainly in the arrangement of dorsal chaetotaxy on head. The antennal chaetotaxy of the two species is analysed in detail in the second part of the paper. All types of antennal chaetae of both new species and their distribution patterns are described for each antennal segment: scales, ordinary chaetae, S-chaetae and subapical organite of Ant. IV. Twenty different types of chaetae are recognised and all except one are present in both species. The total numbers of ordinary chaetae and S-chaetae and their patterns of distribution on antenna are very similar between the two species (483 vs. 518 ordinary chaetae; 207 vs. 208 S-chaetae). Each type of chaetae has its own distribution pattern, markedly contrasted between dorsal and ventral side of antennae, and between antennal segments. This diversity of morphologies and distribution patterns and their similarity between the two species, as well as differences with other species of the same family, suggest that antennal chaetotaxy could provide powerful new characters for the taxonomy of Troglopedetes and related genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fossil species, Protanthomyza grimaldii sp. nov. (Diptera, Anthomyzidae), is described from Baltic amber (Eocene, 48-34 Ma) based on two (male and female) inclusions. It is the ninth species of the genus Protanthomyza Hennig, 1965 and subfamily Protanthomyzinae Roháček, 1998. Adult morphology of P. grimaldii sp. nov. revealed that the rich chaetotaxy of the thoracic pleuron, two anal veins and presence of the anteroventral process of the epandrium are plausibly shared by all species of Protanthomyza. Relationships of the new species, which belongs to a group lacking the ctenidial spine on the fore femur, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The instar III larva of Liocanthydrus clayae (J. Balfour-Browne, 1969) is described and illustrated, including morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphus. Larvae of Liocanthydrus Guignot, 1957, can be readily separated from other known noterid larvae by the presence of two short posterodorsal projections on the last abdominal segment. Regarding chaetotaxy, Liocanthydrus differs from Suphis Aubé, 1836, Hydrocanthus Say, 1823 and Suphisellus Crotch, 1873 in the position of seta AN7, the shape of seta CO13, the shape and length of setae FE6 and TI7, and the length of seta UR8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larvae of three species of Agabus s. str. Leach, 1817, A. bifarius (Kirby, 1837), instar III, A. disintegratus (Crotch, 1873), instars I–III, and A. falli (Zimmermann, 1934), instars I–III, are described including for the first time a detailed chaetotaxy analysis of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment and urogomphi. Larvae of A. falli show several unique morphological features that differentiate them from those of the other species of Agabini studied. A provisional parsimony analysis based on 55 larval characteristics of 17 species in seven genera of the subfamily Agabinae was conducted using the program TNT. As a result of this analysis, Agabini was recovered as polyphyletic while Platynectini and Hydrotrupini are deemed monophyletic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Capbrya from Brazilian Caatinga is described and illustrated in detail. Capbrya brasiliensis sp. n. is the first record of the genus outside South Africa. We provide the first complete and labelled dorsal chaetotaxy description of the genus including the S-chaetotaxy of tergal segments, and the complete trunk dorsal chaetotaxy of the first instar, described for the first time for the whole Nothobryinae. C. brasiliensis sp. n. differs from Capbrya marshalli and Capbrya themeda by ventral head and dorsal trunk chaetotaxy, postantennal organ size, metatrochanteral organ, empodial complex and manubrial plate morphology. We redrew and interpreted the published chaetotaxies of C. marshalli and Hispanobrya barrancoi and analysed specimens of Nothobrya sertaneja , Nothobrya sp.1 and Nothobrya sp.2. After the morphological comparison, we propose the subdivision of Nothobryinae in two tribes and their inclusion in the family Orchesellidae: the tribe Nothobryini for Nothobrya and the tribe Capbryini for Capbrya and Hispanobrya. We also provide an update to the identification key of Capbrya , Hispanobrya and Nothobrya species, now including C. brasiliensis sp. n.; and an update to Nothobrya diagnosis, including now its S-chaetotaxy formula and labial chaetae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pine pest, Cenopalpus lineola (Canestrini and Fanzago, 1876) was discovered after 45 years again in Hungary. Proto-, deutonymphs, male and female specimens were collected, therefore a new and detailed re-description are presented with description of the leg chaetotaxy of the immature stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first morphological description of the developmental stages of a representative species of Monotomidae family. The paper describes the external structures of the early (L1) and last (L3) larval instars of the Euro-Siberian myrmecophilous monotomid beetle Monotoma angusticollis (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera Monotomidae), associated with the Formica rufa species group. This is also the first complete, detailed and richly illustrated description of larval morphology and its chaetotaxy for any member of Monotomidae. A description of the pupa of M. angusticollis is also provided; this is the only one to date of a pupa morphological description from this coleopteran family. For the imago, several morphological details are given. According to the head measurements, this species passes through three larval instars (L1-L3). The morphological differences between L1 and L3 relate to the antennal and leg structures, the shape of the labrum and the body surface microsculpture. Diagnostic characters for larvae of Monotomidae and members of Monotoma have been established. The larva of M. angusticollis is distinguished from other known monotomid larvae by its exceptionally asymmetrical mandibles and the short, clavate setae. The morphological and behavioural characters enabling the larvae and imagines of this species to live among ants have also been established, although integration with the host is not as far advanced as in the case of some other myrmecophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically, females of eriophyoid mites of the large conifer-associated genus TrisetacusKeifer 1952 have long spermathecal tubes, which are at least twice as long as the spermathecae. In this paper, we report on four Trisetacus species collected in the USA from Cupressaceae that possess atypical short spermathecal tubes and demonstrate a distinct reduction trend in leg chaetotaxy when setae l′ and/or bv II may be absent, and setae ft′ II are very short. They are: 1) Trisetacus virginianusn. sp. and 2) T. thujae (Garman 1883, = T. thujivagransSmith 1977asyn. nov.) from indigenous North American conifers Juniperus virginianus and Thuja occidentalis, respectively, and 3) Trisetacus maculatusn. sp. and 4) T. morgantownensisn. sp. from Japanese endemics, Chamaecyparis pisifera and C. obtusa, respectively, introduced to the USA. In these four Trisetacus species, the spermathecal apparatus consists of two drop-shaped segments, each about 2.5–3 µm long and about 2–2.5 µm wide, and resembles that of Boczekella, a nalepellid genus restricted to pinacean genera Larix and Pseudolarix. A new subgenus, Brevithecusn. subgen., is erected within the genus Trisetacus to accommodate the four Trisetacus species from Cupressaceae. Future molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to test whether Brevithecus is nested within Trisetacus or represents a separate genus, which may be a sister to either Trisetacus or Boczekella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]