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International migration is a suitable scenario for the study of the changes and continuities of patriarchal gender relations in the perspective of those who migrate. This article aims to move towards a better understanding of the impact of border crossing for men and women from a relational interpretation of gender. Social inequality systems, at the origin and destination, are related with gender aspects when describing transitions. They change either to more democratic relations or to greater subordination in the society of destiny. The elements that explain those trends are related to micro-level social factors such as the type of couple relationship predominant before migrating, the people's social capital and other macro-level aspects such as the working and legal conditions that immigrants find in the destination environment. Broadly speaking, migration is seen, at the same time, as an opportunity to change on a small scale and a way to give continuity to traditional customs of gender between immigrants. Differences in each case are related to the accumulated impact of migration which links micro-level and structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Based on ethnographic case studies in the Bolivian Altiplano (highlands) this article examines the relationship between language and movement. In doing so, I include three levels of analysis. I first identify two forms of analysis corresponding to cognitive linguistics and phenomenology. I derive a third level of analysis from my case studies. The richness of Aymara expression on walking manifests the need to understand the ways in which walkers exploit and suffer the world. In this regard walking involves physical displacement, knowledge of the world, and the endurance of the body. The ethnographic case-studies call for an understanding of the ways the body exploits and suffers the physical and affective constraints of walking: for example, age, traces of labor, habits, health, terrain, fatigue, boredom, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the variance of the Bolivian celebrations to the Virgin of Copacabana, carried out in February and August, Buenos Aires city's celebration is made during the second week of October. Then, the date was reinterpreted as the anti-celebration for the anniversary of the arrival of Columbus in our continent by the Indians movements. This reinterpretation transformed the religious pattern of the Bolivian celebration into a scenario for identity reference, in which different ways of experiencing and representing religious feelings are exposed, and where the siku players question the Church institution through their performances. In turn, young people propose new forms of spirituality aiming to integrate the religious and the political fields, according to the complex reality of their situation as migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the processes through which the nationwide press generates and represents the cultural discourses of two of the most controversial migrant groups coexisting nowadays in Chile: Peruvians and Bolivians. The representation that the news media carry out regarding the studied cultures strongly influences the imaginaries of the Chilean audiences. That calls for special concern so as to propose the necessary spaces for intercultural exchange as much in the media as in the social institutions. These spaces will be the ones in which communication studies and intercultural journalism can merge, in order to offer meeting and communication alternatives between culturally different groups. The principal goal of this research study is to understand how, in the processes of social construction of reality through the news media, the Peruvian and Bolivian «discourses of difference» are represented in Chile. The methodology employed to validate such a proposal is the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) applied to the news in «La Cuarta» and «Las Últimas Noticias» newspapers, belonging to the press groups with the greatest circulation in the country: the consortia Copesa y El Mercurio. The results of the research allow us to conclude that these press media represent realities which tend to marginalise the «migrant other», through the reinforcement of identity imaginaries constructed upon the frontier relationships among the three nation-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As for many other taxa, hummingbird diversity declines away from the equator, but the causes for this decline are still disputed and might involve, among others, climatic factors or the availability of food resources. Because hummingbirds are one of the classical examples for plant–animal coevolution, it has been proposed that the diversity of hummingbird assemblages might depend on the diversity of food plants available. We tested this hypothesis by studying the hummingbird assemblages and their food plants for 1 year at six sites along a 660-km-long transect in Bolivian lowland forests extending from the southernmost Amazonian rain forests to dry Chaco forests. Hummingbird diversity was higher in the northern three sites as compared to the southern ones, with an abrupt decline in species numbers and a corresponding change in taxonomic composition at the boundary from evergreen to drought deciduous forests. Hummingbird diversity and abundance were only weakly correlated to climatic factors or to the diversity of humming-visited flowers, but strongly to the seasonal abundance of flowers. The overlap in nectar diet between hummingbird species depended on the number of plant species: when numerous species were available, the hummingbirds segregated by feeding preferences, but when few flowers were available, all hummingbirds fed on the same plants. We conclude that the local diversity of hummingbird species is not primarily determined by the diversity of food plants, but rather by the abundance of flowers available at any given point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos (1900-9895) is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the emotional and health impacts that immigration to Spain has on Bolivian families. We explore transnational preventive and healing activities deployed in Spain and Bolivia to allay emergent anxieties, frustrations and illnesses. Although undocumented migrants have access to a universal public health system, they adopt pluralistic approaches to healing, combining traditional and biomedical treatments. An understanding of these healing strategies requires attention to how emotions and their embodiment are experienced in the context of immigration. We propose a theoretical framework which draws upon a constructivist approach to emotions and expand its potential by linking it to influences of transnational lifestyles and bifocality. Preoccupation and sorrow are considered key etiological agents for many illnesses in the Andes and therefore migrants are particularly mindful about how their own suffering abroad affects vulnerable relatives in Bolivia. Communication between migrants and relatives is permeated by white lies, non-disclosure or blatant suppression of information about illnesses or personal difficulties. Migrants rely on particular relatives to access transnational healing methods, while simultaneously concealing information about their health from others. A migrant's health experiences are thus constrained not only by difficulties with the public health system but also by emotional considerations that span informal transnational networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human geographers and others have started to challenge the language of fait accompli that often surrounds discussions of workers and globalization. Labor geography and debates on social movement unionism stress the new horizontal and vertical strategies pursued by labor unions in maneuvering the spaces of globalization. In this article the author argues that these debates have failed to take into account properly the deep-seated transformations of work regimes that have taken place in some contexts, particularly in the global South, how these transformations are associated with internal shifts in union membership, and what that means for union politics. In the Bolivian case examined in the article, economic liberalization and foreign direct investment (FDI) have weakened industrial workers and strengthened informal sectors internally, which have brought about a rearticulation of class visions, claims and collective identities towards greater sensitivity to ethnicity politics. This can arguably make labor unions more democratically responsive, and it has enabled the Bolivian labor movement to successfully press some of its claims, such as greater state involvement in natural resource sectors. However, this rearticulation also points to exacerbated problems of finding room for workplace politics in social movement unionism and labor geography in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, geography and geographers have studied migration processes on the basis of binary oppositions, such as expulsion causes-attraction features, expulsion areas -target areas, basing themselves, largely, on the analysis of statistical data obtained from official sources. Over time, the characteristics of contemporary international migrations, have revealed that these epistemological positions are insufficient to meet the daily reality of migrants due to their markedly ethnocentric slant. Social networks constitute, nowadays, one theoretical and methodological approach that can be applied to the field of geography and which deals with this problematics as a fundamentally social phenomenon, comprising the microsocial context in which the migrant is inserted. The analysis of relational reciprocity may help us unravel the complex web of networks that are made up between the socio- economic processes and the territorial dynamics of migrants, who are capable of building transnational spaces along time. This is the case of the Bolivian people that settled in the Río Colorado Valley, province of Buenos Aires. The analysis of the narratives obtained from a field work in which Bolivian residents in the town of Hilario Ascasubi have been interviewed, has yielded preliminary results that show the existence of social support networks that stamp their particular style to the surrounding environment. Not only have social networks helped the process of adaptation of immigrants, but they also favoured the continuity of displacement and the formation of transnational social spaces that reflect socio-spatial transformations in the local environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores ethnological exhibitions at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. The author reflects on connections between colonialism, popular entertainment, and anthropology in the context of indigenous ethnic identity and the exhibition of indigenous Bolivians. Emphasis is given to the experiences of a group of Bolivians including José Santos Mamani and the challenges of meeting the representational expectations of the U.S. public and mass media. Other topics include institutionalized displays of racial and gender hierarchies, the death of Santos, and labor unrest among exhibited peoples.

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CONTEXT: In Bolivia, the total fertility rate (TFR) among indigenous populations is higher than that among the non indigenous population. It is important to investigate whether this difference is attributable to ethnic differences in wanted or unwanted fertility. METHODS: Data from the 2003 Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey were used to estimate women's wanted and unwanted TFRs. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether women's, men's and couples' characteristics were associated with use of any contraceptive method and modern methods. RESULTS: The TFRs for indigenous and non indigenous women were 4.3 and 3.1, respectively. The wanted fertility rate for indigenous women was nearly the same as that for non indigenous women (2.7 and 2.6, respectively); virtually all of the ethnic difference in the TFRs was attributable to the ethnic difference in unwanted fertility. The proportion of women in need of contraception was greater among indigenous women than among non indigenous women (26% vs.19%).In logistic regression analyses, male fertility preferences explained only a small part of the ethnic difference in contraceptive use. CONCLUSION: Women's, men's and couples' preferences contribute only marginally to unwanted fertility, suggesting that structural factors act as obstacles to preventing unwanted fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the seasonal and circadian rhythms in salivary testosterone of rural Bolivian adult men. Saliva samples which were self-collected by each male participant before retiring and upon awakening were assayed using radioimmunoassay method and statistical analyses were executed. Results show that T diurnality has significant heterogeneity between days within an individual, between individuals and seasons but, T levels and diurnality do not vary with age.

Many cross-national surveys examine the extent to which citizens of new democracies believe that democracy is always preferable to any other form of government. There is little evidence, however, regarding how such attitudes affect citizen behavior. This article examines the case of Bolivia, asking whether and how Bolivians' attitudes toward democracy affect participation, including contacts with public officials and involvement in political parties and social movements. Through analysis of nationwide survey data, I show that preferences for democracy have little effect on participation in party meetings or protests. Examining the relationship more carefully, I then show that, for Bolivians who favor institutional methods of representation, support for democracy increases attachment to the traditional political system and decreases protest; for citizens who favor popular methods of representation, it has the opposite impact. I conclude by discussing the implications for scholarship on democratization, which often conflates preferences for democracy with political stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research the concept of mixed embeddedness is used to analyze how economic and political opportunity structures and the group characteristics of Ethiopian and Bolivian immigrants have affected the establishment and development of their businesses in metropolitan Washington, DC. The study relies upon interviews, focus groups, census data, and mapping to assess the entrepreneurial activities of both groups. As a relatively new immigrant destination, metropolitan Washington lacks many of the institutional supports found in older gateway cities. Our findings show that Bolivians and Ethiopians entered into entrepreneurial activities due more to experiences of blocked mobility and labor market segmentation than due to ethnic enclave formation. In addition, their settlement and associations within particular jurisdictions in the region played a significant role in their social and economic integration as entrepreneurs. The study concludes with an assessment of mixed embeddedness as a valuable lens from which to understand entrepreneurship at the metropolitan scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica is the property of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yine [?jine] (previously known as Piro, ISO 639-3 = pib) is a Maipuran language (Payne 1991, Campbell 1997, Sol?s Fonseca 2003). See Payne (1991) and Campbell (1997) for discussion of the relationship of the Maipuran (or Maipurean) languages to the controversial Arawakan stock. There are approximately 3,000 speakers of Yine in the Peruvian Amazon. People in Brazil and Bolivia known as Manchineri (alternative spellings exist; ISO 639-3 = mpd) also speak a dialect of Yine (Urqu?a Sebasti?n 2006a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several photographs are presented including Bolivian worker at the front of a revolution, union of housewives, and employees.

In the last quarter of the 20th century, Argentina was still concentrating the largest amount of intra-regional migrants in the southern cone of Latin America, whereas the number of Bolivian, Paraguayan, Uruguayan and Argentine migrants in Brazil was also increasing. This paper identifies the differences and transformations in the education and labor profile of new and old regional migrants recorded in Argentina and Brazil. Thus, it analyzes the distribution following the criterion of education level and occupation of migration cohorts determined by the year in which residence was taken up in both countries. It also shows differences between native and migrant workers. The conclusion arrived to is that in Argentina, the higher schooling of the new regional migrants did not substantially affect the segregation in occupations with a lower qualification, in branches such as agriculture, construction, manufacturing and housework. In Brazil, the increase in the number of Paraguayans, Bolivians, Uruguayans and Argentinians coming in matched a heterogeneization of the predominantly qualified profiles of the last three groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos PAGU is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Hepatitis B virus genotypes are associated with transmission pattern, virological and clinical features and outcome of the chronic infection course. HBV genotypes other than Genotype F (HBV/F) are considered a reflection of human migration into South America. A total of 487 individuals in Bolivia, including Japanese immigrants (n =287) and natives (n =200), were screened for HBV serological markers. Overall 22/487 (4.5%) of the subjects were positive for HBsAg, 217/487 (44.5%) for anti-HBc and 162/487 (33.3%) for anti-HBs. Genotypes were determinable in 22 cases by EIA, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis in 17 cases. HBV genotype distribution in Japanese and Bolivians was HBV/F (4 and 8); HBV/C (5 and 3); and HBV/B (1 and 1), respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of nine complete and eight partial (HBsAg/pre-core/core region) genomes, revealed that HBV/F strains cluster with previously reported regional strains, whereas HBV/B and HBV/C strains belonged to Asian subgenotype B2 (Ba) and C2 (Ce), respectively. Japanese immigrants might have introduced HBV/B and HBV/C to natives in Bolivia, conversely, exposed to the indigenous HBV/F. This report provides evidence of an inter-communities transmission of HBV revealed by its genotypes. Further study is required to investigate peculiarities of the genotypes in different ethnic groups in Bolivia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Within the framework of Argentinean society, in recent decades, obvious processes of stigmatization have been established that give rise to the production of "others" on the basis of their condition of "border immigrants" (such as Paraguayans, Chileans and Bolivians), who are always prey to manipulation. In this essay, I propose to delve into the logic of certain premises and interpretative frameworks drawn from sociology and anthropology, in order to analyze these processes of stigmatization. These theoretical-methodological perspectives enable one to record the personal experience of immigrants, and focus on the "language of resistance" through which these groups dismantle and recreate their stigmatized identities. These reflections are the result of ethnographic material collected between 1999 and 2000 in the city of Posadas (Misiones, Argentina) adjoining the city of Encarnación (District of Itapúa, Paraguay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Visceral dystrophy, a clinical complication of Chagas’ disease, is more frequent in southern cone countries in South America, where Trypanosoma cruzi II (TcII) lineage predominates in human infection. As this major TcII lineage is not homogeneous population and its (sub)lineages are not geographically distributed evenly, therefore, we investigated the possible relationship between parasite (sub)lineages in megacolon patients. We typified the T. cruzi lineages and (sub)lineages in megacolon samples from 18 patients using kDNA probes specific of lineage TcI, TcIIb, TcIId and TcIIe. The majority of the samples (16/18) were (sub)lineage TcIId positive. However, two samples were positive for (sub)lineage TcIIb. Two synthetic probes discriminated variants of lineage TcIId. Proportion of TcIId variants encountered were 6/16, 6/16 and 4/16, similar to the distribution of Chagasic populations in Bolivia. Our data suggest that there is no preferential tropism of one particular lineage or variant of T. cruzi II in megacolon pathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Since previous studies suggest that the dietary patterns and lifestyle in adolescence have an impact in health later in life, it is pertinent to monitor and document their dietary patterns. Objective: To develop and test the reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Bolivian adolescents. Setting: La Paz, September - October 2004. Methodology: A convenience sample of 82 students from a secondary participated in the study. A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied twice with one month interval (Q1 and Q2). A 3 days dietary record (3R) was obtained from 32 of the Students as standard. Results: Most of the questions (87%) reporting intake of each individual food item agreed moderately to substantially while only 2 individual food items fell into the category of slight agreement and 11 into the category of fair agreement using the kappa statistic. Quantities obtained from both applications of the questionnaire yielded similar results (P > 0.05). Nutrient estimates obtained from the Q1 and Q2 and the 3R were not statistically different (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The semi -- quantitative food frequency questionnaire is apparently reliable and valid for the measurement of absolute food intake in Bolivian adolescents. Care will be taken in the future to prevent overestimation of intake measured by this particular questionaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The new gravimetric geoid presented in this paper is calculated in the Bolivian tableland, South America. This geoid is of great importance because there are a few geoid solutions in South America. In the Bolivian tableland, the geoid was computed using the most advanced techniques and recent available database, including the most accurate satellite, land and marine data. Therefore, this geoid is getting more accuracy and reliability than the global geoid EIGEN-CG01C and acts as an excellent contribution to the geodesy and gravity studies in South America. The Stokes integral convolution method was used in the computation and showed great efficiency. The terrain correction was applied for the gridded gravity data, using the digital terrain model database supplied by SRTM 90M (Shuttler Radar Topography Mission). Also, the indirect effect has been taken to account. This new geoid covers the Bolivian tableland area, from latitude 23 to 15S and longitude 70 to 65W (5×8°), in the form of a 201×321 regular grid of mesh size of 1.5′×1.5′ (64521 points) in the GRS80 reference system. This gravimetric geoid and the EIGEN-CG01C geoid are compared to the geoid undulations corresponding to 17GPS/levelling points, located in the study area. This new geoid shows an improvement in precision and reliability, fitting the geoidal heights of these 17 validation points, with more accuracy than the global geoid. This is because a global geoid model can fail to fit the observed data, especially in regions with very rugged topography such as our study area. This new model will be useful for geodetic height determination by GPS over the Bolivian tableland, because it allows the orthometric height determination in the mountains and remote areas, in which the levelling has many logistic problems. This new model also can be interesting for geophysical purposes, different to the geodesy and the heights measurements. This geoid is an important contribution to Geophysics, because it can provide a constraint for density distribution, thermal state of the lithosphere and viscosity in the mantle. Such details can be inferred from the geoid and the seismic structure of the study area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos is the property of Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Thiopurine drugs are used as immunosuppressant or cytotoxic drugs. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) methylates and thereby modulates the therapeutic and toxic effects of these drugs. The activity of TPMT is affected by genetic polymorphism of TPMT alleles, and these alleles have not been studied in Tibetans and Bolivians. Objectives: To analyse the TPMT allelic frequencies in Tibetans and Bolivians. Methods: We developed an inexpensive method for collecting blood and extracting genomic DNA. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood spots of 50 Tibetans and 115 Bolivians. The frequencies of allelic variants of TPMT gene ( TPMT*1 to TPMT*8) were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results: The allelic frequencies of TPMT*1 were 99 and 93·48% for Tibetans and Bolivians, respectively. The corresponding allelic frequencies of TPMT*3A were 0 and 6·52% and those of TPMT*3C were 1·0 and 0%. No TPMT*2, 3B, 3D, 4–8 were found in these two populations. Conclusions: As with Caucasian populations, TPMT*3A is the most prevalent mutant allele in Bolivians. Our results may be of value in helping to guide the prescription of thiopurine drugs in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade theory predicts that the expansion of markets induces households to specialize and intensify production. We use plot-level data (n = 64) from a panel study of 2 village and cross-sectional data from 511 households in 59 villages of Tsimane' Amerindians (Bolivia) to test the predictions. Results of bivariate analyses using both data sets suggest that as households integrate into the market economy they: (1) deforest more, (2) expand the area under rice cultivation, the principal cash crop, (3) sell more rice, and (4) intensify production by replanting more and by replanting newly cleared plots with maize, another cash crop. Results mesh with predictions about production specialization and intensification of trade theory. The analysis also produced results running counter to predictions from trade theory. For example, households and villages more integrated into the market planted more cassava and rice varieties, intercropped more, and put more crops in new fields than more autarkic households. Although the expansion of markets induces specialization and intensification in selected cash crops, it does not erase completely agricultural diversity. We hypothesize that despite the expansion of markets, households retain agricultural diversity because the market does not yet provide modern forms of self-insurance or well-functioning labor, credit, and product markets that would allow households to protect food consumption when faced with shocks. Without better insurance mechanisms, some agricultural diversity might still allow households to smooth consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which examined the skin reflectances between lowlanders and highlanders in Bolivians of European ancestry. Measurement of reflectances at three wavelengths; Information on the principal components analysis of skin reflectances; Results from the study.

With the objective of contributing to the understanding of factors influencing the characteristics of dentition, dental observations from 429 children and adult highland people of western Bolivia are described. Various age, sex, ethnic, and village differences are observed in malocclusion, dental caries, periodontal disease, dental morphology, and anomalies. The findings revealed a population with relatively good occlusion, low frequency of dental pathology, and dental characteristics in part consistent with those of other similar Amerindian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] T. cruzi’s DTUs in an adult migrant population in Europe are described. [•] The DTUs identified were similar to those described in endemic areas. [•] Most prevalent DTU was TcV followed by TcIV and TcI. [•] Data from non-endemic countries might be used to improve knowledge on parasite dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]