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Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) are a breakthrough in the treatment and management of chronic hepatitis B. NA could suppress the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and control the progression of the disease. However, drug resistance caused by their long-term use becomes a practical problem, which influences the long-term outcomes in patients. Liver transplantation is the only choice for patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease. But, the recurrence of HBV after transplantation often caused by the development of drug resistance leads to unfavorable outcomes for the recipients. Recently, the multi-drug resistance (MDR) has become a common issue raised due to the development and clinical application of a variety of NA. This may complicate the antiviral therapy and bring poorly prognostic outcomes. Although clinical evidence has suggested that combination therapy with different NA could effectively reduce the viral load in patients with MDR, the advent of new antiviral agents with high potency and high genetic barrier to resistance brings hope to antiviral therapy. The future of HBV researches relies on how to prevent the MDR occurrence and develop reasonable and effective treatment strategies. This review focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic progress in MDR caused by the anti-HBV NA and describes some new research progress in this field.

Objective: To group and characterize natural plague foci in China., Methods: A novel two-class typing method as well as a three-indication nomenclature method were established to group and characterize the natural plague foci, on the basis of eco-geographical landscapes of plague foci, genetics of Yersinia pestis, zoology of rodent reservoirs and the entomology of flea vectors., Results: A total of 12 distinct natural plague foci (including 19 subtypes) as well as their biological features were characterized., Conclusion: Natural plague foci in China were grouped and characterized in this study.

Objective: To summarize the clinical feature of splenic artery aneurysms (SAA) in OLT recipient, and review the experience in diagnosis and management., Methods: The clinical data, results of four-phase CT scanning and CT angiography of 450 recipients, who underwent OLT from December 2001 to December 2003 were analyzed statistically., Results: Twenty of 450 recipients were diagnosed as SAA, the incidence was about 4.4%. Nineteen of them were diagnosed by four-phase CT scanning. Fifteen patients did not receive any treatment for SAA during OLT, but two of them suffered SAA rupture after OLT, among which one died of hemorrhagic shock although emergency operations were performed. The five patients, who were performed splenectomy with SAA resection during transplantation, recovered successfully after OLT, and their grafts' function was satisfactory., Conclusions: Morbidity of SAA is higher in patients of liver cirrhosis. Four-phase CT scanning can diagnose SAA exactly. In the early period post-OLT, SAA rupture happens frequently, so SAA resection should be performed during transplantation.