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Purpose Under the framework of the achievement goal and expectancy-value theories, this study aims to examine which motivational goals lead people to self-initiate an international assignment and predict subjective assignment achievements. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected from a convenience sample of 141 self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) from multiple locations. The first set of analyses tested the hypothesis that demographics and expectancies of competence in living and working abroad discriminate the individuals who initiate an international assignment for learning goals from the ones who value performance goals. The second set of analyses tested the hypothesis that individual expectancies and goals predict specific subjective assignment achievements and overall success. Findings The results show that SIEs who had greater confidence in their ability to live and work abroad were also more likely to move to pursuit performance goals. They also reported greater host adjustment and superior professional accomplishments, but not higher family achievements or success. Originality/value In contrast to the dominant descriptive approach to the study of SIEs, this study underpins the adequacy and potential of a motivational approach in predicting SIEs’ behaviors and outcomes. The theoretical and managerial implications for international business and cross-cultural management are further discussed.

The earnings of Sri Lankan migrant women who work abroad as housemaids account for a significant proportion of overseas remittances to Sri Lanka. Literature on the “maid trade” of Sri Lanka...

The article highlights the parts of A.N. Veselovsky’s biography that reflect his connections with Western European science, cites the facts from his personal and epistolary communication, and estimates his contribution to the major scientific activities of the second half of the 19th century in the context of perception of such works as Dante and the Symbolic Poeret of Catholicism (1865), Villa Alberti. New Materials for the Characterization of the Literary and Social Breakthrough in the Italian Life of the 14th–15th century (1870), Experiments on the History of the Development of the Christian Legend (1875–1877), From the History of the Novel and the Story (1886, 1888) and others. A.N. Veselovsky sought to expand contacts with Western European scholars to exchange information, new methodologies, and conceptual and theoretical models. He published about 40 articles in foreign languages and contributed to the introduction of Slavic and Byzantine material to the world science, as well as to promoting Russian philology abroad.

Migrant worker problems occur due to limited job opportunities & opportunities, income disparity and less productive use of income. Especially in Malang Regency in 2016 experienced an increase in the number of migrants by 21.8%. The purpose of this research is a strategy to develop the tourism potential of Migrant Villages to increase job opportunities. This study will be carried out in Donomulyo Subdistrict in the south-east region (32 - 70 km) from Malang City and concentrate on villages that have a potential migrant population who work abroad. The sampling technique is based on the random sampling method, number a sample of 69 with a 95% confidence level. The analysis of this research uses the SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats). Migrant Village, Donomulyo Subdistrict, has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, strength is its good panoramas, adequate infrastructure and then has a distinctive tradition of good artistic activities. The weaknesses are that the road access is not good enough, there is less attention, it is prone to disasters and the human resources are insufficient or insufficient. Strategies because of strengths but have opportunities, the strategic undertaken in cooperation with travel agents, further agro-tourism development strategies and increasing cultural tourism attractions and development of Bumdes (Business entities in the village). Furthermore, the next strategy is if it is strong but has challenges, the strategy is to make tour packages by branding tourist villages. However, if there is a weakness and there is a chance the strategy is to improve the infrastructure for the procurement of tourist signs, add to tourist spots and organize a tourist information centre.

Unemployment is a serious problem that troubles the majority of countries in the world. The big problem is particularly long-term unemployment. Slovak economy is trying to deal with this problem already for a long time. Despite of the pronounced decline of unemployment rate in recent years, the high long-term unemployment persists in Slovakia. The aim of the article is therefore to evaluate the causes of long-term unemployment in Slovakia and its impact on the economy and on the migration of the labor force in search of work abroad. On the basis of the results of our research, we have found that one of the causes of long-term unemployment is uneven distribution of industry and a poor quality and inadequate infrastructure. This is particularly the case for unemployment in the southern and eastern Slovakia. Unemployment in Slovakia, especially in the last period, negative influences a discrepancy in the structure of the qualification and profession of unemployed people and vacancies. Another reason for the relatively high unemployment is the large number of people with low levels of education, especially in the eastern part of Slovakia. The result of high unemployment in this region are low wages, which often don not encourage these people to work, even if they would have found the job vacancy. Another reason for unemployment is sometimes unwillingness of people to migrate between regions of Slovakia for the work or travel for the work to the more distant town. This is linked with the underdeveloped and inefficient functioning of the market for rental flats. Living outside of the region of residence (in Slovakia) in most cases is significantly more expensive and therefore is not worthwhile for the unemployed people to seek the work outside their region. Therefore, many people solve the problem of unemployment and low wages in the migration for work abroad. This includes people with a lower, but also with high qualifications, who are looking for better valuation of their labour.

EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS RETIREMENT OF SOLOKURO DISTRICT, LAMONGAN. Solokuro Village is one of the majority of the population being Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) and Female Migrant Workers (TKW), as for the background of the large number of residents who choose to work abroad due to economic factors and the lack of jobs that can meet the needs of families in the Solokuro village. This PKM activity will provide assistance to the group of women who are retired after TKW “Sinar Berdikari Business Group” by developing a variety of home-based snack products. The solutions offered in this program are: Help increase production capacity and business marketing management, strengthen business group institutions. The solution offered in this program is by providing production tools, training in business management and marketing, facilitating the formation of business groups in a professional manner, assisting in making media marketing business information technology. The method used in this service is the training method combined using the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) method, participatory assistance. From the results of the Sinar Berdikari Business group assistance and the residents of Solokuro Lamongan, innovation needs to be made to make food made from corn with a variety of flavors and shapes to increase partner productivity, equip partners with good managerial, partners will be able to run their businesses effectively and efficiently, train good packaging methods will increase sales of partners to package a product so that it is more attractive and has high selling power, teaching partners with marketing training can increase the sales volume of partners from the local market to the national market and the need for continuous monitoring and coaching so that the business partners and residents of Solokuro Lamongan can develop accordingly hope.

POSTING OF WORKERS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROVISION OF SERVICES. THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL LABOR INSPECTORATE AS „A COMPETENT BODY” IN THE MEANING OF DIRECTIVE 2014/67/WE AND OTHER PIP TASKS IN THE AREA OF POSTING OF WORKERSThe article seeks to familiarize the reader with the phenomenon of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services, with particular emphasis placed on the differences between posting and a business trip. Explaining these differences seems to be of paramount importance in the case of workers posted from the territory of Poland to work abroad as implementation of business trip procedures in a situation of actual posting often leads to the circumventing of legal regulations on social security and personal income tax — deliberately and voluntarily or entirely by accident — and, consequently, to a reduction of the inflow of the amounts due to the state budget. This paper also presents an issue which is inseparably linked with posting, i.e. minimum employment conditions in a host country which must be guaranteed — irrespective of the choice of law made by the parties to the legal relationship — by the employer posting a worker outside the territory of the country where he/she usually performs work.The posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services falls within the area of the labour law regulated by the intracommunity standards which have been implemented in the Polish legal system. The article discusses the main EU legal acts pertaining to this matter and how these regulations have been introduced in the Polish law by means of the Act on of 10 June 2016 on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.When analyzing the contents of the above-mentioned Act, a reference has been made to the National Labour Inspectorate’s remit, as per the provisions of the Act, as “a competent body” in the meaning of Directive 2014/67/EU, as well as to other tasks, obligations and rights of this institution resulting from the legal regulations in the area of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.The remarks made in this article, presented in view of the legislation in force, lead to conclusions as regards necessary amendments of legal provisions on the competence and remit of the National Labour Inspectorate as the authority appointed to ensure the rule of law in the area of the posting of workers.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why entry-level job applicants intend to leave their home country to work abroad by adopting the framework of country embeddedness (i.e. career and community embeddedness). Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are tested using survey data of a sample of prospective healthcare entry-level job applicants (i.e. last year medical students) using hierarchical regression analyses and bootstrapping procedures. Findings Results show that, first, home country career and community embeddedness are negatively associated with self-initiated expatriation intention (SIE-intention). Second, developmental feedback reduces SIE-intention. This relationship is at least partly due to increased home country career embeddedness. Third, national identity reduces SIE-intention. The relationship is at least partly due to increased home country community embeddedness. Originality/value This paper advances the understanding of SIE by focusing on home country factors associated with the decision to work abroad, whereas the majority of current research mainly considers host country variables.

Indonesian Workers (TKI) are domestic workers who work abroad. TKI is the largest foreign exchange earner for Indonesia. For official migrant workers, they will receive employment training conducted at the Overseas Employment Training Center which is managed by Indonesian Manpower Services Distributors as their suppliers abroad. Since the height of the news about Human Trafficking / non-procedural human trafficking has become a special concern by the Indonesian government, various ways of prevention are carried out by the government together with related official institutions. The author uses descriptive-qualitative research method, which is done by direct observation and in-depth interviews with the parties concerned, and the data collected later on analysis by descriptive analysis by describing the results of research in the form of research reports. With the holding of campaigns by the government and related institutions such as that carried out by PT Indotama Karya Gemilang about understanding the importance of the procedural process for migrant workers, they can add their understanding of the process procedurally.

Background Because of the multicultural composition of the Turkish population, healthcare providers encounter and serve individuals from various cultural backgrounds. Aim To determine the relationship between cultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence levels among nursing students. Methods This study was performed with 336 students attending the Nursing Department of a state university in Turkey. Data were collected using a sociodemographic data form, the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and the Cultural Intelligence Scale. Results Mean age of the Nursing Department students was 20 ± 1.76 years. Mean total scores on the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and Cultural Intelligence Scale were 90.49 ± 12.68 (maximum 120) and 95 ± 15.8 (maximum 140), respectively. Total scores in both the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and the Cultural Intelligence Scale were higher among those nursing students who had encounters with people with different cultural backgrounds for any reason and those who wanted to work abroad. The nursing students' Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and Cultural Intelligence Scale total scores were positively correlated (p Conclusion Intercultural sensitivity increased with higher cultural intelligence. Enhancing nursing education with programs that improve the students' cultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence will help them to successfully manage cultural differences and provide culturally appropriate care in their nursing practice.

Migration has become a vital element of the Bangladeshi economy, which has led to an increasing focus on providing Bangladeshis with the skills needed on the international labour market. English is often cited as one of these skills, and previous research has shown that a primary reason why Bangladeshis wish to learn English is due to its perceived value for pursuing work abroad (Erling, Elizabeth J., Philip Seargeant, Mike Solly, Qumrul H Chowdhury, & Sayeedur Rahman. 2012.Attitudes to English as a language for international development in rural Bangladesh. London: British Council. Available online athttp://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/attitudes-english-a-language-international-development-rural-bangladesh.). The extent to which English is of value in economic migration, however, has been underexplored in research (Coleman, Hywel. 2010.The English language in development. London: British Council. Available athttp://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/english-language-development.). Drawing on data from a qualitative study which provides new insights into the experiences and perceptions of a cohort of returnee migrants, this article investigates the perceived value of (English) language skills for migration. The study finds that economic migrants see the advantages of having particular skills, especially English, for economic gain. However, applying a capabilities lens to their narratives (Sen, Amartya. 1999.Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) reveals the difficulties of classifying their experiences in terms of “success” given the deeply embedded structural issues and challenges the participants report facing. This article therefore questions assumptions that language skills can be transformational when social inequality is (re)produced in the context of migration.

In the article peculiarities of ideas about future family life of children from labor migrants' families are studied and analyzed in comparison with ideas of children from complete functional families and orphan children. It is noted that the reason for differences in family ideas is the influence of family deprivation. The author emphasizes the differences of ideas about the future family life of children from labor migrants' families (functionally incomplete families) in which parents work abroad for a long time from the ideas of orphan children. The children aged 13-14 took part in the research. The survey was conducted in different regions of Ukraine. It is assumed, that children deprived of parental guardianship will have the lowest level of formation of future family ideas. Consequently children of labor migrants, who suffer from parents’ absence less than orphan children, will take average positions between children from complete families and orphan children. The comparative characteristic of groups of teenagers was provided by the results of the research.

SummaryThe most recent ST3 Anaesthetic recruitment for posts commencing in August 2021 saw larger numbers of applicants (n = 1,056) compared to previous years, with approximately 700 applicants failing to secure an ST3 post. We surveyed 536 anaesthetic junior doctors who applied for ST3 posts during this application round with the aim of investigating their experience of the recruitment process this year (response rate 536/1,056 = 51%). Approximately 61% were not offered ST3 posts (n = 326), a similar proportion to that previously reported. We asked all respondents what their potential career plans were for the next 12 to 24 months. The majority expressed intentions to take up either CT3 top-up posts or non-training fellow posts from August 2021 (79%). Other options considered by respondents included: pursuing work abroad (17%), embarking on a career break (16%), taking up an ST3 post in intensive care medicine instead of anaesthetics (15%) and permanently leaving the medical profession (9%). A number of respondents expressed a desire to pursue training in a different medical specialty (9%). Some respondents expressed an intention to pursue further education or research (10%). A large proportion of respondents (42%) expressed a lack of confidence in being able to achieve the necessary training requirements to later apply for ST4 in August 2023. The majority of respondents reported not feeling confident in achieving GMC Specialty Registration in Anaesthesia in the future without a training number (75%), and that their wider life plans have been disrupted due to the impending time out of training (78%). We received a total of 384 free-text responses to a question asking about general concerns regarding the ST3 applications process. Sentiment analysis of these free-text responses indicated that respondents felt generally negatively about the ST3 recruitment process. Some themes that were elicited from the responses included: respondents feeling the recruitment process lacked fairness, respondents suffering burnout and negative impacts on their wellbeing, difficulties in making plans for their personal lives, and feeling undervalued and abandoned despite having made personal sacrifices to support the health service during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results suggest that junior anaesthetic doctors in the UK currently have a negative perception towards postgraduate training structures, which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, changes to the postgraduate training curriculum and difficulties in securing higher training posts.

En este artículo reconstruiremos las disputas entre grupos conservadores y progresistas en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) por la institucionalización o no de la Sociología (en cátedras, carreras de grado y posgrado, grupos de investigación, participación en redes nacionales e internacionales de la disciplina, etc.), y por el control de esa institucionalización, desde principios del siglo XX y hasta el presente, en relación con las luchas políticas más amplias en la sociedad cordobesa y argentina. A través de fuentes secundarias y entrevistas a referentes de la sociología cordobesa, mostraremos cómo, en ese proceso, se constituyó la carrera en otras universidades de la provincia; cómo se dieron discusiones sociológicas por fuera de los ámbitos universitarios; cómo en la universidad, la docencia e investigación en Sociología transcurrió en otras facultades y asociadas a otras disciplinas como Derecho, Comunicación, Trabajo Social, Letras, Ciencias de la Educación, etc.; cómo algunos/as profesores/as e investigadores/as fueron cómplices de la dictadura mientras otros/as debían exiliarse; cómo, en ese contexto, se formaron los/as referentes del área: con estudios de grado en otras disciplinas y de posgrado en el exterior, trabajo en el exterior; y cómo, mientras tanto, en universidades similares del país y la región, se creaban las carreras de grado y se desarrollaban las redes nacionales e internacionales. In this article we will reconstruct the disputes between conservative and progressive groups at the National University of Córdoba (UNC) over the institutionalization or not of Sociology (in courses, undergraduate and graduate degrees, research groups, participation in national and international networks of the discipline, etc.), and for the control of this institutionalization, from the beginning of the XXth Century to the present, in relation to the broader political struggles in Cordoba and Argentine society. We will show how, in this process, the career was established in other universities in the province; how sociological discussions took place outside of university settings; how in the university, teaching and research in Sociology passed in other faculties and associated with other disciplines such as Law, Communication, Social Work, Letters, Education Sciences, etc.; how some teachers and researchers were accomplices of the dictatorship while others had to go into exile; how, in this context, the referents of the area were formed: with undergraduate studies in other disciplines and postgraduate studies abroad, work abroad; and how, meanwhile, in similar universities in the country and the region, undergraduate courses were created and national and international networks were developed. Fil: Romanutti, María Virginia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina Fil: Segura, Maria Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Centro de Investigaciones María Saleme Burnichón; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

ObjectivesTo report the numbers of consultant congenital cardiac surgeons and cardiologists who have joined and left UK practice over the last 10 years and explore the reasons for leaving.MethodsRetrospective observational questionnaire study completed between 11 June 2019 and 1 July 2020 by UK level 1 congenital cardiac centres of 10-year consultant staff movement and reasons suggested for leaving UK practice.ResultsAt survey completion there were 218 (202 whole time equivalent (WTE)) consultant cardiologists and surgeons working within level 1 centres made up of 39 (38 WTE) surgeons, 137 (128.5 WTE) paediatric cardiologists, 42 (35.5 WTE) adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cardiologists. 161 (74%) consultants joined in the last 10 years of whom 103 (64%) were UK trained. There were 91 leavers giving a staff turnover rate 42% (surgeons 56%, paediatric cardiologists 42%, ACHD cardiologists 29%). Of those, leaving 43% moved to work abroad (surgeons 55%, paediatric cardiologists 40%, ACHD cardiologists 67%). Among the 65 reported reasons for leaving 16 were financial, 9 for work life balance, 6 to working conditions within the National Health Service (NHS) and 12 related to the profession in the UK including six specifically highlighting the national review process.ConclusionsThere has been a high turnover rate of consultant staff within UK congenital cardiac services over the last 10 years with almost half of those leaving moving to work overseas. Financial reasons and pressures relating to working in the NHS or the specialty in the UK were commonly reported themes for leaving. This has major implications for future planning and staff retention within this specialised service.

BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan Africa faces the highest relative need for health care workers in the world and the emigration of physicians significantly contributes to this deficit. Few studies have explored development of these patterns during medical education. This study investigates career aspirations of medical students in two African nations with similar Human Development Indices, but distinct differences in training structure to better inform retention strategies. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was administered in 2018 to medical students in Madagascar (University of Antananarivo, University of Mahajanga) and Tanzania (Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, KCMC). Outcomes included emigration/career intentions, and factors influencing these decisions. Analysis utilised chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α

Introduction and Aims: Professionals working abroad as part of a partnership program is a central act of internationalization among higher education institutions. Little research has been carried out on this topic. The goal of this study was, therefore, to explore, describe and discuss the workplace learning factors – especially cultural factors – influencing Norwegian physiotherapy teachers, working in an international partnership project at a women’s university in Sudan. Methods: The study had a qualitative case-study design, intended to provide an in-depth understanding of workplace learning processes. We used a multifaceted approach which included individual interviews and document analyses. Results: We identified individual, social and institutional factors that influenced workplace learning. Culture is decisive at all levels, and knowledge, skills and attitudes are culturally situated. The Norwegian teachers’ learning was found to be dependent on both internal and external factors and the pre- and post-project periods. Conclusion: This study shows that a workplace perspective on the experience of Norwegian physiotherapy teachers gives us a better understanding of the important factors, associated with such a project. Working abroad not only requires preparation on the part of the sending and host institution but also from the person working abroad (prior to, during and after the stay abroad) if workplace learning is to occur. publishedVersion

Much of the literature on migration, including that on the ‘left-behind’, is embedded in assumptions about the youthfulness of migration. In addition, most studies that deal with the ‘left behind’ focus on migrants’ children. Those that focus on the older left-behind often assume that this group of people is in need of care and assistance and that they are generally worse off as a result of the migration of their adult children. This paper challenges these assumptions by showing the large variety of situations experienced by the older ‘left-behind’ when their children seek work abroad. Based on twenty-two interviews with adults aged 60 years and over carried out in Cochabamba, Bolivia, the chapter argues that the very category of ‘left-behind’ is embedded with assumptions of passivity and helplessness. Older adults whose children have migrated have often participated in their children’s plans, by lending them money or encouraging them to seek work or further studies abroad. Far from being a burden, they continue to contribute to their families’ productive and reproductive activities well into their older age.

In the last two decades, care deficits in Western Europe have been fuelled by demographic and social transformations, such as population ageing, changes in household structures, welfare programme reforms and an altogether lesser involvement of the state in care provision. These care deficits, particularly in high-income countries, have been addressed through migrant labour which, in turn, contributes to increasing care needs in the migrants’ sending countries. Through the example of Romanian and Slovak caregivers working in 2- and 4-week shifts in Austria, this chapter explores the linkages between care workers’ strategies to address the care deficits in their families, the features of relevant welfare provisions in their respective countries of origin and the workers’ mobility patterns. The chapter argues that existing (limited) care needs in their respective families allow carers to engage in transnational work, while extensive care needs at home are a hindrance for working abroad. In other words, there seems to be a tipping point in the care needs of workers’ families, which results in care workers no longer wanting to work abroad but needing to remain in their countries of origin and care for family members instead. Furthermore, the chapter argues that labour mobility patterns are also influenced by the ‘familialistic’ orientation of relevant welfare provisions in sending countries. As limited formal services put pressure on families to continue providing care informally, institutional frameworks for childcare and care for the elderly also influence care workers’ mobility strategies.

Conference attendance is an important part of any career in academic computing, facilitating both the citations that are key for academic advancement, and the networking opportunities that result in job and collaboration opportunities. For some authors, though, the barriers to participation in academic conferences are significant: beyond having a paper accepted, logistical considerations around care responsibilities and financial considerations may limit participation. One axis along which these barriers become particularly obvious is gender: barriers to conference participation, particularly in distant locations, are higher for women, resulting in negative career impacts. Previous research established that women make up 41% of the authors for OzCHI in the five years from 2014-19, but how does this compare to other major conferences in HCI, such as CHI and DIS? We use a scientometric analysis to examine this question in this paper, finding that Australia-based women are under-represented in these conferences. This is likely to result in negative effects on the careers of female HCI academics in Australia, whether they remain here or attempt to find work abroad.

This research aims to investigate motivation and dominant motivation which students have at bilingual education system at SMP Plus Amanah Islamic Boarding School Tasikmalaya. This research employed a qualitative research design in the form of constructivist grounded theory. A modified questionnaire which was adopted from Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) and structured interview questions were conducted. The results showed that the students have integrative and instrumental motivation but they tend to be slightly more instrumentally motivated. The highest indicator items showed that students think that learning English can make them be a more knowledgeable person. Further, the student’s reason related to their motivation in learning English come up from the interview. It encompassed both integrative and instrumental motivation. For the reasons related to instrumental motivation, students learn English to get profitable career, to go traveling, to study or work abroad, to pass the test (school/job requirement), to participate in English competition, to understand English music, and to get high social status. Whilst for integrative motivation, they learn English to communicate with varied people from other countries, and they are interested in learning the language as well as the culture as their insight. Keywords: integrative motivation, instrumental motivation, bilingual education system, learning English

This study examines the migration intentions of young people in Egypt before and after the 2011 revolution, driven by three sets of factors: (1) individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, (2) household characteristics, and (3) community characteristics and political and civic participation. Logistic regression models are applied to study the determinants of intentions to live, study, or work abroad among young Egyptians (defined as individuals aged 18 to 29), using data from the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) conducted in 2009 (N = 8488) and in 2014 (N = 5885). The surveys are nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt. The analysis indicates that respondents&rsquo, age, gender, marital status, and employment status play a significant role in shaping migration intentions. After the 2011 revolution, the effects are dependent upon economic and institutional conditions. The employment status affects the migration intention of young people in 2009, but the effects become insignificant in 2014. Moreover, respondents who have participated in political and voluntary activities are more likely to express migration intentions. Pollution levels in the community are also positively correlated with the intention to migrate. The results indicate that those who expressed migration intentions are a selective group in terms of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings have policy relevance because knowledge and understanding of migration intentions and their determinants can be used to assess and develop scenarios about future migration.

This chapter explores the notion of adjustment and the processes of adjustment over time for all expatriates; then, given that almost all that research is drawn from assigned expatriates (AEs). It addresses the often-neglected element of time in the development of cross-cultural adjustment. While there is some existing evidence regarding patterns of adjustment over time among AEs, there is little agreement regarding the average time points in the adjustment process. The chapter focuses on the differences between self-initiated expatriates and AEs may be, in terms of the timings and processes of adjustment, considering their different motivations to work abroad, involvement in the preparation of the move, potential facilitators of adjustment during the experience in the host country, and future career motivations. It discusses the multidimensionality of adjustment, considering the three different dimensions advanced by Haslberger et al.: cognitive, affective, and behavioural.

Job-related international mobility shapes life-courses and impacts self-initiated expatriates’ (SIEs’) careers abroad and upon return to the home country and thereafter. This chapter examines the evidence for the effect of expatriate experience on their careers and explores some of the factors that impact that. It discusses some of the similarities and differences in the motivations to work abroad, the types of career, and the outcomes for assigned expatriates (AEs) and SIEs. The chapter explains how those differences are relevant for understanding the influence of long-term international experience on careers. It approaches the diverse accounts of the effect of assignments on careers. Empirical studies of expatriates define career success as the accomplishment of desirable, positive psychological or work-related outcomes as a result of international experiences accumulated over time. While the expatriation literature has mostly concentrated on the micro level, as described previously, the organisational context into which self-initiated repatriates are embedded is crucial to grasping their career experiences.

Introduction The NHS is experiencing declining number of doctors entering specialist training. Additionally, the BMA reports travel as the main reason for taking time out of training. The Global Health Qualitative Evaluation Project (GH-QEP) is an innovative pilot scheme that aims to address this. We believe opportunities to work abroad for a short term within a training program will appeal to those considering leaving the NHS or as an alternative to time out of program. It also builds skills and understanding, enhancing long term development as clinicians. Design GH-QEP was a 4-week program based in Sierra Leone. Our team comprised of one paediatric and two GP trainees from the UK. Senior support was provided by UK and local consultants. The project consisted of qualitative evaluation of the Sierra Leone healthcare system post-Ebola through interviews of healthcare professionals and the public. The Ebola epidemic exposed an already stretched healthcare system within the country creating a climate of uncertainty. Significant effort implemented by the government and private organisations looked to rectify this. We received training in qualitative research methodology, and led the project design and implementation. Observing clinical practice in a variety of settings (hospital, rural feeding clinic, and district health unit) allowed hands-on experience of health issues in a challenging environment. Outcome Undertaking qualitative evaluation is an opportunity not routinely provided in UK specialty training programs. Through patient interviews we learnt about the impact of government policies, education, local health beliefs and priorities of rural and urban population. It allowed us to reflect on the assumptions which shape our own understandings of health, illness and healthcare provision. The positive examples of individual leaders who had observed shortfalls and designed solutions to respond to the health needs of their local population inspired us to adopt similarly proactive approaches in our own clinical practice. Living and working in Sierra Leone developed our personal resilience and was emotionally impactful. Overall, a short-term program like GH-QEP not only benefits trainees personally and professionally, it might help increase specialty trainee application and retention. Furthermore, it could be expanded to incorporate a binational exchange program.

Self-initiated expatriation (SIEs) is a growing form of international career mobility, and SIEs represent an important segment of the global talent market. This chapter reviews papers that explicitly speak of 'self-initiated expatriates'. It revisits and expand on the themes, by specifically examining the home countries of SIEs being studied and elaborating on role as researchers. The chapter provides a reflection of how scholars perceive SIEs compared to other individuals who move internationally and find work abroad Scholars by and large do not dwell on the environment of the home countries of SIEs. SIEs are examined mainly from a boundaryless and protean career perspective, meaning that the primary focus is on the individual factors relevant to the SIE experience, at the expense of considering the external environment. Examining gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP per capita, the countries that dominate SIE research are ranked in the top quartile of world economies.

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory&mdash, Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The presence of burnout syndrome, its relationship with personality traits, intention to change career and work abroad were assessed in a cross-sectional multi-center trial conducted among educators at three medical faculties in the Western Balkans during 2019. Translation and cultural adaptation were made based on internationally accepted principles. Personality traits were assessed by the Big Five Plus Two questionnaire. In total, 246 medical faculty members, predominantly females (61%), were enrolled. The three-factor structure of the MBI-ES questionnaire (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) was validated. Analysis of internal consistency yielded a Cronbach&rsquo, s alpha of 0.785, indicating scale reliability. The majority of respondents (85.6%) reported moderate level of burnout. Aggressiveness, neuroticism, and negative valence were associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and positive valence correlated with personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in a multivariate regression model were significantly associated with intentions to change career and work abroad (p &lt, 0.05). The present study provided evidence for the appropriate metric properties of the Serbian version of MBI-ES. Presence of burnout syndrome, which was identified as a common problem in medical academia, and directly linked to personality traits, affected intention to career change and work abroad.

Equity in health outcomes for rural and remote populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited by a range of socio-economic, cultural and environmental determinants of health. Health professional education that is sensitive to local population needs and that attends to all elements of the rural pathway is vital to increase the proportion of the health workforce that practices in underserved rural and remote areas. The Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet) is a community-of-practice of 13 health professional education institutions with a focus on delivering socially accountable education to produce a fit-for-purpose health workforce. The THEnet Graduate Outcome Study is an international prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 learners from nine health professional schools in seven countries (including four LMICs; the Philippines, Sudan, South Africa and Nepal). Surveys of learners are administered at entry to and exit from medical school, and at years 1, 4, 7, and 10 thereafter. The association of learners' intention to practice in rural and other underserved areas, and a range of individual and institutional level variables at two time points—entry to and exit from the medical program, are examined and compared between country income settings. These findings are then triangulated with a sociocultural exploration of the structural relationships between educational and health service delivery ministries in each setting, status of postgraduate training for primary care, and current policy settings. This analysis confirmed the association of rural background with intention to practice in rural areas at both entry and exit. Intention to work abroad was greater for learners at entry, with a significant shift to an intention to work in-country for learners with entry and exit data. Learners at exit were more likely to intend a career in generalist disciplines than those at entry however lack of health policy and unclear career pathways limits the effectiveness of educational strategies in LMICs. This multi-national study of learners from medical schools with a social accountability mandate confirms that it is possible to produce a health workforce with a strong intent to practice in rural areas through attention to all aspects of the rural pathway.

The Sasak tribe on Lombok island - West Nusa Tenggara, have traditional values and are applied through the social structure of their communities in daily life. Some existing customary values place women in irreplaceable positions. Even so, the existence of financial needs makes them work abroad as laborers, which indirectly results in the occurrence of divorce and early marriage. This is a problem for Sasak women in terms of survival in the Sasak culture. An ethnographic approach derived from Malinowski, the opinion of Svasek, and the value system framework from Kluckhohn are used in this study. This research concludes that art activities are the livelihoods of Sasak women while at the same time functioning as a 'liberation room' for them to express themselves.

Migration consequence what were caused by the economic crisis and easy opportunity to travel and work abroad will be felt in society for a long time. Latvia has lost a lot of people in working age and those who could improve demographic situation. They now live abroad, have their own company and establish families. All this is necessary for Latvia now, therefore would be useful to involve diaspora in business environment and innovation development. The aim of the research outlined in this article is by performing deeper analysis of diaspora’s survey of possible involvement of Latvian diaspora’s into entrepreneurship and innovation development in Latvia, by developing model for facilitation of cooperation between higher education institutions (HEIs) and science, governmental institutions, business representatives and society. Model is based on results of survey performed with Latvian diasporas in the world. Model is showing possible types of cooperation and help expected from Latvia’s institution’s side to improve level of diaspora representative’s involvement in economy, politics and everyday decisions in Latvia. Model is elaborated by using STELLA. This article is part of and supported by the state supported research project EKOSOC-LV, part 5.2.2. Gratitude to Institute of Social, Economic and Humanities research of Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences.

The core of issues of Indonesian migrant workers abroad lies mostly at the phase of pre-departure. One of most issues is on the administration of processing the travel document. Many migrant workers use false documents or false data on their passport. This has existed for years. From the bigger picture, this occurs because the level of corruption within the immigration office is still high. However, the problematic issues of documents and working abroad are not only the responsibility of the immigration department. The other departments such as BNP2TKI (National Body for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Overseas Workers) and the Ministry of Manpower are also responsible because they are the bodies that establish the regulations and procedures for workers to work abroad. In addition to this, the Department of Foreign affairs, which accommodates and oversees all Indonesian embassies and consulates abroad, also plays a role concerning the legal and political protection of Indonesian citizens. The embassies or consulate consist of officials from many departments (immigration department, department of education and cultural affairs, etc.), and they are not only responsible to the ambassador but also their departments in Indonesia. The lack of integrated legal understanding between these four departments and the imbalance of work between them could be the factors of the issues related to the rights of migrant workers. The heterogeneity of the state above and the state governance happens not only in Indonesia but also in the destination country and migrant workers should deal with two systems of legal governance which also experience transformations through time. This paper will discuss the impact of the heterogeneous state and state governance to Indonesian migrant workers in the Netherlands and how the migrants themselves navigate with these two systems.

Every year millions of people are victims of modern-day slavery. According to unofficial data, the number of victims of trafficking in human beings in Ukraine amounts to 160,000 citizens annually. Trafficking in human beings is, according to experts, the third most profitable area of organized crime, especially in its transnational component, alongside arms and drug trafficking. The U.N.O. (United Nations Organization) Center for International Crime Prevention estimates that the global human trafficking market generates 12 $ billion annually. Moreover, there is reason to believe that the proceeds from the sale of people are contributing to the financial support of international terrorist activity. Thus, the scale of the problem of trafficking in human beings is impressive, so this problem requires immediate action. The article highlights the fate of Ukraine in terms of trafficking in human beings on the international level of practical and practical aspects of combating human trafficking. In the robots of daily understanding of the understanding of human trafficking, the main aspects of the robots of international companies are analyzed, the main steps of the powerful programs are characterized. On the basis of the analysis of regulatory documents, the difficult process of identifying international trafficking in persons was analyzed. In the process of completing the work of the robot, the main characterization of the scientific study of the problem and that of the base base was analyzed, the particularities of the difficult process of identifying international trafficking in human beings were analyzed. The process of taking into account the process of taking advantage of the international cooperation of the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the sphere of trafficking in human beings was taken into account. It is stated that the introduction of compulsory insurance in the domestic insurance companies of persons traveling abroad to work at the expense of enterprises, institutions and organizations engaged in employment of these persons abroad is urgent. It is necessary to carry out constant control over the activity of travel agencies, matrimonial agencies, as well as economic entities that are licensed to carry out business activities through mediation in employment for work abroad; to provide systematic clarification and consultations among the persons at risk, to provide them with qualitative assistance; to provide sociological and criminological studies of human trafficking problems, to summarize the data received and to submit appropriate proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; to work on the further study, comparative analysis, synthesis and dissemination in Ukraine of international experience in preventing and combating trafficking in human beings.

Objective The aim:To study self-assessment opportunities for primary care doctors' self-realization and their satisfaction with work during health care transformations in Ukraine. Patients and methods Materials and methods:To achieve this purpose, we compiled a questionnaire according to which an anonymous survey was conducted among 247 family doctors from six regions of Ukraine (Cherkasy, Zakarpattia, Odessa, Kirovohrad, Sumy, Kiev regions). In the study, we used the following research methods: sociological and medical-statistical. The method of mathematical statistics by applying Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to analyze research outcomes. Results Results:The obtained data on self-assessment opportunities for primary care doctors' self-realization show that most of the respondents are not satisfied with their work. At the same time, the older general practitioners - family doctors are, the less important self-realization becomes for them, due to a disturbing fact of a highly probable lack of job, which is the first priority problem they may face. The willingness to work abroad is reported more than twice as high among family doctors aged up to 47 years. According to family doctors, irrespective of their age, the priority problems to be solved were reported as follows: poor financings; insufficient material and technical resources of out-patient clinics of the general medical practice; the necessity of returning national clinical protocols; the incompetence of health management; not clearly established interconnection between different levels of health care system. Conclusion Conclusions:Family doctors in Ukraine have mostly unsatisfactory conditions for their self-realization. This fact has a significant influence on their willingness to change a job, especially among doctors of young age.

The study aims to examine empirically in depth the adaptation of children of migrant workers aged 13 to 17 years whose parents, fathers or mothers work abroad as domestic migrant workers. The study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques to interview and observe informants, as well as conduct study studies from various documentation. Determination of four informants using purposive techniques. This study looks at the adaptation of four sub-aspects namely the pattern used; rules or norms applied; and changes in child behavior of migrant workers. The results of the empirical study are then analyzed so that it is known the ability and flexibility of migrant workers' children in dealing with environmental changes that occur; and known factors that support in adaptation.

Iryna Lapshyna – PhD, Senior researcher, South East European Studies (SEESOX), University of Oxford, UK; Associate Professor, Lviv Catholic University, Ukraine. Email: irina.lapshyna@gmail.com Franck Düvell – PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS), University of Oxford, UK. Chair of Migration Department, German Centre for Integration and Migration Research, Berlin. Email: franck.duvell@compas.ox.ac.uk Ukraine is a country of significant emigration, mostly to the EU and Russia. Our 2012 survey (N=2,000) found that 49.3 % of the population covered in four selected areas aimed to live and/or work abroad for some time. Subsequent studies confirm that this has not changed. The first key analytical concept applied to our analysis is that of 'perceptions'; rather than focusing on 'realities' as objective drivers of migration, we examine how individuals perceive realities and thereupon develop their 'aspirations', which is the second key analytical concept. Hence, instead of focussing on the conventional macro-level drivers we aim to understand the micro-level drivers in migration processes. This paper specifically investigates empirically the nexus between individual perceptions of social policy and migration aspirations among Ukrainians. Firstly, we explore how Ukrainians perceive social policies in Ukraine and how they compare these with conditions in Europe. Secondly, we analyse the correlation between these individual perceptions and their migration aspirations. Thirdly, we investigate how people perceive migration, in terms of its consequences, advantages and disadvantages. Fourthly, we describe the subsequent emergence of migration motives and aspirations. Our research finds that dissatisfaction with social policy in the sending country as well as positive perceptions of social policy in the destination countries are important contributors to the emergence of migration aspirations. This largely confirms the often-rejected welfare-magnet-hypothesis of neoclassical economic thinking.

In the early 1960s, Peace Corps staff turned to American colleges and universities to prepare young Americans for volunteer service abroad. In doing so, the agency applied the university's modernist conceptions of citizenship education to volunteer training. The training staff and volunteers quickly discovered, however, that prevailing methods of education in the university were ineffective for community-development work abroad. As a result, the agency evolved its own pedagogical practices and helped shape early ideas of service learning in American higher education. The Peace Corps staff and supporters nonetheless maintained the assumptions of development and modernist citizenship, setting limits on the broader visions of education emerging out of international volunteerism in the 1960s. The history of the Peace Corps training in the 1960s and the agency's efforts to rethink training approaches offer a window onto the underlying tensions of citizenship education in the modern university.

This paper investigates economic happiness of skipped-generation families in rural north-eastern Thailand. The qualitative methodological approach was implemented in the study. Data collection was conducted in April - May 2018 and in-depth interview was used as a research instrument to collect data from two groups of key informants, including 1) community leaders, community seniors, and community commitees, In total eight persons, and 2) skipped-generation families living in a rural north-eastern region of Thailand, in total twenty families. Data analysis was done by the content analysis method. The study indicated that skipped-generation families are the familes with grandparents and grandchildren living together. Most families have an agricultural occupation, because they have a lot of land by inheritance and divided into two parts: housing and farming. Mostly agricultural income by sugar canes and farming can earn 2,400 USD per year. Moreover, remittances from international migrant only 450 USD per month is spent on family expenses and education of grandchildren. Some families do not have enoughmoney to invest in farming in the next year, and they have a lot more debt than 3,000 USD from a migrant who goes to work abroad. However, skipped-generation families have a perception of economic happiness "An empty hand is no lure for a hawk, no man is happy who does not think himself so" So, skipped-generation families must take this view to manage the economic situation of the family, even though the incomes are insuf-ficient to cover their living and lack of labor due to migrant workers going to work abroad. This affects the economic happiness of skipped-generation families to sustain their living in a rural society.SKIPPED-GENERATION FAMILIES:Economic Happiness in Rural North-Eastern Thailand

The lack of employments in the home country has been the main reason why some Indonesian people choose to work abroad as an Indonesian migrant worker or Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI). Unfortunately, most of them are not skilled, in other words, they do not possess adequate skills needed for work. However, they play a significant role in supporting their family economy and in contributing to foreign exchange earnings, although it is not comparable to what the country gives to them. Within the framework of improvement to the issue, Law No. 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers has been implemented, which adopted Law No. 39 of 2004 on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad. In the new Law, there are five main changes in the pattern of protection, which include decentralization of protection of the Indonesian migrant workers, significant roles of Labor Attache, PJTKI with only two functions (agent transfer and marketing), the Indonesian migrant workers’ insurance by government, and sanctions for violators of the law. Therefore, the spirit of the Law 18/2017 is to protect Indonesian migrant workers and their family in avoidance of humanitarian crimes they have been vulnerable to face from the departure process to the destination country.

Moving Ukrainian citizens abroad is a state issue. The topic of Ukrainian citizens moving to work abroad is widely discussed by mass media, TV attracting attention of the entire society. Millions of working Ukrainian migrants, most of them work in Russia, in the countries of Western Europe and North America; make the state realize the importance of the problem how to assert the rights and freedom of its citizens. Nowadays, the majority of our country fellows remain abroad as illegal labour emigrants and the most discriminated and non-asserted category of foreigners. That is why a number of appeals to state authorities of Ukraine from the citizens who get into troubles abroad are increasing the appealers ask for help and protection. The article deals with the problem of illegal migration and human traffic. The authors determine the outside reasons and inside preconditions for human traffic. It describes the principal tendencies of illegal migration and main countries where human traffic takes place. The consequences of human traffic in Ukraine are determined. The authors suggest the model of counteraction to human traffic with the means of the state policy. The paper formulate the offers concerning the prospective and efficient measures of the state migration policy of Ukraine on the improvement of migration space, the regulation of population migration movement taking into account national priorities and regional features and migrants’ personal needs and prevention from migration threads to the national security of Ukraine.

Young European graduates are crossing borders to work abroad more often than in the past. This trend is particularly evident in Southern Europe, where recent economic downturn has significantly diminished professional opportunities and career prospects. This study will investigate Spain, a country where unemployment has increased dramatically since 2008, as a case study to examine recent graduate’s experiences to develop a professional career in Germany. In particular, this study will draw upon various sources: official statistics; review literature; and education and training policies throughout the European Union. The investigation features an interview with Spanish graduates working in Germany to offer insight into the experiences of perhaps the best-prepared generation of the Spanish workforce. Our results indicate that young Spaniards, leaving the country to work out of necessity rather than choice, learn through the benefits and challenges of a career abroad. We finish our article by discussing the notions of education, competencies and adaptation, and how citizen and professional identities are redefined after the experience of working abroad.

The lack of job opportunities in the country has pushed thousands of Indonesian citizens to seek work abroad. The Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency (Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia, BP2MI) released the placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers (Pekerja Migran Indonesia, PMI) in 2018 (April) period as many as 23,431 people and 2019 as many as 25,489 people. Meanwhile, the Central Statistics Agency (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS) stated that 520 Indonesian Migrant Workers had problems in 2018 (April) period and 846 people in 2019. This study aims to determine the protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad and the government's obstacles in protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad. This study uses a normative juridical approach. That is the approach taken to legal materials, both primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research. The results of this study are first, protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad, namely technical protection in the form of providing shelter, juridical protection in the form of legal assistance to PMI who are in a legal process, and political protection in the form of bilateral agreements. between Indonesia and recipient countries regarding the placement and protection of PMIs. Second, the obstacles faced by the government in protecting PMIs are the lack of legal awareness of PMI candidates, the weakness of the supervisory system, the difficulty of registering PMIs in the destination country, and the difficulty of providing lawyers to assist PMIs who conflict with the law. To reduce problematic PMI cases abroad, local governments must realize the existence of a Migrant Workers Care Village (Desa Peduli Migrant Workers, DESBUMI) in every village.Keywords: Protection, Migrant Workers, Problems

Losing both parents due to divorce or death is a traumatic incident that produces a source of stress in life. This will be bad for the person’s life since it might create a sense of loneliness, a grave need for affection, and financial problems. Individuals need an ability to overcome problems called resilience. Resilience is a capacity to respond soundly and productively when facing misery or traumatic events. Subjects in this study experienced trauma from parental divorce and death of both parents. When both parents were still alive, the subject never received attention from his father since he had remarried while his mother was forced to work abroad to fulfill their financial needs. The subject was raised by his grandparents with a strong upbringing pattern and lacked the support for achievement. However, the subject managed to grow to be an independent adult and survive the difficult conditions suffered while still managed to be whatever he wants without harming others. The purpose of this study is to investigate the resilience dynamics of a child experiencing parental divorce and death. This research uses phenomenology approach. Subject in this study consisted of one person based on typical case sampling. The typical cases discussed here are divorce and death of both parents. Data is collected using semi-structured interview method and then analysed using thematic analysis. The result of this study indicates that the subject has developed resilience from adverse events happened to him. The greatest effects experienced by the subject from this traumatic event are the low level of family support, the sense of loneliness, problems with the authoritarian style of rearing he endured while living with the parent's family after parental divorce until both parents died that make it difficult for him to trust others, as well as low self-esteem. But these adverse effects had not made him desperate with his life. The subject's involvement in social activities has succeeded in changing his view toward life more positively and making the subject self-sufficient individual. Factors such as hardiness, locus of control and spirituality are found in the subject and contribute to the subject's ability to survive even without the full support of the family. In essence, the involvement of subjects in social activities is the greatest source and influence from where the subject rebuilt his view of life, to rise above the problem and become a more positive individual.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors which influence individuals to take up international assignments in hostile environments (HEs). Using an intelligent careers (IC) perspective, an expanded framework of expatriation drivers to work in hostile contexts is developed that comprises individual, organizational and location-specific factors. In addition, the understanding of career capital acquisition and transfer is refined. Design/methodology/approach A “deviant” case study method to challenge the underlying assumptions of career capital maximization and transfer in global careers is used. To investigate the case, 25 individuals in an international development organization who had to decide whether to work in HEs were interviewed. Findings Five insights into decision drivers and career capital effects associated with postings to HEs are presented. These span all three levels of individual, organizational and location-specific decision factors. Research limitations/implications Due to the case study approach, the usual limitations of qualitative case-based research with respect to generalizability apply. In the conclusions three theoretical implications for the IC framework with respect to career capital acquisition, utilization and temporal effects are outlined. Practical implications A range of practical implications in relation to the selection, talent management, performance and reward approaches as well as repatriation and family considerations in global mobility are explored. Social implications The insights help organizations to design global mobility policies for HEs. In addition, individuals and their families benefit from greater clarity of global mobility drivers in the context of high risks. Originality/value The drivers of individuals to accept assignments to HEs are under-researched. This paper operationalizes and applies a holistic decision to work abroad framework, expands the literature on of the motivations of individuals and develops valuable insights to nuance the IC framework.