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Spatial mobility: a fundamental social process. Society could neither function nor evolve without people's movements in space. The urban world of contemporary industrialized societies particularly requires a fluid and multiform mobility, Michel Bassand and Marie-Claude Brulhardt advocate a general scheme of analysis which combines the five necessary conditions to global apprehension and comprehension of spatial mobility: interdisciplinarity, recognition of the irreductibility of the macro social level (society, space ...) and of agents' level, examination of the factors and consequencies of the flows, systematic approach to spatial mobility, recognition of the interdependance between mobility and spatial organization gnition of the irreductibility of the macro social level (society, space ...) and of agents' level, examination of the factors and consequencies of the flows, systematic approach to spatial mobility, recognition of the interdependance between mobility and spatial organization, Les sociétés ne sauraient fonctionner ni se transformer sans les déplacements des êtres humains dans l'espace. Le monde urbain des sociétés industrialisées contemporaines en particulier exige une mobilité spatiale fluide et multiforme. Michel Bassand et Mairie-Claude Brulhardt préconisent un schéma général d'analyse réunissant les cinq conditions nécessaires à l'appréhension globale et à la compréhension de la mobilité spatiale : l'interdisciplinarité ; la reconnaissance de l'irréductibilité du niveau macro-social (société, espace...) et du niveau des acteurs ; l'examen sous l'angle des flux, des déterminants et des conséquences ; une conception systémique de la mobilité spatiale ; la prise en compte de l'interdépendance de la mobilité et de l'organisation spatiales., Bassand Michel, Brulhardt Marie-Claude. La mobilité spatiale : un processus social fondamental. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1983-1. Objectifs et champs d'étude. pp. 49-54.

International audience

Spatial labour markets are generally characterized by a demand for specific skills that does not automatically match the supply of persons having such capabilities. Demand and supply are brought closer together by spatial mobility of workers. It can be argued that the evolution of industrialized societies into societies of specialized education and labour demand, requires a mobility policy designed to avoid a growth in discrepancies in spatial labour markets. Since both people and jobs become increasingly heterogeneous according to skills, qualifications and locational preferences spatial mobility can be one of the necessary lubricants for the labour market and, hence, may at least partly solve the matching problem.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison of two case studies, namely, the case study of Wye Garment factory and the case study of Jay's Electrical Components. It explains the absence of a behavioral norm relating to output and earnings in the Wye Garment factory. It also explains the contrast between this situation and the situation in the Jay's plant. The examination of the social structure of the workrooms showed that in each case the workers had formed groups based upon shared experience, common interest, similarity of age, and so on. In the workroom at Wye Garments, these sociable groupings were not, to any significant extent, coextensive with the groupings of workers on the processes. But at Jay's, where the workers had greater freedom to choose their associates, and greater spatial mobility, there was an almost exact correspondence of the sociable and the productive groupings. Nothing resembling the situation described in the Bank Wiring Room Study was observed in both the case studies, where interaction occasioned by work formed the basis for the development of cliques, membership of which was closely related to output.

Ce texte présente une ethnographie réalisée au Brésil, avec trois familles portugaises dont le parcours de vie transnationale est passé par le Portugal, le Mozambique puis le Brésil. Dans leurs parcours, les membres des familles étudiées ont vécu des ruptures et des conflits et ils ont fait diverses transactions sociales. Ils ont négocié, mais ils ont aussi subi des impositions, pour s’ajuster aux situations successives. Dans leurs constructions identitaires, les membres de ces familles convoquent, de façon plus ou moins explicite, l’idée de « diaspora portugaise », comme construction culturelle d’un compromis qui permet de dépasser quelques-unes des ruptures spatiales, sociales, culturelles et émotionnelles présentes dans leurs vies. This paper presents an ethnographical study carried out in Brazil, with three Portuguese families whose transnational life course has taken them to Portugal, Mozambique and finally Brazil. During this life course, the family members studied have experienced disruptions and conflicts, whilst engaging in various social transactions. They have negotiated, but sometimes been imposed on, in order to adjust to successive situations. In constructing their identity, these family members draw, more or less explicitly, on the notion of a “Portuguese diaspora”, as a cultural construct that enables them to overcome some of the spatial, social, cultural and emotional disruptions which have been a feature of their lives. La diáspora portuguesa. Un compromiso cultural que explica la dispersión espacial de la vidaEste texto presenta una etnografía de tres familias portuguesas, realizada en Brasil, cuyos recorridos transnacionales van de Portugal al Brasil pasando por Mozambique. En esos recorridos les miembros de las familias estudiadas han sufrido rupturas y conflictos y han efectuado diversas transacciones sociales. Han negociado pero también han padecido imposiciones para poder adaptarse a situaciones sucesivas. En sus construcciones de la identidad los miembros de esas familias expresan de manera mas o menos explícita la idea de « diáspora portuguesa » en tanto que construcción cultural de un compromiso que permite sobrepasar, a lo largo del recorrido vivencial, algunas rupturas espaciales, sociales, culturales y emotivas.

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Doktoritöös uuritakse Eesti elanike liikumis- ja tarbimiskäitumisest tuleneva keskkonnakoormuse seoseid elu- või töökoha asukohaga. Seejuures vaadeldakse linnastumisega kaasnevat soodsat ja ebasoodsat mõju tarbimiskäitumise keskkonnakoormuse kujunemisele. Täpsemalt käsitletakse nii eluruumi, transpordi, toitumise kui ka muude kaupade ja teenuste tarbimisega seotud süsinikuheitmete ja ökoloogilise jalajälje jagunemist Eesti asustussüsteemi hierarhias. Analüüsis tuginetakse leibkonna eelarve uuringu andmestikule (Statistikaamet) ning gümnaasiumiõpilaste ja väikeettevõtete seas läbiviidud uuringule. Inimeste tarbimisotsustusi ja kaasuvat keskkonnakoormust kujundavad tarbimisvõimaluste olemasolu ja kättesaadavus inimese tavapärases tegevuskeskkonnas. Seda ka juhul, kui eeldada leibkondade võrdseid sissetulekuid ja teisi sotsiaaldemograafilisi tunnuseid. Kõrgematesse hierarhiatasanditesse kuuluvad linnad koondavad endasse laiema spektri erinevaid tegevusi ja võimalusi, pakutavaid kaupu ja teenuseid. Selle tulemusena on Tallinnas, Tartus, Pärnus ja nende linnade tagamaal elavatel inimestel suurema keskkonnakoormusega tarbimismuster kui madalamatesse hierarhiatasanditesse kuuluvate asustusüksuste elanikel. Seevastu Ida-Viru regionaalsete tööstuslinnade elanike tagasihoidlik tarbimis- ja liikumiskäitumine põhjustab konkurentsitult kõige madalama keskkonnakoormuse Eesti elanike hulgas. Siin avalduvad linnade kompaktsusest tulenevad eelised energiakasutuse ja transpordi valdkonnas, samas ei ole nende tööstuslinnade eripärane arengulugu, majandusstruktuur, keskkonnaproblemaatika ja vähesed sotsiaalsed sidemed ümbritsevate aladega võimaldanud neil linnadel areneda tänapäevasteks aktiivset eluviisi võimaldavateks keskusteks. Sotsiaalselt ja keskkonnaalaselt tasakaalustatud ühiskonnakorralduse saavutamiseks on seega vajalik jõuda teadliku ja läbimõeldud ruumipoliitikani nii iga linnastu kui ka terve riigi tasandil., The thesis addresses the dilemma between the environmental benefits and disadvantages of urbanization across the settlement hierarchy of Estonia, aiming to get new insights about the effect of location on the environmental load of final consumption. It explores the carbon load and ecological footprint of the consumption and mobility behaviour of Estonian residents based on the data collected in Household Budget Survey (Statistics Estonia) or in surveys conducted among high school students and small enterprises providing knowledge-intensive business services. The thesis brings out the lifestyle environmental impacts of additional consumption that occurs along higher degrees of urbanization both in dense urban cores and in their surrounding hinterland. Better availability and accessibility of various commodities, especially leisure-related goods and services, in higher hierarchy level settlements (i.e. in Tallinn, Tartu, and Pärnu together with their hinterland) favour their consumption and the consequent environmental load also when differences in income levels and other socio-demographic aspects of households are considered. The thesis reveals the exceptional position of the residents of regional industrial centres in Estonian settlement hierarchy considering their significantly low environmental load from final consumption. This is only partly explained by lower affluence level and different ethnical composition of the population when compared to the rest of the country. It may be assumed that the industrial character, development peculiarities and environmental problems, lack of opportunities for self-expression, and low rate of social relations with the hinterland areas have hindered these regional centres to develop towards contemporary urban cores of active lifestyle. Estonian spatial policy in local, regional, and national planning needs to consider the causes of spatially varying consumer behaviour in order to achieve a socio-environmentally balanced society.

International audience; What are the consequences of staying in or moving out of a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhood? In European urban sociology, research has mostly focused either on lower class ethnic minorities, or on white ethnic majority middle classes. By contrast, studies on upwardly mobile ethnic minorities are scarce, a gap that this book fills by looking at upwardly mobile Turkish-Germans living in Berlin. Those Turkish-Germans in Berlin, who decide to move out of a low status neighbourhood, mostly in order to find a better educational infrastructure for their children, show various strategies to keep ties back to their old neighbourhood. Moreover, the movers now living in neighbourhoods with a high share of native-German residents, where they stand out as the other, keep ties to other people with a Turkish background, not only through socializing with co-ethnics, but also through various forms of voluntary involvement. Hence, a move presents a spatial withdrawal from a socioeconomically weak and ethnically diverse neighbourhood, but it does not imply that this neighbourhood no longer plays a role in Turkish-Germans' daily practices or as somewhere with which to continuously identify. Barwick's sophisticated study shows that moving and staying are both active decisions and they both have positive and negative consequences. Thus, movers and stayers alike develop coping strategies for their respective situation, and develop particular daily practices and forms of identification with place.

a b s t r a c t Using a representative national sample of personal networks, this article explores how the spatial disper- sion of networks, residential mobility and social support are linked. Three issues will be addressed here. Firstly, how is the spatial dispersion of personal networks related to individuals' social characteristics, network composition and residential mobility? Secondly, how do the spatial dispersion of networks, res- idential mobility and their combined effect influence the number and (thirdly) the structure of emotional support ties? Results showed that the extent of the support was affected neither by the geographical dis- tribution of the networks nor by residential mobility. Living far from one's birthplace, however, exerted two distinct, and opposite effects on the support network structure. On the one hand, mobility led to high spatial dispersion of personal contacts, which in turn favored a sparsely knit network centered around the mobile individual. On the other hand, by controlling for the effect of distance between the contacts, we found that individuals that cited long-distance ties tended to be part of more transitive support net- works than those that cited local ties. We interpreted the latter effect as evidence that transitive ties may survive greater spatial distances than intransitive ones. These findings are discussed in view of spatial mobility and social network research. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

En el contexto de los procesos de periurbanización y los impactos territoriales que se desprenden de ellos, resulta importante evaluar los niveles de exclusión social asociada al transporte en el entorno cercano del Área Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile (AMS). Se escogió el caso de la provincia de Melipilla por los altos niveles de ruralidad que presenta y su situación privilegiada en términos de conectividad con los principales centros de negocios y puertos del país. La estimación de la exclusión social asociada al transporte se realizó a partir de información socioeconómica y socioprofesional correspondiente al censo 2002 y al tiempo y costo de desplazamiento a nivel intraprovincial. Los resultados obtenidos fueron relacionados con la distribución de la densidad de población con el fin de analizar las implicancias socioespaciales derivadas de esta relación. Se constató que ambos procesos no se encuentran necesariamente relacionados. In the context of peri-urbanization processes and the territorial impacts that emerge from them, it is important to evaluate the levels of social exclusion associated with transport in the immediate surroundings of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile (AMS). The case of Melipilla province has been chosen because it is a highly rural area with a privileged location in terms of connectivity to the main business centers and ports of the country. Overall, estimations of social exclusion associated with transport were calculated using socio-economic and socio-professional information from Chile's Population and Housing Census of 2002 along with data on the time and cost of intra-provincial travel. Results were compared to the distribution of population density, in order to analyze the socio-spatial implications arising from this relationship. It was found that the two processes are not necessarily related.

The aim of this study is to investigate spatial mobility over time. Research on 'new mobilities' suggests increasing movement of individuals, technology, and information. By contrast, studies of in ...

The aim in this paper is to contribute to current debates on emerging social divisions in the British housing market. Debates on the residualisation of council housing, differentiation within homeownership, and housing tenure polarisation are discussed. A particular concern is the development of a more processual account of the shaping of housing histories of different groups at different points in the income and social structure and the linking of debates within housing to broader accounts of the changing structure of British society.

International audience; The frequent comings and goings within various living places characterise second home owners. Neither truly tourist nor inhabitant in the region of their second home, this population category is hybrid, because they are owners of a home where they do not usually live during the year. This raises the question of their right to express themselves about the changes affecting the territory where their second home is located. Their way of living in this multipolar residential system, with the great mobility it induces, may be a key point to understand how they notice and evaluate the territorial changes of their second home place. This hypothesis is discussed in this paper, supported by the results of a survey led at a large scale in a French department of the Atlantic side coast, called Charente-Maritime. In particular, the relation between attendance modes of their second home and their degree of sensibility to changes is studied. Then, the analysis underlines how much this population category wishes to involve itself into the political choices leading to those changes, and express its opinion publicly about them. As a result, it is shown that the importance given to their second home inside their own residential system explains both the level of their sensibility and their expectations towards the governance and changes affecting the location of their second home.; Les résidents secondaires sont caractérisés par des mobilités fréquentes entre plusieurs espaces de vie. Vis-à-vis de leur lieu de villégiature, ils constituent une catégorie de population hybride, ni vraiment touriste, ni vraiment résidente, car ils sont propriétaires d’un logement où ils ne résident pas toute l’année. De ce fait se pose la question de leur légitimité à s’exprimer sur les changements affectant le territoire où est localisé leur second logement. Il s’agira de partir de l’hypothèse suivante : la configuration particulière de leur système résidentiel, et les mobilités spatiales qui en découlent, influenceraient la perception des changements territoriaux de leur lieu de villégiature. Notre analyse s’appuiera sur les résultats d’une étude d’envergure menée dans un département du littoral atlantique français, la Charente-Maritime. Après avoir présenté la méthodologie de cette étude, nous analyserons le lien entre les modalités de fréquentation de la résidence secondaire et le développement d’une certaine sensibilité aux changements de la part des propriétaires. Cette sensibilité aux changements peut s’accompagner d’une volonté d’exercer un droit de regard sur ces changements. Dès lors, leurs perceptions et leurs attentes peuvent être éclairées par la place accordée à la résidence secondaire au sein de leur système résidentiel.

Partindo de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre o mundo da música popular brasileira (MPB) em lugares do Bairro Alto em Lisboa, este artigo coloca à discussão o modo como os percursos trilhados pelos artistas imigrantes de origem brasileira com objetivos de realização artística e de reconhecimento público, se desenham a par e passo com uma intensa sociabilidade coletiva entre pares, onde o trabalho e o lazer se misturam. A partir das noções de circuito e carreira analisaremos a relação entre um percurso de mobilidade espacial e de mobilidade social, assim como a relação entre a constituição de cenas musicais em diferentes escalas citadinas e artísticas Starting from an ethnographic research on the Brazilian popular music world in some of Bairro Alto's places (Lisbon) this article discuss how the paths pinched by the Brazilian immigrant artists in search of artistic fulfillment and of public recognition are constructed side by side with an intensive sociability between peers, where work and leisure mix together. From the notions of circuit and career, we shall analyze the relationship between paths of spatial mobility and social mobility, as well as the relationship between the constitution of musical scenes in different urban and artistic scales A partir d'une recherche ethnographique sur le monde de la musique populaire brésilienne à certains lieux du Bairro Alto (Lisbonne) cet article discute la façon dont les chemins des artistes immigrants brésiliens cherchent à l'accomplissement artistique et la reconnaissance publique, côte à côte avec une intense sociabilité, où travail et loisir se mélangent. Le rapport entre les chemins de la mobilité spatiale et la mobilité sociale est analysé à l'aide des notions circuit et de carrière, ainsi que la relation entre la formation des scènes musicales dans des différentes échelles urbaines et artistiques A partir de una investigación etnográfica sobre el mundo brasileño de música popular en algunos lugares de Bairro Alto (Lisboa) este artículo discute cómo se construyen los caminos de los artistas inmigrantes brasileños en busca de plenitud artística y de reconocimiento público, junto con una sociabilidad intensa entre pares, donde el trabajo y el ocio se mezclan. A partir de las nociones de circuito y la carrera, vamos a analizar la relación entre las trayectorias de movilidad espacial y la movilidad social, así como la relación entre la formación de las escenas musicales en diferentes escalas urbanas y artísticas

9 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables, The mobility pattern of the deep-water shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) was studied off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) over a 10 yr time scale. The study area comprises upper and middle slope depths and submarine canyons. This extended data set (1780 observations corresponding to 845 days over 10 years) confirmed and allowed refinement of previous hypotheses of A. antennatus large-scale mobility patterns. Our results show that this species follows a well-defined seasonal mobility pattern. It is more abundant on open slope areas (around 800 m depth) in late winter and spring. The larger fraction of the population moves in submarine canyons in late summer and autumn, towards shallower depths (around 500 m). This general pattern of population mobility is coupled with important sex and size segregation. Adult females are present year-round throughout the different habitats sampled, while the abundance of males and juveniles is higher in submarine canyons in autumn and early winter. The large-scale mobility pattern of A. antennatus is not common in deep-sea species. The relevance of our results is discussed in relation to the deep-water environment and the biological cycle of the species

This article discusses the role of social comparisons in the processes through which migrants make sense of their own social position from a transnational perspective. Migrants are often involved in transnational forms of life which influence their forms of belonging, their economic strategies, their moral values and their political actions. There is also evidence to suggest that migrants use transnational frames of reference to evaluate their social positioning within their origin and host countries. In this article, we offer a methodological approach to the study of social positions in transnational spaces which aims to account for the interplay between the markers of objectively verifiable social positions and their subjective assessment by migrants. Concretely, we focus on social comparison as a mechanism for symbolic boundary drawing processes, which help migrants to make sense of their (often differing) social positions within host and origin countries. Social comparisons help migrants to evaluate how they are seen and positioned by others and subsequently bring these assessments into line with their own social categories and evaluations of their social position in different places. These findings highlight the importance of social comparisons as a tool to investigate the interaction between social and spatial mobility.

Patterns of grasslands species mobility were compared between communities and within plant species. Data from high spatial resolution permanent plots with fine scale recording system, experiment with removal of the dominant recorded also at a fine scale were used. The permanent plots showed large variation within a community in the patterns of species mobility. The species mobility was partly dependent on the site and was higher in a more nutrient rich and climatically more favourable community. Mobility also varied within species. In some species (Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum spp.) it differed between communities (it was higher in more nutrient rich and climatically more favourable community) and did not respond to removal of the dominant species. In another species,Festuca rubra, mobility also differed between plots; in contrast, it did not show consistent variation attributable to community type and showed strongly increased spatial persistence in plots with the dominant species removed. In this species the mobility seems to be dependent on the competitive pressure of the coexisting species.

Knoben J. and Oerlemans L. A. G. Ties that spatially bind? A relational account of the causes of spatial firm mobility, Regional Studies. The existing literature on the spatial mobility of firms neglects inter-organizational relations. This is striking since there is a strong theoretical argument that firms with a high level of (localized) embeddedness are unlikely to relocate. Therefore, the following research question is posed: To what extent is the level of embeddedness of firms in (localized) innovative inter-organizational relationships of influence on their propensity to relocate? Based on data from the automation service sector, an ordered logit model is estimated. The results show that embeddedness is an important determinant of spatial firm mobility. More specifically, there is a strong spatial lock-in effect of having a high degree of centrality. Knoben J. et Oerlemans L. A. G. Des liens qui reunissent sur le plan geographique? Un compte-rendu relationnel des causes de la mobilite geographique d...

Cities and regions have never exhibited a static pattern, but have always been in a state of flux. In the past decade however, spatial dynamics has shown acceleration due to the impact of new technology. Rapid transit systems, microelectronics, telecommunications and energy-saving measures have had profound consequences for the spatial organisation of our world. Current spatial dynamics does not display one unambiguous spatial and urban pattern however. Though in many cases social and face-to-face contacts are still necessary, it is also evident that an avalanche of information and communication systems is emerging that will have a profound impact on spatial mobility patterns. Sometimes urban change processes may be determined by general technological factors (e.g. automation), but in other cases urban forms may be affected by specific urban technologies (e.g. underground rapid transit systems). Clearly, the resulting urban pattern is a multi faceted phenomenon, as it is simultaneously co-determined by industrial, residential, transportation, architectural, recreational and institutional factors.

This paper discusses the mobility of labour in high mountain areas and examines its significance for the integration of these peripheral regions into the economy and society of the respective country. The interpretation is based on concepts of develop- ment and migration theory, especially on Friedmann's (1966) centre-periphery model, and on the hypothesis of mobility transition by Zelinsky (1971). Both stress the importance of labour migrations in the incipient process of spatial development. The practical application of these models to certain mountain areas, however, reveals their limitations. In the Alps, for example, labour migrations and integration of the periphery started centuries before the beginning of the phase of industrialization, although these processes have been interpreted in both models as transitional. On the other hand, mobilization of labour is a recent phenomenon in the Hindukush, Karakoram, and Western Himalaya. Here it developed as a consequence of the opening of the mountain valleys since the nineteenth century and with rapidly increasing over-population. Finally, four socio-economic types of high mountain regions are proposed. These have different patterns of spatial mobility instead of phase or stage models. The dynamic Type 4 is emphasized; this is characterized by recreational and daily commuting mobility and, contrary to the other three types, by full integration into a national or even international system.

Basic information is provided on the subpopulation of non welfare poor and on one type of residential arrangement. The informal social structures, adaptive mechanisms and spatial mobility in a hotel for non welfare poor are examined, and a set of recommendations are developed that emphasize planning strategies geared to the adaptive strenghts of the marginally subsistent, but self-reliant poor. It is noted that citizen participation in urban renewal and relocation should be increased. Citizens aged 65 and over should be able to ride buses for half fare and to buy a monthly bus pass at half the regular rate. This would not only benefit individuals on low income but also increase ridership. A minibus or dial-a-ride system for the elderly, possibly in collaboration with a taxicab company, should be established for those who are not adequately served by the bus system.

This paper examines the hypothesis that residential mobility is disruptive of social relations; and it seeks to identify patterns of adaptation which emerge from that disruption. Among other things, it is found that women who moved between 1966 and 1969 were more frequently sociable both before and after their move than those who did not move. Further, differential patterns of disruption hold for intraand extra-neighborhood contacts. There is, in addition, a period of heightened social interaction on the part of the most recent movers. Spatial mobility, it is concluded, does exert changes on the social lives of women in households.