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Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conducting polymer with attractive thermoelectric (TE) properties. It is simple to fabricate and modify its morphology for enhanced electrical conductivity. However, such improvement is still limited to considerably enhancing TE performance. In this case, a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), which has ultrathin diameters and exhibits semi-metallic electrical conductivity, might be a proper candidate to be combined with PPy as a core shell one-dimensional (1D) nanocomposite for higher TE power generation. In this work, core shell nanocomposites based on SWCNT/PPy were fabricated. Various amounts of pyrrole (Py), which are monomer sources for PPy, were coated on SWCNT, along with methyl orange (MO) as a surfactant and ferric chloride as an initiator. The optimum value of Py for maximum TE performance was determined. The results showed that the SWCNT acted as a core template to direct the self-assembly of PPy and also to further enhance TE performance. The TE power factor, PF, and figure of merit, zT, values of the pure PPy were initially recorded as ~1 µW/mK2 and 0.0011, respectively. These values were greatly increased to 360 µW/mK2 and 0.09 for the optimized core shell nanocomposite sample. The TE power generation characteristics of the fabricated single-leg module of the optimized sample were also investigated and confirmed these findings. This enhancement was attributed to the uniform coating and good interaction between PPy polymer chains and walls of the SWCNT through π–π stacking. The significant enhancement in the TE performance of SWCNT/PPy nanocomposite is found to be superior compared to those reported in similar composites, which indicates that this nanocomposite is a suitable and scalable TE material for TE power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of 5,5'-(2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl)bis[4-(ethylideneamino)-4H-[1,2,4]-triazole-3-thiol) was synthesized via keto-imine condensation. The structural elucidation of the products was investigated by spectral and elemental techniques. Also, the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity, the sensitive and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among sixteen tested compounds, compound (V) is equipotent to the standard drug isoniazid against sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while compounds (IXb), (VIId), and (IIIf) have promising activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of mass and heat transfer (by analogy) at the surface of a helical coil imbedded in a fixed bed of inert cylindrical packing were measured under upward two-phase (gas-liquid) flow by the electrochemical technique. The effects of geometrical and hydrodynamic parameters were considered. The performance of cylindrical packing was compared with that of Raschig rings and spheres. The analogy between heat and mass transfer was discussed and the importance of the present study for the design and operation of heterogeneous reactors that need rapid cooling in case of highly exothermic reactions was highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ZC63 Mg alloy-fly ash microballoon foam composites were fabricated by melt stir technique with the use of fluxes. The influence of various processing parameters such as melt temperature, type and dimensions of the stirrer, pouring temperature and mould type on distribution of the fly ash microballoons in the Mg matrix alloys was presented. Density measurements of the composites revealed that the addition of fly ash microballoons significantly reduced the density of the composites. As the volume fraction of microballoons increased, the density of the composites decreased. Composites in the as-cast condition exhibited smaller dendrite arm spacing/cell size compared to unreinforced ZC63 Mg alloy. The average dendrite arm spacing/cell size of the composites was about 10μm compared to 100μm of the unreinforced magnesium alloy. The microstructure of the composites demonstrated even distribution of the microballoon in the Mg alloy matrix and there was no sign of fly ash cluster or residual porosity. Also, it was observed that there were some fly ash microballoons filled with Mg matrix alloy. SEM micrographs showed those fly ash microballoons, eutectic phase and other intermetallic compounds segregated at the magnesium cell boundaries. Examination of the composite interface indicated that the eutectic and other intermetallic compounds phases were able to heterogeneously nucleate on the fly ash microballoons. SEM, XRDA and EDXA of the composites showed clear evidence of reaction product at fly ash/matrix interface. On the basis of XRDA and EDXA, composition, structure and thermodynamic analysis, the main interfacial phase between the fly ash and ZC63 Mg alloy was identified as MgO. The compressive properties of the foam composites were characterized. The foam composites produced in the present work demonstrated typical behavior of an elastic-plastic foam material in compression. They had an initial linear elastic region, followed by a long region of deformation at a relatively flat stress level. The composites containing microballoons up to 20vol% significantly revealed higher energy absorption in comparison to the solid ZC63 matrix alloy or the composite containing 25vol% microballoons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A conjugated semiconductor thin film of 1-((3-(3-(3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole [4ph-TAzole]TF was synthesized. The fabricated [4ph-TAzole]TF thin film with a thickness of 150 ± 3 nm is manufactured by physical vapor deposition technique (PVD) at a low deposition rate with basic pressure of the chamber was 5 × 10−5 mbar. Using DFT-TDDFT simulation, the structure measurements the energy gap, and optical properties were determined. The obtained DFT-TDDFT data provide good proof for the electronic transition in zero-dimensional [4ph-TAzole]TF as a single crystal molecule. This study provides valuable information on the nature and sources of defect formation and electronic transition in conductor organic derivate of triazole which opens the way for the application as an optoelectronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semiconductor copolymer, HCl doped poly (para-nitro aniline-co-para-toluidine) [DPPNPT] was prepared by oxidative polymerization route in an acidic medium. The structural properties of the copolymer were characterized by several techniques. Physical vapor deposition technique was used for fabrication of the copolymer thin film [DPPNPT]TF of 100 nm thickness. Material studio 7.0 was calculated with the density functional theory (DFT), geometrical trials including the highest molecular orbits (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LIMOs), and the other active parameters were obtained. The optical parameters have demonstrated that the thin film has a high absorption range of 2 to 6 eV. Dosimetric properties are considered as another utilization of DPPNPT thin film. Thermoluminescence (TL) properties such as glow curves, different gamma doses response, and dose fading nature were tested. Thermoluminescence examinations of DPPNPT gamma-irradiated showed a single strong TL glow peak located at 350°C. Three unresoluted glow peaks of the [DPPNPT]TF films after gamma irradiation have been obtained. A linear correlation was obtained in the response curve start with 0.01Gy and extended to 2Gy. The total integral value of the TL signal showed a fixation through one month of storage of the DPPNPT compound. TL kinetics in deep traps were used to calculate resolute peaks activation energies. Based on obtained results the [DPPNPT]TF films are a good candidate for detection and monitoring personal gamma-ray doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vorticity analysis technique was applied to measure the different lithological units, such as schist, metagranite and metavolcano‐sedimentary rocks, which are present in the Halaban region. This work aims to interpret the relationship between the different lithologies and the tectonic setting, in order to elucidate the nature of kinematic analysis in the Halaban region. The kinematic analyses were applied to feldspar porphyroclasts, quartz and hornblende for twenty‐six samples. The kinematic vorticity number (Wm) for deformed rocks in the study area ranged from ∼0.6 to 0.9. The direction of the long axes for finite strain data (X axes) revealed a WNW trend with shallow dipping. The direction of the short axes for finite strain data (Z axes) were represented by vertical with associated horizontal foliation. The results of the kinematic vorticity and strain analyses are characterized by simple shear with different degrees of deformation in the Halaban region. Furthermore, our finite strain data shows no significant volume change during deformation. The subhorizontal foliation was synchronized with thrusting and deformation. Furthermore, throughout the overlying nappes, the same attitudes of tectonic contacts are observable, the nappes in the orogens being formed from simple shear deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, there is no an established protocol for total RNA isolation in Egyptian buffalo spermatozoa. The present study aimed (I) to establish a defined protocol for total RNA isolation from fresh and frozen spermatozoa, (II) to evaluate RNA quality and quantity from different extraction methods and studying gene expression. Warm and standard room temperature modified QIAzol Lysis Reagents were used for total RNA extraction. The quality and quantity of extracted RNA were checked, and subsequently qRT‐PCR was performed using androgen receptor‐like and three reference gene primers (GAPDH, ACTB and 18S). The warm modified QIAzol Lysis Reagents resulted higher yield of good quality RNA from fresh (569.54 ± 18.83 ng/μl) and frozen spermatozoa (110.59 ± 4.43 ng/μl), compared to standard room temperature modified QIAzol (421.26 ± 7.18 ng/μl) and (29.07 ± 5.25 ng/μl), for fresh and frozen semen samples respectively. The 260/280 ratio was 1.90 and 1.89 for fresh and frozen isolated semen by warm method respectively. The integrity of RNA was good and appeared as a sharp band on 2% agarose gel. The most stable reference gene was 18S. Reliable extraction method of high quality RNA yield could be a step forward for understanding mechanisms of spermatogenesis for improving male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, (90 - x) TeO2 - (x)V2O5 - 10Li2O glass for (x = 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 in mol %) were prepared by rapid quenching technique. The properties of semiconducting glasses and information about the behavior of the photo excitation were tested by measuring the steady-state and transient photoconductivity. Also, the mechanisms of a conductivity type, electronic, ionic, or mixed electronic-ionic conduction were discussed. The photoconductivity measurements show that the photocurrent not only increased with rising light intensity but also by increasing vanadium pentoxide and a decrease of tellurium dioxide. The transient photoconductivity behavior in glass materials was performed via three sets of measurements for the rise and decay of photocurrent at different intensities, temperatures and applied voltages. The exponent parameter that determines the recombination mechanism in the semiconductor materials lies between 0.47 and 0.59 which can be considered a continuous distribution of traps exists in the band gap region with predominant bimolecular carrier recombination in the glass samples. The activation energy values of the present samples were lying between 0.314 and 0.249 eV in dark, while in the photo, they changed to 0.275 and 0.213 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, PVDF homopolymer was blended with PVDF-co-HFP copolymer and studied in terms of morphology, porosity, pore size, hydrophobicity, permeability, and mechanical properties. Different solvents, namely N-Methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvents, were used to fabricate blended PVDF flat sheet membranes without the introduction of any pore forming agent, through a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique. Furthermore, the performance of the fabricated membranes was investigated for pressure and thermal driven applications. The porosity of the membranes was slightly increased with the increase in the overall content of PVDF and by the inclusion of PVDF copolymer. Total PVDF content, copolymer content, and mixed-solvent have a positive effect on mechanical properties. The addition of copolymer increased the hydrophobicity when the total PVDF content was 20%. At 25% and with the inclusion of mixed-solvent, the hydrophobicity was adversely affected. The permeability of the membranes increased with the increase in the overall content of PVDF. Mixed-solvents significantly improved permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

publisher‐imprint‐name Springer volume‐issue‐count 1 issue‐article‐count 0 issue‐toc‐levels 0 issue‐pricelist‐year 2016 issue‐copyright‐holder The Author(s) issue‐copyright‐year 2016 article‐contains‐esm Yes article‐numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐registration‐date‐year 2016 article‐registration‐date‐month 7 article‐registration‐date‐day 14 article‐toc‐levels 0 toc‐levels 0 volume‐type Regular journal‐product ArchiveJournal numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐grants‐type OpenChoice metadata‐grant OpenAccess abstract‐grant OpenAccess bodypdf‐grant OpenAccess bodyhtml‐grant OpenAccess bibliography‐grant OpenAccess esm‐grant OpenAccess online‐first false pdf‐file‐reference BodyRef/PDF/40169_2016_Article_109.pdf pdf‐type Typeset target‐type OnlinePDF issue‐type Regular article‐type OriginalPaper journal‐subject‐primary Medicine & Public Health journal‐subject‐secondary Medicine/Public Health, general journal‐subject‐collection Medicine open‐access true --> Background: High‐throughput technologies have the potential to identify non‐invasive biomarkers of liver pathology and improve our understanding of basic mechanisms of liver injury and repair. A metabolite profiling approach was employed to determine associations between alterations in serum metabolites and liver histology in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: Sera from 45 non‐diabetic patients with chronic HCV were quantitatively analyzed using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. A metabolite profile of advanced fibrosis (METAVIR F3‐4) was established using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis modeling and validated using seven‐fold cross‐validation and permutation testing. Bioprofiles of moderate to severe steatosis (≥33 %) and necroinflammation (METAVIR A2‐3) were also derived. The classification accuracy of these profiles was determined using areas under the receiver operator curves (AUROCSs) measuring against liver biopsy as the gold standard. Results: In total 63 spectral features were profiled, of which a highly significant subset of 21 metabolites were associated with advanced fibrosis (variable importance score >1 in multivariate modeling; R2 = 0.673 and Q2 = 0.285). For the identification of F3–4 fibrosis, the metabolite bioprofile had an AUROC of 0.86 (95 % CI 0.74–0.97). The AUROCs for the bioprofiles for moderate to severe steatosis were 0.87 (95 % CI 0.76–0.97) and for grade A2–3 inflammation were 0.73 (0.57–0.89). Conclusion: This proof‐of‐principle study demonstrates the utility of a metabolomics profiling approach to non‐invasively identify biomarkers of liver fibrosis, steatosis and inflammation in patients with chronic HCV. Future cohorts are necessary to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hitherto unknown 6-amino-4-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl)-3-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole-5-carbonitrile 1a was synthesized. Both 1a and its 2,4 dichlorophenyl derivative 1b were utilized as building blocks for the preparation of novel class of pyrazolopyrano-[oxazines 2a–d and pyrimidinones 3a–d]. Synthesis of these compounds was achieved by two alternative acylation steps followed by ammonolysis. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by spectral data and elemental analysis. Screening and evaluation of these products as antimicrobial agents showed that the derivatives 1b, 2s, 3b, and 3d possess a potent activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enantioselective high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated for the determination of etodolac enantiomers in tablets and human plasma. Enantiomeric separation was achieved on a Kromasil Cellucoat chiral column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of hexane: isopropanol: triflouroacetic acid (90:10:0.1 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The chromatographic system enables the separation of the two enantiomers and the internal standard within a cycle time of 8 min. The resolution between the two enantiomers was 4.25 and the resolution between each enantiomer and the internal standard was more than 2.0. Detection was carried out at 274 nm, and the purity assessment was performed using a photodiode array detector. Solid phase extraction technique using C-18 cartridge was applied to extract the analytes from the plasma samples, and the percentage recovery was more than 95% for the lower quantification limit. The method has been validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. The linearity range for the determination of each enantiomer in human plasma was 0.4-30.0 µg mL-1 and the limits of quantification of R-etodolac and S-etodolac were 0.20 and 0.19 µg mL-1, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the determination of etodolac enantiomers in tablets and to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the two enantiomers after the administration of 300 mg single oral dose etodolac racemate tablets to twelve healthy volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of commercial probiotics as water additives to the zero-water exchange system on water quality, production efficiency, gut microbiota, antioxidant, and immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated. Five treatments, with three triplicates, were randomly designed, where in each replicate 150 fish (100 ± 4.5 g) were stocked in 20-m3 concrete ponds. Different water probiotics were added to ponds' water as follows: T1 (Control: no probiotic added); T2 (Prozym powder Ultra ® at 0.002 g/ m3/ day); T3 (Microban aqua ® at dose 0.002 g/ m3/ day); T4 (Aquastar ® at dose 0.0015 g/ m3/ day); and T5 (Sanolife PRO-W ® at dose 0.0010 g/ m3/ day). For eight weeks, fish in each group were fed a commercial feed (30% crude protein) up to satiety three times a day. After the experimental period, dissolved oxygen in ponds' water was significantly improved, while ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels were significantly lowered by water additives as compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, yield, specific growth rate, and total feed intake were significantly improved, while feed conversion ratio was not significantly changed among different treatments. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in villus height/width, and the absorption area was observed in groups that received water additives. Total Vibrio spp. counts in fish guts and ponds' water were significantly lower, while the total Bacillus spp. counts in both ponds' water and fish guts were significantly higher in probiotic-treated groups. Hematological parameters (counts of white blood cells and red blood cells as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels) significantly (p < 0.05) increased in probiotic-treated groups. In similar trends, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) and immunity (total protein, globulin, immunoglobulin, and lysozyme activity as well as activities and index of phagocytes) were significantly enhanced in the groups treated with water probiotics. Overall, our results show that water probiotics in the current study were beneficial for reducing the nitrogenous compunds in ponds'water and improving the production efficiency, gut microbiota, antioxidant and immunological responses of Nile tilapia. [Display omitted] • Commercial probiotics were used as water additives to ponds cultured with Nile tilapia. • Nitrogenous compounds in ponds' water were significantly reduced by water probiotics. • Water probiotics significantly lowered Vibrio counts and raised Bacillus counts in ponds' water and fish guts. • Water probiotics significantly improved the fish production via enhancing the intestinal morphometry, antioxidant and immunity biomarkers of Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An easily reproducible system is presented for minirhizotron image acquisition based on a digital microscope and entirely built with low-cost components. The system weighs 2.28kg, is connected to a portable computer through USB, and allows collection and storage of high-quality digital images without other components or power sources. Settings at 25× magnification provide pixel sizes of 25 and 12μm respectively with a medium pixel density microscope (640×480pixel), and a high pixel density microscope (1280×1024pixel). This kind of system coupled with recent developments of robotics and automatic image analysis for minirhizotron frames allows to envisage fast, low-labour and low-cost root investigation methods with a high degree of automation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highly sensitive, simple and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic and first derivative spectrophotometric methods for determination of antihistaminic drug loratadine [I] and nasal decongestant drug pseudoephedrine sulfate [II] are described. The HPLC method involves separation of [I] and [II] on μ-BondaPak C18 column using mixture of (methanol:H2O:phosphoric acid:ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) (220:300:2:3 g) (V/V/V/W), 60 and 40% acetonitrile as mobile phase flowing at 2 ml/min with ultraviolet detection at 247 nm. The calibration graphs are linear from 5 to 100 μg/ml for [I] and from 120 to 1200 μg/ml for [II] the detection limits are 0.5 μg/ml for [I] and 60 μg/ml for [II]. The spectrophotometric method is based on recording the first derivative spectra for [I] and [II] at 307, 266 nm, respectively, of their solutions in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid using the acid as blank. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 5–25 μg/ml for [I] and 240–720 μg/ml for [II]; the limits of detection are 0.16 μg/ml for [I] and 10 μg/ml for [II]. The mean percentage recoveries obtained for different synthetic mixtures by using this method are 97.6% with coefficient of variation 1.79 for [I] and 101.6% with coefficient of variation 1.95 for [II]. The two methods have been applied successfully for the determination of [I] in its combination with [II] Clarinase® tablets and [I] alone in different pharmaceutical dosage forms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is endemic to Sudan. It is considered as a priority disease in the list of transboundary animal diseases (TADs). The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the detection of PPR antibodies by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) in naturally infected or vaccinated sheep. Sera were collected from 3,186 sheep from flocks located in six states of Sudan and additionally 100 sheep were vaccinated with a PPR homologous vaccine (produced locally) in a quarantine station. The percentages of PPR antibody-positive sera from the field varied between 72% and 100%, according to state. All sheep vaccinated in the quarantine station were PPR-seropositive. This study shows, first, that the percentages of PPR-seropositive animals were all very high, whether naturally infected or vaccinated. It also shows the reliability of the cELISA test used in this study.

In this work, both palm-date pits and pulping black liquor industrial wastes were recycled as low-cost starting materials for the production of three series of granule activated carbon (gAC)/Kraft lignin (KL) (gAC/KL x, x = 33, 50 and 67%) biocomposites using a one-pot solid-state method. The gAC/KL x biocomposites with defined characteristics were examined towards batch adsorption of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene) in multi-solute salty wastewaters. Optimization of adsorption performances under different experimental conditions were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Adsorption modeling versus contact time (0-12 h) and BTX concentrations (150-2250 mg/L) were examined using non-linear forms of nine kinetic and five isotherm equations to best understand gAC/KL 0.5 suitability for BTX sorption/recovery processing. Accordingly, the gAC/KL x at KL blended ratio of 50% was found to be the topmost to achieve the highest BTX capacity even at broad ranges of water salinity (0-100 g/L) and pH (3-9) values. The adsorption mechanism found to best described by physico-sorption (E ≈ 0.12-1.38 kJ/mol) via the hydrophobic interaction and diffusion mechanisms. In respect to gAC/KL 0.5 affinities, the sorption capacity followed the descending sequence of X ≥ T > B. Particularly, the maximum theoretical BTX capacity using the best fitted Langmuir-Freundlich model (L-FM) for gAC/KL 0.5 was found to be slightly higher than obtained by gAC (363.9 and 360.1 mg/g, respectively), along with higher initial sorption (h) rate (≈742.47 mg/g.h) than of gAC (≈559.85 mg/g.h) and KL (≈22.22 mg/g.h). Batch BTX sorption/recovery processes and estimated cost suggested the effective utilization of gAC/KL 0.5 as a promising in-expensive sorbent (0.31 ± 0.05 US$/kg) for commercial decontamination of petroleum hazardous (BTX) pollutants from wastewaters up to five reuse cycles., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Purpose: In absence of liver protective drugs, a large number of hepatopathies may arise during drug administration. This study was executed to investigate the possible new pathways underlying the hepatoprotective effect of Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), following oral administration of carbon tetrachloride in mice., Methods and Results: Thirty albino mice were randomized into 3 equal groups. The duration of study was 28 days. The groups were classified as follows: Group I (healthy control): received saline, in the same volume of CCl4 dose, daily, orally, for 14 days, then sacrificed. Group II: received CCl4, as a single oral dose only, of 1 ml/kg body weight, dissolved in olive oil (1:1 v/v), the animals of this group were sacrificed 14 days after CCl4 single dose intoxication. Group III (protective Tempol treated): received a single dose of Tempol, 20mg/kg, orally, daily for 14 days. Two hours after the last Tempol dose, animals of group III received a single oral dose of CCl4. Fourteen days later, animals were scarified to collect blood and liver tissues for analysis. Tempol pretreatment significantly captured elevated levels of ALT and AST activities, lipid peroxidation, total bilirubin and increased total thiol and catalase contents. Notably, it significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inositol-requiring enzyme 1(IRE1) mRNAs, which is an ER trans membrane sensor that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain the ER and cellular function., Conclusion: Pretreatment with Tempol has potential hepatoprotective effects against acute liver injury, induced by CCl4, through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)