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To use scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to evaluate the metallurgical-chemical changes of WaveOne Gold (WOG) and R-Motion (RM), after multiple uses. The instruments were divided into groups (n = 8): WOG and RM-control groups, new instruments; WOG1 and RM1; WOG2 and RM2; WOG3 and RM3 after instrumentation of 1, 2 or 3 molars, respectively. Burrs occurred mainly in the control group and after the first use. The RM files were found to have a higher nickel content, which increased during reuse, and a decrease in oxygen content with increasing reuse, in addition to calcium impregnation, which occurred in greater amounts in the corrosion areas in the WOG files. The presence of topographic and chemical changes was demonstrated, indicating that caution should be taken when reusing endodontic instruments to avoid fractures., (© 2024 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

Background: In root canal preparations, it is important to maintain the original canal shape. However, it is difficult to accomplish this, especially due to the complex canal anatomy. This study aimed to compare the shaping ability of the ProTaper GOLD, WaveOne GOLD, and newly developed TruNatomy in simulated S-shaped canals. Methods: The root canals of 60 S-shaped resin blocks were dyed using ink and photographed. The blocks were then randomly divided into three groups: group ProTaper GOLD (n = 20), WaveOne GOLD (n = 20), and TruNatomy (n = 20). The simulated canals were instrumented according to the NiTi file system and photographed again after being dyed with red ink. The pre- and post-preparation images were superimposed, and the amount of resin removed from both the mesial and distal sides of the canal measured up to 9 mm from the apical terminus, with a 1 mm increment. The preparation time was also calculated. A paired t-test was used to determine the degree of deviation at different levels within the groups. To compare the degree of transportation at different levels between the groups, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed according to the normality. Results: TruNatomy showed a significant deviation between the mesial and distal sides of the canal only in the coronal area at 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm levels of the canal (p < 0.05). When comparing the amount of transportation in the 3 groups at 9 different levels, TruNatomy showed significantly less canal transportation than the other groups at the 3-and 5-mm levels of the canal (p < 0.05), while ProTaper GOLD showed the largest amount of transportation in the apical curved area at the 2 and 3 mm levels (p < 0.05). TruNatomy removed less resin than other groups in all sections (p < 0.05), while ProTaper GOLD removed slightly more resin than WaveOne GOLD; however, there was no significant difference (p = 0.043). Shaping time was the least for TruNatomy, followed by the WaveOne GOLD and ProTaper GOLD (p < 0.05). Conclusions: TruNatomy maintained the original apical canal curvature in S-shaped curved canals better than ProTaper GOLD and WaveOne GOLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to clinically compare the incidence of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment of posterior teeth using the WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and XP-endo Shaper (XPES; FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) systems. In a single-blind randomized clinical trial, 148 vital teeth with an indication for conventional endodontic therapy for prosthetic purposes were treated by 5 specialists following a preestablished protocol. All participants were unaware of the treatment they received. The teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 74) according to the instrumentation system used (the WOG group and XPES group). The treatments were performed in a single session. The participants were asked to rate the intensity of postoperative pain on a visual analog scale (no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain) after 24, 48, and 72 hours and 7 days. The incidence of postoperative pain was higher in the XPES group after 24, 48, and 72 hours compared with those in the WOG group (P <.05). Two participants in the WOG group experienced severe postoperative pain after 24 hours. None of the participants in either group reported pain after 7 days (P >.05, Mann-Whitney test). Postoperative pain is expected after preparation of the root canal system with the WOG and XPES systems tested, but it only persists for a short period. Although more common after the use of the XPES system, the pain was classified as mild at all time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This randomised, prospective, controlled trial aimed to assess the effect of reciprocating single-file and rotary instrumentation on the intensity of postoperative pain and the amount of endotoxins in primarily infected root canals. Methodology: Forty participants were randomly assigned into two equal groups according to root canal instrumentation technique (n = 20), control group: root canals were instrumented using ProTaper Next rotary system and intervention group: canals were instrumented using WaveOne Gold reciprocating instrumentation system. Root canal treatment was carried out on two visits and postoperative pain of participants was measured using a numerical rating scale (NRS) at predetermined time intervals 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after instrumentation and obturation appointments. Quantification of endotoxins was done using the Sandwich-ELISA method at predetermined time intervals (after access cavity preparation and after completion of instrumentation). Pain score data were summarised as mean and standard deviation. Results: No statistically significant difference was noted between the single-file reciprocating system (WaveOne Gold) and the multiple-file rotary system (ProTaper Next) regarding postoperative pain and reduction in the amount of endotoxins (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both single-file reciprocating instruments and multi-file rotary instruments resulted in mild to moderate postoperative pain and comparable reduction of endotoxins level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the biomechanical preparation of the root canal by rotary file systems, stress is generated within the canal, which leads to dentinal microcrack formation. Such defects are evaluated only under the microscope. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate dentinal microcrack formation after instrumentation with ProTaper Next (M-wire), Revo S (conventional NiTi), and WaveOne Gold (Gold-wire) file systems under the stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Forty single-rooted teeth free from any defect were selected and divided into four groups (Control, PTN, RS, and WOG). Experimental groups were instrumented with file system used in the study, and the control group were left unprepared. Samples were further decoronated and sectioned at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the apex perpendicular to the long axis and examined under a stereomicroscope at ×25 for different types of microcracks (no fracture, complete fracture, partial fracture, and other fracture). Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was done by the Chi-square test using the SPSS version 17.0 software. A two-sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 (P < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. All file systems created microcracks in the root dentin. WOG group showed an incidence of 66.7% for no fracture, PTN group had 40% for other fracture, and RS group had 60% for complete fracture. Conclusion: Single file system WOG with gold wire technology proves to be the best choice for canal preparation among the tested groups in terms of least dentinal crack formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The present study evaluated bacterial reduction promoted by the WaveOne system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Gold system (PTG; Dentsply Maillefer) in human extracted central incisors. Materials and Methods Sixty-two maxillary central incisors that were infected with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51299) were sterilized with ethylene oxide for 21 days, and then root canal initial bacterial sample was collected with paper points and plated on M-Enterococcus agar. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups according to instrumentation: WaveOne Gold group (n = 30) and PTG group (n = 30). Each group was further subdivided into subgroup A (n = 15) where no activation of the irrigant was performed, and subgroup B (n = 15) where passive ultrasonic activation (PUI) was applied. The other two specimens without contamination were control asepsis. After instrumentation, samples were collected with the use of paper points. The bacterial reduction was calculated using colony-forming unit and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the root canal (p < 0.05), in which PTG showed superior bacterial reduction than WaveOne Gold (p > 0.05). The aseptic control group did not show any bacterial growth. PUI showed a significant bacterial reduction with the WaveOne Gold group. Conclusion It can be concluded that the single-file system, WaveOne Gold with the aid of passive ultrasonic irrigation, significantly reduce the bacterial number in the root canal similar to the multifile system, PTG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Root canal preparation is one of the most important steps of root canal treatment. Preparation procedure includes disinfection and shaping protocols. Ni-Ti rotary file systems are usually used for shaping. The biggest disadvantage of the usage of Ni-Ti rotary file systems is that the file gets broken during the treatment. There are many reasons for the breakage of files. One of the reasons may be the increase in the access angle. The purpose of this study is to compare the cyclic fatigue of reciprocating Reciproc and WaveOne Gold rotary systems according to different angles of accessing the root canal of Ni-Ti files. Methodology: In our study, 90 root canal files were used, 45 of which is Reciproc R25 (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) and the other 45 of which is WaveOne Gold Primary 25/07 (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Specially designed and manufactured stainless steel artificial roots whose curvature angle is 60° and curvature radius is 5 mm, which replicates the clinical conditions, were arranged. By enabling the files access the roots at 0°-15°-30° degrees, the lap numbers that they do till they break due to cyclic fatigue were examined. Results: When looking at the lap numbers that the Reciproc and WaveOne Gold root canal files do till they break, at accessing the roots at the same angles WaveOne Gold root canal file makes more lap numbers at all angles when compared with the Reciproc root canal file. Significant results were found when the groups were compared within one another and between groups and among all numeric data in the statistical analysis performed. It was also found that WaveOne Gold root canal file had more cyclic fatigue resistance. When the groups were compared within one another, it was found that the increase in the root access angle decreases the cyclic fatigue resistance of the files (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the statistical analysis for comparison of the length of the broken file pieces (p=0.01). It was analyzed that when the broken files were examined via scanning electron microscope, file breakages occurred due to cyclic fatigue. Conclusion: Not only do the design features and production technology affect the breakage resistance due to cyclic fatigue of the root canal, the access angle to the roots affects the cyclic fatigue of the root canal files, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stripping perforation is a possible complication in instrumentation of C‐shaped canals. This study evaluated the minimum thickness of the root canal wall in C‐shaped teeth after instrumentation. Twelve extracted C‐shaped mandibular second molars (four teeth of type I, II and III each) were examined by CBCT (voxel size 90 μm) before and after instrumentation with WOG primary file. Micro‐CT scans (voxel size 30 μm) were obtained after instrumentation. Percentage of canal wall area touched by the file and minimum thickness of dentine were measured and compared between CBCT and micro‐CT. In type I C‐shape canals, less than 10% of the canal wall area was touched by the instrument. In ten teeth, the shortest distance to root surface was from the instrumented area; no perforations occurred. CBCT and micro‐CT measurements were in good agreement in ten cases; in two teeth, micro‐CT revealed considerably shorter distance to root surface. The two shortest distances were 0.27 and 0.41 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of microcracks after root canal preparation with two reciprocating systems. Materials and methods: Thirty – six freshly extracted mandibular incisors were selected for this in vitro study. The samples were allocated in three groups (n=12): negative control, Reciproc, WaveOne Gold. Roots in the control group were left unprepared. Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Gold Primary files were used in the other groups. After shaping of the root canals teeth were horizontally sectioned at 3, 6, 9 mm from the apex and the presence of dentinal defects were registered. These data were analyzed statistically by Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests (p < 0.05). Results: No defects were observed in the control group. All instruments caused dentinal microcracks with no statistically significant differences between the two systems. Defects in the apical region in both experimental groups differed statistically from those in the coronal portion of the roots. Conclusions: WaveOne Gold and Reciproc systems performed equally and resulted in dentinal defect formation regardless of their alloy type, taper and cross-section.

To evaluate the shaping efficiency of WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and One Curve (OC; Micro-Mega, Besancon, France) in J-shaped resin blocks. Forty simulated J-shaped root canals with 0.15 mm apical diameters and 2 % taper were divided into two groups (n=20) as follows; WOGG/WOG (25.07) group (glide path was created with WaveOne Gold Glider) and OneG/OC (25.06) (glide path was created with One G) group. The pre- and post-instrumentation images were taken, and the transportation value (TV), centering ability (CA) and the total amount of resin removed (TRR) were calculated by using the superimposition of the images. These parameters calculated with Image J Software Program based on 18 reference points with 1-mm intervals of the canal. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and than Dunn's multiple comparison tests. The significance level was set at P ≤ .05. There was no statistically significant difference among OG/OC and WOG/WOGG groups' apical (points 1-3), middle (points 4-6), and coronal (points 7-9) sections in terms of both TV and TRR. The centering ability of the instruments was decreased in the curvature part (middle section) of the canals. While WOG group showed better centering ability at points 6-7, OC group exhibited better result at point 2. It was shown that WaveOne Gold and One Curve, which are single-file systems, could be used safely in J-shaped root canals with their glide path files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in canal volume after root canal preparation in vivo with 3 different single-file techniques (Reciproc-Blue®, WaveOne-Gold® and XP-EndoShaper®), with a new method using CBCT and 3D reconstruction. Methods: In this prospective study, thirty human lower premolars from healthy patients were used, in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. All the teeth used were caries- and restoration-free with complete root development, without signs of periodontal disease or traumatic occlusion, and with only one straight canal (up to 25º curvature). Teeth were randomly divided into three different groups: Reciproc-Blue, WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper. CBCT scans before root canal preparation were used to create a 3D reconstruction with RHINOCEROS 5.0 software to assess the initial canal volume, and then compared with 3D reconstructions after canal preparation to measure the increase in canal volume. Student's t test for paired data were used to determine statistically significant differences between the before and after canal volumes. Anova test was used to determine statistically significant differences in the percentage of canal volume increase between the groups and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to paired comparison. Results: Reciproc-Blue showed the higher increase in canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper (p = 0.003). XP-EndoShaper did not show a statistically significant increase in canal volume after root canal preparation (p = 0.06). Conclusion: With this model, Reciproc-Blue showed higher increase in root canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold, while XP-EndoShaper did not significantly increase root canal volume during preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the effect of the location of the canal curvature on the fatigue resistance of WaveOne (WO), WaveOne Gold (WOG), Reciproc (Rec), and Reciproc Blue (RecB) files, and to examine the phase transformation behaviors of the reciprocating file systems. Material and methods: The instruments were subjected to fatigue testing in five artificial canals with a curvature of 60° angle and a 3-mm radius. The location of the curvature was unique for each canal. Each file was inserted 16 mm into the canal and operated until fracture occurred. The time to fracture was recorded and the length of the fragment was measured. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to characterize the thermal behavior of the files. The number of cycles to failure was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean fragment lengths between groups. Results: The instruments had significantly lower fatigue resistance in canals with curvatures in the middle and coronal canals compared with those with apical curvatures (p < 0.05). At all tested curvature locations, RecB had superior fatigue resistance compared with WO and Rec (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between WOG and Rec in canals with curvatures in the middle and coronal canals. The DSC thermograms for RecB exhibit a single exothermic peak during cooling but double endothermic peaks during heating indicating that a two-step phase transformation from martensite to R-phase to austenite takes place. Conclusions: The reciprocating instruments experience decreased cyclic fatigue resistance when operated in canals with coronal- and middle-third curvatures when compared with curvatures in the apical-third. Instrumenting coronally positioned curvatures with reciprocating files needs to be performed with caution. Clinical relevance: The location of the root canal's curvature influences the fracture resistance of rotary files that are used with reciprocating movements. Therefore, caution needs to be exercised when using reciprocating instruments in canals with coronal or middle curvatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface alterations of instruments were investigated after single and multiple uses in the root canals. XP‐endo Shaper (n = 5) and WaveOne GOLD (n = 5) files were used until the separation of the instruments occurred. The apical 3‐mm and separated fragments were analysed by SEM to determine the changes in the instruments and the cross‐sections of the separated fragments. Each group was divided into five subgroups: control, first, second, third and fourth molar. The results were reported descriptively for each group. In the XP‐endo Shaper group, microcracks started to appear after the second use, and pitting and galvanic corrosion occurred after the third use. During the fourth use, microcracks propagated, resulting in ductile fracture while it happened after the third use in the second group. The single use of XP‐endo Shaper and WaveOne GOLD was safe without any major changes on their surfaces. Reciprocating motion was not necessarily superior to full rotation motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectives:To compare the incidences of dentinal defects caused by Reciproc and WaveOne GOLD NiTi files during root canal preparation and to exam the effect of number of file usage on the incidence of dentinal defect. Materials and Methods:Two hundred seventy mandibular incisor teeth were randomly divided into 3 different groups as follows: negative control (no preparation performed) (n: 30), Reciproc (n: 120) and WaveOne GOLD (n: 120) groups. The specimens were sliced at 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex. Microscopic pictures of the specimens were taken with the aid of light emitting diode and the dentinal defects were examined. Results:There was no statistically difference among the WaveOne GOLD, Reciproc and control groups in terms of dentinal defect formation. The number of dentinal defects occurred in apical region in Reciproc group following 4thuse was found to be statistically higher than 1st, 2nd, and 3rduse in WaveOne GOLD group (P< .05).Conclusion:All the NiTi files tested in present study were found to cause defect in root canal dentin but there were not significant difference among the WaveOne GOLD, Reciproc and control groups in term of total dentinal defect formation

Background. The present study aimed to test the efficacy of novel reciprocating systems in terms of gutta-percha removal from root canals obturated with warm vertical compaction technique. Methods. Ninety straight-rooted maxillary incisors were enlarged with hand files up to a #50/02 apical size and obturated using warm vertical compaction technique. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the system used for removal of obturating material: Reciproc Blue, Reciproc, WaveOne Gold and hand instrumentation. The residual filling materials and time required for root canal removal were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5% significance threshold. Results. There were no significant differences among Reciproc, Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold (P>0.05). The hand instrumentation group exhibited significantly more resisual root canal filling material (P

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface topography of WaveOne Gold (WOG) and WaveOne (WO) files using SEM before and after use. Methods: Twelve primary files from each system were scanned for surface defects before instrumentation at 100x and 750x. Each file was planned ti be used to instrument six root canals and then examined under SEM after preparing one, three and six canals at same magnifications. Data were scored and statistically analyzed using Mann Whitney and Friedman tests (p≤ 0.05). Results: Surface defects were detected in both study groups with higher values in WOG group before use. Surface defects significantly increased in both WO and WOG groups after use. WOG group showed significantly greater defects including metal strips, pitting, craters, micro-cracks and blunt edges (p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: WaveOne Gold file has a different metallurgy due to it’s gold finish that does not enhance it’s resistance to surface defects during clinical use.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal cleaning ability of two reciprocating single file systems: Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne gold (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with single root and canal were selected. The samples were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 15 each). Control group (n = 10) has non-instrumented teeth. Working length was determined using #10/15 K files. All the teeth were prepared to a # 25 final apical size following the manufacturer's instructions using crown-down technique. Teeth were sectioned buccolingually and examined under SEM at 20.0 kV and ×700 magnification. SEM images of the coronal, middle and apical third of the canal were taken and then analyzed using a five-score index. Results: The WaveOne Gold group presented a larger amount of debris than the Reciproc Group, however, without a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). A larger amount of debris in the control group was observed, with the statistically significant difference between Reciproc and WaveOne Gold groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The two reciprocating single-file instrumentation systems presented similar effectiveness for root canal cleaning.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the order of preparation of four-canal maxillary molars on volume variation, instrument deformation, cyclic fatigue, and preparation time by using the WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG 25.07). We selected 48 permanent, human, four-canal maxillary molars. The teeth were divided into 4 groups according to the order of initiation of the canal preparation sequence: (1) mesiobuccal (MB), distobuccal (DB), palatal (P), second mesiobuccal (MB2); (2) DB-P-MB2-MB; (3) P-MB2-MB-DB and (4) MB2-MB-DB-P. Pre- and post-preparation microtomography scanning was performed to obtain initial and final canal volume measurements. The instruments were also evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy to determine the wear and deformation present after use. The active instrumentation time was also recorded. The data were statistically compared by using a significance level of 5%. No statistically significant difference was found between groups for volume variation and time of preparation of the canals with the WOG system (P >.05); however, a statistically significant difference was observed in the deformation of the instruments. In the comparison between the groups for MB-DB-P-MB2 and P-MB2-MB-DB, the latter presented greater deformation of the instruments. Root canal preparation sequence affected deformation of the instruments but did not influence the volume variation or the canal preparation time with the WOG system. To minimize instrument deformation, the preparation order should be MB-DB-P-MB2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The influence of brushing motion on root canal anatomy preservation after shaping with NiTi single file reciprocating instruments was evaluated. The brushing movement may accentuate canal transportation especially in the coronal third. Brushing motion has been proposed for endodontic single-file reciprocating systems to eliminate coronal interferences, but it may hesitate in a less conservative root canal shaping. The aim of the study was to compare the maintenance of the original root canal anatomy using the WaveOne Gold (WOG) technique with or without a brushing motion. Sixty extracted human mandibular first molars were selected. Manual canal scouting and mechanical glide path were performed. Samples were randomized into two groups (n = 30): WOG Primary was used to shape the mesio-lingual canals without (NB group) or with (B group) an intentional brushing motion. Specimens were scanned with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) before and after instrumentation in order to match the volumes. Increases in canal volume and surface area were measured. Centroid shift and thickness of removed dentine from the inner curvature were assessed at the furcation, 1.5 mm and 3 mm apically from the furcation, and in relation to the point of maximum curvature. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Student–Newmann–Keuls tests (p < 0.05). No brushing technique resulted in being significantly associated with a better maintenance of the canal anatomy, especially in the coronal third (p < 0.05). When using the WOG system, a no-brushing technique resulted in less invasive shaping, reducing the risk of stripping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.This study purposed to compare the effect of new single glide path files on extruded apical debris and total preparation times during root canal preparation with the WaveOne Gold system. Methods. Thirty-six extracted human lower molar teeth with mesiobuccal canal curvature angles of 25‒35° were randomly splited to three groups. In group 1, the glide path was created with WaveOne Gold Glider (WGG) file at working length (WL); in group 2, the glide path was created with ProGlider file (PG); in group 3, the glide path was not performed. In all the groups, the root canals were shaped with WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG) reciprocating files at WL. Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was picked up into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The weight of the dry extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the pre- and post-instrumentation weights of the tubes in each group. The total time elapsed during the canal preparation was calculated with a chronometer. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Results. The WGG/WOG group extruded significantly fewer debris than the WOG and PG/WOG groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the WOG and PG/WOG groups (P>0.05). The WGG/WOG and PG/WOG groups were significantly faster than the WOG group. Conclusion. The amount of debris extruded apically significantly diminished when conventional WGG was implemented before using WOG. The total preparation time significantly diminished when the WOG file was used in combination with reciprocating and rotary glide path preparation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate and compare canal transportation and centering ability of 4 different root canal preparation systems produced with thermal treatments by means of micro–computed tomographic imaging. Eighty mesial canals of human extracted mandibular molars were selected based on similar morphologic parameters and were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (n = 20) according to the canal instrumentation technique: HyFlex CM (HCM [Coltène-Whaledent, Allstätten, Switzerland]), HyFlex EDM (HEDM [Coltène-Whaledent]), WaveOne Gold (WOG [Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland]), and OneCurve (OC [Micro-Mega, Besancon, France]). The specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation using X-ray micro-computed tomographic imaging at a resolution of 19.9 μm. Apical transportation and centering ability were then analyzed at 3 different levels: 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from the apex, representing the apical, midroot, and coronal thirds of the root, respectively. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to statistically compare the groups. The significance level was set at 5%. HCM caused less canal transportation than WOG at the 3-mm level in both the buccal and lingual canals (P <.05). Also, HCM resulted in less canal transportation than WOG and OC at the 7-mm level regarding lingual canals. No statistically significant differences were recorded between the groups when the mean centering ratios were compared. The 4 evaluated systems safely prepared root canals causing minimal canal transportation and producing relatively centered preparations. In terms of canal transportation, HCM performed better than WOG at the apical level and better than WOG and OC at the coronal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study evaluates the reciprocal WaveOne Gold single-file system regarding clinical and radiographic outcomes in root canal treatment of primary molars. Method: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 70 primary molars on 60 children in the age group from 4 to 7 years. The teeth selected for this study were randomly assigned into 2 groups according to the used endodontic preparation system. Group I: 35 primary molars were instrumented with WaveOne Gold reciprocating single-file system. Group II: 35 primary molars were instrumented with stainless steel K-files. All teeth were evaluated clinically and radigraphically for 12 months with periodic recall at 3, 6 and 12 months. Results: WaveOne Gold single-file system exhibited higher overall success rate over manual instrumentation, however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Conclusion: Single-file systems are promising instruments that have the power to be an alternative for manual instrumentation in primary molar pulpectomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess crack formation using two different cutting motions (rotation and reciprocation) in nickel--titanium rotary instrument. Materials and Methods: One hundred extracted human mandibular incisors were selected for this study. Before root canal instrumentation, low-speed saw (under water cooling) was used to section the tooth horizontally at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex of 0.1 mm. A digital stereomicroscope at x 25 magnification with a cold light source was used to observe the slices. Then all teeth were placed again inside the mold. Samples were classified according to the system used into the following groups: Group 1: negative control, Group 2: the ProTaper Next files, Group 3: a primary reciprocating WaveOne Gold file, Group 4: a small reciprocating WaveOne Gold followed by primary reciprocating WaveOne Gold file, and Group 5: OneShape rotary file. Samples were scanned by using a digital stereomicroscope to detect crack formation. Results: Apical level: WaveOne Gold (primary) group showed the highest prevalence of cracks. Middle level: OneShape group showed the highest prevalence of cracks followed by WaveOne Gold (small and primary) group. Coronal level: The five groups showed no statistically substantial difference in the presence of cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study compared the cyclic fatigue resistance, bending resistance and cross-sectional areas of Reciproc Blue (RPC Blue), WaveOne Gold (WOG), and Genius File (GF) NiTi rotary systems. Methods. Forty RPC Blue R25 (25/.08), 40 WOG Primary (25/.07) and 40 GF (25/.04) files were used in the present study. Flexibility of the files was determined by 45° bending test. The instruments were also subjected to cyclic fatigue resistance, calculating the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) in an S-shaped artificial stainless steel canal. Also the cross-sectional areas of the files were measured at D5 level. The length of the fractured file tips was measured. The fracture surface of all the fragments was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Results. In both the apical and coronal curvatures, the NCF of the GF was significantly higher than that of the RPC Blue and WOG files. There was no significant difference between the GF, WOG and Reciproc Blue files with respect to the lengths of the fractured file fragments in either the apical or coronal curvature. The bending resistance of the GF was signif-icantly higher than that of the RPC Blue and WOG files. The RPC Blue had the largest cross-sectional area, and the GF had the smallest cross-sectional area. Conclusion. Within the limitations of the present study, the GF NiTi system exhibited the highest cyclic and bending re-sistance among the experimental groups.

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the bending and torsional properties of two nickel-titanium endodontic files with equivalent sizes and various designs and alloys using finite element analysis, ProTaper Next®X2 (PTN) size 25 with 0.06 taper and WaveOne Gold® (WOG) primary size 25 with 0.07 taper. Methodology: Two-dimensional models of the two files PTN and WOG were created using computer tomography scanning and stereomicroscope to produce a three-dimensional digital model. Instrument behavior under bending or torsional conditions was numerically analyzed in SolidWorks software package. Result: ProTaper Next® revealed higher flexibility than WaveOne Gold® when exposed to cantilever bending but showed higher stress accumulation than WOG. In terms of torsional resistance, PTN also revealed higher torsional resistance than WOG. Conclusion: The geometry of the instrument, thermomechanical treatment of the alloy, and its composition affect the mechanical behavior (bending and torsion) of nickel titanium rotary files. Hence, being aware of these behavioral differences, each clinician will be able to use the adequate file according to the clinical situation in addition to the manufacturer's instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of 5 heat-treated nickel-titanium files in reciprocating movement with the same tip size and different cross sections. Five groups (WaveOne [Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland], WaveOne GOLD [Dentsply], RECIPROC [VDW, Munich, Germany], RECIPROC BLUE [VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany], and TF [Sybron Endo, Glendora, CA] Adaptive) of 24 files each of the rotary files were examined. Cyclic fatigue resistance was compared between groups by determining the time needed to fracture and the number of cycles to failure in a cyclic fatigue testing device with 2 different curvatures, the first with a 5-mm radius of curvature and a 60° angle and the second with a double curvature, coronal curvature of 60° angle and a radius of 5 mm, and an apical curvature of 70° angle and a 2-mm radius. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation was performed at the fracture sites to investigate the types of fracture. RECIPROC BLUE group had a higher mean time to fracture followed by RECIPROC and WaveOne GOLD for both single and double curvature. WaveOne had a higher mean time to fracture in a single curvature canal than TF Adaptive, whereas the opposite was true for a double curvature canal. Both RECIPROC groups were significantly greater in cyclic fatigue resistance in comparison with all other groups (P <.05). WaveOne GOLD was significantly greater than the WaveOne and TF Adaptive groups (P <.05). RECIPROC BLUE files exhibited significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance compared with other files tested in an S-shaped artificial canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the surface topographies and nanoscale profiles of intact and used WaveOne, WaveOne Gold, Reciproc, and Reciproc blue nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments. Sixteen NiTi instruments were evaluated; four from each one of WaveOne (25/0.08), WaveOne Gold (25/0.07), Reciproc (25/0.08), and Reciproc blue (25/0.08) files. Each instrument was used to prepare four curved canals. A three-dimensional nanoscale surface profiler was used to assess instrument surfaces before and after root canal instrumentation. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance using SPSS 21.0 software and set significance at P < 0.05. There were significant differences in surface topography between NiTi instruments. Intact WaveOne and WaveOne Gold instruments had the highest values, followed by the Reciproc and Reciproc blue instruments (P < 0.05). Used WaveOne and WaveOne Gold instruments had the highest values, followed by Reciproc and Reciproc blue instruments (P < 0.05). Some indications of microcracks in qualitatively intact Reciproc blue files were observed, and minor surface cracks in used WaveOne Gold instruments were also observed. Used WaveOne, Reciproc, and Reciproc blue instruments exhibited cracks and microcavities. WaveOne Gold and Reciproc blue instruments had significantly higher levels of surface distortion after root canal instrumentation, and WaveOne exhibited the lowest level of surface deformation. Each of the Reciprocating instruments was safely used to prepare four canals without incident. The three-dimensional stylus profiler provided valuable assessments of the surface topographies of NiTi instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the shaping ability of three file systems – 2Shape (2S), WaveOne Gold (WOG), and ProTaper Gold – using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Fortyfive freshly extracted mandibular teeth were chosen and instrumented using the following brands of NiTi files: 2S, WOG, and ProTaper Gold. Pre- and postinstrumentation CBCT imaging was performed to measure mesial and distal distance of the dentin walls and calculate the volume of removed dentin, apical transportation, and centering ratio. A statistical analysis of the data was performed using independent ttest. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2S and WOG in terms of the total volume of removed dentin, apical transportation, and centering ratio, whereas ProTaper showed a greater significant difference when compared to 2S and WOG. Conclusion: Both 2S and WOG maintained the original canal anatomy better and did not remove excess dentin while chemomechanical preparation as compared to ProTaper Gold. Instruments that use rotary movement achieved an effect similar to that of the reciprocating instruments in relation to change in angle. 2S which is a two-file system and WOG which is a single-file system might perform better clinically and might show enhanced shaping ability with less canal transportation and more centered preparation when compared to ProTaper Gold that is a multiple file-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study examined the effects of changes in temperature and environmental conditions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc Blue, HyFlex EDM, WaveOne Gold, and Twisted File Adaptive. Methods. Forty-five Reciproc Blue (25/.08), 45 HyFlex EDM (25/.08), 45 WaveOne Gold (25/.07), and 45 Twisted File Adaptive (25/.08) files were tested for cyclic fatigue at room temperature (20°C) in air and water and at body temperature (35°C) in water. All the instruments were rotated in artificial canals made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and a radius of curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred; the time to fracture was recorded in seconds, using a digital chronometer. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical analysis of data, with SPSS 21.0. Results. Cyclic fatigue resistance was significantly higher in all the groups in water at an ambient temperature of 20°C compared with air and water at temperatures of 20°C and 35°C, respectively (P<0.05). The intragroup analysis revealed that HyFlex EDM had the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and Twisted File Adaptive in both air and water at 20°C (P<0.05). HyFlex EDM exhibited the highest cyclic fatigue resistance in water at 35°C, whereas there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of the present study, an increase in the ambient temperature significantly decreased the cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested NiTi files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the shaping ability of new generation single-file systems on different oval canals with different production methods and different working principles by using linear measurement method in cone beam computed tomography images (CBCT). Material-Method: Fifteen mandibular first incisor uncalcified oval canals were selected. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=5). Canal preperation with the One Curve (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France), Hyflex EDM (Coltene-Whaledent,Altstatten, Switzerland) and WaveOne GOLD (Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, Ballaigues, Switzerland) systems was performed according to the manufacturers instructions. Cone-beam computed tomographic images were taken before and after instrumentation. Transportation and centering ability was calculated in the distances of 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex. ANOVA, Tukey and t-test were used to statistically analyze the data. Results: When the canal transport ratio was evaluated, group 1 (One Curve) had the lowest transport ratio in the buccal-lingual plane at 3mm, while group 2 (Hyflex) had the highest transport ratio (p<0.05). No significant differences was observed between the groups at all levels and planes in terms of centering ability (p>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, there is no differences in tranportation ratio and centering ability between the file systems that rotation motion and reciprocal motion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of etidronic acid (HEBP), NaOCl, and EDTA solutions and their combinations on cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi RPC Blue (RPC Blue), HyFlex EDM (HEDM), and WaveOne Gold (WOG) instruments having different metallurgic characteristics at the body temperature (37 °C). 100 WOG, 100 RPC Blue, and 100 HEDM NiTi files were randomly divided into 5 groups and immersed in the following solutions: group 1, distilled water; group 2, 6% NaOCl; group 3, 17% EDTA; group 4, 18% HEBP; group 5, 6% NaOCl and 18% HEBP. Then the instruments were rotated in an artificial canal until fracture occurred and the number of cycles to fracture was calculated. A univariate analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were then performed for comparisons using SPSS 21.0 software with the significance level set at P <.05. In all the conditions, there was no difference between the cyclic fatigue resistance of WOG and RPC Blue files (P >.05). In the intragroup comparison, WOG, RPC Blue, and HEDM files showed significantly low cyclic fatigue resistance in group 5 compared to other groups (P <.05). Among the groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the fracture lengths (P >.05). EDTA, NaOCl and HEBP solutions did not affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested files when used without combination. However, the combination of NaOCl and HEBP solutions significantly reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal shaping effect of instruments manufactured from nickel titanium, M-Wire, and Gold wire with different glide path preparation techniques. Methods One hundred thirty-five mesiobuccal canals of extracted human maxillary molars were randomly divided into 3 equal groups (N = 45) for glide path preparation with K-files (KF) (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One G (OG) files (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France), and ProGlider (PG) files (Dentsply Sirona). Specimens of each glide path group were further divided equally into 3 groups for instrumentation with ProTaper Next (PTN, Dentsply Sirona), One Shape (OS, Micro-Mega), and WaveOne Gold (WOG, Dentsply Sirona) systems (n = 15). Micro–computed tomographic imaging was used to scan teeth before instrumentation and after shaping to compare centering ratio and canal transportation values at the apical, midroot, and coronal levels and the overall changes in canal volume. Data sets were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis H tests). Results The centering ratios for all groups were statistically similar at all levels. Apical canal transportation was significantly high for K/OS and K/PTN (P =.003). Midroot canal transportation was significantly high for K/PTN, K/OS, and OG/OS (P =.0003). Coronal canal transportation was significantly high for K/PTN and K/OS (P =.011). The highest change in canal volume was observed with all PTN groups and the lowest with PG/WOG (P =.06). Conclusions WOG manufactured from Gold wire combined with PG showed better root canal shaping ability and removed less dentin from the canal walls. The nickel-titanium (OS) and M-Wire (PTN) instruments used in combination with KF significantly transported more canals. PTN removed the most dentin from the canal walls regardless of the GPP technique. Highlights • This study compared canal shaping with the rotary One Shape (nickel titanium), rotary ProTaper NEXT (M-Wire), and reciprocating Primary WaveOne Gold (Gold wire) after glide path preparation with K-Files, One G, and ProGlider. • No statistically significant difference in the mean centering ratios at the apical, midroot, and coronal levels of the various glide path groups in combination with the shaping instruments. • WaveOne Gold exhibited the lowest transportation values at all levels with ProGlider. • ProTaper NEXT exhibited the highest volume of dentin removed regardless of the glide path preparation technique used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To quantify Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) expression in healthy human periodontal ligament from premolars after root canal preparation with Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, XP EndoShaper and hand files. Methodology: A total of 50 human periodontal ligament samples were obtained from healthy mandibular premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. Prior to extraction, 40 of these premolars were equally divided into four groups, and root canals were prepared using four different systems: Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, XP EndoShaper and a hand instrumentation technique. The remaining 10 healthy premolars were extracted without treatment and served as a negative control group. All periodontal ligament samples were processed, and SP and CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassay. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to establish significant differences between groups and LSD post hoc comparisons were also performed. Results: Greater SP and CGRP values were found in the hand instrumentation group, followed by the XP EndoShaper, WaveOne Gold and the Reciproc groups. The lower SP and CGRP values were for the healthy periodontal ligament group. The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in SP and CGRP expression between all the comparisons except for the Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: All the root canal preparation techniques tested increased SP and CGRP expression in human periodontal ligament, with hand files and XP EndoShaper instruments being associated with greater neuropeptide release compared to Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the performance of 3 single-file systems: WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Hyflex EDM "one file" (EDM; Coltene/Whaledent, Alstatten, Switzerland), and XP Shaper (XP; FKG, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland), for nonsurgical endodontic retreatment on mandibular anterior teeth in regard to the amount of remaining filling material inside the canal, debris extrusion, and operation time. Methods Sixty extracted standardized mandibular incisors presenting with a single oval canal were prepared to size 30.04 and obturated using warm vertical condensation. After 30 days (37°C, 100% humidity), teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20) according to the file used for retreatment (WOG, EDM, or XP operated at 3000 rpm). During the retreatment procedures, preweighed vials were used to collect apically extruded debris, and the time required to remove the filling material was recorded in seconds. Cone-beam computed tomographic scans were taken before and after the retreatment to determine the amount of remaining filling material inside the root canal space. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, 1-way analysis of variance, and the Pearson test at a 5% significance level. Results There was a statistically significant difference among the groups regarding the instrumentation time (P <.05). XP was the fastest to remove gutta-percha from the canals (40.54 ± 28.03 seconds) followed by EDM (55.77 ± 19.76 seconds) and WOG (105.92 ± 53.92 seconds). The percentage of remaining filling was significantly greater for WOG (26.65% ± 14.63%) (P <.05). No difference was found between EDM (13.51% ± 9.53%) and XP (8.60% ± 7.28%). No difference was found regarding the amount of extruded debris among the 3 groups (P >.05). Conclusions XP was the most efficient in gutta-percha removal from the canals when operated at a higher speed (3000 rpm) followed by EDM and WOG. Highlights • In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of 3 different single-file systems for endodontic retreatment in regard to the remaining root canal filling material, the amount of apically extruded debris, and operation time. • Within the limitations of the study, the XP Shaper was the most efficient in gutta-percha removal from the canals followed by Hyflex EDM and WaveOne Gold. • The percentage of remaining filling was significantly greater for WaveOne Gold compared with the other 2 rotary systems. • No difference was found in regard to the amount of extruded debris among the 3 groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brushing motion has been proposed for endodontic single-file reciprocating systems to eliminate coronal interferences, but it may hesitate in a less conservative root canal shaping. The aim of the study was to compare the maintenance of the original root canal anatomy using the WaveOne Gold (WOG) technique with or without a brushing motion. Sixty extracted human mandibular first molars were selected. Manual canal scouting and mechanical glide path were performed. Samples were randomized into two groups (n = 30): WOG Primary was used to shape the mesio-lingual canals without (NB group) or with (B group) an intentional brushing motion. Specimens were scanned with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) before and after instrumentation in order to match the volumes. Increases in canal volume and surface area were measured. Centroid shift and thickness of removed dentine from the inner curvature were assessed at the furcation, 1.5 mm and 3 mm apically from the furcation, and in relation to the point of maximum curvature. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Student–Newmann–Keuls tests (p < 0.05). No brushing technique resulted in being significantly associated with a better maintenance of the canal anatomy, especially in the coronal third (p < 0.05). When using the WOG system, a no-brushing technique resulted in less invasive shaping, reducing the risk of stripping.

The aim of the present study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistances of HyFlex EDM (HEDM), WaveOne Gold (WOG), Reciproc Blue (RB), and 2Shape (TS) NiTi systems having different metallurgic properties. HEDM, WOG, RB, and TS instruments were rotated in artificial canals which were made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 45°, and 90° angles of curvatures and a radius of curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred, and the time to fracture (TTF) was recorded in seconds. Also, number of cycles to fracture was calculated (NCF). Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and t test. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. When comparing the TTF of all the instruments tested in the artificial canal with 45° curvature, RB had statistically the highest cyclic fatigue resistance followed by HEDM and TS (P < 0.05), while the WOG showed the lowest cyclic fatigue resistance (P < 0.05). In artificial canal with 90° curvature, RB showed a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the other tested files (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference among the TS, WOG and HEDM groups (P > 0.05). When the NCF values were taken into consideration, HEDM reported a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than TS in both canal curvatures analyzed (P < 0.05). Within the limitations of the present study, RB NiTi files showed statistically higher cyclic fatigue resistance in artificial canals with 45° and 90° than the other NiTi files tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare centering ability and transportation values of the Primary WaveOne Gold (PWOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instrument with or without different glide path techniques. Centering ability and transportation were also compared between the 3 different glide path preparation groups. Methods The mesiobuccal canals of 60 extracted human mandibular molars (curvature angles between 25° and 35° and radii ≤10 mm) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 canals each. Canals were negotiated to patency with a #8 K-file. Canal preparations were performed by a single operator using precurved #10, 15, and 20 stainless steel manual K-files (group KF); a #10 stainless steel manual K-file followed by PathFiles #1–3 (Dentsply Sirona) (group PF); a #10 stainless steel manual K-file followed by the WaveOne Gold Glider (Dentsply Sirona) (group WOGG); and no further glide path preparation (group NG). Micro–computed tomographic imaging was used to scan teeth before and after glide path preparation. The final canal preparation was performed with PWOG; after which, all 60 specimens were scanned again using micro–computed tomographic imaging. Canal transportation and centering ratio values were determined over levels 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from the root apex after glide path preparation and again after final preparation with PWOG. One-way analysis of variance was used to statistically compare groups. The significance level was set at P < .05. Results No statistically significant difference in the mean centering ratios was found after glide path preparation when the KF, PF, and WOGG groups were compared ( P > .05). The mean combined transportation values after glide path preparation were statistically significantly higher in the KF group compared with the PF and WOGG groups ( P > .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean combined centering ratios or transportation values of the NG and 3 glide path groups in combination with PWOG over the 3 levels ( P > .05). Conclusion KF group showed the highest mean transportation values during glide path preparation. However, the PWOG instrument's performance regarding centering ability and transportation was not influenced by the different glide path/no glide path preparation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of vertical force induced with WaveOne (WO; Dentsply Sirona, York, PA) and WaveOne Gold (WOG, Dentsply Sirona) systems during the canal shaping of extracted teeth. Methods Thirty canals in 15 maxillary premolars were divided into 2 groups: WO and WOG. The canals were gently shaped with WO/WOG Primary instruments according to the manufacturer's instructions. The vertical forces induced during canal shaping in the apical and coronal directions were recorded. The apically and coronally directed peak forces were used for analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test. The instrumentation time was analyzed using the Student t test. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (Version 22.0; IBM, Armonk, NY) at a 5% significance level. Results The force increased with the successive instrument insertions within each group. The apically and coronally directed peak forces of the WO and WOG groups ranged from 2.89–11.58 N and from 1.53–2.92 N, respectively. In the 3 insertions, WO showed higher peak forces in both directions. For apically directed peak forces, WO had significantly higher peak forces in the first and third insertions than WOG ( P < .01). For coronally directed peak forces, WO had significantly higher values in the first and second insertions ( P < .05). Conclusions The WOG system had significantly lower apically and coronally directed peak force values compared with the WO system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate apical debris extrusion associated with different kinematics in curved root canals. Methods Forty-five extracted mandibular molars with root curvature angles ranging between 20° and 40° and curvature radii <10 mm were randomly assigned to 3 groups ( n = 15) according to the kinematics used for root canal preparation: reciprocating motion with the WaveOne Gold system (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK), rotary/reciprocating motion with the Twisted File Adaptive system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA), and the manual technique. The debris apically extruded during preparation was collected into preweighed Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5 days. The extruded debris was quantified by subtracting the preinstrumentation from the postinstrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes. The time required for each instrumentation procedure was recorded. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance Tukey post hoc tests (∝ = 0.05). Results The WaveOne Gold reciprocating single-file system was associated with less extrusion of debris compared with hand files ( P < .05) and the Twisted File Adaptive system ( P > .05). The preparation time required by hand files was significantly longer than that required by the other techniques ( P < .05). Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, all of the instrumentation systems caused apical debris extrusion to some degree. The WaveOne Gold reciprocating system was associated with less debris extrusion in curved root canals compared with the manual technique and the Twisted File Adaptive system although the difference between the WaveOne Gold and Twisted File Adaptive systems was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: In the present study, we compared the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and SmartTrack files in curved artificial canals. Methods: Ninety new Reciproc Blue R25, WaveOne Gold Primary, and SmartTrack X1 files were tested in artificial canals with 45° and 60° angles of curvature. CFR was determined by recording the time to fracture in the artificial canals. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: In the canal with a 45° angle of curvature, no significant differences were observed amongst Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and SmartTrack (P > .05). In the canal with a 60° angle of curvature, Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack had a greater CFR than WaveOne Gold (P < .05); there was no significant difference between the Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack files (P > .05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack files exhibited greater CFR than WaveOne Gold only in canals with a 60° angle of curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: To compare the cyclic fatigue resistances of WaveOne Gold (Denstply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), WaveOne (Dentsply Sirona) and Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) in interrupted reciprocation. Methodology: Three groups of 18 instruments each of WaveOne Gold Primary, WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests in reciprocation and interrupted reciprocation. The instruments in group 1 were tested in reciprocation, whereas in groups 2 and 3, reciprocation was interrupted for 1 s in every 5 s and 10 s, respectively. Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested using dynamic test devices in stainless steel, curved canals (60°, r = 5 mm) until fracture, and the time to fracture values were recorded. The lengths of the fractured tips were also recorded, and fractured surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests. Results: The cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold Primary was not affected by the interruptions (P > 0.05) and exhibited significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 in all groups (P < 0.05). Interruptions reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Primary and Reciproc R25 significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Interrupted reciprocation reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Primary. The cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold Primary was greater than that of WaveOne Primary and was not dependent on the occurrence of interruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and EDTA solutions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne (WO) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) nickel-titanium reciprocating files. Methods A hundred WO (25/.08), and 100 WOG (25/.07) were randomly divided into 5 groups: group 1, no immersion; group 2, immersion in 5.25% NaOCl at 37°C ± 1°C for 5 minutes; group 3, immersion in 5.25% NaOCl at 37°C ± 1°C for 10 minutes; group 4, immersion in 17% EDTA at 37°C ± 1°C for 5 minutes; and group 5, immersion in 17 % EDTA at 37°C ± 1°C for 10 minutes. Then, the instruments were reciprocated in an artificial canal until fracture occurred, and the time to fracture was recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Student t test via SPSS 21.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) with the significance level set at P < .05. Results The cyclic fatigue resistance of the WOG was statistically higher than the WO in all the conditions tested ( P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference among the different conditions tested in terms of cyclic fatigue resistance for both WO and WOG files ( P > .05). Among the groups, there was no significant difference in the fracture lengths ( P > .05). Conclusions Within the limitations of the present study, it was determined that NaOCl and EDTA solutions did not have any effect on the cyclic fatigue resistance of WO and WOG files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal cleaning ability of two reciprocating single file systems: Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne gold (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with single root and canal were selected. The samples were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 15 each). Control group (n = 10) has non-instrumented teeth. Working length was determined using #10/15 K files. All the teeth were prepared to a # 25 final apical size following the manufacturer's instructions using crown-down technique. Teeth were sectioned buccolingually and examined under SEM at 20.0 kV and x700 magnification. SEM images of the coronal, middle and apical third of the canal were taken and then analyzed using a five-score index. Results: The WaveOne Gold group presented a larger amount of debris than the Reciproc Group, however, without a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). A larger amount of debris in the control group was observed, with the statistically significant difference between Reciproc and WaveOne Gold groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The two reciprocating single-file instrumentation systems presented similar effectiveness for root canal cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The present study aimed to test the efficacy of novel reciprocating systems in terms of gutta-percha removal from root canals obturated with warm vertical compaction technique. Methods. Ninety straight-rooted maxillary incisors were enlarged with hand files up to a #50/02 apical size and obturated using warm vertical compaction technique. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the system used for removal of obturating material: Reciproc Blue, Reciproc, WaveOne Gold and hand instrumentation. The residual filling materials and time required for root canal removal were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5% significance threshold. Results. There were no significant differences among Reciproc, Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold (P>0.05). The hand instrumentation group exhibited significantly more resisual root canal filling material (P<0.05). The time required for root canal filling removal was significantly shorter in the Reciproc group followed by WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue and hand instrumentation groups (P<0.05). Conclusion. Efficacy of Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc instruments for root canal filling removal were similar and superior to hand instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface topography of WaveOne Gold (WOG) and WaveOne (WO) files using SEM before and after use. Methods: Twelve primary files from each system were scanned for surface defects before instrumentation at 100x and 750x. Each file was planned ti be used to instrument six root canals and then examined under SEM after preparing one, three and six canals at same magnifications. Data were scored and statistically analyzed using Mann Whitney and Friedman tests (p≤ 0.05). Results: Surface defects were detected in both study groups with higher values in WOG group before use. Surface defects significantly increased in both WO and WOG groups after use. WOG group showed significantly greater defects including metal strips, pitting, craters, micro-cracks and blunt edges (p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: WaveOne Gold file has a different metallurgy due to it's gold finish that does not enhance it's resistance to surface defects during clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To compare the torsional and bending resistance of WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA), Reciproc ( VDW, Munich, Germany) and Twisted File Adaptive (Axis/SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) instruments. Methodology Torsional strength of WaveOne Gold primary size 25, .07 taper, Reciproc size 25, .08 taper and Twisted File Adaptive M-L1 size 25, .08 taper was measured by fastening the apical 3 mm of the instrument firmly and applying a constant rotation at 2 rpm to the instrument using a torsiometer. The fractured instruments were examined using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM). The bending resistance of the instruments was measured using the cantilever bending test. The data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance ( anova) and Tukey post hoc tests. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results WaveOne Gold had a significantly higher torsional resistance than Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive ( P < 0.001). Reciproc had a significantly higher torsional resistance than Twisted File Adaptive ( P < 0.001). WaveOne Gold had a significantly lower resistance to bend than Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive ( P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in bending resistance between Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive instruments ( P < 0.001). SEM of the fracture cross-sectional surface displayed the classical features of torsional failure, including fibrous dimple marks near the centre of rotation and circular abrasion marks. Conclusions WaveOne Gold exhibited higher resistance to torsional stress and flexibility compared with Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive instruments. Torsional resistance and flexibility properties of the instruments could be affected by the alloy from which the instrument is manufactured and different cross-sectional design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]