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In this present study, an advection ecological permeable dam (AEPD) based on a biofilm reactor was established to investigate pollution control performance and dissolved organic matter (DOM) bio-degradation. The AEPD achieved optimal efficiency-chemical oxygen demand, 6-53 mg/L; total nitrogen concentration, 1.47-6.89 mg/L; total phosphorus concentration, 0.53-3.93 mg/L, and increases in values for ultraviolet-visible parameters-SUVA 254 , from 0.392 to 0.673-1.438; E4/E6, from 1.09 to 1.11-1.26; A 240-400 , from 12.06 to 13.09-19.95; and A 253-203 , from 0.03 to 0.04-0.23. This showed that DOM degradation promoted its humification, aromatisation, and unsaturation as well as increased the number of polar functional groups in the organic aromatic rings of DOM. Synchronous fluorescence and parallel factor analyses indicated that AEPD could effectively degrade tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds, which showed the most significant decrease in fluorescence intensity. Additionally, AEPD displayed some stable dominant bacterial genera (e.g. Proteobacteria_unclassified , Bacteroidetes _ unclassified , Gemmobacter , Pseudofulvimonas , Flavobacterium , Pseudomonas , and Nitrospira ), although their relative abundance differed under variable hydraulic loading rates. This research provided further technical support for the application of AEPD in the treatment of water environment pollution.

Constructing pH-responsive smart material provides a new opportunity to address the problem that traditional electrocatalysts cannot achieve both alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities. In this study, amphoteric conjugated ligand (2-aminoterephthalic acid, BDC-NH 2 )-modified 3d metal-anchored graphitic carbon nitride (3d metal-C 3 N 4 ) smart electrocatalysts are constructed, and self-adaptation of the electronic structure is realized by self-response to pH stimulation, which results in self-adjustment of alkaline OER and acidic HER. Specifically, the amino and carboxyl functional groups in BDC-NH 2 undergo protonation and deprotonation respectively under different pH stimulation to adapt to environmental changes. Through DFT calculations, the increase or decrease of electron delocalization range brought by the self-response characteristic is found to lead to redistribution of the Bader charge around the modified active sites. The OER and HER activities are greatly promoted roughly 4.8 and 8.5 times over Co-C 3 N 4 after BDC-NH 2 -induced self-adaptive processes under different environments, arising from the reduced energy barrier of O* to OOH* and ΔG H* . Impressively, the proposed BDC-NH 2 -induced smart regulation strategy is applicable to a series of 3d metal anchors for C 3 N 4 , including Co, Ni and Fe, providing a general structural upgrading method for constructing smart electrocatalytic systems., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Ultrasonic metal welding (USMW) is widely used in assembling lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs due to its advantages in joining dissimilar and conductive materials in the solid state. However, the welding process and mechanisms are not yet clearly understood. In this study, dissimilar joints of aluminum alloy EN AW 1050 to copper alloy EN CW 008A were welded by USMW to simulate the tab-to-bus bar interconnects for Li-ion battery assembly. Qualitative and quantitative investigations were carried out on plastic deformation, microstructural evolution, and the correlated mechanical properties. During USMW, the plastic deformation concentrated on the Al side. The thickness of Al was reduced by more than 30%; complex dynamic recrystallization and grain growth occurred near the weld interface. The mechanical performance of the Al/Cu joint was evaluated with the tensile shear test. The failure load gradually increased until a welding duration of 400 ms, and then remained almost constant. The obtained results showed that the mechanical properties were greatly influenced by plastic deformation and microstructure evolution, which provides guidance for improving the weld quality and the process in general.

Chemical reducing or rare earth cations (RE) doping was normally employed to promote the photocatalytic performance of ceria, aimed to evaluate their cooperation influences, ceria was obtained by decomposing homogenously RE (RE = La, Sm, and Y)-doped CeCO 3 OH in H 2 . XPS and EPR results evidenced that the excess oxygen vacancies (OVs) were formed in RE-doped CeO 2 compared to the un-doped ceria. However, all the RE-doped ceria unexpectedly showed an impeded photocatalytic activity towards to methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. The 5% Sm-doped ceria had the best MB photodegradation ratio of 81.47% after 2-h reaction in all RE-doped samples, which was lower than that of 87.24% for the un-doped ceria. After doping RE cations and chemical reducing, the band gap of ceria were almost narrowed, while the PL spectra and photo-electro characterizations indicated that the separation efficiency of photo-excited e - /h + (electrons/holes) was reduced. The RE dopants and formed excess OVs including inner and surface OVs was proposed to promote the recombination of e - /h + which further hindered the generation of active species of ·O 2 - and ·OH, and finally weakened the photocatalytic activity of ceria., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

A series of complex physical and chemical processes, such as interception, migration, accumulation, and transformation, can occur when pollutants in stormwater runoff enter the growing media layer of bioretention facilities, affecting the purification of stormwater runoff by bioretention facilities. The migration and accumulation of pollutants in the growing media layer need long-term monitoring in traditional experimental studies. In this study, we established the Hydrus-1D model of water and solution transport for the bioretention facilities. By analyzing the variation of cumulative fluxes of NO 3 - -N and Pb with time and depth, we investigated pollutant migration and accumulation trends in the growing media layer of bioretention facilities. It can provide support for reducing runoff pollutants in bioretention facilities. The Hydrus-1D model was calibrated and verified with experimental data, and the input data (runoff pollutant concentration) for the pollutant concentration boundary was obtained from the SWMM model. The results demonstrated that the cumulative fluxes of NO 3 - -N and Pb increased with the passage of simulation time and depth of the growing media layer overall. From the top to the bottom of the growing media layer, the change rates of the peak cumulative fluxes of NO 3 - -N and Pb were strongly linked with their levels in the runoff. An increase in rainfall decreased the content of NO 3 - -N and Pb in the growing media layer, and this phenomenon was more obvious in the lower part of the layer., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Volume capture ratio of annual rainfall (VCRAR) is the key parameter of low-impact development (LID) facilities design, which is significantly affected by the rainfall event division method. However, there is no universal agreement on how to determine an optimal division method to achieve it. A modified minimum inter-event time (MIT) method based on MATLAB software was proposed to find an optimal MIT value. The result showed that the optimal MIT value in Beijing is 200 min based on the daily rainfall data from 1987 to 2016, and the annual average rainfall events were 34.2 with an average rainfall depth of 13.7 mm. Taking bioretention facilities as an example, the errors of design VCRAR under different MIT values were compared based on a Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). The results showed that when design VCRAR was ≤50, 55-60, 60-75, 75-80 and >80%, the optimal MIT value for LID facilities design was 60, 120, 200, 360 and 1,440 min, respectively. Therefore, the optimal MIT should be flexibly selected with the changing of design VCRAR, to ensure that LID facilities meet the design goals.

Rationale: Sustained activation of lung fibroblasts and the resulting oversynthesis of the extracellular matrix are detrimental events for patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Lung biopsy is a primary evaluation technique for the fibrotic status of ILDs, and is also a major risk factor for triggering acute deterioration. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a long-known surface biomarker of activated fibroblasts, but its expression pattern and diagnostic implications in ILDs are poorly defined. Objectives: The present study aims to comprehensively investigate whether the expression intensity of FAP could be used as a potential readout to estimate or measure the amounts of activated fibroblasts in ILD lungs quantitatively. Methods: FAP expression in human primary lung fibroblasts as well as in clinical lung specimens was first tested using multiple experimental methods, including real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, deep learning measurement of whole slide immunohistochemistry, as well as single-cell sequencing. In addition, FAP-targeted positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging PET/CT was applied to various types of patients with ILD, and the correlation between the uptake of FAP tracer and pulmonary function parameters was analyzed. Measurements and Main Results: Here, it was revealed, for the first time, FAP expression was upregulated significantly in the early phase of lung fibroblast activation event in response to a low dose of profibrotic cytokine. Single-cell sequencing data further indicate that nearly all FAP-positive cells in ILD lungs were collagen-producing fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical analysis validated that FAP expression level was closely correlated with the abundance of fibroblastic foci on human lung biopsy sections from patients with ILDs. We found that the total standard uptake value (SUV) of FAP inhibitor (FAPI) PET (SUVtotal) was significantly related to lung function decline in patients with ILD. Conclusions: Our results strongly support that in vitro and in vivo detection of FAP can assess the profibrotic activity of ILDs, which may aid in early diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate therapeutic window.

Borrowing from natural mechanisms for material design can lead to functional mimicry and improvement. Inspired by graphite formation, a thermopressure coupling strategy under micropressure (<400 Pa) is applied to prepare carbon anodes. A thermopressure response is discovered based on the cellulose precursor. Here, homologous graphene quantum dot/hard carbon (GQD/HC) heterostructures are synthesized. Under 181.4 Pa and 1,200 °C, the product shows a capacity of 310 mAh g -1 , while the capacity of the direct carbonization product is only 120 mAh g -1 . Prominently, the GQD/HC heterostructure displays marked mechanical strength and flexibility. The experimental and theoretical results illustrate the ion and electron transfer, coordination environment, and electronic states in the GQD/HC heterostructure and elaborate on the origin of the enhanced performance. The thermopressure coupling under micropressure mimics graphite formation, but the heterostructure has better properties than traditional carbon materials. Additionally, micropressure injects new vitality into material research.

Maximizing the usable space of electrocatalysts and fine-tuning the interface geometry as well as the electronic structure to facilitate hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) have always been the focus of research. Herein, a homogeneous porous nanoparticle construction strategy was proposed, in which molybdenum nitride (Mo 2 N) particles were prepared by controlled heat treatment of the precursor nanoparticle induced by polyethylene glycol, and the Mo 2 N/Co-C 3 N 4 heterostructure with a pore size of about 1.13 nm was obtained by compounding Co-anchored graphitic carbon nitride. In particular, exploring the change of charge distribution at the interface based on the principle of "electron complementation" shows that under the regulation of nitrogen with high electronegativity, the affinity of active site Co to oxygenated species in the OER process and the adsorption as well as cleavage ability of HER reactants in the active site were effectively optimized. Thus, Mo 2 N/Co-C 3 N 4 not only inherits the functions of each component, but also provides an ideal heterogeneous interface for exhibiting impressive bifunctional activity, which only needs 100 and 210 mV to deliver 10 mA cm -2 for the HER and OER, respectively. In addition, the Mo 2 N/Co-C 3 N 4 catalyst also demonstrates high overall water splitting stability with a slight current decrease after 95 h. Manipulating the electronic structure of multiple sites by constructing electronically complementary interfaces may provide another avenue to develop highly active catalysts for overall water splitting and other applications.

Tuning morphology and doping additional rare earth (RE) cations are potential techniques to promote the photocatalytic performance of ceria (CeO 2 ), evaluating the collaborative effects of morphology and RE dopants is significant for producing high active ceria-based catalysts. So in this work, cubic, polyhedral and rod-like nanoceria doped with 10 mol % La (lanthanum), Y (yttrium), or Sm (samarium) were synthesized by a facile template-free hydrothermal method. Phases, morphologies, oxygen vacancies (OVs) concentration, energy band structure, photo-carriers separation/recombination, and photodegradation ratio toward methylene blue (MB) dye of as prepared ceria were studied. Results show that doped CeO 2 maintains a similar morphology structure with un-doped sample and the band gap narrows slightly. Y-doped nanoceria, with an improved separation and a reduced recombination of photo-excited electrons (e - ) and holes (h + ), owns a higher MB photodegradation ratio than that of samples doping with La or Sm, which is measured as 79.04, 84.43, and 85.59% for Y-doped cubic, polyhedral, and rod-like CeO 2 . The collaborative influence of morphology tuning and RE (La, Y, and Sm) doping on photocatalytic performance of nanoceria includes the effects of doped elements and the formation of OVs. The elevation of OVs concentration as well as the separation efficiency of photo-generated e - /h + are suggested to further enhance the photocatalytic performance of ceria., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Despite the challenges on tuning the d-band structure of transition metals, the d-band is of great importance for promoting the interaction between catalytic and intermediates during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. Herein, ultrafine Co nanoparticles embedded in the surface layer of nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres are prepared through an in-situ co-coordination strategy, and its d-band is modulated by introducing different Ni amounts. The introduction of Ni in the Co crystal lattice can tune the d-band center and unpaired electrons, which collectively result in an enhancement of OER activity and kinetics. By investigating the catalysts with Ni content from 0% to 75%, it is concluded that the catalyst with 25% Ni shows optimal OER activity, lower overpotential (285 mV at 10 mA cm -2 ) and higher current densities (73.75 mA cm -2 at 1.63 V). Moreover, the good stability is also demonstrated with the negligible decrease on current densities after 3000 CV cycles or 100 h of continuous test in alkaline media. This concept of modulating the d-band structure by introducing a transition metal with different contents in another transition metal crystal lattice could present an alternative pathway to the development of highly active catalytic materials for OER and beyond., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The activating molecule in Beclin1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (AMBRA1) is an intrinsically disordered protein that regulates the survival and death of cancer cells by modulating autophagy. Although the roles of autophagy in cancer are controversial and context-dependent, inhibition of autophagy under some circumstances can be a useful strategy for cancer therapy. As AMBRA1 is a pivotal autophagy-associated protein, targeting AMBRA1 similarly may be an underlying strategy for cancer therapy. Emerging evidence indicates that AMBRA1 can also inhibit cancer formation, maintenance, and progression by regulating c-MYC and cyclins, which are frequently deregulated in human cancer cells. Therefore, AMBRA1 is at the crossroad of autophagy, tumorigenesis, proliferation, and cell cycle. In this review, we focus on discussing the mechanisms of AMBRA1 in autophagy, mitophagy, and apoptosis, and particularly the roles of AMBRA1 in tumorigenesis and targeted therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Lyu, Li and Wang.)

We report a C-N cross-coupling reaction of weakly nucleophilic N -arylsulfonamides and aryl bromides to access N , N -diarylsulfonamides using Ni(cod)(DQ) as a catalyst without additional ligands. The process is compatible with electron-deficient and electron-rich aryl and heteroaryl bromides (34 examples, 21-98%) and can be applied to the derivatization of an N -arylsulfonamide pharmaceutical compound.

Bacterial infections are a serious threat to human health, and the development of effective antibacterial agents represents a critical solution. In this study, NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe)@MoS 2 /ZnO ternary nanocomposites are successfully prepared by a facile wet-chemistry procedure, where MoS 2 nanosheets are grown onto the MIL-101 scaffold forming a flower-like morphology with ZnO nanoparticles deposited onto the surface. The ternary composites exhibit a remarkable sterilization performance under visible light irradiation toward both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, eliminating 98.6% of Escherichia coli and 90% of Staphylococcus aureus after exposure to visible light for 30 min, a performance markedly better than that with NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe)@MoS 2 binary composites and even more so than MoS 2 nanosheets alone. This is ascribed to the unique electronic band structure of the composites, where the separation of the photogenerated carriers is likely facilitated by the S-scheme mechanism in the NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe)@MoS 2 binary composites and further enhanced by the formation of a p-n heterojunction between MoS 2 and ZnO in the ternary composites. This interfacial charge transfer boosts the effective production of superoxide radicals by the reduction of oxygen, and the disproportionation reaction with water leads to the formation of hydroxy radicals, as attested in spectroscopic and microscopic measurements. Results from this study highlight the significance of structural engineering of nanocomposites in the manipulation of the electronic band structure and hence the photodynamic activity.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the cycling and toxicity of heavy metals in aquatic systems. However, most studies have focused only on DOM in either water or sediments. This study aimed to analyze the source, composition, and structural characteristics of DOM in both surface water and bottom sediments of the Le'an River and its major tributaries. In addition, the potential ecological risks of three typical heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) were quantitatively evaluated based on the characteristics of DOM and in situ data. The results showed that sediment DOM is more aromatic and hydrophobic than surface water DOM. Although humic-like components dominated the DOM pool in both surface water and sediments, their sources were different. Surface water DOM is mainly autochthonous, while sediment DOM is controlled by both autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Risk prediction results based on DOM characteristics show that surface water has a higher potential risk of heavy metal release than sediments. Comprehensively considering the ecological risk of water and sediments, high-risk areas were found to be mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Le'an River. This distribution is attributable to the developed mining and smelting industries in these areas and consistent with the risk assessment results of measured concentrations of heavy metals. This study established a new technique for predicting the ecological risk of aquatic systems based on the characteristics of DOM in surface water and sediments., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells, are only efficient in a small proportion of tumor patients. One of the major reasons for this is the lack of immune cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent research reported that abundant bystander CD8 + T cells targeting viral antigens exist in tumor infiltrates and that virus-specific memory T cells could be recalled to kill tumor cells. Therefore, virus-specific memory T cells may be effective candidates for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we established subcutaneous tumor mice models that were pre-immunized with Vaccinia virus (VV) and confirmed that tumor cells with ectopic expression of the viral B8R protein could be recognized and killed by memory T cells. To create a therapeutic delivery system, we designed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) with a modified tumor-specific promoter and used it to deliver VV B8R to tumor cells. We observed that rAAV gene therapy can retard tumor growth in VV pre-immunized mice. In summary, our study demonstrates that rAAV containing a tumor-specific promoter to restrict VV B8R gene expression to tumor cells is a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment in VV pre-immunized or VV-treated mice bearing tumors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2022 Queen Mary University of London.)

In recent years, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as an attractive target for the diagnosis and radiotherapy of cancers using FAP-specific radioligands. Herein, we aimed to design a novel 18 F-labeled FAP tracer ([ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI) for FAP imaging and evaluated its potential for clinical application. The [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI novel tracer was prepared in an automated manner within 42 min with a non-decay corrected radiochemical yield of 32 ± 6% ( n  = 8). Among A549-FAP cells, [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI demonstrated specific uptake, rapid internalization, and low cellular efflux. Compared to the patent tracer [ 18 F]FAPI-42, [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI exhibited lower levels of cellular efflux in the A549-FAP cells and higher stability in vivo . Micro-PET imaging in the A549-FAP tumor model indicated higher specific tumor uptake of [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI (7.0 ± 1.0% ID/g) compared to patent tracers [ 18 F]FAPI-42 (3.2 ± 0.6% ID/g) and [ 68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 (2.7 ± 0.5% ID/g). Furthermore, in an initial diagnostic application in a patient with nasopharyngeal cancer, [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI and [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT showed comparable results for both primary tumors and lymph node metastases. These results suggest that [ 18 F]AlF-P-FAPI can be conveniently prepared, with promising characteristics in the preclinical evaluation. The feasibility of FAP imaging was demonstrated using PET studies., (© 2022 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

Advances in site-selective functionalization reactions have enabled single atom changes on the periphery of a complex molecule, but reaction manifolds that enable such changes on the core framework of the molecule remain sparse. Here, we disclose a strategy for carbon-to-oxygen substitution in cyclic diarylmethanes and diarylketones to yield cyclic diarylethers. Oxygen atom insertion is accomplished by methylene and Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. To remove the carbon atom in this C-to-O "atom swap" process, we developed a nickel-catalyzed decarbonylation of lactones to yield the corresponding cyclic diaryl ethers. This reaction was enabled by mechanistic studies with stoichiometric nickel(ii) complexes that led to the optimization of a ligand capable of promoting a challenging C(sp 2 )-O(aryl) reductive elimination. The nickel-catalyzed decarbonylation was applied to 6-8 membered lactones (16 examples, 32-99%). Finally, a C-to-O atom-swapping reaction sequence was accomplished on a natural product and a pharmaceutical precursor., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumours with a poor prognosis. In recent years, the incidence of pancreatic cancer is on the rise. Traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer have been improved, first-line and second-line palliative treatments have been developed, and adjuvant treatments have also been used in clinical. However, the 5-year survival rate is still less than 10% and new treatment methods such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy need to be investigated. In the past decades, many clinical trials of targeted therapies and immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer were launched and some of them showed an ideal prospect in a subgroup of pancreatic cancer patients. The experience of both success and failure of these clinical trials will be helpful to improve these therapies in the future. Therefore, the current research progress and challenges of selected targeted therapies and immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer are reviewed.

This study investigates the effect of corrosion temperature on the corrosion of Q235 steel and 16Mn steel in the sodium aluminate solution using the weight loss method and electrochemical method. The results indicate that the corrosion rates of two steels show an increasing trend with the temperature and that of Q235 steel increases more than that of 16Mn steel at higher temperatures. The corrosion products have changed from four forms at 25 °C to two forms at 65 and 110 °C, namely, the octahedral particles and the bulk particles formed by the flocculent aggregation. The corrosion products are composed of FeS, FeS 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , NaFeO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 . The I corr of the two steels increases with temperature, while R p gradually decreases. The two steels are controlled by the charge transfer at 25 and 65 °C and the charge transfer and the ion diffusion at 95 °C, indicating that the temperature changes the kinetics of the corrosion process., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Cartilage regeneration is a complex physiological process. Synovial macrophages play a critical immunomodulatory role in the acute inflammatory response surrounding joint injury. Due to the contrasting differences and heterogeneity of macrophage, the phenotype of macrophages are the key determinants of the healing response after cartilage injury. Biomaterials derived from extracellular matrix have been used for the repair and reconstruction of a variety of tissues by modulating the host macrophage response. However, the immunomodulatory effect of decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) on macrophages has not been elucidated. It is necessary to clarify the immunomodulatory properties of decellularized cartilage matrix (DCM) to guide the design of cartilage regeneration materials. Here, we prepared porcine articular cartilage derived DCM and determined the response of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to the pepsin-solubilized DCM (PDCM) in vitro. Macrophages activated by the PDCM could promote bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) invasion, migration, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation. Then, we verified that early optimization of the immunomodulatory effects of the cell-free DCM scaffold using IL-4 in vivo could achieve good cartilage regeneration in a rat knee osteochondral defect model. Therefore, this decellularized cartilage ECM scaffold combined with accurate and active immunomodulatory strategies provides a new approach for the development of cartilage regeneration materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports a decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (DCM) scaffold combined with an accurate and active immunomodulatory strategy to improve cartilage regeneration. Our findings demonstrated that the pepsin-solubilized DCM (PDCM) activated bone marrow-derived macrophages to polarize to a constructive macrophage phenotype. These polarized macrophages promoted bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation. DCM scaffolds combined with early-stage intra-articular injection of IL-4 created a wound-healing microenvironment and improved cartilage regeneration in a rat knee osteochondral defect model., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The characteristics of colloids in urban road runoff with different traffic in Beijing, China, such as concentration, particle size, chemical property, and affinity for heavy metals were determined. The concentration of colloids was high, and an evident first flush effect was found in the runoff of road with heavy traffic. A large portion of colloids were distributed in the range of 1-10 μm. Traffic activity, rainfall intensity, and time of sample collection would not change the size distribution of colloids in the road runoff. The chemical property of colloids in the road runoff would be influenced by the soil erosion nearby green space, causing the content of organic colloids was high. The correlation coefficient between the concentration of colloids in colloidal fractions and the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Mn) in the road runoff with different traffic decreased with the same sequence from 0.02-0.2 μm, 0.2-0.45 μm, 0.45-1 μm, to 1-10 μm, suggesting that the heavy metals had stronger affinity for the colloids with small size. The concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn exhibited significant correlations with the concentration of organic colloids in the road runoff. More aggregated spherical particles were found in the TEM image of the road runoff with heavy traffic. Zeta potentials and RMV data showed that the colloids with smaller size and the colloids in the road runoff with lighter traffic were much more stable.

An Ru-doped spinel-structured LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) cathode has been prepared via a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The as-prepared cathode is characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size distribution analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry performance tests. The FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses show that the Ru-doped LNMO has a good crystallinity with a disordered Fd 3̄ m space group structure. The disordered structure in the cathode increased and the Li x Ni 1- x O impurity phase decreased when Ru addition increased. SEM shows that all samples are octahedral particles with homogeneous sizes distribution, and the particle size analysis shows that the Ru-doped samples have smaller particle size. XPS confirms the existence of Ru ions in the sample, and reveals that the Ru induce to part of Mn 4+ transfers to Mn 3+ in the LNMO. The electrochemical property indicated that the Ru-doped cathode exhibits better electrochemical properties in terms of discharge capacity, cycle stability and rate performance. At a current density of 50 mA g -1 , the discharge specific capacity of the Ru-4 sample is 140 mA h g -1 , which is much higher than that of the other samples. It can be seen from the rate capacity curves that the Ru-doped samples exhibit high discharge specific capacity, particularly at high current density., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Morphological tuning or additional cation doping is one of the potential and simple methods to enhance the photocatalytic properties of ceria, in which rare-earth element doped ceria nanorods (CeO 2 -RE NRs) are expected to be a promising photocatalyst with high activity. But the optimal doping conditions, including the variety and concentration of RE elements are ambiguous, and the contribution of doped RE ions to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity needs to be further studied. In this work, we doped La, Y and Sm with a wide range of 0%-30% into CeO 2 NRs, and investigated the phase, morphology, band gap, oxygen vacancy concentration, PL spectra and photocatalytic activity variation under different doping conditions. All synthesized CeO 2 -RE NRs possessed a good nanorod morphology except the 15 and 30% Y-doped samples. The energy band gaps of the synthesized samples changed slightly; the 10% CeO 2 -RE NRs with the narrowest band gaps possessed the higher photocatalytic performance. The most outstanding photocatalyst was found to be the 10% Y-doped CeO 2 NRs with a methylene blue photodegradation ratio of 85.59% and rate constant of 0.0134 min -1 , which is particularly associated with a significant higher oxygen vacancy concentration and obviously lower recombination rate of photogenerated e - /h + pairs. The doped RE ions and the promotion of oxygen vacancy generation impede the recombination of photogenerated carriers, which is proposed as the main reason to enhance the photocatalytic property of CeO 2 .

Designing an excellent acidic and alkaline general-purpose hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst plays an important role in promoting the development of the energy field. Here, a feasible strategy is reported to use the strongly coupled MoS 2 @sulfur and molybdenum co-doped g-C 3 N 4 (MoS 2 @Mo-S-C 3 N 4 ) heterostructure with transferable active centers for catalytic reactions in acidic and alkaline media. Research studies have shown that the unsaturated S site at the edge of MoS 2 and the active N atom on the Mo-S-C 3 N 4 substrate are, respectively, the active centers of acidic and alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Specifically, Mo-S-C 3 N 4 is regarded as a synergistic catalyst for the active species MoS 2 in acidic hydrogen evolution, while MoS 2 acts as a co-catalyst when the alkaline active species are transferred to Mo-S-C 3 N 4 . The coordination of the electrons between the interfaces achieves a synergistic balance, which provides the optimal sites for the adsorption of the reactants. Such an electrocatalyst exhibits overpotentials of 193 and 290 mV at 10 mA cm -2 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 and 1 M KOH, respectively, which was better than numerous previous reports. This research provides an outstanding avenue to realize multifunctional electrocatalysts.

A translocator protein 18 kDa targeted radiotracer, N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidin-3-yl) acetamide ([ 18 F]FDPA), was automated synthetized and evaluated for cardiac inflammation imaging. Various reaction conditions for an automated synthesis were systematically optimized. MicroPET/CT imaging were performed on normal rats and rats with myocardial infarction (MI). Normalized SUV ratios of [ 18 F]FDPA to [ 13 N]NH 3 (NSRs) in different regions were calculated to normalize the uptake of [ 18 F]FDPA to perfusion. The amount of TBAOMs and the volume/proportion of water were crucial for synthesis. After optimization, the total synthesis time was 68 min. The non-decay corrected radiochemical yields (RCYs) and molar activities were 19.9 ± 1.7% and 169.7 ± 46.5 GBq/μmol, respectively. In normal rats, [ 18 F]FDPA showed a high and stable cardiac uptake and fast clearance from other organs. In MI rats, NSRs in the peri-infarct and infarct regions, which were infiltrated with massive inflammatory cells revealed by pathology, were higher than that in the remote region (1.20 ± 0.01 and 1.08 ± 0.10 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, respectively). [ 18 F]FDPA was automated synthesized with high RCYs and molar activities. It showed a high uptake in inflammation regions and offered a wide time window for cardiac imaging, indicating it could be a potential cardiac inflammation imaging agent.

What is already known about this topic?, The World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Estimates (GHE) reported that acute hepatitis caused 9,213 deaths and 307,720 person years of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2016, and acute hepatitis B accounted for 85.81% of all DALYs among acute hepatitis types A, B, C, and E in China., What is added by this report?, In China, the percent changes in years lived with disability (YLDs) due to acute hepatitis A, B, and E in groups aged 50-69 years and 70 years or more and in all age groups for acute hepatitis C were increased from 2000 to 2019., What are the implications for public health practices?, Effective vaccines, interventions, and treatments are key approaches to achieve the WHO's goal of reducing new hepatitis infections by 90% and deaths by 65% between 2016 and 2030., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: No conflicts of interest were reported., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2020.)

Controlling the chemical bonding of an active atom and carbon support is an effective strategy for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of a metal-nitrogen/carbon catalyst. Herein, highly dispersed Co atoms are successfully prepared by using an ultrathin g-C 3 N 4 @carbon sphere as the support, and subsequently the well-defined Co-N and Co-O bonds on the atomic level are controllably constructed by adjusting the calcination atmosphere. Results show that highly dispersed Co with Co-O and Co-N bonds exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance in alkaline media at low and high overpotentials, respectively, and outperform most single-atom catalysts reported to date. DFT calculation, coupled with high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry techniques, reveals that the high activities mainly originate from the precise O-Co-N and N-Co-N coordination in the ultrathin g-C 3 N 4 @carbon sphere support. The enhancement mechanism of chemical bonding provides guidance for the atomic exploration and design of electrocatalysts.

Stereocontrolled Csp 3 cross-coupling can fundamentally change the types of chemical structures that can be mined for molecular functions. Although considerable progress in achieving the targeted chemical reactivity has been made, controlling stereochemistry in Csp 3 cross-coupling remains challenging. Here we report that ligand-based axial shielding of Pd(II) complexes enables Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of unactivated Csp 3 boronic acids with perfect stereoretention. This approach leverages key differences in spatial orientation between competing pathways for stereoretentive and stereoinvertive transmetalation of Csp 3 boronic acids to Pd(II). We show that axial shielding enables perfectly stereoretentive cross-coupling with a range of unactivated secondary Csp 3 boronic acids, as well as the stereocontrolled synthesis of xylarinic acid B and all of its Csp 3 stereoisomers. We expect these ligand design principles will broadly enable the continued search for practical and effective methods for stereospecific Csp 3 cross-coupling.

High-quality (Pd cube)@(Pt helix) core@shell nanoparticles, with a novel spiral-structured shell and highly-ordered tangential channels are successfully fabricated through a facile wet chemistry method with the help of N,N-dimethyloctadecyl ammonium bromide acetate sodium (OTAB-Na). A bottom-up synthesis strategy provides accurate control of layers by simply changing the molar ratio of Pt/Pd with a uniform layer thickness of 2 nm maintained in all (1-3)-rounds samples. The irregular Pt superstructures of the shells, and sophisticated core@shell hybrid materials endow the as-produced samples with highly enhanced catalytic properties, when evaluated for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene as a probe reaction., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In this article, the three-dimensional hemoglobin (Hb)-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 organic/inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Hb-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 HNFs) self-assembled by nanopetals were synthesized via a facile one-pot green synthetic method. The compositions and microstructure of the Hb-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 HNFs were well-characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectrometry, respectively. The as-prepared Hb-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 HNFs were to be used as a biocatalyst to construct colorimetric/fluorescent dual biosensors. The experimental results show that the colorimetric/fluorescent dual biosensors exhibited two linear responses in the range of 2-10 ppb and 20-100 ppb for H 2 O 2 . The colorimetric and fluorescent detection limits were 0.1 and 0.01 ppb, respectively. Compared with the free Hb, the biocatalytic activity of the Hb-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 HNFs can be improved for 3-4 times under optimal conditions. The sensing performance of these Hb-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 HNF-based dual biosensors can be contributed such that the active sites of Hb molecules were more exposed on the surface of the Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 nanopetals. Second, the unique nanopetal-assembled hybrid flowerlike structure was favorable to contact the detected substance with the biosensors. The dual biosensors were successfully applied for the determination of H 2 O 2 in rainwater, tap water, and waste water samples. These results show that the dual biosensors had a potential application in the field of medical analysis, environmental monitoring, and food engineering.

Ultrathin (Pt-enriched cage)@CeO 2 core@shell nanostructures are successfully fabricated via a facile hard-template method. It is found that the usage of Pd@Ag@CeO 2 bi-metallic core@shell nanostructure as the hard template plays an important role in avoiding the independent nucleation of Pt metal during the galvanic replacement process between K 2 PtCl 4 and Ag components. This unique core@shell samples show extraordinary activity and selectivity for the cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation reaction. It can achieve over 95% conversion with 87% selectivity of hydrocinnamaldehyde in 5 h under 1 atm H 2 pressure. It is considered that such high catalytic performance could be attributed to the densely CeO 2 -coated core@shell hybrid form as well as the ultrathin nature of the Pt-enriched cage., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

(Asymmetrical Pd@Ag core)@(CeO 2 shell) nanostructures are successfully fabricated via a clean and facile modified autoredox reaction by the preaddition of Pd seeds in the growth solution. In a subsequent catalytic test, it is found that the as-obtained bimetallic core@shell nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic performance in semihydrogenation of alkynes. The trade-off between selectivity and activity is well realized., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The nonstoichiometric metal oxide Ni 0.3 Co 2.7 O 4 served as a support for small-sized Pt nanoparticles. The whole synthesis of the hybrid material can be kinetically controlled and no further surface-modification treatment was required. More importantly, the as-obtained strongly coupled PtNi 0.3 Co 2.7 O 4 hybrid nanoflowers exhibit remarkably enhanced catalytic activities compared with PtNiO and PtCo 3 O 4 hybrid samples. This result indicates that it is possible to optimize the catalytic performance of noble metals by using a nonstoichiometric metal oxides as a support instead of a stoichiometric metal oxide., (Copyright © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In this paper, we have successfully demonstrated the clean synthesis of high-quality Pd@CeO 2 core@shell nanospheres with tunable Pd core sizes in water, and furthermore loaded the as-obtained Pd@CeO 2 products on commercial γ-Al 2 O 3 via electrostatic interaction. KBr here plays two key roles in inducing the growth and self-assembly of Pd@CeO 2 core@shell nanospheres. First, Br - ions can retard the reduction of Pd 2+ ions via the formation of the more stable complex of [PdBr 4 ] 2- so as to tune the size of Pd cores. Second, it greatly decreases the colloidal stability, and hence the surface polarity-weakened Pd and CeO 2 NPs have to spontaneously self-assemble into more stable and ordered structures. Among different-sized Pd samples, the as-obtained 8 nm-Pd@CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 one exhibits the best performance in catalytic CO oxidation, which can catalyze 100% CO conversion into CO 2 at 95 °C, which is much lower than the previously reported CeO 2 -encapsulated Pd samples.

A fast and facile self-assembly method has been developed to deposit 3-5 nm sized PdxPt1-x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanoparticles (NPs) on Ni(OH)2 nanosheets. The biomolecule l-lysine has been used here as the linker to hybridize PdxPt1-x NPs and Ni(OH)2 nanosheets together. The catalytic properties of the obtained PdxPt1-x/Ni(OH)2 hybrids were evaluated by employing the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) by NaBH4 as a model reaction. The results reveal that the stability, activity and recyclability of PdxPt1-x NPs have been remarkably enhanced after being supported on Ni(OH)2 nanosheets. Moreover, the influence of the composition of noble metals on the catalytic properties has been studied in depth and Pd0.5Pt0.5/Ni(OH)2 hybrids show the optimal catalytic properties.

Mastery of nanomaterial structure enables the control of its properties to enhance its performance for a given application. Herein, we demonstrate a fast and facile self-assembly method for the synthesis of a series of Co3 O4 @CeO2 core@shell cubes, which are characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results indicate that the thickness of the CeO2 shell can be tuned through simple variation of the feeding molar ratio of Ce/Co. These Co3 O4 @CeO2 core@shell cubes are used for catalytic CO oxidation and show good catalytic properties. Moreover, the relationship between the catalytic performance and the CeO2 shell thickness is studied in depth to optimize the catalytic properties., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

An ordinary steam turbine retrofit project is selected as a case study; through the retrofit, the project activities will generate emission reductions within the power grid for about 92,463 tCO(2)e per annum. The internal rate of return (IRR) of the project is only -0.41% without the revenue of carbon credits, for example, CERs, which is much lower than the benchmark value of 8%. Only when the unit price of carbon credit reaches 125 CNY/tCO(2), the IRR could reach the benchmark and an effective carbon tax needs to increase the price of carbon to 243 CNY/tce in order to make the project financially feasible. Design of incentive mechanism will help these low efficiency enterprises improve efficiency and reduce CO(2) emissions, which can provide the power plants sufficient incentive to implement energy efficiency retrofit project in existing coal-fuel power generation-units, and we hope it will make a good demonstration for the other low efficiency coal-fueled power generation units in China.