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Attempt is made to elucidate and evaluate the difference in the milk yield on a total and per day basis during the calving period at both actual and standard lactation period. It was found that at duration of the calving interval that was admittedly shorter than the standard -- 365 days -- the cows had shorter lactation period than the standard one. At duration of the calving interval of 360 to 370 days (365 days on a average) which is standard for this country none of the groups of cows reached the normative duration of the claving period in terms of milk-yielding capacity. This was better expressed also with the lengthening of the calving period over 365 days. When the cows fail to reach the standard (normative) duration of the lactation period considerable amounts of milk are presumably lost -- for 300 days of lactation, -both for the lactation period as a whole and for each single day of the calving period.

An attempt was made to work out a method and establish the indices in calculating the losses of milk due to sterility in cows, along with recording the level of productivity and the duration of the period of sterility. The differences were established between: 1. The size of the average daily milk yield per normative day (a day of the period between calvings of 365 days) and that per day of the actual period between calvings. 2. The average daily milk yield per normative day and that per day of the period of sterility. The milk losses calculated in both ways gave almost comparable results. It is , therefore, suggested when calculating the losses due to sterility to use the established indices of milk losses per sterility day (Table 2) at a varying milkiness of the cows and a varying length of the period between calvings, resp., the period of sterility.

We have studied the behaviour of single sodium channels in cell-attached patches in neuroblastoma cell line N1E 115 at 8-15 degrees C modified by chloramine-T (CT). Application of the agent to the external surface of the membrane cause different effects: CT binds to the membrane and cause irreversible effects leading to a decrease of open channel lifetime at 10 or 20 mV relative potentials without affecting the amplitude of single channel current. Channels modified by CT show a tendency to occur in burst (they can open and close several times during depolarization). Therefore, the slower decay of the average current must be explained by the flickering behaviour of the modified channels. We also examined the effect of CT on the relationship between open time of the channels and membrane potential. On the other hand, a small decrease in the mean delay time as a function of membrane voltages was observed which probably is related to the three state model of inactivation. Our results suggest that CT modifies sodium channel inactivation.

A study was carried out on the duration of the lactation period at different milk yield values and variable duration of the calving interval. It was found that the time period of lactation was influenced by the calving interval and the amounts of milk obtained. When the calving period was more than 365 days there was an unproportional lengthening of the lactation period which led to the respective lengthening of the dry period of cows. One day lengthening of the calving period brought about an increase of the dry period by 0.3 to 0.4 days. In the groups where milk yields amounted up to 4000 1 per cow the relative share of animals whose lactation period was below the standard was higher as compared to the groups with milk yields amounting over 4000 1 per cow. The higher the milk yield the higher the number of cows whose lactation period was within the norm. However, what is commonly observed is that with most of the cows the lactation period is below the standard, and this substantiates the fact that considerable amounts of milk are not really obtained.

An attempt is made at elucidating the essence of veterinary scientific and technological achievements and the character of the effect of their implementation. On the basis of a structural analysis veterinary scientific investigations are grouped as: theoretical-fundamental, scientific-applicative and scientific-technological elaborations. Starting out from the character of the effect that is achieved through their application, the scientific works, as well as the scientific and technological achievements in the field of veterinary medicine, are categorized as follows: cognitive (New knowledge), technical and technological (medico-biological), socio-sanitary, economic and those having a mixed effect (cognitive- medico-biological, medico-biological-socio-sanitary, socio-sanitary and economic, etc. The identification of the various types of effects requires the elaboration of respective criteria, as well as a system of indexes for their characterization, a qualitative and a quantitative determination, as necessary conditions for determining the effectiveness of research veterinary works and that of research technological achievement.

Studies were carried out on 167 pregnant women, divided into 4 groups in accordance with the values of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCH). Fetal death was established by ultrasound in 41 of the pregnant women including all cases with HCG under 5000 IU, but it was also found in 19.18% of women with values of HCG over 10,000 IU. Pregnancy advanced unfavourably in other 16 pregnant women of altogether in 34.13%. Prognosis was unfavourable in the presence of decidual hematoma. The gestational sac was enlarged on the average. 1.3 mm per day in normal development. Treatment was made in two groups: with hormones, spasmolytics and vitamins and only with spasmolytics and vitamins. The results showed that progesterone preparations, used singly or in combination with estradiol, did not improve the results.

A functional analysis and investigation was carried out on the character of labour input of vets responsible for the veterinary and sanitary control in the field of meat production and processing at five meat combines of variable volume of production and equipped with different technical means. Photos and self-photos of the working time and chronometric studies were made to find the amount of work done by vets for the specific types of activity. Investigations showet that all veterinary types of work guaranteeing an overall veterinary and sanitary control on the animals and products derived from them, including the keeping of specific veterinary records required 10 min. for a large animal, 4.8 min. for a swine, and 2.6 min. for a small ruminant. On the basis of these time-consuming norms labour stansardization and normatives for the number of persons engaged in the veterinary service responsible for the veterinary-and-sanitary control in the meat-producing combines were worked out.

After prolonged application of ethanol the liver and brain of rats show an appreciable increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, noticeable lowering of cytoplasmic aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity, elevation of liver arginine succinate lyase activity with unchanged activities of other enzymes of the ornithine cycle (ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase), reduction of glutamate and malate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity in brain tissue. Concurrent application of ethanol and pyridoxine normalizes the effect of ethanol on liver arginine succinate lyase and on brain tissue lactate and malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.