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Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple and generally applicable procedure to introduce protein molecules into living cultured mammalian cells to isolate intracellular redifferentiation factors in tumor cells. The procedure consists of exposure of recipient cells to a high concentration of glycerol, treatment of the cells with a phospholipid, introduction of protein molecules into the cells under physiological conditions, and post-incubation of the cells in the appropriate growth medium. The procedure offers a simple and rapid method to introduce a relatively large amount of protein into a large number of cultured tumor cells at one time and is successfully applied for the detection of intracellular redifferentiation factors from mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. The chapter presents an outline of the procedure and its application to detect two intracellular redifferentiation factors, DIF-I and DIF-II, to erythroid cells.

Stimulus points were presented on the horizontal plane of eye level under both dark and illuminated homogeneous spaces. When two apparent movements towards the subject were generated and positions of points were so adjusted that the two movements appeared straight and parallel (P alley) or with a constant lateral distance (D alley), the D alley lay outside the P alley, as traditionally shown with stationary sets of points. The two alleys were constructed with various patterns and velocities of movement, and the Luneburg formulas were used as experimental equations to describe the results. The equations have two parameters: K (curvature) and o (sensitivity in depth perception). Values of K and o obtained with stationary points in previous experiments are shown too. Predominantly, K < 0 (hyperbolic), and the same is true in the present study. No first-order effect of patterns and velocities of the movement upon K and o was found.

Symmetrical disulfides (2a-m, 9, 13) were synthesized by oxidation or by a new reaction using ethyl α-bromomalonate from the corresponding thiazolidinecarboxylic acids containing a sulfhydryl group (1a-m, 8, 12). Mixed disulfides (14a-g) were synthesized by reaction of thiols (1a, c) with Bunte salt. Stereoselective acylation of the thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 5a gave the symmetrical disulfide 2c or the dicarboxylic acid 15, depending on the conditions. The absolute configurations of these disulfides were decided to be (2R, 2'R, 4R, 4'R) by comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and specific rotation with those of the (2S, 2'S, 4R, 4'R)-disulfide (4). The disulfides were tested for aldose reductase inhibitory activity in vitro. The symmetrical disulfide 2j and dicarboxylic acid 15 showed remarkably high potency.

Muscular relaxation was first introduced to Japan by Dr. Edmund Jacobson and Dr. A. H. Steinhaus about ten years ago, but its importance was not fully appreciated at that time.

A previous report described an intracellular factor (differentiation-inducing factor I, or DIF-I) that seems to play a role in erythroid differentiation in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. We have detected another erythroid-inducing factor in cell-free extracts from dimethyl sulfoxide- or hexamethylenebis(acetamide)-treated MEL cells, which acts synergistically with DIF-I. The partially purified factor (termed DIF-II) triggered erythroid differentiation when introduced into undifferentiated MEL cells that had been potentiated by the induction of DIF-I. The activity in the extracts appeared in an inducible manner after addition of dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylenebis(acetamide), reached a maximum at 6 hr, and then rapidly decreased. The induction was inhibited by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and also by cycloheximide. No induction was observed in a mutant MEL cell line defective in erythroid differentiation. These characteristics are consistent with the supposition that DIF-II is one of the putative dimethyl sulfoxide-inducible factors detected in previously reported cell-fusion and cytoplast-fusion experiments. The role of DIF-II in MEL-cell differentiation and in vitro differentiation in general is discussed.

The length and radiologic type of tumor, esophageal axis and azygogram were examined in 208 patients with carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent esophageal resection from 1965 to 1975. An histologic examination was performed on all resected specimens. These examinations were used as diagnostic aids to determine the resectability of esophageal carcinoma before surgery. Tumor length did not seem an adequate parameter on deciding resectability; nor did the radiologic type of tumor. Examination of the esophageal axis was in determining resectability. The azygogram gave the most accurate information about resectability of these 4 parameters. The probability of a correct diagnosis regarding differentiation of noncurative a3 lesions from other resectable lesions was 85.6%.

Michael condensation of 2-methylsulfinylmethyl-1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds (3) or 2-methylene-1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds (4) with 4-hydroxycoumarin (5) at ambient temperature gave 2-[(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)methyl]-1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds (6). Treatment of 6 with methanolic hydrogen chloride resulted in the regioselective formation of 2, 2, 3-trisubstituted-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[3, 2-c][1]benzopyran-5-ones.

Various mono-and dithiazolidinecarboxylic acids were synthesized by acylation of (4R)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acids and tested for aldose reductase inhibitory activity in vitro. (2R, 4R)-3-(8-Carboxyoctanoyl)-2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid (13) and (2R, 2'R, 4R, 4'R)-3, 3'-azelaoylbis [2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid] (24) showed the most potent activity among them.

By the radiation-copolymerization method with polyethylene glycoldimethacrylate (PGD) as a main polymerizable reagent, microbial cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes were immobilized with high specific activity of NAD kinase and high mechanical strength. The reagents used for the immobilization such as PGD, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (Bis) did not inversely affect the enzyme activity. Freezing and irradiation treatment of the cell-reagent solution did not inactivate the enzyme either, but longer freezing time or a lower irradiation dose (less than 400 krad) resulted in the unsatisfactory mechanical strength of the immobilized cells. Almost all of NAD and ATP consumed were converted into NADP within three hours reaction time. The drum reactor was found to be ideal for the reaction of immobilized cells, since it gave little mechanical stress to the immobilized cells for the effective mixing of the cells and the substrates. The immobilized cells were subjected to three hours reaction repeatedly for 30 times without any activity loss.

An intracellular activity, which is induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) and leads to erythroid differentiation in mouse Friend cells, was characterized by cell fusion between genetically marked intact cells and cytoplasts. For this, a procedure for rapid selection of cybrids was devised by sensitizing non-fused cells with oligomycin. We were able to demonstrate that cytoplasts derived from DMSO- (or HMBA)-treated cells trigger erythroid differentiation upon fusion with UV-irradiated cells. The activity in the cytoplasts remained only transiently and its induction was inhibited by biologically active phorbol esters or cycloheximide. The activity, however, was not induced in cytoplasts by directly treating them with DMSO (or HMBA). These results indicate that (1) the intracellular erythroid-inducing activity is located in cytoplasts, (2) it acts in trans and induces erythroid differentiation as a dominant factor and (3) its production requires de novo nuclear protein synthesis. The mechanisms of the induction of the intracellular activity and of how it triggers erythroid differentiation are discussed.

Regiopspecific cyclization of the acetal (4g), derived in 5 steps from 2′-benzyloxyacetophenone (3a), gave the pyrone (6a), which was easily converted into 2-methyl-5H-pyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-4-one (1b), the basic skeleton in citromycetin (1a).

Condensation of o-acetoxybenzoyl chloride with lithium enolates, obtained by treatment of trimethylsilyl ethers with phenyl-lithium, gives chromones.

Focusing on compatibility between active (field) and backup transponders, we present an optimum failure recovery procedure and transmitter choices for static DWDM networks that use fixed wavelength assignment. XFP modules are found as the more cost-effective choice than tunable lasers.

The second-order nonlinear optical properties of aromatic polyureas are reported. From Maker fringe measurements, the nonlinear d/sub 33/ coefficient of poled polyurea films with and without pendant chromophores was found to be 20*10/sup -9/ esu and 12*10/sup -9/ esu, respectively, at 1.064 mu m. Aromatic polyurea having no pendant chromophores shows a cutoff wavelength of transmission at 307 nm which is the first example of organic NLO materials to be optically transparent at such low wavelengths. >

Introduction Ileal duplications are encountered infrequently in adults, because symptoms including abdominal pain, intussusception, hemorrhage, and perforation usually present in early childhood. In this report, we present an adult case of ileal duplication that was revealed by double-balloon endoscopy (DBE). Case description A 73-year-old Japanese man presented with anemia and melena. Anal DBE detected the narrow opening of an extra lumen in the ileum about 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. Enteroclysis via DBE showed a 5-cm-long ileal diverticulum-like structure at the mesenteric side of the ileum. No ectopic gastric mucosa was detected by technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy. The final diagnosis was ileal duplication. Discussion and evaluation This is the first report of tubular ileal duplication diagnosed by using DBE. The small intestinal duplication opening was not detected by using VCE and plane CT in this case, but was found by using DBE. Conclusions The present case demonstrates that DBE was useful in the diagnosis of an adult small intestinal duplication that was not visualized by other modalities.

The Runx family of transcription factors is thought to regulate the differentiation of thymocytes. Runx3 protein is detected mainly in the CD4 − 8 + subset of T lymphocytes. In the thymus of Runx3 -deficient mice, CD4 expression is de-repressed and CD4 − 8 + thymocytes do not develop. This clearly implicates Runx3 in CD4 silencing, but does not necessarily prove its role in the differentiation of CD4 − 8 + thymocytes per se. In the present study, we created transgenic mice that overexpress Runx3 and analyzed the development of thymocytes in these animals. In the Runx3 -transgenic thymus, the number of CD4 − 8 + cells was greatly increased, whereas the numbers of CD4 + 8 + and CD4 + 8 − cells were reduced. The CD4 − 8 + transgenic thymocytes contained mature cells with a TCR high HSA low phenotype. These cells were released from the thymus and contributed to the elevated level of CD4 − 8 + cells relative to CD4 + 8 − cells in the spleen. Runx3 overexpression also increased the number of mature CD4 − 8 + thymocytes in mice with class II-restricted, transgenic TCR and in mice with a class I-deficient background, both of which are favorable for CD4 + 8 − lineage selection. Thus, Runx3 can drive thymocytes to select the CD4 − 8 + lineage. This activity is likely to be due to more than a simple silencing of CD4 gene expression.

Lewis acid catalysed Diels–Alder reaction of 1-benzoyl-1-phenylmenthyloxycarbonylethene (1d) gave the exo adduct regio- and diastero-selectively.

g -value of Cu 2+ has been observed as a function of uniaxial stress parallel to the [001] axis. Its shift d g =(3.0±0.5)×10 -5 /Kg/cm 2 is proportional to the lattice compression and reflects a tetragonal order. The change in line width in each phase suggests the existence of a dynamical motion of Cu(NO 2 ) 6 coupled with Jahn Teller mode which averages an incommensurate tetragonal local order.

2-Methylene-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds reacted with alky vinyl ethers in benzene to give hetero-Diels–Alder reaction products, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans, regioselectively and/or chemoselectively.

ステロイドをフルフロールと硫酸で発色させるWoker法は鋭敏で,特異な呈色を示すが,呈色物質が不安定であるため,色調の変化が速い.ガラス毛細封管法でも約72時間後に黒色化する場合がある.また反応中途でさらに硫酸を加えると,黒褐色の樹脂様化が速くなる.これらの毛細封管中の黒色物質をロ紙上に点滴すると,中央部は黒色であるが,その外縁には反応当初の明るい色を認めるので,これをステロイドの定性反応に利用できる.

The synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-lH,3H-pyrano[4,3-b][1]benzopyran-10-one (1b), the basic skeleton in fulvic acid, is described. The acetal (4), chosen as a common intermediate for syntheses of the basic skeletons in fungal metabolites such as fulvic acid and citromycetin, was cyclized into the dihydropyrone (7) with 5% HCl-tetrahydrofuran (1 : 2) regioselectively. Debenzylation followed by cyclization of the boron complex of (7) gave the tricyclic pyrone [2b], which was converted into the benzopyranone (1b) with 5% HCl–(1 : 1)

Biogenetic-type total synthesis of citromycetin (1a) was achieved by a route involving oxidation of a propenyl group and demethylation of a methoxy group in the pyranobenzopyranone (1c), synthesized by a regioselctive cyclization of the enedione (2c).

Condensation of o-acetoxybenzoyl chloride with lithium enolates, obtained by treatment of trimethylsilyl ethers with phenyl-lithium, gives chromones.

Regiopspecific cyclization of the acetal (4g), derived in 5 steps from 2′-benzyloxyacetophenone (3a), gave the pyrone (6a), which was easily converted into 2-methyl-5H-pyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-4-one (1b), the basic skeleton in citromycetin (1a).

The first synthesis of 4,10-dihydro-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H,3H-pyrano[4,3-b][1]benzopyran-10-one, the basic skeleton in fulvic acid, was achieved by sequential cyclization, which involved hydrogenation of the boron complex of the dione (5) obtained by regioselective cyclization of the acetal (4) with HCl in tetrahydrofuran.

6-Acetoxy-4,7-dimethoxybenzofuran-5-carbonyl chloride (4), prepared from khellin (1) by three steps, was condensed with enamines or lithium enolates. Further treatment with acid afforded the khellin analogues (10). Better yields were obtained with lithium enolates than with enamines.

Total synthesis of fulvic acid (1a) is described. Regioselective cyclization of the enedione (8f), an equivalent of the proposed biogenetic intermediate (5a) for citromycetin (2), gave the pyrone (11a), which led to fulvic acid (1a) by a route involving debenzylation, selective ozonization, and hydration.

Biomimetic total synthesis of citromycetin (1a) is described. Regioselective cyclization of the enetrione (5), chosen as a common intermediate for the syntheses of citromycetin (1a) and fulvic acid (2a), with conc. HCI–AcOH (1:30) gave the chioromethylpyrone (7b). Oxidation, followed by demethylation of the substituents of the pyranobenzopyranone obtained by debenzylation and cyclization of the reactive intermediate (5), yielded citromycetin (1a).

The synthesis of 2-methyl-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyrano-4-one (1b), the basic skeleton in citromycetin, is described. The alcohol (6a), chosen as the starting material, was oxidized to the dione (6c) which, after methylenation, was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid–methanol (1 :100) at ambient temperature to afford the pyrone (9a) regioselectively. Hydrogenation and bromine substitution of the pyrone (9a) gave the bromide (9e), which was converted into the benzopyranone (1b) with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate.

In Japan infrasound or low‐frequency noises are emitted from highway bridges, large compressors, boilers, and diesel engines etc. Windows or doors of wooden houses are vibrated by infrasound and emit rattling noises. Low‐frequency noises are sometimes heard directly and annoy people. These complaints and low‐frequency noises were investigated. Psychological and physiological influences on university students and low‐frequency noise sufferers were investigated in a laboratory. University students were not influenced as much by low‐frequency noise. The results clearly indicated that the heart and respiration rates of several low‐frequency noise sufferers increased. Many low‐frequency noise sufferers were influenced psychologically or physiologically.