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A multifactorial experiment was conducted to determine the relative influence of photoperiod, temperature, water content of the diet, and parental age on the induction of diapause in an Arizona strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) reared on a wheat germ-casein diet. The highest level of diapause (100%) occurred when the following conditions were combined: (1) 11-h daily photoperiod; (2) 19°C; (3) low water content of the larval diet; and (4) larval progeny were derived from eggs laid by young (3-day-old) females. If larval progeny were derived from older (10-day-old) parents or the larvae were reared on diet containing a higher water content, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of diapause. Photoperiod and temperature were the predominant factors in the induction of diapause, but dryness of the larval diet and parental age significantly influenced the overall level of response.

Materials were evaluated which had been used previously as ultraviolet (UV) protectants or feeding stimulants for other insect pathogens. Dar-mol molasses, Shade, and Coax provided good protection at a 5% concentration. Materials were also evaluated which are active ingredients in sunscreens for human usage. All materials, with the exception of homomenthyl salicylate and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, at least doubled viral persistence. All p-aminobenzoic acid compounds enhanced persistence 2.2 tp 2.6-fold, whereas benzilidine sulfonic acid enhanced persistence 3.6-fold at a 5% concentration. Excellent results were obtained with benzilidine sulfonic acid, whether diet or red oak seedlings were used as the test substrates. A high positive correlation (r = + 0.84) existed between UV B absorbance (280 to 320 nm) and UV protection among the water soluble sunscreens.

We propose a system of nursing home reimbursement based on attaining achievable outcomes. The crux of the system rests on our ability to predict patient outcomes from one point in time to the next. Using three waves of data collected at 3-month intervals on approximately 250 patients, we were able to predict patient functioning in six domains (physiologic, activities, affective, cognitive, social, and satisfaction) with R2 values ranging from 0.51 to 0.93. Predictions of discharge (better, worse, or dead) were less accurate, with R2 values of 0.36 to 0.39.

Background We recently reported that human osteogenic sarcoma cells are mitogenically responsive in tissue culture to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), a mitogen important in the regulation of cellular proliferation of many tissues, including bone. Purpose The present study was designed to determine whether these in vitro observations could be extended to an in vivo experimental system and whether reduction of IGF-I levels by hypophysectomy could inhibit the aggressive metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma. Method We used standard competitive binding and affinity-labeling techniques to characterize the IGF-I-binding sites of MGH-OGS, a model of human osteosarcoma. Radio-immunoassay of serum, preprocessed to remove IGF-binding proteins, was used to quantitate IGF-I levels. In vitro proliferative response of MGH-OGS cells to IGF-I and other pituitary-dependent factors was determined by thymidine-incorporation experiments. In vivo growth of the neoplasm in 12 hypophysectomized C3H mice and in 14 control C3H mice was determined by serial measurements of implanted tumors and by gross and microscopic examination of the lungs for metastases. Results MGH-OGS exhibited specific binding sites for 1.39 pmol IGF-I per milligram MGH-OGS cellular membrane protein, a concentration similar to that which we previously reported for human osteosarcoma. In tissue culture, MGH-OGS exhibited mitogenic response to IGF-I (P<.01) but not to other pituitary-dependent factors. Hypophysectomy reduced levels of circulating IGF-I to 15% of control, significantly inhibited local growth of MGH-OGS tumors (increased time for growth to 1 cm3 from 49 to 84 days, P<.001), and profoundly inhibited metastatic behavior (decrease in mean number of metastases per host from 16 to less than one; P<.001). Conclusions This study is the first to document the profound inhibitory effect of hypophysectomy on the metastatic behavior of an experimental sarcoma. We conclude that the metastatic behavior exhibited by MGH-OGS osteosarcoma is dependent on pituitary factors, and we suggest that the inhibitory effects of hypophysectomy are related, at least in part, to the reduction of IGF-I levels.

Discussion. Thirty of 36 patients (83%) presenting with foot and ankle STS or fibromatosis were candidates for limb preservation. With excellent local control and good functional outcome demonstrated in this study, limb salvage should be a primary goal in the management of selected patients with STS and fibromatosis of the foot and ankle.

Purpose. To present the oncologic and functional results of a consecutive series of patients treated by geometric osteotomy and allograft reconstruction for juxta-articular surface bone neoplasms.

Infant rodents of many species emit high frequency vocalizations when aroused. These signals, when detected by adult females of the same species, elicit increased care-giving. The behavior of the dam towards her offspring influences the development of arousal mechanisms of the offspring and appears to alter turnover of brain dopamine. These effects are quite pervasive since altered maternal care induced by ultrasonic vocalizations from an initial litter is observable in the behavior of the dam towards a subsequent litter; similar alterations in the development of arousal mechanisms and brain dopamine turnover are observable in the subsequent litters; and the effects of this altered caregiving during the first three weeks of development are observable in laboratory rats (Rattus norgevicus) at one and two years of age.

As gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae matured, the concentration of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) required to kill 50% of the insects also increased. Based on LC50’s, first instars were ca. 2-,3-,23-, and Ill-fold more susceptible to NPV than second, third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. When LC50’s were estimated on the basis of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per milligram of larval body weight, however, fourth instars were most susceptible, followed by third, second, fifth, and first instars. Insects infected as first instars produced the least amount of NPV (ca. 4 × 103 PIB per larva), and NPV yield increased with larval age. NPV yield per milligram of larval tissue increased from ca. 1.45 × 106 PIB (first instar) to ca. 3.2 × 106 PIB (fourth instar) and then fell to ca. 2.2 × 106 PIB (fifth instar). On the basis of LC50’s, NPV activity increased in a linear fashion as the larvae developed from the first to the fourth instar. Virus activity then decreased among fifth-instar donors. These data suggest that NPV yield estimated on a whole-insect basis and on a milligram of larval weight basis are not equivalent, but such parameters as yield per milligram and virus activity appear to be similar. Use of fourth-instar gypsy moth appears to be more advantageous than use of fifth instars for NPV production. Although fourth instars produced only ca. 80% of NPV produced by fifth instars, NPV from fourth instars was ca. 3-fold more active than NPV from fifth instars.

All the factors that influence prognosis in patients with osteosarcomas have not been fully determined. One reported predictor of poor outcome is increased multi-drug resistant gene (mdr-l) expression, as measured by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We examined whether immunostaining for p-glycoprotein, the protein product of mdr-1, could be used instead of RT-PCR to indicate the presence of the multi-drug-resistant phenotype. The sensitivity of the immunostaining was determined using KB cell sublines. For 13 cases of osteosarcoma, samples were immunostained for p-glycoprotein and the levels of mdr-1expression quantitated with use of RT-PCR. Three osteosarcomas with undetectable levels of mdr-lexpression by RT-PCR were negative immunohistochemically. Ten cases showed mdr-lexpression ranging from approximately 1 to 32 copies of mdr-lmRNA/cell. Of these cases, five cases contained occasional tumour cells with positive immunostaining. There was no correlation between levels of expression and the presence or number of immunoreactive cells. These results indicate that the presence of p-glycoprotein immunostaining does not reliably correlate with the level of mdr-1expression. However it may be useful in conjunction with RT-PCR to further define different subgroups of osteosarcomas that may have different prognoses, and this is currently under investigation.

Eighty cases of typhoid fever occurred in San Antonio, Texas, with dates of onset from August 18, 1981, to October 26, 1981. Preliminary epidemiological investigations of the first 24 cases suggested a Mexican food takeout restaurant as the common source. A case-control study confirmed this association (P ≤ .001). Barbacoa, a mixture of muscle, lips, ears, tongue, and eyes from steamed bovine heads, was identified as the source of Salmonella typhi (P = .03). S typhi was cultured from the stool of one of 31 restaurant employees. Closure of the restaurant resulted in termination of the outbreak within a single incubation period. The restaurant was allowed to reopen after the remaining employees had demonstrated lack of excretion of S typhi in stools. This outbreak represents the largest restaurant-associated typhoid fever outbreak reported in the United States in >50 years.

A healthy male farm employee developed an unusual infection caused by Pasteurella multocida. Atypical features included the chronic nature of the infection, the development of osteomyelitis of the tibia without direct animal inoculation, and lack of fever and leukocytosis. Radiographic appearance of P multocida osteomyelitis may be the result of osteoclast activation and can be confused with musculoskeletal tumour. P multocida infection requires a high degree of suspicion, and should be considered in cases of farm- or animal-related injuries even if there is no history of direct animal contact.

Biological activities of 19 geographical isolates of Lymantria dispar (L.) nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) were determined in the laboratory. LC50 values varied from 1.7 × 103 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ml to greater than 5 × 106 PIB/ml. Twelve statistically different activity levels were observed. The North American isolates were generally most active, whereas the least active isolate originated from Asia (Japan). The North American isolates varied in activity by 16-fold, whereas the European isolates varied by only 6-fold. Five isolates were more active than the Connecticut standard. NPV isolates from Romania, Spain, Yugoslavia,the Soviet Union, Japan, and the United States were passed serially through L. dispar larvae. Although the activity of the American isolate did not change, activities of all other isolate increased significantly by the fourth passage. In general, activities became stabilized from the second to the fourth passage and were comparable to that of the American standard.

Seventeen chemicals, mostly organic and inorganic acids, were tested in combination with gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) for enhanced pathogenicity in Lymantria dispar (L.) larvae. Two acids (sorbic and boric) appeared to enhance viral activity, as expressed by increased mortality in treated larvae. The effects of boric acid were investigated more thoroughly, and in each test boric acid significantly enhanced viral activity (LC50 of NPV-H2) standard = 5.0 × 103 polyhedral inclusion bodies [PIB]/ml LC50 of NPV-BA = 0.8 × 103 PIB/ml). The addition of boric acid to NPV enhanced activity when tested on both semisynthetic diet and red oak seedling. Concentrations of 0.1 and 0.25% BA had no effect upon NPV-induced mortality, whereas 0.5% BA enhanced NPV activity 2-fold and 1.0% BA enhanced activity ca. 11-fold. Moreover, the time from inoculation to initial mortality as well as the LT50 were reduced by the addition of boric acid. The potassium and ammonium salts had no effects upon viral activity, but the sodium salt was as effective as the acid.

The most favorable temperature for development and survival of the immature stages of a nondiapausing India strain of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), reared on artificial diet in the laboratory was 26°C. At 32°C, duration of the developmental stages was significantly shorter than at lower temperatures, but larval mortality was high, and adults laid significantly fewer eggs. At 20 °C, development, survival and particularly fecundity, were adversely affected. The frequency of mating was highest (2.3 × / ♂) in pink bollworms reared at 26° and 32°C, but oviposition was greatly reduced by the latter temperature. At 26°C, the mean of eggs/♂ was 262; 90% of the total was laid during the 1st 18 days of adult life. Our results are compared with those obtained for other geographical strains.

Polyhedral inclusion body (PIB) yields and biological activity of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L), nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) were monitored at different times post-infection. PIBs harvested from dead larvae were up to 7 × more active than PIBs from living infected larvae. Virus yields increased up to ca. 2 × 109 PIBs/larva during the first 11 days and then remained constant.

Focuses on California's commercial real estate market. Difficulties in acquiring commercial office space; Factors which influenced the increase interest in `speculative' building; Debate as to whether banks are eager to give real estate loans.

Eighty Wistar rats were handled at 2 to 5, 6 to 9, or 10 to 13 days of age, or not at all. In adulthood each group was split into halves with one-half of each group receiving electroconvulsive shock treatment. Assays of sugar concentration in the blood serum 24 hours after the convulsions indicated that subjects handled at 2 to 5 days of life exhibited no effect of the treatment, whereas all other groups showed marked increases in blood sugar concentration.

When adult male Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) less than 24 hours old were irradiated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 12.5 krad of gamma irradiation and caged with virgin untreated females, the ability of the treated males to mate and transfer eupyrene sperm appeared to be unaffected, but fertility was reduced. Survival of the immature stages of the F1 progeny was significantly decreased at all doses to P1 males, and the sex ratio of the F1 generation was significantly skewed in favor of males except at the lowest dose. When adult F1 males and females were outcrossed to untreated mates or crossed with unrelated F1 adults, the F1 males mated but often failed to transfer normal quantities of eupyrene sperm; this effect was related to the dose received by the P1 male. Thus, fertility of the F1 males and females was significantly less than that of the controls, at all doses to the P1 male above 2.5 krad. At doses of 7.5 krad and above, the F1 males mated more often than the controls. In control programs that produced partial sterility in irradiated males, thus introducing conditional lethal mutations into native population, doses below 7.5 krad should be considered, because at higher doses lack of sperm transfer and lower fertility of the F1 males would not favor the incorporation of the released genotype into the native population.

The article discusses the impact of the Competition Act 1998 to the property market beginning on April 6, 2011. The act is part of the British government's initiative to simplify competition law in Great Britain, which Chapter one is seen to most likely affect commercial property agreements. A new guidance on the manner the act will be implemented on commercial property agreements has been released by the Office of Fair Trading. The author says to minimize risk, developers and landlords should audit their agreements.