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Accurate femoral-acetabular relationship was not possible until the advent of the computed tomography scan. Computed tomography scan allows visualization and measurement of femoral torsion, femoral head contour, soft tissue and bony impingements on the femoral head, acetabular configuration and femoral-acetabular relationship.

Forty-eight boys were assessed for an acutely painful scrotum. Thirty-six (75%) of them underwent radionuclide scanning of the scrotum; the average age of this group was 11 years. The scan revealed epididymitis in 19 cases, spermatic cord torsion in 9, appendix testis torsion in 7 and acute hernia-hydrocele in 1. The diagnosis was confirmed at operation in all nine cases of spermatic cord torsion. Boys who had epididymitis received antibiotics only; all were available for short-term follow-up, and 16 were also assessed at a mean of 6 months after infection. Only one boy had testicular atrophy; he had undergone repair of an inguinal hernia, which could not be ruled out as a cause. Bacteriuric epididymitis occurred in three boys; two had known predisposing genitourinary anomalies, the third had no abnormalities. Boys who had nonbacteriuric epididymitis were investigated by renal and pelvic ultrasonography or voiding cystourethrography; no important abnormalities were detected. This prospective study indicates that radionuclide scanning can reliably differentiate spermatic cord torsion from other acute scrotal disease.

We report a new method using computed tomography (CT) to measure femoral torsion more accurately in patients with cerebral palsy. The method involves CT scanning through the femoral head, the femoral neck at the region of the greater trochanter, and the femoral condyle.

Cubitus varus following supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children consists of varus, hyperextension, and internal rotation deformities of the distal bone fragment of the humerus. There has been no simple clinical method of measuring internal rotation deformity. The authors report here on a method of accurately measuring the internal rotation of the shoulder in a position with the elbow at 90 degrees flexion on the back and the shoulder held at the maximum extension. When a patient with developing cubitus varus attempts to rotate his shoulder internally, there is an apparent increase in the degree of internal rotation at the shoulder of the fractured side. The mean value of the angle formed between the horizontal plane of the back and the mid-line of the forearm was approximately 0 degrees in 217 normal children, whereas an increase of 35 degrees was seen in seven children with cubitus varus. When this angle was corrected successfully, the angle after surgical correction became approximately 0 degrees. In the treatment of cubitus varus deformity, it is necessary to simultaneously correct three-dimensional deformities.

The most informative and valuable measuring methods in vertebral body disease have been reviewed and their usefulness in orthopaedic and radiological problems analysed. The methods described here are useful to assess the severity and progress of spinal disease.

A simple biplanar roentgenographic technique for measurement of femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angle is described in which no special equipment is required. An anteroposterior roentgenogram of the pelvis and the femoral neck is made with the hip in neutral rotation. The true lateral roentgenogram is made with the patient's limb in a lateral position with the hip and knee flexed and with the entire lateral aspect of the leg in contact with the top of the table. Projected cervicofemoral angulations are measured on the roentgenograms. The method is described to determine the true angles by dynamically illustrating the projected angles. Graphs have been prepared with which one can readily determine the anteversion and neck-shaft angles once the projected cervicofemoral angulations have been measured.

Experimental investigations in animals allow seeing the primary lesion of idiopathic scoliosis in it's lordotic tendency. Modified x-rays in sagittal plane show the lordsification more distinct than conventional lateral views. Lordosification of the scoliotic spine is linked with restricted anteflexion. The disturbance of bending forward is to measure in x-rays. The incidence of disturbed anteflexion is found significant greater in patients than in controls. The contracture of Mm. spinales explains this feature and also the deficit of growth in posterior vertebral column suggested at neuromuscular imbalance. There are conclusions for an early treatment and providence.

A rounded density is occasionally seen hanging down from the hilus in the presence of a large pneumothorax. To find an explanation for this appearance, the authors obtained a right-sided bronchogram on a baboon, after which they induced pneumothorax on the same side. This experiment demonstrated that the rounded density is formed by a twisted and atelectatic upper lobe.