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Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in various biological processes, including the development of the central nervous system. The dysfunction of mitochondria has been shown to participate in the progress of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a serious complication in acute craniocerebral trauma. Opioids can activate the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. c-Myc, a downstream protein of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, contributes to the fusion of mitochondria. Here, we investigated the protective roles of Propoxyphene (Pro) against Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb)-induced primary cultured neuron apoptosis. The data indicated that Pro rescued active-β-catenin from OxyHb-induced decline. Furthermore, Pro attenuated OxyHb-induced apoptosis and fission of mitochondria in primary cortical neurons. However, the protective effects were abrogated under active-β-catenin-deficient conditions. Together, the data presented here showed that Pro, a weak opioid analgesic drug, attenuates OxyHb-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in an active-β-catenin-c-Myc-dependent manner., (Copyright © 2020 Li, Wang, Li, Cheng, Zhang, Luo, Zhang, Gao, Lu and Li.)

Background: Epidemiological studies about cardiovascular disease in rural areas of developing countries are rare. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and influencing factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in Chinese rural population. Methods: 39,259 subjects (15,490 males) aged 18-79 years were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Age-standardized prevalence was calculated according to Chinese 6th Population Census. Associations between risk factors and diseases were estimated by the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with generalized linear mixed model. Results: Among the participants, 1,734 with CHD and 2,642 with stroke were identified. Crude prevalence of CHD was 4.42%, and prevalence in male (4.01%) was significantly lower than female (4.68%). Corresponding age-standardized prevalence was 2.23% (2.05% for male and 2.37% for female). Crude prevalence of stroke was 6.73%, and in male (7.92%) was higher than female (5.95%). Age-standardized prevalence was 2.98% (3.42% for male and 2.69% for female). The results identified that old age, female, smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were positively associated with CHD. Being Female and a higher level of physical activity were negatively related to stroke, while old age, high-risk drinking, and chronic disease were positively related to stroke. Conclusion: CHD and stroke were not rare in Chinese rural area. Healthy lifestyles and control of chronic disease should be improved to curb the epidemic of cardiovascular disease among rural population. Clinical Trial Registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375., (Copyright © 2020 Wang, Li, Liu, Zhang, Abdulai, Tu, Tian, Qian, Jiang, Qiao, Liu, Dong, Luo and Wang.)

Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease with numerous risk factors, including a growing number of genetic susceptibility variants. The TCF7L2 gene is closely associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but the association of TCF7L2 with weight-related traits in humans is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if TCF7L2 variants and body mass index/waist circumference (BMI/WC) act synergistically to influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population., Methods: This is a large sample, case-control study. We recruited 1842 Chinese type 2 diabetes patients and 7777 healthy controls and collected demographic and anthropometric characteristics and blood samples. We extracted DNA and genotyped the TCF7L2 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs290487 in all participants., Results: There were significant linear interactions between rs7903146 and BMI/WC and elevated blood glucose (P < 0.001); rs290487 and BMI/WC also showed a linear interaction with blood glucose levels (P < 0.001). The interaction was stronger at higher BMI (>21.02) and higher WC (>66.77 cm). The additive interaction of rs 290487 and overweight/obesity variables yielded a significant increase in the risk for T2D. RERI (relative excess risk of interaction) was 2.949 (95%CI: 1.700-4.198), AP (attributable proportion due to interaction) was 0.391 (95%CI: 2.281-0.502), and SI (synergy index) was 1.822 (95%CI: 1.463-2.268). Additionally, there was a significant interaction between rs 290487 and abdominal obesity on the risk of T2D (RERI: 2.642, 95%CI: 1.384-3.900; AP: 0.350, 95%CI: 0.231-0.468; SI: 1.675, 95%CI: 1.348-2.083)., Conclusions: These results show that a TCF7L2 gene-BMI interaction or gene-WC interaction may play an important role in the risk for T2D in the Chinese population., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by gender in Chinese rural adults., Methods: A total of 29,993 participants aged from 18 to 79 years from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) were used to assess MDD and GAD through a face-to-face interview. Multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the associated factors for MDD and GAD., Results: The age-standardized prevalence of MDD and GAD (and 95%CI) in the total sample were 5.41% (5.17-5.66%) and 4.94% (4.71-5.18%), respectively. Besides, the crude prevalence in women were significantly higher than men for both MDD (6.81% vs. 4.77%) and GAD (6.63% vs. 3.93%) (both P < 0.001). Tetrachoric correlation test showed high comorbidity between MDD and GAD (r = 0.88, P = 0.01). Further analysis revealed that age, sex, marital status, educational level, per capita monthly income, drinking, physical activity, and body mass index were associated with MDD and GAD in the overall sample. Gender difference was found among age groups for MDD (P interaction  < 0.001)., Conclusions: These findings showed that Chinese rural adults were at low risk for prevalence of MDD and GAD. Women had higher prevalence and risks for MDD and GAD compared with men, indicating that women deserved more attention. Gender-specific interventions on the modifiable associated factors are urgently needed to improve the mental conditions for Chinese rural population., Clinical Trial Registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 2015-07-06.

Objectives: Recent data relating to the association between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity are limited, especially in low-income areas. Therefore, the study explored the relationship between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity, and assessed the role of energy intake as a mediator of these associations in a rural Chinese adult population., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Rural Chinese adult population., Participants: Subjects from Henan Rural Cohort Study (n=28 773)., Primary Outcome Measures: The effects of spicy food intake frequency on abdominal obesity were analysed by restricted cubic spline and logistic regression, and the mediation effect was analysed using the bootstrap method., Results: The adjusted percentages of abdominal obesity were 47.32%, 51.93%, 50.66% and 50.29% in the spicy food intake subgroups of never, 1-2 day/week, 3-5 day/week and 6-7 day/week, respectively. An inverse U-shaped association was found between spicy food intake frequency and abdominal obesity (p<0.01). Compared with subjects who never consumed spicy food, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the 1-2 day/week, 3-5 day/week and 6-7 day/week subgroups were 1.186 (1.093, 1.287), 1.127 (1.038, 1.224) and 1.104 (1.044, 1.169), respectively. Furthermore, the increased odd of abdominal obesity related to more frequent spicy food intake was mediated by higher fat energy intake; the direct and indirect effects were 1.107 (1.053, 1.164) and 1.007 (1.003, 1.012), respectively., Conclusions: The data indicated that spicy food intake increased the risk of abdominal obesity, and fat energy intake may be a mediator of this association in rural Chinese populations. Clarifying the mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for abdominal obesity., Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Chinese rural population. In addition, we hypothesised that this relationship might be mediated by some degree of serum lipids., Design: This is a cross-sectional study., Setting: The participants were from the Henan Rural Cohort Study, initiated in five rural areas (Tongxu county of Kaifeng city, Yima county of Sanmenxia city, Suiping county of Zhumadian city, Xinxiang county of Xinxiang city and Yuzhou county of Xuchang city) in Henan Province, China, during July 2015 and September 2017., Participants: The study included 39 020 subjects aged 18-79 years as current research population., Outcome Measures: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer. MAP was calculated by one-third SBP plus two-thirds DBP. The study used restricted cubic splines and logistic regression models to evaluate the ORs and 95% CIs. Mediation analysis using bootstrap was performed to examine the contribution of serum lipids to MAP-related CHD., Results: The adjusted OR (95% CI) for the highest MAP quartile with the risk of CHD was 1.45 (1.24 to 1.69) compared with the lowest quartile. Simultaneously, each 1-SD increment in MAP was significantly associated with a 12% increased risk of CHD. A linear dose-response relationship between MAP and CHD was found (p value for non-linear=0.1169) in the fully adjusted model. We further reported that 36.07% of proportion explained risk of CHD was mediated through serum lipids., Conclusions: Increased MAP was a significant marker of CHD in Chinese rural population. Meanwhile, the relationship was mediated by some degree of serum lipids, and triglyceride was the strongest mediator., Trial Registration Number: Henan Rural Cohort study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) and the stage it relates to is Post-results., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To analyze dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012., Methods: Data was from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Dietary intake information was collected by three days food recall and weighed record of edible oil and condiments among 16 612 older adults. Daily energy and three macronutrients intake were calculated according to Chinese Food Composition 2004 and 2009 edition, and then evaluated by 2013 Chinese dietary reference intake., Results: The daily average energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of Chinese older adults was(1840. 9 ± 636. 7) kcal/d, (255. 9 ± 106. 8) g/d, (55. 6±22. 7) g/d and(66. 8±35. 0) g/d, respectively. The mean proportion of energy supplied from carbohydrate, protein and fat was(55. 7% ± 12. 1%), (12. 3% ± 3. 4%)and(32. 5% ± 11. 7%), respectively. Total energy intake, carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate among urban elderly were lower than that in rural, whereas protein and fat intake as well as their contribute rate for energy were higher in urban than those in rural. Regardless of urban and rural areas, four regions and genders, there was a decreasing trend of energy and macronutrient intake with the increase of age(P<0. 01). There 57. 0% of male and 53. 8% of female had lower protein intake than the recommended value, while 56. 7% of male and 56. 8% of female had higher fat contribution for energy upper than 30%. The rate of protein intake deficiency among participants aged 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, 80 years old and above was 51. 0%, 61. 2% and 68. 6% respectively, and the proportion of energy from fat that exceeded 30%was 56. 9%, 56. 3% and 57. 1%, respectively., Conclusion: The daily average macronutrients intake model was unreasonable with higher fat but lower protein among Chinese older adults.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine if early menarche is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural Chinese women and to estimate the proportion that can be attributed to adiposity., Methods: A total of 15,346 postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were performed to estimate the relationship between age at menarche and T2DM. Mediation analysis was used to investigate whether the association was mediated by body mass index (BMI)., Results: After adjusting for multiple confounders, the early menarche group (≤14 y) had a higher risk of T2DM (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.06-1.38; P = 0.004) compared with the reference group (16-17 y), whereas the late onset group (≥19 y) had a lower risk of T2DM (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.66-0.92; P = 0.003). BMI partially mediated the association between age at menarche and T2DM, and the proportion of the effect was 28%., Conclusions: Early menarche increases the risk of T2DM, whereas later menarche decreases the risk. The association seems to be partially mediated by BMI.

Objective: To summarize clinical manifestations, inheritance pattern and mutations of NR0B1 gene in 7 children with X-linked adrenal dysplasia congenita (XL-AHC)., Methods: Clinical data of the 7 children was collected. Next-generation sequencing was carried out to detect potential mutations in the coding regions of adrenal gland-related genes. Suspected mutations were verified with Sanger sequencing., Results: In all of the children, the initial symptom was adrenocortical insufficiency. Five cases had neonatal onset, while the remaining two developed it at the age of 2. Three cases (42.9%) had a short stature and 1 showed growth retardation (14.3%). Of the 7 cases, 6 (85.7%) had mutations occurring in exon 1, and 1 (14.3%) had it occurring in exon 2. Four cases (57.1%) were frameshift mutations, 2 cases (28.6%) were nonsense mutations and 1 case (14.3%) was missense mutation. Two mutations were known to be pathogenic, and 5 had not been reported previously. Maternal inheritance was found in 6 cases. Three children had a maternal uncle died of unexplained causes. The mothers of 2 children had a history of spontaneous abortions. One child had a brother died of unexplained reason., Conclusion: Male children with primary adrenal insufficiency should be routinely checked for NR0B1 mutations, especially those with a family history. mutations of NR0B1 gene occur mostly in exon 1, with frameshift mutations being the most common type. The development of all patients with XL-AHC should be closely monitored during follow-up.

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains form a large family of protein modules within membrane-targeting domains. PH domains can function as lipid-binding modules, and in particular bind with different specificities and affinities to phosphoinositides (PIs). Understanding the association of PH domains to PIs is critical for many aspects of cellular biology. Bioinformatics and computational modeling approaches have become standard tools to study the structure and dynamics of PH domains and PIs. In this review, recent advances in the binding specificity of PH domains and their interactions with PIs, using bioinformatics tools for the prediction of PIs binding sites, performing molecular dynamics simulations to study PH domains-PIs interactions, as well as the computational inhibitor design for PH domains guided signaling pathways have been discussed.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays significant roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease (PD). The inactivation of c-Myc, a down-stream gene of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, may contribute to the mitochondria dysfunction. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) with Alsterpaullone (Als) can activate the down-stream events of Wnt signaling. Here, we investigated the protective roles of Als against MPP + -induced cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The data showed that Als effectively rescued c-Myc from the MPP + -induced decline via Wnt signaling. Furthermore, Als protected SH-SY5Y cells from the MPP + -induced mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis. However, the protective roles of Als were lost under β-catenin-deficient conditions. These findings indicate that Als, a GSK-3β inhibitor, attenuated the MPP + -induced mitochondria-dependent apoptotic via up-regulation of the Wnt signaling.

Objective: To analyze clinical characteristics, genetic mutation and therapeutic effect of seven patients diagnosed with congenital hyperinsulinism(CHI)., Methods: Clinical data for the patients was retrospectively analyzed., Results: All patients presented with hyperinsulinism(serum insulin:2.0-58.4 mU/L),even after hypoglycemia (blood glucose: 0.7-2.39 mmol/L) has developed. Mutations were identified in 4 patients (57.1%), which included a heterozygous c.262C to T(p.R88C) mutation in exon 4 of the UCP2 gene, a heterozygous c.1495C to A(p.G499C) mutation in exon 12 of the GLUD1 gene, a heterozygous c.1493C to T(p.S498L) mutation in exon 1 of the GLUD1 gene, and a heterozygous c.4432G to A(p.G1478R) mutation in exon 37 of the ABCC8 gene. The patient carrying a maternally inherited ABCC8 mutation was treated with cornstarch and had his blood glucose kept normal. All other patients responded well to diazoxide., Conclusion: A genetic diagnosis was attained for 51.7% of patients in this study. Mild CHI patients can have their blood glucose controlled by giving cornstarch. Diazoxide is safe and effective for most CHI patients.

Objective: To know the prevalence of low body weight among middleaged and elderly people in general rural areas of China and investigate the influence factors., Methods: A total of 25 464 participants who were 45 years old and above from2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance as subjects to investigate the prevalence of low body weight. For 545 low body weight participants, we performed a1∶ 2 case-control study to investigate the influence factors. The content of survey included3-condecutive days-24-hour dietary recall, physical examinations, physical activity and social economic factor., Results: The prevalence of low body weight among middle-aged and elderly people was 5. 27%, 5. 52% for male and 5. 05% for female. The prevalence of low body weight increased with the age( P < 0. 01). The daily intake of energy, total proteins, high quality proteins, fat and fruits were lower in low body weight than normal body weight among middle-aged and elderly people( P < 0. 01), however, the consumption of smoking and alcohol were higher in low body weight than normal body weight( P < 0. 01). Multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis showed that the daily intake of total proteins, vegetables and fruits were protective factors and unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking were risk factors among low body weight people., Conclusion: The prevalence of low body weight at a higher level among middle-aged and elderly people in general rural areas of China. It is necessary to promote the middle-aged and elderly people to increase the consumption of high-protein foods, vegetables and fruits, quit smoking and control drinking.

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). A glycoprotein named Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) can combine with the receptor complex on cell membrane to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Opioids, a series of compounds including morphine, fentanyl and pentazocine, have been reported to contribute to the up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Naloxone is an antagonist that has been used as an antidote to opioids through mu-opioid receptor. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ), which serves as a selective toxin for dopaminergic neurons, has been used to create experimental models of PD. In our study, we examined the protective effects of pentazocine against MPP + -induced cell death in the nigral dopaminergic cell line, SN4741 and tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying such protective effects. The data showed that pretreatment with pentazocine significantly rescued the SN4741 cell against MPP + . Moreover, the MPP + -exposed SN4741 cells exhibited a down-regulation of β-catenin, which could be restored by treatment with pentazocine. However, Dkk1 but not naloxonewas associated with the abrogation of protective effect of pentazocine. These results suggest that pentazocine alleviates MPP + -induced SN4741 cells apoptosis via the up-regulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging ( 1 H MRSI) has shown great potential in tumor diagnosis since it provides localized biochemical information discriminating different tissue types, though it typically has low spatial resolution. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used in tumor diagnosis as an in vivo tool due to its high resolution and excellent soft tissue discrimination. This paper presents an advanced data fusion scheme for brain tumor diagnosis using both MRSI and MRI data to improve the tumor differentiation accuracy of MRSI alone. Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) of the spectral feature vectors from MRSI data and the image fusion with MRI based on wavelet analysis are implemented jointly. Hence, it takes advantage of the biochemical tissue discrimination of MRSI as well as the high resolution of MRI. The feasibility of the proposed frame work is validated by comparing with the expert delineations, giving mean correlation coefficients for the tumor source of 0.97 and the Dice score of tumor region overlap of 0.90. These results compare favorably against those obtained with a previously proposed NMF method where MRSI and MRI are integrated by stacking the MRSI and MRI features., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Protein-protein interactions are involved in many important biological processes and molecular mechanisms of disease association. Structural studies of interfacial residues in protein complexes provide information on protein-protein interactions. Characterizing protein-protein interfaces, including binding sites and allosteric changes, thus pose an imminent challenge. With special focus on protein complexes, approaches based on network theory are proposed to meet this challenge. In this review we pay attention to protein-protein interfaces from the perspective of biomolecular networks and their roles in disease. We first describe the different roles of protein complexes in disease through several structural aspects of interfaces. We then discuss some recent advances in predicting hot spots and communication pathway analysis in terms of amino acid networks. Finally, we highlight possible future aspects of this area with respect to both methodology development and applications for disease treatment.

Objective: To understand the status of milk consumption in Chinese elderly from 2010 to 2012 and to compare with the status in 2002., Methods: Using dietary data of the 24 h recall method for 3 consecutive days and food weighting method from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010- 2012 and the Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002, to analyze the consumption status of dairy products in Chinese elderly and the change between the past ten years., Results: The average milk consumption for Chinese elderly was 32. 7 g / d. Rate on intake of dairy products during the three survey days was 21. 59%. Liquid milk was the most usual type of milk consumption. The milk consumption in urban area was significantly higher than rural area( P < 0. 001). The milk consumption of people in ≥70 years old was significantly higher than the people in 60- 69 years old( P < 0. 001). The proportion of Chinese elderly whose total amount of milk intake reached Chinese dietary guidelines recommended level( 300 g / d) was merely1. 21%. The milk intake of Chinese elderly in 2010- 2012 reduced 5%-43% comparedto 2002. The milk consumption in 60- 69 years old people in urban reduced the most obviously. The gap between urban and rural made narrower., Conclusion: The consumption of dairy products was seriously inadequate in Chinese elderly and the trend was reducing.

Objective: To analyze the consumption of eggs in Chinese aged 65 years and above., Methods: Data were collected from 2010- 2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Information on consumption was collected by using the FFQ. The participants selected were 65 years old and above on 150 counties from 31 provinces in China by using the method of multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling. The average consumption of eggs was reported by quartile., Results: The average daily consumptions of eggs in Chinese aged 65 and above residents were 25. 7 g( P25 9. 2 g / d, P50 25. 7 g / d, P75 50. 4 g / d). In the big city, small and medium-sized city, rural and poor rural areas, those were 36. 9- 50. 0 g / d, 21. 4-28. 6 g / d, 14. 3- 21. 4 g / d and 17. 1-21. 4 g / d, respectively. Percentage of these residents on intake of eggs were 93. 5%. In the big city, small and medium-sized city, rural and poor rural, those were 93. 0%-96. 8%, 87. 6%-95. 2%, 91. 5%-96. 0% and 85. 5%-94. 9%, respectively. The proportion of people whose total amount of eggs intake reached 40 g / d was 35. 5%. Insuch mentioned areas, those were 49. 1%-58. 7%, 29. 4%-37. 9%, 18. 5%-31. 0% and26. 4%-31. 3%, respectively., Conclusion: The consumption rates of eggs were quite high in Chinese aged 65 years and above, whereas the intake of eggs was inadequate. Compared with recommendation of The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, there was still a large gap.

Objective: To analyze salt intake among Chinese aged 60 and above in2010- 2012., Methods: Data was from 2010- 2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Salt and condiment intake information of Chinese elderly was collected by the 3-condecutive days-24-hour dietary recall and food weighting method, the average salt intake was calculated based on energy percentage of family members., Results: The daily average salt intake of Chinese elderly was( 8. 8 ± 6. 8) g / d, the level was( 9. 5 ± 7. 2) g / d for male and( 8. 2 ± 6. 3) g / d for female, ( 7. 9 ± 6. 2) g / d for urban areas and( 9. 9 ±7. 2) g / d for rural areas. Salt intake among the elderly in big cities, medium-sized and small cities, general rural and poor rural was( 7. 3 ± 5. 8) g / d, ( 8. 6 ± 6. 6) g / d, ( 9. 9 ±6. 9) g / d and( 10. 1 ± 7. 9) g / d, respectively. The average daily salt intake decreased with increasing age and also declined with the increase of per capita annual income, while the average daily intake of salt increased from illiteracy to primary school and thendecreased in junior middle-school or above. Compared with the salt recommendation( less than 6g / d) from Chinese residents dietary guidelines 2016 edition, there were only37. 7% of elderly meet with salt recommendation, 41. 0% of participants were in the level between 6 g to 11 g, and 21. 4% were higher than 12 g. Urban participants whose salt intake were less than 6 g, 6 g to 11 g and higher than 12 g accounted for 43. 4%, 40. 3%and 16. 3%, while in rural areas these percentage were 30. 7%, 41. 7% and 27. 6%, respectively., Conclusion: The daily average salt intake among Chinese elderly was still in high level, and the elderly should reduce salt consumption gradually.

Objective: To analyze the dietary factors on sarcopenia in elderly in Beijing and provide nutritional recommendations for the sarcopenia., Method: A total of 830 participants aged 60 and above and without serious diseases were selected from two representative communities in Beijing. A cross-sectional research design was used, including inquiry investigation, dietary surveys (food frequency questionnaire) anthropometry, muscle mass and functional assessment., Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.1% in this area, the men was 17.1%, while the women was 21.6% (P > 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the five age groups has significant statistically difference (chi2 = 19.03, P = 0.0008) and increased with age rising (Z = -4.18, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of sarcopenia would be downward if the time of exercise prolonged and body mass index (BMI) increased (P < 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of meat consumption <35, 35-70, > 70 g/d was 24.5%,19.9% and 15. 3% (chi2 = 6.02, P = 0.0492), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.45, P =0.0141). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of egg consumption <35, 35-60, >60 g/d was 25.8%, 18.7% and 11.3% (chi2 = 6.50, P = 0.0388), respectively ( trend test for groups comparison, Z =2. 55, P = 0.0109). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of energy consumption < 1612, 1612-2109, > 2109 kcal/d was 25.8%,19.5% and 15. 0% (x2 = 8. 19 , P = 0. 0158), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.87, P = 0.0042). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of protein consumption < 58.2, 58.2 - 78.4, > 78.4 g/d was 25.3%, 18.2% and 16.7% (chi2 = 5.97, P = 0. 0505 ) , respectively (Z = 2.28, P = 0.0227). After controlling the influence of age, BMI, exercise and education, meat consumption (beta = -0.1703, P = 0.0119), egg consumption (beta = -0.1545, P = 0.0302) and the high quality protein consumption (beta = -0.1805, P = 0.0302) were negatively related with sarcopenia., Conclusion: Animal food, such as meet and egg, is an important protective factor for sarcopenia. Therefore, it is the first important thing for the elderly to ensure adequate energy intake, then you should increase the animal food intake which contains high quality protein to prevent sarcopenia.

Objective: To investigate the dietary pattern during pregnancy and the compositions of fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine (PC) during pregnancy in different regions of China., Method: 35 Health women of each region were recruited from three different geographical regions in China: Jurong (an inland region close to freshwater), Rizhao (a coastal region) and Xushui (an inland region with limited access to freshwater). All women were long-term residents of their respective region. Their dietary status (including consumption frequency of food and consumption of culinary oil) during second trimester pregnancy was recorded and the fatty acid composition of PC in plasma during late pregnancy (34 weeks gestation) was quantified by GC., Results: The consumption frequency of marine fish in Rizhao was significant higher than in other two regions. The main n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of PC in plasma was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all regions. The composition of DHA in three regions were (3.31 +/- 0.77) %, (3.74 +/- 1.21) % and (2.44 +/- 0.63) %, respectively. The composition of DHA in Xushui was significant lower than in other two regions (P < 0.017). There was positive relationship between consumption frequency of marine fish and composition of DHA of PC in plasma (r = 0.337, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: There was relationship between pregnant women's fatty acids composition of PC in plasma and their dietary. The consumption of food with high content of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy would be more practical for DHA store of pregnant women.

Background: Elevated intracranial pressure is one of the most common problems in patients with diverse intracranial disorders, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Effective management for increased intracranial pressure is based mainly on surgical and medical techniques with hyperosmolar therapy as one of the core medical treatments. The study aimed to explore the effects of continuous micro-pump infusions of 3% hypertonic saline combined with furosemide on intracranial pressure control., Material and Methods: We analyzed data on 56 eligible participants with intracranial pressure >20 mmHg from March 2013 to July 2014. The target was to increase and maintain plasma sodium to a level between 145 and 155 mmol/L and osmolarity to a level of 310 to 320 mOsmol/kg., Results: Plasma sodium levels significantly increased from 138±5 mmol/L at admission to 151±3 mmol/L at 24 h (P<0.01). Osmolarity increased from 282±11 mOsmol/kg at baseline to 311±8 mOsmol/kg at 24 h (P<0.01). Intracranial pressure significantly decreased from 32±7 mmHg to 15±6 mmHg at 24 h (P<0.01). There was a significant improvement in CPP (P<0.01). Moreover, central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and Glasgow Coma Scale slightly increased. However, these changes were not statistically significant., Conclusions: Continuous infusion of 3% hypertonic saline + furosemide is effective and safe for intracranial pressure control.

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) participates in glucose utilization by catalysing the first step of the pentose-phosphate pathway in mammalian cells. Previous studies have shown that changes in G6PD levels can promote tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis via the STAT3/5 pathway in a human melanoma xenograft model. G6PD cooperates with NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in the cellular metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in maintaining the intracellular redox state., Methods: In this study, the effect of G6PD or NOX4 silencing in the melanoma line A375 was examined in terms of redox state, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src) and the tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase SHP2 expression as well as cell cycle progression., Results: The results demonstrate that: (1) Downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and up-regulation of p53 and p21 occurred in response to silencing of G6PD and NOX4 thus resulting in G1/S cell cycle arrest and inhibition of A375 cell proliferation. (2) The blockade of cell proliferation is primarily due to a reduced DNA-binding activity of STAT3. (3) The DNA-binding activity of STAT3 was regulated by the upstream factors, c-SRC and SHP2. Silencing of NOX4 in A375 cells inhibited c-SRC and SHP2 regulated STAT3 activity., Conclusion: The data are consistent with a novel G6PD-NOX4-NADPH-ROS-c-SRC/SHP2 pathway controlling STAT3 activity in A375 melanoma cells.

Purpose: Our study was designed to explore the interaction between genes of PPARG, AGTR1, CXCL16 and LGALS2 and further investigate the association between genes polymorphisms and coronary heart disease (CHD)., Methods: 90 CHD patients and 80 healthy individuals were enrolled in our study. Gene chip technology was used for checking four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (PPARG rs1152002, AGTR1 rs5186, CXCL16 rs3744700 and LGALS2 rs7291467). MDR software was used to analyze gene-gene interactions. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were employed to evaluate the association of genes and CHD risk., Results: Genotypes and alleles distribution in case and control groups showed significant difference (P<0.05). And there exists interaction among genes. The model of PPARG×CXCL16 showed effects on the occurrence of CHD (OR=2.92, 95% CI=1.44-5.94). Meanwhile, the PPARG×AGTR1×CXCL16×LGALS2 model was associated with CHD susceptibility (OR=3.97, 95% CI=2.01-7.84). Moreover, we found that PPARG×LGALS2×CXCL16, was the best interaction model and it could significantly increase the risk for CHD (OR=3.37, 95% CI=1.71-6.63)., Conclusion: PPARG rs1152002, AGTR1 rs5186, CXCL16 rs3744700 and LGALS2 rs7291467 polymorphisms may be closely related to the development of CHD. Moreover, there exist gene-gene interactions among these susceptibility genes.

Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the most popular pathogens that cause refractory respiratory tract infection. The genetic environment, including insertion sequences and the types of promoter, plays a key role in exploration of the mechanism of prevalence and dismission of the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates. The aim of the investigation was to target analysis the genetic environment and promoter sequences of blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM, the most popular β-lactamase genes harbored by ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates., Methods: From February 2010 to July 2011, 158 of 416 K. pneumoniae isolates producing ESBL from patients with lower respiratory tract infection were collected from seven tertiary hospitals from Beijing, Anhui, Fujian, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China. The genetic environment including promoters of 10 types of blaCTX-M, 18 types of blaSHV and 2 types of blaTEM were analyzed by amplification and direct sequencing with various sets of PCR primers., Results: ISEcp1 was located upstream of the 5' end of the blaCTX-M gene in 130 (97.0%) out of 134 K. pneumoniae isolates harboring blaCTX-M and provided a conserved promoter to blaCTX-M. A non-coding sequence preceded by kdpC and recF was identified in all of the blaSHV genes except blaSHV-12 and blaSHV-2a. IS26 was also found upstream of 1 blaCTX-M-15, 10 blaSHV-1 strains, 4 blaTEM-1 and all of the blaSHV-2, blaSHV-2a, blaSHV-5 and blaSHV-12. Eighty-seven of 91 strains harboring blaTEM-1 carried a copy of Tn2 and IS26-blaTEM-1 fragments were also detected in 4 strains. With respect to K. pneumoniae, the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-38, blaSHV-142 and blaTEM-135 were firstly elaborated, and four kinds of novel genetic environment of blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 have been detected as well., Conclusions: Perfective implementation of the genetic environment information of bgr;-lactamase gene needs to be further explored and supplemented. ISEcp1 and IS26 elements are widespread upstream of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM genes and contribute to horizontal transmission and genetic expression.

Objective: To establish models to predict the risk of dyslipidemia in individuals, and then to explore and evaluate new prediction models., Methods: The epidemiological survey data of 8914 community residents was selected and divided into a trained group (6686 cases) and a test group (2228 cases). Artificial neural network (ANN) and Logistic regression analysis were used to establish prediction models, and then the results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve., Results: The specificity (64.79%) of AAN model forecasting the results of test group was lower, but the sensitivity (94.86%), Youden's index (59.65%) and consistency rate (81.23%) of AAN model was higher than the Logistic regression predicted model (specificity = 77.49%, sensitivity = 53.51%, Youden' s index = 31.00% and consistency rate = 81.23%, respectively). Moreover, the area under ROC curve of ANN prediction model (Az = 0.824 +/- 0.009) was significantly bigger than the Logistic regression prediction model (Az = 0. 655 +/- 0.012)., Conclusion: The discrimination performance of ANN model is better than Logistic regression in the prediction of health risk of dyslipidemia in individuals.