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The High Resolution Chopper Spectrometer (HRC) was installed at J-PARC, to study dynamics in condensed matters with high-resolutions and relatively-high-energy neutrons. Although the HRC was damaged by the earthquake disaster, we recovered and started neutron scattering experiments. During the recovery works, we also improved the performance of the HRC, by installing a supermirror guide tube, a collimator system, an experiment control environment etc.

Smart visualization of output from Integrated Earthquake Simulation (IES) performed for various earthquake scenarios is studied by taking advantage of existing methodology of big data visualization and by developing our own methodology which is suitable for earthquake disaster assessment. A key issue of being smart is to deliver information generated by IES to not only professional earthquake engineers, but also non-professional government officials and city residents. Simple visualization for city residents, wide area visualization for government officials, and dual visualization for professional engineers are proposed to bring common recognition to IES users. As a trial of smart visualization, both structure-wise and scenariowise damage condition statistics are graphed by means of histograms and mosaic plots; spatial clustering analysis for damaged structures is introduced and the distance between the damage conditions of earthquake scenarios is defined and visualized, accompanied by scenario cluster analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the earthquake disaster of Tangshan in China in 1976, and emphasizes on expounding the plan for Tangshan's resumption, rebuilding, and antiquake measures during implementation of the plan. In addition, several pieces of valuable experience aimed at resumption and rebuilding the city of the earthquake-stricken area are noted for future consideration. Before 1950s, Tangshan was divided into two districts, namely the eastern mining area and the old urban district. The latter was further subdivided into two administrative districts. The earthquake resistance considerations in planning process included selection of proposed construction sites; precautions against earthquake hazards like solving the traffic problems, establishing a decentralized, ringlike water supply with multiple waterworks, ensuring adequate power supply, combining wireless communication system with a wired system and setting up operating centers in different places; and formulation of plan against earthquake. In accordance with the guiding principles for urban construction and in the light of specific post-earthquake conditions, the development of small cities took precedence. Later, the city was divided into three parts, which were separated from each other by a distance of some 25 km. Total investment in reconstructing Tangshan was 43.57 billion yuan. On July 28, 1986, at the 10th anniversary of the earthquake event, it was announced that the reconstruction had been almost completed. lessons that were learnt from this experience include lessening the burden on the nation through self-reliance, unifying support from all over the country, standardizing design and industrializing construction, constructing the periphery first then the city's former site, building network of highways in advance, developing satellite cities and opening up small towns, and selecting an appropriate site for construction of a new town.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the importance of improving earthquake-Tsunami warning systems and human ware management. In 1993 and 1994, Japan encountered two earthquakes in Hokkaido Island, both accompanied by tsunamis. There were sequential events in the process of communication in which every event seemed to enlarge the disaster damage. For the issue of tsunami warning by JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency), it took about ten minutes after earthquakes, which eventually added up to the damage. Therefore, in the tsunami-prone area with the threat of immediate coming tsunamis, it is necessary for residents to evacuate by themselves without waiting for announcement of tsunami warning. To mitigate the human damage due to immediate coming tsunamis or well-prepared tsunamis after earthquake, it is necessary to arrange tsunami evacuation manuals in every local area. In the tsunami-prone areas, the highest height and the shortest arrival time of tsunamis are very useful knowledge to take a quick refuge just after earthquake. The evacuation manuals are prepared with these practical informations. There are several problem associated with Tsunami warning systems that are also highlighted in the chapter. Humanware is very important to manage catastrophic disaster and to reduce human damages and get quick rehabilitation. Numerical simulation technique is gives practical information about tsunami behavior, such as the highest tsunami and the shortest arrival time. Disaster management also aids in mitigating tsunami damage. This includes hardware, software, humanware, and commandware management. Japan also had a first experience of Hanshin–Awaji earthquake disaster as urban disasters on 17 January 1995. The human and property damages were quite huge. The lesson from the 1995 Hanshin–Awaji earthquake disaster is summarized as safety, land, network, redundancy, and vulnerability. Therefore, as our society has become well, every resident has to be equipped with adequate knowledge about natural disasters to avoid such large parameters of destruction in the future.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study on the plan for the recovery and rebuilding of Daqing oil field after an earthquake. Daqing oil field is the most important base of petroleum and natural gas in China and plays a vital role in the development of the national economy. It is an industrial city, which combines traffic, electric and waterpower, communication, chemical industry, machinery, business and trade, and about a million inhabitants. Considering randomization and damage from a large earthquake, a study on the planning of recovering and rebuilding for Daqing oil field is a problem with historic and current significance involving the state plan and people's lives. After an earthquake, running a probability study of lifeline systems deals with personnel for recovering and rebuilding, decisions for rescuing and society undertaking risk. Therefore, running a probability study for lifeline systems suffering earthquake damage as predicted is necessary. If the oil field is damaged by an earthquake, the need to maintain equipment is unavoidable. For this reason, it is important that a study on the optimum policy for maintaining equipment after earthquake damage is made before an earthquake occurs. For analyzing relations between the internal and external factors, the problem ought to be studied from the view of system science, and the solution for this problem ought to be sought and optimized by use of scientific and technological methods.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with policies, planning, model organization funds, and experiences in reconstruction in accordance with the practice of rehabilitation of earthquake disaster areas in China. After the Xingtai earthquake in 1966, the Chinese government, especially the late Premier Zhou Enlai, put forward a policy of “self-reliance, arduous struggle, development of production, and reconstruction of China.” After the disastrous earthquake of 1966, strong earthquakes continuously occurred in Haicheng of Liaoning Province; Tangshan and Xingtai of Hebei Province; Daofu, Batang, and Xiaojin of Sichuan Province; Lancang–Gengma of Yunnan Province; and Mangai of Qinghai Province, which severely damaged urban and rural constructions. However, with the guidance of the administrative departments in charge at various levels, considerable achievements were made in rehabilitation in the earthquake affected areas.

This paper presents the different earthquake disaster prevention and post-disaster measures taken by the government of Algeria between 1980 and 1995. It details the measures taken at the country level as well as those involving the co-operation of international organizations. It discusses post-disaster measures including the relief of victims and the methodology of the assessment of the serviceability of damaged structures after the disaster, which represents one of the most important duty of the emergency staff, are also discussed. It examines the range of needed, possible and practical pre-disaster measures which the government of Algeria should undertake and actively encourage. This study briefly presents scientific and non-scientific Algerian organizations.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the damage suffered by petroleum enterprises after Haicheng and Tangshan earthquakes in China. In order not to repeat such disasters, comprehensive antiseismic measures should be taken. Petroleum is a major industry in the national economy. Its characteristics include broad distribution, long assembly line, self-generated community, and population concentration. Restoration and reconstruction of petroleum enterprises discussed in the chapter are designed to strengthen their antiseismic capability. Earthquakes are difficult to forecast with precision based on the current level of science and technique. However, an earthquake disaster can be mitigated by a comprehensive disaster plan for oil enterprises, and anti-earthquake capability can be improved and the magnitude of secondary disaster can be controlled. When a petroleum enterprise is reconstructed, a plan should be established first, which should include an overall plan of mine region reconstruction, reconstruction subplan for respective systems, budgetary estimate, including materials required, and a schedule. It is a common desire of people in a disaster-stricken area that production be restored and homes reconstructed as fast as possible. Restoration refers to local repair and modification of focal points on the original plan. Reconstruction includes renewal of construction after a disaster.

A severe earthquake struck the southern part of Hyogo prefecture at 5:46 a.m., 17 January 1995. The Kobe and Hanshin district, one of the greatest industrial and commercial areas in Japan, suffered many great disasters as a consequence of this earthquake. More than 5500 deaths, disconnection of electricity, water and gas, failure of telecommunications, collapse of highways and railroads, destruction of houses, apartment buildings and official buildings and fires in high-density housing areas brought about the biggest disasters since the 1923 Tokyo quake. Many Japanese volunteers as well as foreign volunteers helped refugees after the earthquake. The actions of the refugees and their self-possessed judgement, despite great inconveniences, in helping each other and saving aged and handicapped people, surprised many Japanese and foreigners alike. The preliminary reports in this issue describe the circumstances of child health and the medical care given after the disaster by the pediatricians who played an active role in the area affected by the earthquake.

Concerned experts and others from a wide range of fields are required to take part in studies on “social” disaster phenomena such as earthquakes and typhoons causing drastic human and property damage and leaving subsequent social and economic destruction. In 2006, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) decided to be published as an academic journal in English for global society to help expand research beyond a domestic scope. The March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster – in the 6th year of the journal’s publication, has made an impact both domestically and globally due to the unprecedented earthquake and tsunami and resulting radiation leakage at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. JDR will annually publish special issues on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster beginning in this issue of 2012, for five years, for the purpose of informing, recording and utilizing lessons learned from the disaster. Page charges are in principle free and widespread contributions are welcomed. I have studied disasters from the viewpoint of a planner. Nobody who is active and living in society is irrelevant to wide-scale events related to such disasters, and I still feel that it is important for people from a variety of fields to visit devastated sites, hear from the people experiencing such disasters and make their own standpoints. In American society, for example, disaster measures against earthquakes and other disasters have been studied involving a wide range of experts and others. After the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake in Kobe, research groups consisting of wide range of experts came to be formed in Japan and environments developed to produce a multidisciplinary journal such as the JDR. The ultimate goal of planned research is human research. A society is needed in which “human power” can be manifested in all aspects such as reviving reconstruction and rehabilitation. This is because contributions by researchers from widespread fields are anticipated in the future.

14.00 800x600 Natural d isasters such as large-scale earthquakes can often reduce the number of tourists to a region, even in areas that suffered less damage. The belief is that this reduction in tourism is the result of psychological reasons such as people’s uncertainty about levels of service, and so, they prefer to avoid traveling to these regions. However, the reduction in tourism after an earthquake and the characteristics of this reduction have not been quantified or fully investigated. As a result, the extent of the reduction in tourism, how long an earthquake continues to affect tourism, and what areas are affected has yet to be clearly demonstrated. To better understand these losses , this study developed a framework by which we can estimate the periods of loss and the number of people who cancel their travel plans to affected areas. This framework is based on a time series analysis and is applied to five recent earthquake disasters. The results demonstrate that the disaster impacts both the disaster area and surrounding areas but that, in all cases, the numbers of tourists retu rn to the original trends within at most a year. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}

On 17 October 1989, an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale struck the San Francisco Bay Area, causing the collapse of. 76 miles of a double-decker roadway (known as the Cypress Street Viaduct), resulting in the death of 42 people. A study examined the effects of rescue work at 6 and 20 months after the event, among 42 people including: military pararescuers, firefighters, transportation workers, and coroner-investigators. The researcher explored the rescuers' motivations, actions, coping strategies, interactions, and understanding of their responses to the event, as well as the practical wisdom each acquired This article focuses on the 6-month data, and reports the specific work meanings and practices that shaped forms of involvement, issues of stress, and sources of coping that influenced the experience of rescue work in this disaster.

The City of Istanbul, situated astride the Bosporus in both Europe and Asia, and on both sides of the Golden Horn, is a natural inlet of the Bosporus and a deep-water harbor. Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, with a history that extends over twenty-six centuries, and it is believed to be the oldest continuously-occupied metropolis in the world. Istanbul has been the only city continuously among the largest ten in the world for 1000 years, except for a short period in the 15th century (Jones, 1992). Its geographical location, at the point where the only land route between Europe and Asia crosses the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, has always lent it great strategic and commercial importance and ensured continued historical status. In recent decades the city has experienced unprecedented growth. Between 1950 and 1990 the population has increased at least eight-fold, from about one million to eight million. Today, Istanbul houses about one-eighth of the total population and one-half of the industrial potential of Turkey. Istanbul has experienced numerous earthquakes. In recent decades the earthquake disaster risks have increased due to overcrowding, faulty land-use planning and construction, inadequate infrastructure and services, and environmental degradation.

Located just north of Tokyo, in one of the most active seismic zones in Japan, Saitama prefecture has been hit by several destructive earthquakes in the past. Though there has not been any major seismic activity in the last sixty years, the prefecture has developed and become highly urbanized. It has been recognized that there are some weaknesses in newly-developed areas and facilities and that they are vulnerable to future natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Therefore, one of the most important and urgent needs of the prefecture is to have a plan for mitigating earthquake damage that includes measures to be taken before and after disasters.

This study examines the indigenous Baduy society in preventing disaster. This study used a qualitative approach. Data collected by observation and depth interview methods, and analysis conducted by descriptive-analytical. This study aims to gain knowledge and traditional ways of Baduy society that has passed down from generation to generation. The results showed that (a) cut-and-burn systems in Baduy forests to open field for dry rice cultivation (huma) did not cause forest fires, (b) Baduy settlements adjacent to the river is not flooding, (c) houses and buildings made of materials combustible (wood, bamboo, thatch, and palm fiber) infrequent fires, and (d) Baduy territory included in the earthquake-prone areas of West Java, there is no damage to buildings due to the earthquake disaster. This is because the pikukuh (customary rules) that serve as guidelines and direction for Baduy think and act. Pikukuh are the basis of traditional knowledge that wise and prudent, so avoid the disaster. Keywords: Baduy society, disaster mitigation, local wisdom

Aim: As earthquake disaster-related death, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy have been an important problem. We examined whether portable ECG could be available as one of the prevention measures at East Japan Great Earthquake disaster stricken area. Methods: 86 people who spent it under too cruel environment of a stricken area of Ishinomaki-shi and hoped to take ECG examination were intended for CG2100 portable transmission ECG and HCG801 device (non-transmission type). We performed a pilot study for the availability of those portable ECG at those area. Results: CG2100 was applied for 20 people. ECG was recorded in I lead and it was transmitted to a call center of MJG cardiovascular institute through a telephone. Atrial fibrillation and PVCs were present in two cases, respectively and one case became hospitalizing for cardiac pump failure. ECG was recorded in 66 people when an applicant could use HCG801 as heart examination use freely. PVCs were present in one case, but there were no abnormalities else. Conclusion: At a stricken area under too cruel environment, victims could use portable electrocardiograph easily. It semmed to be useful by using seperately those two models in case of mergency or heart disease detection survey.

During the last decades, and specifically in the recent years, earthquake catastrophies have increased at an alarming rate. The reason is mainly an increasing vulnerability and risk due to an expanding population density and industrialization. Already today, earthquake catastrophies could be considerably reduced if available scientific knowledge and technological know-how could be effectively addressed to protective and preventive measures against destruction by future earthquakes. This volume contains contribution ranges for a comprehensive concept, which in a a multidisciplinary approach, from fundamental research to concrete measures of protection and disaster preparedness.

On 12 January 2010, a 7.0-magnitude earthquake devastated the island nation of Haiti, leading to the world's largest humanitarian effort in over 6 decades. The catastrophe caused massive destruction of homes and buildings and overwhelmed the Haitian health care system. The United States responded immediately with a massive relief effort, sending U.S. military forces and civilian volunteers to Haiti's aid and providing a tertiary care medical center aboard the USNS COMFORT hospital ship. The COMFORT offered sophisticated medical care to a geographically isolated population and helped to transfer resource-intensive patients from other treatment facilities. Working collaboratively with the surgical staff, ancillary services, and nursing staff, internists aboard the COMFORT were integral to supporting the mission of the hospital ship and provided high-level care to the casualties. This article provides the perspective of the U.S. Navy internists who participated in the initial response to the Haitian earthquake disaster onboard the COMFORT.