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Lymphoma is a cancer affecting the lymphatic system that fights infections and diseases. In addition to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, novel approaches have recently been investigated, such as phytostilbenes in treating lymphoma. Phytostilbenes are natural compounds present in various plants and have been shown to have different therapeutic effects, including anticancer properties. Resveratrol is a main phytostilbene with various derivates followed by pterostilbene and piceatannol. Studies have revealed that phytostilbenes can suppress the growth and proliferation of lymphoma cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting specific enzyme activity in cancer cell survival. The compounds also have antiinflammatory effects contributing to reducing lymphoma-associated inflammation. Additionally, phytostilbenes have been shown to increase the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells by activating immune cells (T-cells and natural killer cells). This review investigates the potential therapeutic effects of phytostilbenes, including resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol, and pinosylvin, against lymphoma. [Display omitted] •.Lymphoma is a cancer affecting the lymphatic system. • Phytostilbenes have shown diverse effects including anticancer. • Phytostilbenes can suppress the growth and proliferation of lymphoma cells via different mechanisms, described. • Phytostilbenes strengthened the immune system's ability to tbht cancer cells, described. • This review suggested the significant role of phytostilbenes as a potential ttherapeutic modality against lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a new dual delivery system of naringenin (NRG), a polyphenol, and doxofylline (DOX), a xanthine derivative, as an inhaled microsphere system. In this system, NRG has been first loaded into glyceryl tristearate-based solid lipid nanoparticles (NRG SLN), which were further loaded with DOX into swellable chitosan-tripolyphosphate-based microspheres (NRG SLN DOX sMS). The system was characterized based on particle size, PDI, zeta potential, surface morphology (SEM, AFM, and TEM), solid-state and chemical properties (XRD, IR, and NMR), aerodynamic parameters, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release study. The optimized NRG SLN DOX sMS exhibited particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of 2.1 µm, 31.2 mV, and 0.310, respectively; a drug entrapment efficiency > 79 %; a drug loading efficiency > 13 %; cumulative drug releases of about 78 % for DOX and 72 % for NRG after 6 and 12 h, respectively; good swelling and desirable aerodynamic properties. In addition, in vivo studies conducted in mice, a murine model of asthma showed significant reductions in serum bicarbonate and eosinophil counts and improvement in respiratory flow rate, tidal volume, and bronchial wall lining compared with the asthmatic control group. Overall, this novel inhalable dual-delivery system may represent a good alternative for the effective treatment of asthma. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review discusses the impact of heavy metals on the growth of plants at different concentrations, paying particular attention to the hormesis effect. Within the past decade, study of the hormesis phenomenon has generated considerable interest because it was considered not only in the framework of plant growth stimulation but also as an adaptive response of plants to a low level of stress which in turn can play an important role in their responses to other stress factors. In this review, we focused on the defence mechanisms of plants as a response to different metal ion doses and during the crosstalk between metal ions and biotic stressors such as insects and pathogenic fungi. Issues relating to metal ion acquisition and ion homeostasis that may be essential for the survival of plants, pathogens and herbivores competing in the same environment were highlighted. Besides, the influence of heavy metals on insects, especially aphids and pathogenic fungi, was shown. Our intention was also to shed light on the relationship between heavy metals deposition in the environment and ecological communities formed under a strong selective pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of injections with Imidacloprid in controlling snow scale of citrus (Unaspis citri Comstock) in sweet orange plants. The test was carried out for two consecutive production cycles, the trees implanted on red yellow podzolic soil were nine years old. The treatments were T0: control; T1: one application of two injections of Imidacloprid in October; T2: two applications of Imidacloprid of two injections of each, the first in October and the second 100 days after; T3: trunk spraying of Chlorpyrifos 48 (0,1 %) in October. The number of live nymphs, males and females insects per cm2 of trunk and efficiency of the applications at 45, 90, 135 and 180 days after application of treatments was evaluated. Treatments injections of Imidacloprid and sprays of Chlorpyrifos affected the snow scale, although the efficiency of those were variable, 45 days after applying the products treatments, differences in the number of insects were detected compared to the control in both crop cycles. Applications of Imidacloprid injections were as effective as spraying of Chlorpyrifos for control of the snow scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the existence of extensive clinical research and novel therapeutic treatments, cancer remains undefeated and the significant cause of death worldwide. Cancer is a disease in which growth of cells goes out of control, being also able to invade other parts of the body. Cellular division is strictly controlled by multiple checkpoints like G1/S and G2/M which, when dysregulated, lead to uncontrollable cell division. The current remedies which are being utilized to combat cancer are monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, cryoablation, and bone marrow transplant etc. and these have also been greatly disheartening because of their serious adverse effects like hypotension, neuropathy, necrosis, leukemia relapse and many more. Bioactive compounds derived from natural products have marked the history of the development of novel drug therapies against cancer among which ginsenosides have no peer as they target several signaling pathways, which when abnormally regulated, lead to cancer. Substantial research has reported that ginsenosides like Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2 etc. can prevent and treat cancer by targeting different pathways and molecules by induction of autophagy, neutralizing ROS, induction of cancerous cell death by controlling the p53 pathway, modulation of miRNAs by decreasing Smad2 expression, regulating Bcl-2 expression by normalizing the NF-Kb pathway, inhibition of inflammatory pathways by decreasing the production of cytokines like IL-8, causing cell cycle arrest by restricting cyclin E1 and CDC2, and induction of apoptosis during malignancy by decreasing β-catenin levels etc. In this review, we have analyzed the anti-cancer therapeutic potential of various ginsenoside compounds in order to consider their possible use in new strategies in the fight against cancer. [Display omitted] • Use of ginsenosides as a possible a new strategy in fighting cancer. • Ginsenosides display anti-cancer activity through regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. • New dimension of the antitumor effects of ginsenosides in various cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multivariate optimization strategy predicted the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for Nardostachys jatamansi root extracts. • GC–MS analysis pointed out improvement in the concentration of the bioactive sesquiterpenes and steroidal compounds with the UAE method. • Optimized extracts using the UAE method demonstrated better anti-oxidant and AChE inhibitory potentials. • UAE could be assumed as a 'green approach' for the extraction of selected medicinal herbs. Extracts from medicinal plants are generally obtained by conventional methods like percolation and maceration. Owing to limitations of traditional methods and to meet the rising demand of extracts, the development of new green approaches is need of hour. In the present research, we have developed an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method for the Nardostachys jatamansi (NJ) D. Don, DC roots and optimized the extraction parameters for possible improved extract yield. A multivariate optimization strategy using the Centre Composite Design coupled with response surface methodology was applied. A numerical optimization approach accurately predicted the extraction conditions (sonication time ∼ 20 min, ethanol ∼ 70 % and a liquid/solid ratio of about 21:1). Scanning electron microscopy of the plant samples after UAE also indicated the cavitation effect due to sound waves. GC–MS analysis of the optimized ultrasound extract (OUNJ) confirmed improvement in the concentration of various secondary metabolites like jatamansone (91.8 % increase), spirojatamol (42.3 % increase), globulol (130.4 % increase), sitosterol (84.6 % increase) as compared to the soxhlet extract (SXNJ). Different anti-oxidant parameters (DPPH, Glutathione, Catalase SOD and NO) were also significantly altered (p < 0.05) in the optimized extracts. The IC 50 to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in vitro and its concentration in brain homogenates were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by OUNJ extract as compared to the SXNJ ones. To conclude, we can say that established optimized conditions for UAE of N. jatamansi roots not only reduce the extraction time but also improved the pharmacological potential of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, cancer has remained one of the deadliest diseases that endanger human health, emphasizing urgent drug discovery. Cellular senescence has gained a great deal of attention in recent years because of its link to the development of cancer therapy. Senescent cells are incapable of proliferating due to irreversibly inhibition of the initiation of the cell cycle pathways. However, senescent cells aggregate in tissues and produce a pro-inflammatory secretome called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that can cause serious harmful effects if not managed properly. There is mounting evidence that senescent cells lead to various phases of tumorigenesis in various anatomical sites, owing mostly to the paracrine activities of the SASP. Therefore, a new treatment field called senotherapeutics has been established. Senotherapeutics are newly developed anticancer agents that have been demonstrated to inhibit cancer efficiently. In light of recent findings, several promising natural products have been identified as senescence inducers and senotherapeutics, including, miliusanes, epigallocatechin gallate, phloretin, silybin, resveratrol, genistein, sulforaphane, quercetin, allicin, fisetin, piperlongumine, berberine, triptolide, tocotrienols and curcumin analogs. Some of them have already been validated through preclinical trials and exert an enormous potential for clinical trials. This review article focuses on and summarizes the latest advances made on cellular senescence and its potential as a target for cancer treatment and highlights the well-known natural products as senescence inducers and senotherapeutics for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A comparison of the foaming parameters of various Champagne wines was undergone with two well distinct methods: (i) a classical gas-sparging method providing standardized but artificial effervescence conditions (the so-called Mosalux), and (ii) a computer assisted viewing equipment (CAVE), much closer to the real champagne tasting conditions. The latter one is the only apparatus which enables a thorough descriptive analysis of foam behavior, during the pouring process of a sparkling wine, and from the end of its pouring. Various Champagne wines elaborated from two grape varieties (Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier) and having experienced different aging-periods (15 months and 5 years) were analyzed and compared to a model sparkling wine, elaborated from a model base wine (devoid of grape colloids). The CO2 and protein content was also investigated to discuss the foaming behavior of these wines. A significant loss of the CO2 content during aging was observed and might be the reason for the worse foaming properties of the old champagnes, as determined with CAVE. It is worth noting that contradictory foaming parameters were obtained through the Mosalux method, which is indeed more intrusive than the CAVE, and finally far from the real champagne tasting conditions, since it requires filtration and champagne degassing prior experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It was demonstrated that CO2 volume fluxes outgassing from a flute poured with a young champagne (elaborated in 2007) are much higher than those outgassing from the same flute poured with an older champagne (elaborated in the early 1990s). The difference in dissolved-CO2 concentrations between the two types of champagne samples was found to be a crucial parameter responsible for differences in CO2 volume fluxes outgassing from one champagne to another. Nevertheless, it was shown that, for a given identical dissolved-CO2 concentration in both champagne types, the CO2 volume flux outgassing from the flute poured with the old champagne is, in average, significantly lower than that outgassing from the flute poured with the young one. Therefore, CO2 seems to “escape” more easily from the young champagne than from the older one. The diffusion coefficient of CO2 in both champagne types was pointed as a key parameter to thoroughly determine in the future, in order to unravel our experimental observation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is demonstrated in this paper that an imaging spectrometer with the 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) technique is an original unintrusive and nondestructive method, perfectly adapted to determine the amount of CO2 dissolved in a closed bottle of Champagne or Sparkling wine as well as the self-diffusion of CO2 in this matrix. Two Champagnes and one Sparkling wine were analyzed on a 7T imaging spectrometer. It was necessary to use an imaging spectrometer with a large available bore to insert the bottle, localize the measurement and carry out 1H and 13C spectroscopy with a good sensitivity. In the 13C spectra, CO2 and alcohol signals are well separated. By use of the quantity of ethanol acting as an internal reference, it was possible to deduce the CO2 concentration. We determined the relaxation parameter T1 of CO2. Thanks to diffusion spectroscopy, the diffusion rate of the CO2 in the closed bottle was also calculated. The method can easily be extended to study the CO2 content in closed bottles of other sparkling drinks, like beers, sodas, and fizzy waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Carotenoids in food substances are believed to have health benefits by lowering the risk of diseases. Lutein, a carotenoid compound, is one of the essential nutrients available in green leafy vegetables (kale, broccoli, spinach, lettuce, and peas), along with other foods, such as eggs. As nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health, lutein, as a nutritional substance, confers promising benefits against numerous health issues, including neurological disorders, eye diseases, skin irritation, etc. This review describes the in-depth health beneficial effects of lutein. As yet, a minimal amount of literature has been undertaken to consider all its promising bioactivities. The step-by-step biosynthesis of lutein has also been taken into account in this review. Besides, this review demonstrates the drug interactions of lutein with β-carotene, as well as safety concerns and dosage. The potential benefits of lutein have been assessed against neurological disorders, eye diseases, cardiac complications, microbial infections, skin irritation, bone decay, etc. Additionally, recent studies ascertained the significance of lutein nanoformulations in the amelioration of eye disorders, which are also considered in this review. Moreover, a possible approach for the use of lutein in bioactive functional foods will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer concern on the use of naturally-occurring antimicrobials from plants, microorganisms and animal sources continues to grow daily, mostly triggered by the increasing awareness about the risks associated with the use of synthetically manufactured additives and preservatives in the food industry. Natural compounds present in herbs- and spices-derived extracts, essential oils and other secondary metabolites from plants, bacteria and enzymes are currently gaining ground and are still largely underused. Their use as replacements for synthetic additives can open new frontiers in safety and quality preservation in food, as they are relatively safer and do not pose health risks to consumers. This review provides updated information on the use of preservative solutions from natural sources on foods, especially perishable ones, also discussing the use of new packaging technologies. Although the use of additive sources of natural origin has received increasing interest, some adverse effects on organoleptic properties may also result from its use. Thus, despite the latest advances, more studies are still needed on the optimization of the quantities to be used to effectively inhibit spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms without affecting the organoleptic properties of foods; otherwise, these natural food additives can be encapsulated for inclusion in foods as preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milli-channel baffle labyrinths are widely used in drip irrigation systems. They induce a pressure drop enabling drip irrigation. However, with a section thickness that is measured in mm2, they are sensitive to clogging, which reduces the performance and service life of a drip irrigation system. The impact of chlorination (1.5 ppm of free chlorine during 1 h application) and pressure flushing (0.18 MPa) on the biofouling of non-pressure-compensating drippers, fed by real reclaimed wastewater, was studied at lab scale using optical coherence tomography. The effect of these treatments on microbial composition (bacteria and eukaryotes) was also investigated by High-throughput DNA sequencing. Biofouling was mainly observed in the inlet, outlet and return areas of the milli-labyrinth channel from drippers. Chlorination reduced biofilm development, particularly in the mainstream of the milli-labyrinth channel, and it was more efficient when combined with pressure flushing. Moreover, chlorination was more efficient in maintaining water distribution uniformity (CU < 95% compared to less than 85% for unchlorinated lines). It reduced more efficiently the bacterial concentration (≈1 log) and the diversity of the bacterial community in the dripper biofilms compared to the pressure flushing method. Chlorination significantly modified the microbial communities, promoting chlorine-resistant bacteria such as Comamonadaceae or Azospira. Inversely, several bacterial groups were identified as sensitive to chlorination such as Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes. Nevertheless, one month after stopping the treatments bacterial diversity recovered and the chlorine-sensitive bacteria such as Chloroflexi phylum and the Saprospiraceae , Spirochaetaceae , Christensenellaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae families re-emerged in conjunction with the growth of biofouling, highlighting the resilience of the bacteria originating from drippers. Based on PCoA analyses, the structure of the bacterial communities still clustered separately from non-chlorinated drippers, showing that the effect of chlorination was still detectable one month after stopping the treatment. Unlabelled Image • Chlorination and lateral flushing are commonly used to prevent dripper biofouling. • Biofilm thickness was lowest when chlorination was combined with pressure flushing. • The β-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes contain chlorine resistant bacteria. • The decrease of Chloroflexi (filamentous bacteria) by chlorination was transitory. • The bacterial community was resilient after the interruption of cleaning events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by disorders with progressive deterioration of the structure and/or function of neurons. Genetic mutations can lead to many NDs. Nevertheless, neurodegeneration can also take place due to several biological processes. The pathogenesis of several NDs including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases are associated with oxidative stress (OS). In order to maintain the normal functions of neurons, lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important, since their increased levels can cause neuronal cell death. It has been found that OS-mediated neurodegeneration involves a number of events including mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ overload, and excitotoxicity. A growing number of studies are suggesting the benefit of using polyphenols for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, in order to treat most of the NDs, synthetic drugs are extensively used which are found to exert side effects in the course of the treatment. There is mounting evidence that researchers have identified several naturally-occurring chemical compounds in plants, which are used for the management of NDs. Overall, polyphenolic phytochemicals are safer in nature and have negligible side effects. In this article, we have focused on the potential efficacy of polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin and methylated polyphenols berberine against the most common neurodegenerative disorders. • Oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration involves a complex series of events including mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload, and excitotoxicity. • Polyphenols exert neuroprotective effects and promote neuron survival by targeting neurotrophins. • Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents neuronal cell death by decreasing the activity of β- and γ-secretases through impeding ERK and NF-κβ. • Berberine exhibits free radicals scavenging effect by activating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways. • Curcumin aids in restoring neuronal cells by activating Trk/PI3K signaling pathways that raise BDNF levels. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell cycle dysregulation is the mainstay of aberrant cell proliferation, which leads to tumor progression. Mutations in tumor cells initiate various dysregulated pathways and spontaneous over-proliferation with genomic/chromosomal instability. Despite advances in cancer therapy, it has remained a medicinal challenge to treat. Besides, the complexity of pathophysiological pathways behind cancer raises the need for novel multi-target agents, possessing fewer side effects. Alkaloid-based therapies have been explored so far to target cell division in cancer, including vinca alkaloids. As a class of hopeful β-carboline derivatives, growing evidence has indicated their auspicious roles in combating cancer by inhibiting topoisomerase (TOPO), kinesin Eg5, telomerase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), IκB kinase (IKK), and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) in the transition phases of cell cycle. In this review, in vitro potential of β-carboline has been revealed through targeting cell division cycle at different phases. In conclusion, β-carboline alkaloids could be introduced as novel candidates in cancer therapy. Image 1 • β-carboline alkaloids are natural-based promising agents with potential therapeutic applications. • β-carbolines derivatives greatly ameliorate cell cycle dysregulations in cancer. • β-carbolines suppress CDK/PLK-1/IKK, to exert their anti-cancer effects. • β-carboline alkaloids block Kinesin Eg5/DNA integration in combating cancer. • β-carbolines inhibit TOPO/telomerase to suppress cell cycle over-activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2019, many pneumonia cases with unidentified sources appeared in Wuhan, Hubei, China, with clinical symptoms like viral pneumonia. Deep sequencing analysis of samples from lower respiratory tract revealed a novel coronavirus, called 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Currently there is a rapid global spread. World Health Organization declare the disease a pandemic condition. The pathologic source of this disease was a new RNA virus from Coronaviridae family, which was named COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 entry starts with the binding of the spike glycoprotein expressed on the viral envelope to ACE2 on the alveolar surface followed by clathrin-dependent endocytosis of the SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 complex. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through endocytosis process, which is possibly facilitated, via a pH dependent endosomal cysteine protease cathepsins. Once inside the cells, SARS-CoV-2 exploits the endogenous transcriptional machinery of alveolar cells to replicate and spread through the entire lung. Endosomal acidic pH for SARS-CoV-2 processing and internalization is critical. After entering the cells, it possibly activates or hijack many intracellular pathways in favor of its replication. In the current opinion article, we will explain the possible involvement of unfolded protein response as a cellular stress response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly prevalent neurodegenerative pathology. • Chronic oral microbiota alterations have been associated with the risk of AD. • Oral microbiota releases inflammatory mediators that can cause neuroinflammation. • Oral health care is essential to prevent oral microbiota dysbiosis. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology affecting milions of people worldwide associated with deposition of senile plaques. While the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with the onset and consolidation of late onset AD are heterogeneous and sporadic, growing evidence also suggests a potential link between some infectious diseases caused by oral microbiota and AD. Oral microbiota dysbiosis is purported to contribute either directly to amyloid protein production, or indirectly to neuroinflammation, occurring as a consequence of bacterial invasion. Over the last decade, the development of Human Oral Microbiome database (HOMD) has deepened our understanding of oral microbes and their different roles during the human lifetime. Oral pathogens mostly cause caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism in aged population, and, in particular, alterations of the oral microbiota causing chronic periodontal disease have been associated with the risk of AD. Here we describe how different alterations of the oral microbiota may be linked to AD, highlighting the importance of a good oral hygiene for the prevention of oral microbiota dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants, fungi, and microorganisms are equipped with biosynthesis machinery for producing thousands of secondary metabolites. These compounds have important functions in nature as a defence against predators or competitors as well as other ecological significances. The full utilization of these compounds for food, medicine, and other purposes requires a thorough understanding of their structures and the distinct biochemical pathways of their production in cellular systems. In this review, flavonoids as classical examples of secondary metabolites are employed to highlight recent advances in understanding how valuable compounds can be regulated at various levels. With extensive diversity in their chemistry and pharmacology, understanding the metabolic engineering of flavonoids now allows us to fine-tune the eliciting of their production, accumulation, and extraction from living systems. More specifically, recent advances in the shikimic acid and acetate biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids production from metabolic engineering point of view, from genes expression to multiple principles of regulation, are addressed. Specific examples of plants and microorganisms as the sources of flavonoids-based compounds with particular emphasis on therapeutic applications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of spatio-temporal couplings (STCs) of broadband light beams is becoming a key topic for the optimization as well as applications of ultrashort laser systems. This calls for accurate measurements of STCs. Yet, it is only recently that such complete spatio-temporal or spatio-spectral characterization has become possible, and it has so far mostly been implemented at the output of the laser systems, where experiments take place. In this survey, we present for the first time STC measurements at different stages of a collection of high-power ultrashort laser systems, all based on the chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) technique, but with very different output characteristics. This measurement campaign reveals spatio-temporal effects with various sources, and motivates the expanded use of STC characterization throughout CPA laser chains, as well as in a wider range of types of ultrafast laser systems. In this way knowledge will be gained not only about potential defects, but also about the fundamental dynamics and operating regimes of advanced ultrashort laser systems.

The combination of temporal chirp with a simple chromatic aberration known as longitudinal chromatism leads to extensive control over the velocity of laser intensity in the focal region of an ultrashort laser beam. We present the first implementation of this effect on a femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that by using a specially designed and characterized lens doublet to induce longitudinal chromatism, this velocity control can be implemented independent of the parameters of the focusing optic, thus allowing for great flexibility in experimental applications. Finally, we explain and demonstrate how this spatiotemporal phenomenon evolves when imaging the ultrashort pulse focus with a magnification different from unity.