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This paper addresses a major theoretical debate in the sociology of the ‘welfare state’ to what extent do state interventions into the sphere of domestic relationships (e.g. by the implementation of ‘family policies’) either reinforce existing class and gender based inequalities, or establish progressive changes? This is a component of a more general theoretical and empirical issue: to what extent can and do income transfers and social services (through the tax/welfare system) redistribute income to those groups most disadvantaged in the labour market, either because of their class position, their sex or their life-cycle stage? The paper adopts a historical perspective in unravelling some of these questions, by examining the economic, political and ideological issues surrounding the implementation of family policies in two very different periods in Australia's history: the period of Post War Reconstruction 1942-48, characterised by expansionist economic policies, and the current period of economic recession 1975-81 characterised by contractionist economic policies., Reports and Proceedings; 21

This HDT is made of 3 Chapters : 1. Family as a political unit 2. Sex classes experiences in family 3. the emerging of sex classes; Au travers de trois grands chapitres, cette HDR aborde la question de la famille comme unité politique (avec trois sous-parties : 1. les femmes et le vote en système familialiste, 2. le familialisme et 3. une socio-histoire compréhensive des représentations), Les expériences en famille des classes de sexe (avec trois sous-parties : 1. le roman conjugal, 2. l'entrelacs du privé et du public, 3. les classes de sexe à l'épreuve de la famille), et L'émergence et les mobilisations de la classe de sexe (avec là encore, trois sous-parties, 1. 1789-1848 : un sexualisme sous le boisseau, 2. 1848 à la croisée des chemins et 3. le sexualisme dominant, XXème siècle).

The study investigates justice evaluations of earnings for male and female employees and links them to the actual inequality people are embedded in. Previous studies in non-reflexive sociological justice research found mixed results. Some studies report a just gender pay gap favoring men; others do not find this gap. This study provides an explanation for these mixed results by combining sociological justice research and status construction theory. Three factorial survey studies were carried out consisting of descriptions of employees with varying characteristics including gender. One study was conducted with social sciences students and two with population samples of German inhabitants. Results show that social sciences students revealed no gender gap in their ratings. In the population surveys, both men and women, showed a rating behavior favoring male employees. The findings indicate that actual inequalities between men and women influence the existence, sign, and size of a just gender pay gap.

Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the 'changed world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15¿65 from 21 EU-member states (n =11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries. The research for this article has been supported by the Research council of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium (research grant 'OZR2094'), by the Research Foundation Flanders (grant number G.0440.09 N) and the SOPHIE-project which has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program Health (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no.278173

Gender-based violence is a global phenomenon threatening women irrespective of race, nationality, education or socio-economic status. Evidence shows that domestic violence help calls have been increasing in many countries during the Covid-19 pandemic, but the effect on female homicides, this extreme form of violence, is not clear. In this study, we analyze the effects of social distancing measures and in particular the impact of curfews on female homicides in Turkey where domestic violence and female homicides are on the rise, causing public uproar. We find that the probability that a woman is killed by an intimate partner declined by about 57 percent during the period of strict social distancing measures, and by 83.8 percent during curfews in comparison to the same period between 2014 and 2019. We do not find any impact on female homicides by other perpetrator types. We argue that the decline in female homicides is driven by physical difficulties faced by ex-partners to reach victims, especially during curfews and fewer women leaving current partners due to economic hardships and fear of infection. Increased probability of getting caught might have also played a role in deterring deadly crimes against women. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

If the focus is placed specifically on the problem of work and family, the daily life of people and their use of time are a main problem. This time is expressed in both freely available time, which is related to activities, and time of the productive and reproductive sphere. This chapter considers work in a broad sense and takes into account the sexual division of labour. Specifically, this chapter will explore transformations in time use and social inequality in unpaid work. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of time-use surveys will be used, analysing the time spent, and the time dedicated to household chores in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Spain. From an analytical viewpoint, the analysis will place social reproduction at the centre of the socio-economic system, showing that the economic crisis has affected women and men differently, and that in both Europe and Latin America the family pattern is being replaced by a dominant family model of a male provider and a double presence of women. The largescale incorporation of women into the labour market has emphasised the role that women assume in the domestic sphere perpetuating gender segregation in employment and in domestic and care work. Fil: Muñiz Terra, Leticia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Il existe trois positions principales dans la littérature sociologique occidentale sur les transformations de l’intimité et des imaginaires amoureux contemporains : la thèse de l’individualisation comme émancipation de la tradition, la thèse de la détraditionnalisation comme déliaison et la thèse de la coexistence entre tradition et modernisation dans les discours et les pratiques intimes. À partir d’une étude de cas sur la télésérie québécoise La Galère (2007-2013), cet article propose une quatrième approche pour aborder ces transformations qui permet de dépasser les limites théoriques et empiriques des trois positions mentionnées. Cette approche développe le concept de « sémantique intégrée » pour décrire en détail les éléments des sémantiques en circulation dans les produits culturels occidentaux, ainsi que les modalités de la coexistence entre imaginaires traditionnels et imaginaires novateurs. De plus, cette approche offre des outils conceptuels pour formuler des hypothèses sur la relation entre les évolutions sémantiques et les transformations sociales contemporaines dans la sphère intime., Western sociological literature on contemporary intimacies and dominating love ideals can be divided in three main approaches: the first defines detraditionalization and individualization as emancipation, the second regards the dissolution of traditional references as a source of disengagement, the third highlights the coexistence between modernity and tradition in intimate practices and discourses. By drawing on the results of a case study on the Quebec TV show La Galère (2007-2013), this paper presents a fourth approach, one which is able to overcome the theoretical and empirical limits of the three above mentioned stances. Our approach champions the idea of an “integrated semantics” in order to describe semantic elements circulating in Western contemporary cultural productions, as well as the terms and the features of the coexistence between traditional and modern semantic themes. In addition, our approach provides the conceptual tools to support hypotheses regarding the link between observed semantic elements and contemporary social transformations impacting the intimate sphere., En la literatura sociológica occidental hay tres posiciones principales acerca de las transformaciones de la intimidad y de los imaginarios amorosos contemporáneos: la tesis de la individualización como emancipación de la tradición; la tesis de la destradicionalización como desconexión; y la tesis de la convivencia entre tradición y modernidad en los discursos y las prácticas íntimas. A partir de un estudio de caso acerca de la teleserie quebequense La Galère (2007-2013), este artículo propone un cuarto enfoque para abordar estas transformaciones que permite superar los límites teóricos y empíricos de las tres posiciones mencionadas. Este enfoque desarrolla el concepto de “semántica integrada” para describir en detalle los elementos de las semánticas en circulación en los productos culturales occidentales, así como las modalidades de la coexistencia entre imaginarios tradicionales e imaginarios innovadores. Este enfoque proporciona además herramientas conceptuales para formular algunas hipótesis acerca de la relación entre las evoluciones semánticas y las transformaciones sociales contemporáneas en la esfera íntima.

Malgré l’avancée au Canada de lois incitant l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes, on observe toujours dans toutes les provinces et les régions que la répartition des tâches domestiques reste inégalitaire entre les sexes, les femmes contribuant toujours plus aux tâches domestiques que leurs conjoints. À partir d’analyses portant sur les données canadiennes de l’enquête sociale générale de 2011, cet article met notamment en évidence que si l’autonomie économique des femmes contribue à réduire l’écart entre les sexes dans le partage des tâches domestiques liées à la cuisine et au ménage, cette réduction s’amenuise toutefois à l’arrivée des enfants. Ainsi, parce que les individus rejouent ce qu’ils perçoivent comme nécessaire pour devenir une mère et un père, les femmes et les hommes expriment d’autant mieux un désir d’enfant qu’ils ou elles se situent dans une organisation familiale traditionnelle, soit avec une implication plus forte des femmes dans les tâches ménagères et familiales. La charge domestique plus importante assumée par les femmes semble ainsi les conduire plus fréquemment à repenser leur intention d’avoir un troisième enfant, alors que cette inégalité ou scénario traditionnel semble stimuler toujours le désir d’enfant des hommes., Despite the advancement of gender equality legislation in Canada, the distribution of domestic tasks remains unequal between women and men in all provinces and regions, with women still contributing more to domestic tasks than men. Based on analysis of Canadian data from the 2011 General Social Survey, this article highlights that while women’s economic autonomy contributes to reducing the gender gap in the sharing of household tasks related to the kitchen and the household, this reduction diminishes however at the arrival of the children. Thus, because individuals re-enact what they perceive as necessary to become a mother and a father, women and men express more frequently desire for a child, if they are yet in a traditional family organization, with greater involvement of women in household and family tasks. The larger household burden assumed by women appears to lead them to rethink their intention to have a third child, while this inequality or traditional scenario seems to always stimulate the desire of children of men., A pesar del avance en Canadá de leyes que promueven la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, todavía observamos en todas las provincias y regiones del país, que la distribución de las tareas domésticas es aún desigual entre ambos sexos, siendo que las mujeres son las que más contribuyen a las tareas domésticas respecto a lo que hacen sus parejas. A partir del análisis que incluye los datos canadienses provenientes de la Encuesta Social General del 2011, este artículo pone en evidencia de manera notable el hecho de que si la autonomía económica de las mujeres contribuye a disminuir la distancia entre los sexos en relación con la distribución de las tareas domésticas ligadas a las tareas de la cocina y al mantenimiento del hogar, esta disminución va ir atenuándose más con la llegada de los hijos. De esta manera, ya que los individuos repiten lo que ellos perciben como aquello que es necesario para convertirse en madre y padre, las mujeres y los hombres expresan los mismos deseos que cuando eran niños, situándose en una organización de tipo familiar-tradicional, donde el compromiso de las mujeres sigue siendo aún más fuerte respecto a las tareas domésticas y familiares. Es así como, la carga doméstica asumida por las mujeres parece ser la que las conduce más frecuentemente a repensar sus intenciones de tener un tercer hijo. En consecuencia, esta desigualdad u escenario tradicional que se da entre ambos sexos parece estimular más el deseo de los hombres, deseo que se corresponde con aquella etapa de cuando fueron niños.

How disruptive is Covid-19 to everyday life? How is the French population experiencing the lockdown? Is it magnifying existing inequalities and affecting social cohesion? The CoCo project sheds light on these pressing questions by comparing living conditions in France before and after the lockdown. This is the first of a series of research briefs that we will publish in the forthcoming weeks. We will explore this new experience of “sheltering-in-place” and its impact on family life, schooling, work, health and well-being. This brief explores how French society has coped with the first two weeks of the lockdown. We find that the virus has rapidly become a tangible threat, as more than forty percent of the population knows someone who has been infected. Despite this, three out of four persons say that they do not feel overly stressed out. In certain cases, the reaction has been almost philosophical -- long hours spent at home allow people to slow down and think about the meaning of life. More than anything else, it is having access to green spaces and nature which provides some relief to those attempting to cope with this home-based social organization. Still, some cracks have appeared. Women, foreign-born residents, and individuals facing financial hardship are subject to greater emotional strain than the rest of the population. Gender inequalities have been particularly reinforced during the lockdown: women have been spending even more time than usual cleaning and taking care of others. Although the Covid-19 virus tends to disproportionately strike men, the consequences of the lockdown more intensely affect women., Project "Coping with Covid-19: Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France" – Policy Brief n° 1. Funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), Call Flash Covid-19.

ispartof: Finance and Law: Twins in Trouble pages:57-88 ispartof: pages:57-88 status: published