855 results on '"büyüme"'
Search Results
852. Göreceli Yoksunluk, Eşitsizlik ve Büyüme Üzerine bir Modelleme
- Subjects
büyüme ,Inequality ,growth ,sosyal statü ,göreceli yoksunluk ,relative deprivation ,social status ,Eşitsizlik - Abstract
We attempt to investigate the old debate of the effects of inequality on growth by extending the early growth models with the relatively new findings on the role of social rewards, particularly the concept of “relative deprivation” (hereafter RD). One response for the discontent of falling behind others might be for people to increase their effort to accumulate wealth (to save or to work harder). In such a setting, we might observe a growth effect. Our motive is to show that increased effort to work and accumulate wealth as result of RD can lead to higher growth as inequality increases. We extend a classical growth model where individuals like consumption and dislike work by including a concern for RD measured as a function of individual’s total wealth. We show that when individuals are concerned for RD, inequality can either be growth enhancing or growth reducing depending how the utility function responds to the disutility from labor. We analyze the conditions under which inequality translates to higher or lower growth and how the concern for RD affects wealth accumulation. According to the findings, the ambiguous relationship between inequality and growth persists., Bu makale, eşitsizliğin büyüme üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgili eski tartışmayı, büyüme modellerini sosyal ödüllerin rolüne ait nispeten yeni bulgular ve özellikle “Göreceli-Yoksunluk” (GY) kavramı ile genişleterek araştırmak için bir girişimdir. Çevresine kıyasla yoksunlaşmanın yarattığı hoşnutsuzluğa bir tepki, insanları servet biriktirme gayretlerini arttırmaları (daha fazla tasarruf ya da daha çok çalışmayla) olabilir. Böyle bir ortamda nispeten yoksun olmanın sonucu olarak büyüme etkisi gözlemlenebilir. Makalenin amacı GY sonucu artan çalışma gayreti ve servet biriktirme arzusunun eşitsizlik arttıkça beraberinde yüksek büyüme getirebileceğini göstermektir. Bireylerin tüketimi sevip çalışmayı sevmediği klasik bir büyüme modelini, bireyin toplam servetinin bir fonksiyonu olarak ölçtüğümüz GY ölçütünü ekleyerek geliştiriyoruz. Bireylerin GY’a önem vermesi durumunda, emeğin fayda fonksiyonunda nasıl tepki verdiğine bağlı olarak eşitsizliğin büyüme arttırıcı ya da azaltıcı etkisi olabileceğini gösteriyoruz. Eşitsizliğin hangi koşullar altında yüksek veya düşük büyümeye dönüştüğünü ve GY endişesinin servet birikimini nasıl etkilediğini inceliyoruz. Model sonuçlarına göre büyüme ile servet eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişki belirsizliğini korumaktadır. more...
853. Relationship Between Total Government Spending and Production in Turkey
- Author
-
Şahin, Afşin, Çetinkaya, Murat, Selçuk Üniversitesi, İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, and Çetinkaya, Murat
- Subjects
Government spending,Economic Growth,Vector Error Correction Model VECM ,Government spending ,Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (ECM) ,Economic Growth ,Kamu harcamaları ,Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) ,Kamu harcamaları,Büyüme,Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli ECM ,Büyüme - Abstract
Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve toplam üretim düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaçla 1924–2007 Türkiye yıllık kamu giderleri ve Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla veri setinden yararlanılmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişki En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi (EKKY), Johansen Eşbütünleştirme (cointegrasyon) Testi, Granger Nedensellik Testi ve Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modelinden (Vector Error Correction Model) elde edilen genelleştirilmiş etki-tepki fonksiyonları ile tahmin edilmiştir Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi sonuçlarına göre iki değişken arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki söz konusudur. Granger Nedensellik Testi değişkenler arasında iki yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisine işaret etmektedir. Elde edilen etki-tepki (impulse-response) fonksiyonlarına göre Türkiye açısından Keynes hipotezi Wagner hipotezine göre daha baskındır. Çalışmada öncelikleri göz önüne alan, proaktif, sinerji yaratan, yeniliğe önem veren ve sonuçları hesaba katılmış, öncelikleri olan kamu harcamalarının üretim sürecine pozitif etkileri olacağı vurgulanmaktadır., The balancing role of the government to close the production and consumption gap is always in question during the depression economics. Together with the major developed countries, Turkish real sector also experienced an economic crisis during last years. Reevaluating this reality this paper aims to analyze the relationship between government spending and aggregate production level in Turkey. The role of the government has been discussed more by the globalization when the consumption and the labour force are considered. Especially after 2007 and 2008, there was an economic crisis in real sector. This signaled us that the loss functions should be strengthened by the productive government policies besides the monetary policy tools. The fiscal policy in this sense may minimize the social loss boomed by the recession and help for the stabilized economic environment. The fiscal policies which are assuring confidence, productive, sustainable may stabilize the cyclical production collapse. So we analyzed the role of fiscal policy on the adjustment mechanism both considering long and short run. The paper briefly gives literature review which considers this relationship. We also considered the role of government spending in economic growth theories, emphasized the theoretical background of the empirical evidence. In the third section, we presented the data and the methodology of the paper. The fourth section gives the empirical results. The fifth section of the paper evaluates the empirical evidence and the last section is the conclusion. To achieve the objectives of the paper, yearly Turkish government spending and Gross Domestic Product data covering the years from 1924 to 2007 are employed. Using the yearly data had given us an opportunity to regard the seasonal effects. The relationship among variables is estimated by Ordinary Least Squares Method (OLS), Johansen Cointegration Test, Granger Causality Test and generalized impulse-response functions obtained from Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The variables are integrated in the same order which increased the robustness of the results. According to the Johansen Cointegration Test results, there is a long-run relationship among the two variables. Granger causality test results mention a two side causality relation among the variables. The result obtained from VECM indicates that the response of production to government spending is persistent at 0.8 within three years of time being. However the response of government spending to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is persistent after the three years at 0.3. So according to the impulse-response functions, Keynes hypothesis is dominant compared with Wagner hypothesis and this result is consistent with the OLS estimates. The theoretical part of the article mostly lies on the Keynesian economic models. Keynesian models claim that the government spending policies may be used to affect the economic growth and adjust the cyclical movements. The endogenous growth models also emphasize the role of government for to increase the aggregate production level. The endogenous growth models such as Romer (1986), Lucas (1988), Barro (1990) and Rebelo (1991) consider the role of government for increasing the economic production. This paper also considers the conflict or debate about the Keynes and Wagner hypothesis. Wagner claimed that when the economy booms, the government spending will increase. However, according to Keynes, the government spending increases economic growth and Keynes does not take this variable exogenous. The long run positive effects of the government spending on production are consistent with the Barro (1990), Barro ve Sala-i Martin (1990) endogenous growth models and Ravn et al. (2007). So the results support the three theoretical hypotheses. First, supporting the endogenous growth models by its role of adjustment, government spending also has effects on the steady state growth level. Second, as mentioned before, Keynes and Wagner hypothesis are both valid, but the first one is dominant then the latter. Third the empirical results also support the hypothesis of Ram and Army curves. These curves claim that when the government spending increases more then the optimum point, the efficiency of the government spending on economic growth will be diminished. The results also indicates that on the time varying production function, the effects of government spending has a response of diminishing acceleration. As most of the developed countries, also in Turkey the expansionary role of the government spending had been arise after the economic crisis. In this frame, besides the discounts, it has been mentioned that the government should also support the diminishing demand. We obtained results that the government may take a role to adjust the transitory fluctuations in the demand side of the economy. As an emerging market in Turkey, especially in the periods when the uncertainty increases and the trust environment diminish, the interest rate policy may not affect the expected inflation rates. Consequently, the real interest rates may not stimulate the investment and consumption by the credit channel. In the periods like this, the target oriented fiscal policies may support the monetary policy. So the fiscal policies should be implemented for to increase the financial strength and help for the credit channel. The production and the employment level will be affected positively. In this paper, it is claimed that the government spending which are considering priorities, proactive, bringing synergy, taking account of the results, giving weight to innovation will affect production process positively. However there are two constraints concerning the Turkish data which prevents further analysis and interpretations. This is mostly because of deficiency of data. The first is in Turkey for the period we considered, there is no sectoral government spending data. Consequently we could not evaluate the type of the government spending whether it is productive or not. Second, it is not possible to confirm the dimension of government spending by region and province basis. The income elasticity of the government spending will change according to the population and geographical coordinates, so functional structure and intensity could not be confirmed. By the derived database, the efficiency and the contribution of the government spending in East Anatolia will be able to be determined. This will also contribute to the efficiency of the government investment in the future. The productive and unproductive government spending have been realized in the past will be evaluated in broader spectrum in this sense. If the database is prepared by data mining in the future, investment, health, communication spending will be analyzed deeper. We think that the fiscal data will be prepared by data mining will enlighten the retroactive problems more...
854. Sakız X Akkaraman Melez (F₁ ve G₁) Kuzularda Veri̇m Özelli̇kleri̇. I. Büyüme, Yaşama Gücü, Vücut Ölçüleri̇
- Author
-
Esen, Fikret, Özbey, Orhan, and Başka Kurum
- Subjects
Chios ,Sakız ,Yaşama Gücü ,Melezleme ,Akkaraman ,Growth ,Survival Ability ,Crossbreeding ,Büyüme - Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the growth, survival ability and body measurements of Chios x Akkaraman (F1) and Chios x (Chios x Akkaraman ) B₁ crossbred lambs. The data for the study were obtained from 23 Chios x Akkaraman (F1) and 28 Chios x (Chios x Akkaraman) B₁ crosbred lambs in suckling period and from 9 Chios x Akkaraman (F1) and 12 Chios x (Chios x Akkaraman) B₁ crosbred lambs in order to determine body measurements. Lambs were fed with alfalfa hay and concentrates in the suckling period. The average birth weight was 3.72 and 3.60 kg, the weaning weight was 19.35 and 18.26 kg (p, Bu araştırma, Sakız (S) x Akkaraman (A) melez (F1) ve S x (S x A) melez (G1) kuzuların büyüme, yaşama gücü ve vücut ölçülerinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma için gerekli veriler, süt emme döneminde 23 baş S x A (F1) ile 28 baş S x (S x A) G1 melezi kuzudan; vücut ölçülerini belirlemek amacıyla 9 baş S x A (F1) ve 12 baş S x (S x A) G1 melezi dişi kuzudan elde edilmiştir. Kuzulara süt emme döneminde kaliteli kuru yonca otu ve konsantre yem sınırlı miktarlarda verilmiştir. Melez F1 ve G1 kuzularda sırasıyla ortalama doğum ağırlığı 3.72 ve 3.60 kg, sütten kesim ağırlığı 19.35 ve 18.26 (P more...
855. Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Growth and Reproductive Organ Mass in Adult Male Mongolian Gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus
- Author
-
Bülent Gündüz, BAİBÜ, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, and Gündüz, Bülent
- Subjects
Üreme ,endocrine system ,Gerbil,Photoperiod,Growth,Reproduction,Temperature ,Photoperiod ,Reproduction ,animal diseases ,Temperature ,Growth ,Büyüme ,Fotoperiyod ,parasitic diseases ,Sıcaklık ,Gerbil ,sense organs - Abstract
Rates of growth and sexual maturation of Mongolian gerbils vary in response to photoperiod. Previous work has shown that the responses of the testes and body weight of juvenile and adult gerbils are influenced not only by the photoperiods but also by other factors. The present work sought to determine if Mongolian gerbils alter body mass, body composition and/or reproductive organ mass in response to different photoperiods and temperatures. Male Mongolian gerbils were raised under long (14L) or short (10L) photoperiods from 26 days of age. Photoperiods did not affect body mass and body length. Temperature affected body mass only under 10L with animals housed at 10°C being significantly ligter than gerbils housed at 20°C. Temperature did not affect the length of the body. Changes in body mass in response to photoperiod and/or temperature exposure were primarily due to the deposition or loss of fat-free dry mass and water. The mass of the reproductive organs (testes and seminal vesicles) was significantly dec reased in gerbils housed under 10L. The mass of reproductive organs at 86 or 160 days of age was not affected by the temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that male Mongolian gerbils use photoperiodic information and temperature to change their body mass and reproductive organs. Mongolian gerbillerde büyüme ve eşeysel olgunlaşma hızı fotoperiyod tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Bir önceki çalışmada juvenil ve yetişkin gerbillerin testis ve vücut ağırlık cevaplarının sadece fotoperiyod tarafından değil aynı zamanda diğer faktörlercede etkilendiği gösterildi. Bu çalışmada değişik fotoperiyod ve sıcaklıklarda Mongolian gerbillerin vücut ağırlığının, vücut kompozisyonunun ve üreme organ ağırlıklarının verdiği cevap araştırıldı. Erkek Mongolian gerbiller 26 günlükten itibaren uzun (16L) ya da kısa (10L) fotoperiyodlarda tutuldular. Bu fotoperiyodlar hayvanların vücut ağırlık ve uzunluklarını etkilemedi. 10L ve 10 °C sıcaklıkta tutulan hayvanların vücut ağırlıkları, aynı fotoperiyod fakat 20 °C de tutulan hayvanlardan istatiksel olarak daha düşük bulundu. Sıcaklık vücut uzunluğunu etkilemedi. Fotoperiyod ve/veya sıcaklığa cevap olarak vücut ağırlığında meydana gelen değişimler yağsız kuru ağırlığın ve suyun kaybı ya da depolanmasından dolayıdır. üreme organlarının ağırlığında (testis ve seminal vesikül) görülen anlamlı düşüş, sadece 10L fotoperiyodunda tutulan hayvanlarda gözlendi. 86 ya da 160 günlük hayvanların üreme organlarındaki ağırlık sıcaklık tarafından etkilenmedi. Sonuç olarak, Mongolian gerbiller vücut ağırlık ve üreme organlarındaki değişimi düzenlemek için fotoperiyod ve sıcaklığı kullanırlar. more...
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.