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The notion of shadowable points was introduced by Morales in his recent paper (2016,Dynamical Systems). A shadowable point of a continuous map or a homeomorphism is defined to be a point such that the shadowing lemma holds for pseudo orbits passing through the point. In this paper, as a quantitative version of the shadowable points, we study shadowable points with a given shadowing accuracy, and prove a quantitative version of Morales’ theorem in his paper above. In addition, we answer two questions on shadowable points asked in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we deal with uniformly rigid systems obtained by a method introduced by Katznelson and Weiss and show that such systems never contain DC2 pairs. On the other hand, we introduce a modification of this technique that leads to a uniformly rigid system with DC2 pairs. We also show that every dynamical system contains a pair of distinct points which is not DC2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In controlled contexts, young children find it more difficult to learn novel words for actions than words for objects: Imai et al. found that English-speaking three-year-olds mistakenly choose a novel object as a referent for a novel verb about 42% of the time despite hearing the verb in a transitive sentence. The current two studies investigated whether English three- and five-year-old children would find resultative actions easier (since they are prototypically causative) than the non-resultative, durative event types used in Imai et al.'s studies. The reverse was true. Furthermore, if the novel verbs were taught on completion of the action, this did not improve performance, which contrasts with previous findings. The resultative actions in the two studies reported here were punctual, change-of-location events which may be less visually salient than the non-resulative, durative actions. Visual salience may play a greater role than does degree of action causality in the relative ease of verb learning even at three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the meanings of the terms “transitive” and “intransitive” in relation to Allah’s acts, and if Shari’ah specialists and grammarians agree on the meanings, with special reference to the views of Ibn-Taymiyah and Ibn-Alqayyim. The research follows both inductive and deductive approaches.The research has reached significant findings. On the one hand, Ibn-Taymiyah and Ibn- Alqayyim’s understanding of “transitive” verbs in relation to Allah’s acts is limited in comparison with that of grammarians; these define a verb as “transitive” if its effect passes on by itself, without a preposition, to the “object”. So, the verb can be transitive grammatically, but not so in relation to Allah’s acts. The term “transitive” in relation to Allah’s acts refers to what Allah does and its effect passes on to His creatures, such as the verbs expressing acts of “khalq” (creation,, “ihsān” (charity/doing things well,, “ihyā’a” (giving life, and “imātah” (terminating life,. When Allah acts, but His act is not passed on to His creatures, the related verb is defined as “intransitive” even if it is grammatically defined as “transitive” – e.g. the Arabic verbs “jā’a” and “atā”. On the other hand, Ibn-Taymiyah and Ibn-Alqayyim’s understanding of “intransitive” is broader than that of grammarians – defined as that whose effect does not pass on to the “object” without a preposition; it may accommodate some “transitive” verbs. Thus, what is intransitive for both scholars is intransitive for grammarians, as in the Arabic verbs “nazala” and “istawā”, and it can be transitive as in the Arabic verbs “jā’a” and “atā”. The two scholars consider a verb to be “intransitive” if its effect does not pass on from Allah to His creatures. The research recommends that Shari’ah terms be independent of corresponding terms in other disciplines till serious efforts are made to scrutinize related meanings so that confusion and misunderstanding can be avoided

We prove that the minimal number of matrices on Cn required to forma hypercyclic abelian semigroup on Cn is n+1. We also prove that theaction of any abelian semigroup finitely generated by matrices on Cnor Rn is never k-transitive for k 2. These answer questions raised byFeldman and Javaheri.

The author claims that a) the encoding of the core constituents in the Old Hurrian perfective forms reveals some residual non-ergative (active) features, b) this preergative type of encoding coexisted with the ergative one, c) the mixed active-ergative type of encoding of Old Hurrian was replaced in Late (Mitannian) Hurrian by the typically ergative one, d) the language of the Tižadal-inscription, the earliest known Hurrian text, was not ergative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transitivizing/detransitivizing typology of Nichols et al. 2004 also proves useful to historical linguistics. We focus on language families of northern Eurasia, chiefly the three oldest families (Indo-European, Uralic, Nakh-Daghestanian), some of their daughter branches aged about 2000-3000 years, and one younger family for which we have data on enough daughters to support a family phylogeny (Tungusic). We use the 18-pair wordlist of Nichols et al. 2004, which typologizes each pair of verbs depending on which of the two is derived. We make some improvements in the coding of grammatical properties and the typologization of pairs. NeighborNet trees based on this information reveal family-wide linguistic geography and areal trends. Adding minimal information about the cognacy or non-cognacy of the roots of the wordlist items produces Neighbor- Net trees which approximate well the known phylogeny of the family. Thus very small closed data sets, collected originally for typology, yield rich information about language family history - strikingly, a mere 18 verbs (9 pairs), coded for morphological type and cognacy, yield a very good genealogical tree - while historical methods have also improved the typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aisbergul poeziei moderne is one of the most consistent Romanian studies that have been written about modern poetry. The dominant dimension particularly emphasized throughout the book is the transitive characteristic of the new poetry (the proposal for the concepts of transitive/reflexive poetry belongs to the author). There are also references to what Gheorghe Crăciun calles reflexive poetry and to the linguistic poetry so as to complete the picture of all modern poetry. A nuanced perspective, ontological, poetic, and chronological, but also geographical, morphological supports the main thesis of the work: transitive poetry is worth entering the canon. As such, transitive poetry is not only valuable, but should be definetely read and known bya all those who really want to understand the phenomenon of modern poetry in its essential data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the dynamics of n -expansive homeomorphisms with the shadowing property defined on compact metric spaces. For every n ∈ N , we exhibit an n -expansive homeomorphism, which is not ( n − 1 ) -expansive, has the shadowing property and admits an infinite number of chain-recurrent classes. We discuss some properties of the local stable (unstable) sets of n -expansive homeomorphisms with the shadowing property and use them to prove that some types of the limit shadowing property are present. This deals some direction to the problem of non-existence of topologically mixing n -expansive homeomorphisms that are not expansive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is rich with 19 moribund languages spoken by minority people in Malaysia, who are known as Orang Asli. One of these moribund languages that is on the verge of extinction is the Mendriq language. Mendriq is a language which is spoken by Orang Asli Mendriq in Kuala Lah, Gua Musang, Kelantan. It is spoken by 245 people in three villages namely kampung Kuala Lah, Kampung Baru and Kampung Kuala Stail. This paper analyzes transitive and intransitive verb phrases in Mendriq. Primary data of Mendriq is obtained through fieldwork that was funded by a research grant UKM-GUP-PLW-08-11-047. The data that was collected involved field work which utilized interview techniques. The composition of the data collected through the field work was sorted out with the help of a Mendriq translator. The analysis on the verb phrases involved descriptive and theoretical analyses. The descriptive analysis on its simple sentences indicates Mendriq has transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs indicate two arguments namely internal and external arguments. Intransitive verbs on the other hand, are divided into two types which are unaccusative and unergative verbs. Intransitive verb which implies external argument is known as an unergative verb, while intransitive verb that only indicates internal argument is known as an unaccusative verb. While, the theoretical analysis using the Minimalist framework displays that the features checking involves the left pheriphery of the syntactic structure in Mendriq simple sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let be a compact metric space, and let be a homeomorphism. We show that if has the limit shadowing property then is chaotic in the sense of Li-Yorke. Moreover, is dense Li-Yorke chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To an arbitrary quasi-uniformity on the set X, a merotopy on X is assigned. There are results concerning the question whether this merotopy is compatible with the topology induced by the quasi-uniformity end whether the closure operation induced by the merotopy, admits a compatible uniformity. More precise results are obtained in the case of transitive quasi-uniformities.

In the paper we provide exact lower bounds of topological entropy in the class of transitive and mixing maps preserving the Lebesgue measure which are nowhere monotone (with dense knot points). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show the followings: (i) If a volume preserving diffeomorphism f belongs to the C¹-interior of the set of all volume preserving diffeomorphims having the ergodic shadowing property then it is transitive Anosov. Moreover, (ii) if a C¹-generic volume-preserving diffeomorphism f has the ergodic shadowing property then it is transitive Anosov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that the spaces ℓ p , 1 < p < ∞ , p ≠ 2 , and all infinite-dimensional subspaces of their quotient spaces do not admit equivalent almost transitive renormings. This is a step towards the solution of the Banach–Mazur rotation problem, which asks whether a separable Banach space with a transitive norm has to be isometric or isomorphic to a Hilbert space. We obtain this as a consequence of a new property of almost transitive spaces with a Schauder basis, namely we prove that in such spaces the unit vector basis of ℓ 2 2 belongs to the two-dimensional asymptotic structure and we obtain some information about the asymptotic structure in higher dimensions. Further, we prove that the spaces ℓ p , 1 < p < ∞ , p ≠ 2 , have continuum different renormings with 1-unconditional bases each with a different maximal isometry group, and that every symmetric space other than ℓ 2 has at least a countable number of such renormings. On the other hand we show that the spaces ℓ p , 1 < p < ∞ , p ≠ 2 , have continuum different renormings each with an isometry group which is not contained in any maximal bounded subgroup of the group of isomorphisms of ℓ p . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dictionary of Semantic Equivalents in Polish, Bulgarian and Russian that we (Wojciech Sosnowski, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa and Anna Kisiel) are currently developing has no precedent as far as its theoretical foundations and its structure are concerned. The dictionary offers a unique combination of three Slavic languages that belong to three different groups: a West Slavic language (Polish), a South Slavic language (Bulgarian) and an East Slavic language (Russian). The dictionary describes semantic and syntactic equivalents of words between the languages. When completed, the dictionary will contain around 15,000 entries. The principle we build the dictionary on is that every language should be given equal status. Many of our data come from the Parallel Polish-Bulgarian-Russian corpus developed by us as part of the CLARIN-PL initiative. In the print version, the entries come in the order of the Cyrillic alphabet and they are not numbered (except for homonyms, which are disambiguated with Roman numbers). We selected the lemmas for the dictionary on the basis of their frequency in the corpus. Our dictionary is the first dictionary to include forms of address and most recent neologisms in the three languages. FAITHFUL TO THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS, WE BEGIN WITH A FORM FROM THE DICTIONARY'S PRIMARY LANGUAGE AND WE DEFINE IT IN POLISH. SUBSEQUENTLY, BASED ON THIS DEFINITION, WE TRY TO FIND AN EQUIVALENT IN THE SECOND AND THE THIRD LANGUAGE. Therefore, the meaning comes first and only then we look for the form (i.e. the equivalent) that corresponds to this meaning. This principle, outlined in Gramatyka konfrontatywna jezyków polskiego i bułgarskiego (GKBP), allows us to treat data from multiple languages as equal. In the dictionary, we draw attention to the correct choice of equivalents in translation; we also provide categorisers that indicate the meaning of verbal tenses and aspects. The definitions of states, events and their different configurations follow those outlined in the net model of verbal tense and aspect. The transitive vs. intransitive categorisers are vital for the languages in question, since they belong to two different types: synthetic (Polish and Russian) and analytic (Bulgarian). We predict that the equal status of every language in the dictionary will facilitate easier and faster development of an electronic version in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the set of diffeomorphisms which are measure-expansive for any ergodic measure, and study the set from the viewpoint of geometric theory of dynamical systems. It is proved that (1) there exists a non-emptyC1-open set of robustly non-hyperbolic and transitive diffeomorphisms such that each element of the set is measure-expansive for any ergodic measure, and that (2)C1-generically, a diffeomorphism is measure-expansive for any generic ergodic measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has suggested that languages differ in terms of how much prominence is given to the agent. Namely, English prefers to give prominence to a human agent, whereas Japanese prefers to suppress the human agent and express events as if they happen spontaneously (e.g., Ikegami 1981). By using a Japanese novel and its English translation as a parallel corpus, this paper shows quantitatively that Japanese uses more intransitive constructions than English. Using Hopper & Thompson's (1980) parameters to measure semantic transitivity, this paper also shows that the difference in intransitive constructions was only observed in low semantic transitivity events, whereas both languages exhibit similar trends for high semantic transitivity events. An analysis under the framework of Construction Grammar suggests that the Japanese intransitive construction covers a space in a semantic map which would be occupied by the transitive and adjectival constructions in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the finite solvable groups G whose cyclic p-subgroups of the same order are conjugate in G whenever p is a prime number dividing the order of G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that C¹-generically, continuum-wise expansive diffeomorphisms satisfy both Axiom A and the no-cycle condition. Moreover, (i) if a volume-preserving diffeomorphism belongs to the C¹-interior of the set of all continuum-wise expansive volume-preserving diffeomorphisms then it is Anosov, and (ii) C¹-generically, every continuum-wise expansive volume-preserving diffeomorphism is transitive Anosov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In location-based routing, forwarding decisions depend on correct location information of the nodes. The existing location verification schemes suffer from high computational requirements and the need for additional equipment, which may limit their applicability. In this work, the Transitive Location Verification algorithm is proposed, which offers location verification along with good utilization of network resources. It is designed to eliminate the requirements that limit the applicability of location verification in WSNs, such as additional expensive hardware and the use of special nodes. Therefore, any node can play the role of the verifier without any impact on its normal operation; though with a slight overhead. As a result, the verifier nodes, and their locations, will differ with time such that a malicious node will not be able to fake its location. Two schemes are proposed for verification transition within the network: One-directional transition and Three-directional transition. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieves high performance in terms of the percentage of nodes verified, the number of rounds, and the number of times the verification functionality is transferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the authors discuss various articles within the issue on topics including mechanisms of the emergence of labile verbs, syncretism or grammatical homonymy, and relationship between grammatical characteristics of a form and its lability.

LI Jian-xin makes great use of linguistic skills in her poems--semiotic representation of daily life. She purposely employs glossematics, semantics, morphology and stylistics in her poetry to convey happiness in life and to explore inner world of spirit, so that the range of poetry is largely broadened. Her poetry is nonlinear in that she focuses on actual life in a broad sense by using rhetorical and semiotic devices. She discards ordinary language forms to build an ecological field in poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A causative verb is likely to appear in a sentence with two noun arguments, whereas a noncausative verb tends to appear in a sentence with a single argument. The present research investigates from what point children learning Chinese begin to show this knowledge of argument structure. Two-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were tested using a forced-choice pointing task. The results showed that Chinese-speaking children aged 2 years could associate a transitive construction with a causative event, whereas they were not able to map an intransitive construction to a noncausative event even after reaching 5 years of age. The reason why Chinese children have such difficulty in learning knowledge of intransitive construction is discussed, focusing on (a) the semantic properties of certain intransitive verbs, which have been found not only in Chinese but also in other languages, and (b) the ellipsis of arguments, which is characteristic of Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the reflexivity and transitivity of a double triangle lattice of subspaces in a Hilbert space. We show that the double triangle lattice is neither reflexive nor transitive when some invertibility condition is satisfied (by the restriction of a projection under another). In this case, we show that the reflexive lattice determined by the double triangle lattice contains infinitely many projections, which partially answers a problem of Halmos on small lattices of subspaces in Hilbert spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It has been suggested that autism-specific imitative deficits may be reduced or even spared in object-related activities. However, most previous research has not sufficiently distinguished object movement reenactment (learning about the ways in which object move) from imitation (learning about the topography of demonstrated actions). Twenty children with autism ( CWA) and 20 typically developing children ( TDC) were presented with puzzle boxes containing prizes. Test objects and experimental conditions were designed to isolate object- and action-related aspects of demonstrations. There were four types of video demonstrations: (a) a full demonstration by an adult; (b) a ghost demonstration with object movements alone; (c) mimed solutions demonstrated adjacent to the objects; and (d) random actions performed on the surface of the objects. There were no significant between-group differences in the degree to which CWA and TDC matched the full demonstrations, the actual demonstrations or in their times to first solution in any of the conditions. Although there was no clear imitative deficit in the CWA, regression analyses were conducted to explore in more detail whether diagnosis, verbal intelligence quotient ( VIQ), nonverbal IQ NVIQ, age or motor coordination predicted performance. The results are discussed in relation to the use of extrinsic vs. intrinsic rewards and the interplay between motor coordination and the relative rigidity vs. pliability of objects. Autism Res 2014, 7: 28-39. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research and theoretical accounts have traditionally emphasized the function of the hippocampus in episodic memory. Here we draw attention to the importance of the hippocampus to generalization, and focus on the neural representations and computations that might underpin its role in tasks such as the paired associate inference paradigm. We make a principal distinction between two different mechanisms by which the hippocampus may support generalization: an encoding-based mechanism that creates overlapping representations that capture higher-order relationships between different items (e.g. TCM) – and a retrieval-based model (REMERGE) that effectively computes these relationships at the point of retrieval, through a recurrent mechanism that allows the dynamic interaction of multiple pattern separated episodic codes. We also discuss what we refer to as transfer effects - a more abstract example of generalization that has also been linked to the function of the hippocampus. We consider how this phenomenon poses inherent challenges for models such as TCM and REMERGE, and outline the potential applicability of a separate class of models - hierarchical bayesian models (HBMs) in this context. Our hope is that this article will provide a basic framework within which to consider the theoretical mechanisms underlying the role of the hippocampus in generalization, and at a minimum serve as a stimulus for future work addressing issues that go to the heart of the function of the hippocampus.

In Movima (isolate, Amazonian Bolivia), the structure of transitive clauses is determined by referential properties of the core arguments: the encoding of an argument depends on the relative position of its referent on a referential hierarchy. Movima has no ditransitive constructions. Three-participant events are expressed by monotransitive clauses, with one of the non-Agent participants having the status of an argument and the other that of an adjunct. In three-participant clauses there are no reference effects, i.e., there is no competition for argument status between the two non-Agent participants based on their relative referential properties. Instead, the choice of which non-Agent participant is encoded as an argument and which as an adjunct is determined by the lexical or derivational properties of the predicate.

It is known that if a closed invariant set Λ of a diffeomorphism f of a compact smooth manifold M is hyperbolic then f has the pseudo orbit tracing property. For a weak notion of hyperbolicity, in [4] if a transitive set of a diffeomorphism f of the three dimensional manifold M has a partially hyperbolic structure then f does not have the pseudo orbit tracing property. From the results, we consider a compact smooth manifold M which the dimension is greater than three. It is a general version of the three dimensional manifold M. More detail, we show that if a transitive diffeomorphism f of a compact smooth manifold M is partially hyperbolic, then f does not have the pseudo orbit tracing property. Moreover, if f is partially hyperbolic on M then f does not have the asymtotic and the ergodic pseudo orbit tracing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological groupoids admit various types of morphisms. We push these notions to the level of continuous groupoid actions to obtain various types of groupoid action morphisms. Some dynamical properties and their relation to these morphisms are studied. Among them are recurrence, various forms of transitivity, minimality, limit, recurrent, periodic and almost periodic points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider non-wandering dynamical systems having the shadowing property, mainly in the presence of sensitivity or transitivity, and investigate how closely such systems resemble the shift dynamical system in the richness of various types of minimal subsystems. In our excavation, we do discover regularly recurrent points, sensitive almost 1-1 extensions of odometers, minimal systems with positive topological entropy, etc. We also show that transitive semi-distal systems with shadowing are in fact minimal equicontinuous systems (hence with zero entropy) and, in contrast to systems with shadowing, the entropy points do not have to be densely distributed in transitive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Schizophrenia patients frequently present with subtle motor impairments, including higher order motor function such as hand gesture performance. Using cut off scores from a standardized gesture test, we previously reported gesture deficits in 40% of schizophrenia patients irrespective of the gesture content. However, these findings were based on normative data from an older control group. Hence, we now aimed at determining cut-off scores in an age and gender matched control group. Furthermore, we wanted to explore whether gesture categories are differentially affected in Schizophrenia. Gesture performance data of 30 schizophrenia patients and data from 30 matched controls were compared. Categories included meaningless, intransitive (communicative) and transitive (object related) hand gestures, which were either imitated or pantomimed, i.e. produced on verbal command. Cut-off scores of the age matched control group were higher than the previous cut-off scores in an older control group. An ANOVA tested effects of group, domain (imitation or pantomime), and semantic category (meaningless, transitive or intransitive), as well as their interaction. According to the new cut-off scores, 67% of the schizophrenia patients demonstrated gestural deficits. Patients performed worse in all gesture categories, however meaningless gestures on verbal command were particularly impaired (p=0.008). This category correlated with poor frontal lobe function (p<0.001). In conclusion, gestural deficits in schizophrenia are even more frequent than previously reported. Gesture categories that pose higher demands on planning and selection such as pantomime of meaningless gestures are predominantly affected and associated with the well-known frontal lobe dysfunction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

DEAF LEARNERS' ACQUISITION of fundamental lexical properties of high-frequency English verbs related to transitivity and intransitivity was examined, including the subtle distinction between unergative and unaccusative verbs. A 140-item sentence acceptability rating scale was used to assess this lexical knowledge in deaf college students at two English proficiency levels, plus a control group of hearing native English speakers. Hypotheses addressed the influence of relative derivational complexity and overall English proficiency on verb acquisition. Though the hearing group showed greater accuracy in sentence acceptability judgments and greater accuracy tied to overall English proficiency, the two deaf groups displayed fairly robust knowledge of targeted verbs' fundamental transitive and intransitive lexical properties. Nevertheless, verb acquisition remains a formidable challenge. Further research should assess deaf students' knowledge of these lexical properties in lower-frequency English verbs, including unaccusative verbs prevalent in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) and other academic discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subgroup property $$\alpha $$ is transitive in a group $$G$$ if $$U \alpha V$$ and $$V \alpha G$$ imply that $$U \alpha G$$ whenever $$U \le V \le G$$, and $$\alpha $$ is persistent in $$G$$ if $$U \alpha G$$ implies that $$U \alpha V$$ whenever $$U \le V \le G$$. Even though a subgroup property $$\alpha $$ may be neither transitive nor persistent, a given subgroup $$U$$ may have the property that each $$\alpha $$-subgroup of $$U$$ is an $$\alpha $$-subgroup of $$G$$, or that each $$\alpha $$-subgroup of $$G$$ in $$U$$ is an $$\alpha $$-subgroup of $$U$$. We call these subgroup properties $$\alpha $$- transitivity and $$\alpha $$- persistence, respectively. We introduce and develop the notions of $$\alpha $$- transitivity and $$\alpha $$- persistence, and we establish how the former property is related to $$\alpha $$- sensitivity. In order to demonstrate how these concepts can be used, we apply the results to the cases in which $$\alpha $$ is replaced with 'normal' and the 'cover-avoidance property.' We also suggest ways in which the theory can be developed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A tournament is a complete graph with its edges directed, and colouring a tournament means partitioning its vertex set into transitive subtournaments. For some tournaments H there exists c such that every tournament not containing H as a subtournament has chromatic number at most c (we call such a tournament H a hero); for instance, all tournaments with at most four vertices are heroes. In this paper we explicitly describe all heroes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In a Cantor metric space BZ, we present a one-sided cellular automaton which positively answers the question Does it exist a transitive cellular automaton (BZ, F) with non-empty set of strictly temporally periodic points? The question can be found in a current and recognized literature of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the patterns of case-marking/adpositional marking and indexing of ditransitive clauses in the world's languages, i.e. clauses with an Agent, a Recipient and a Theme argument. It distinguishes three major alignment types, indirective, secundative, and neutral, corresponding to accusative, ergative and neutral in monotransitive constructions. The alignment and coding patterns are recorded for a sample of 100 languages from around the world. Ditransitive alignment is compared with monotransitive alignment, alignment of case-marking/adpositional marking is compared to alignment of indexing, and the various coding types are distinguished, depending on the occurrence of zero-coding and overt coding. Seven cross-linguistic generalizations emerging from the data are proposed as valid tendencies, and possible functional explanations for these tendencies are discussed.

Let f be a diffeomorphism of a closed C ∞ manifold M, and let Λ ⊂ M be a closed f-invariant set. We show that if f |Λ is robustly chain transitive with orbital shadowing property, then Λ is a basic set. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study mainly aims to indicate a general classification of causative construction in modern Persian. In this context, transitive and inchoative structures are also analyzed in modern Persian. In this paper, three causative Persian constructions are identified based on Comrie's classification on causative construction. And also different morphological and syntactic strategies of causativizing in passive construction are analyzed. In general, the term causative (henceforth CAUS (describes that which yields a consequence or an effect. On the other hand, the term causation refers to the relationship between a cause and an effect; logically, a cause must exist in order for an effect to take place. In the description of a natural language, causative normally selects a verb or verbal affix that describes causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce the notion of (regular) congruence relations on CI- algebras and we construct quotient algebra ( X/ϑF ; *, F1) via a closed filter F of X. Moreover, we show that there exists a bijection from the set of all filters containing filter G to the set of all filters of X/G . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research and theoretical accounts have traditionally emphasized the function of the hippocampus in episodic memory. Here we draw attention to the importance of the hippocampus to generalization, and focus on the neural representations and computations that might underpin its role in tasks such as the paired associate inference (PAI) paradigm. We make a principal distinction between two different mechanisms by which the hippocampus may support generalization: an encoding-based mechanism that creates overlapping representations which capture higher-order relationships between different items [e.g., Temporal Context Model (TCM): Howard et al., 2005]--and a retrieval-based model [Recurrence with Episodic Memory Results in Generalization (REMERGE): Kumaran and McClelland, in press] that effectively computes these relationships at the point of retrieval, through a recurrent mechanism that allows the dynamic interaction of multiple pattern separated episodic codes. We also discuss what we refer to as transfer effects--a more abstract example of generalization that has also been linked to the function of the hippocampus. We consider how this phenomenon poses inherent challenges for models such as TCM and REMERGE, and outline the potential applicability of a separate class of models--hierarchical Bayesian models (HBMs) in this context. Our hope is that this article will provide a basic framework within which to consider the theoretical mechanisms underlying the role of the hippocampus in generalization, and at a minimum serve as a stimulus for future work addressing issues that go to the heart of the function of the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]