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Industrial hemp Cannabis sativa L. is an economically important crop mostly grown for its fiber, oil, and seeds. Due to its increasing applications in the pharmaceutical industry and a lack of knowledge of gene functions in cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways, developing an efficient transformation platform for the genetic engineering of industrial hemp has become necessary to enable functional genomic and industrial application studies. A critical step in the development of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in the hemp genus is the establishment of optimal conditions for T-DNA gene delivery into different explants from which whole plantlets can be regenerated. As a first step in the development of a successful Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for hemp gene editing, the factors influencing the successful T-DNA integration and expression (as measured by transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Green Florescent Protein (GFP) expression) were investigated. In this study, the parameters for an agroinfiltration system in hemp, which applies to the stable transformation method, were optimized. In the present study, we tested different explants, such as 1- to 3-week-old leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, root segments, nodal parts, and 2- to 3-week-old leaf-derived calli. We observed that the 3-week-old leaves were the best explant for transient gene expression. Fully expanded 2- to 3-week-old leaf explants, in combination with 30 min of immersion time, 60 µM silver nitrate, 0.5 µM calcium chloride, 150 µM natural phenolic compound acetosyringone, and a bacterial density of OD600nm = 0.4 resulted in the highest GUS and GFP expression. The improved method of genetic transformation established in the present study will be useful for the introduction of foreign genes of interest, using the latest technologies such as genome editing, and studying gene functions that regulate secondary metabolites in hemp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on carotid endarterectomy and transfemoral carotid artery stenting demonstrated that perioperative outcomes differed according to preoperative neurologic injury severity, but this has not been assessed in transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR). In this study, we examined contemporary perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent TCAR stratified by specific preprocedural symptom status. METHODS: Patients who underwent TCAR between 2016 and 2021 in the Vascular Quality Initiative were included. We stratified patients into the following groups based on preprocedural symptoms: asymptomatic, recent (symptoms occurring 180 days before TCAR). First, we used trend tests to assess outcomes in asymptomatic patients versus those with an increasing severity of recent neurologic injury (recent ocular TIA vs recent hemispheric TIA vs recent stroke). Then, we compared outcomes between asymptomatic and formerly symptomatic patients. Our primary outcome was in-hospital stroke/death rates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for demographics and comorbidities across groups. RESULTS: We identified 18,477 patients undergoing TCAR, of whom 62.0% were asymptomatic, 3.2% had a recent ocular TIA, 7.6a % had recent hemispheric TIA, 18.0% had a recent stroke, and 9.2% were formerly symptomatic. In patients with recent symptoms, we observed higher rates of stroke/death with increasing neurologic injury severity: asymptomatic 1.1% versus recent ocular TIA 0.8% versus recent hemispheric TIA 2.1% versus recent stroke 3.1% (Ptrend < .01). In formerly symptomatic patients, the rate of stroke/death was higher compared with asymptomatic patients, but this difference was not statistically significant (1.7% vs 1.1%; P = .06). After risk adjustment, compared with asymptomatic patients, there was a higher odds of stroke/death in patients with a recent stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-3.7; P < .01), a recent hemispheric TIA (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0; P < .01), and former symptoms (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; P = .02), but there was no difference in stroke/death rates in patients with a recent ocular TIA (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.4-2.2; P = .78). CONCLUSIONS: After TCAR, compared with asymptomatic status, a recent stroke and a recent hemispheric TIA were associated with higher stroke/death rates, whereas a recent ocular TIA was associated with similar stroke/death rates. In addition, a formerly symptomatic status was associated with higher stroke/death rates compared with an asymptomatic status. Overall, our findings suggest that classifying patients undergoing TCAR as symptomatic versus asymptomatic may be an oversimplification and that patients specific preoperative neurologic symptoms should instead be used in risk assessment and outcome reporting for TCAR.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment is related to the effects of the acute stroke and pre-stroke brain health. We tested whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can detect acute, global effects of stroke and predict post-stroke cognitive performance. Patients with stroke or TIA enrolled in a prospective cohort study were included if they had 1) at least one DTI acquisition at acute presentation, 24 hours, 5 days, or 30 days, and 2) follow-up testing with the telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) at 30 and/or 90 days. A whole brain, white-matter skeleton excluding the infarct was used to derive mean global DTI measures for mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), free water (FW), FW-corrected MD (MDtissue), and FW-corrected FA (FAtissue). In 74 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, there was a transient 4.2% increase in mean global FW between acute presentation and 24 hours (p = 0.024) that returned to initial values by 30 days (p = 0.03). Each acute global DTI measure was associated with 30-day T-MoCA score (n = 61, p = 0.0011-0.0076). Acute global FW, MD, FA and FAtissue were also associated with 90-day T-MoCA (n = 56, p = 0.0034-0.049). Transient global FW elevation likely reflects stroke-related interstitial edema, whereas other global DTI measures are more representative of pre-stroke brain health.

Antiplatelet therapy is one of the mainstays for secondary stroke prevention. This narrative review aimed to highlight the current evidence and recommendations of antiplatelet therapy for stroke prevention.We conducted advanced literature search for antiplatelet therapy. Landmark studies and randomised controlled trials evaluating antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention are reviewed. Results from Cochrane systematic review, pooled data analysis and meta-analysis are discussed.Single-antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) with aspirin, aspirin/extended-release dipyridamole or clopidogrel reduces the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke in patients with non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 21-30 days is more effective than SAPT in patients with minor acute noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke or high-risk TIA. Prolonged use of DAPT is associated with higher risk of haemorrhage without reduction in stroke recurrence than SAPT. Compared with placebo, aspirin reduces the relative risk of recurrent stroke by approximately 22%. Aspirin/dipyridamole and cilostazol are superior to aspirin but associated with significant side effects. Cilostazol or ticagrelor might be more effective than aspirin or clopidogrel in patients with intracranial stenosis.SAPT is indicated for secondary stroke prevention in patients with non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA. DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 21-30 days followed by SAPT is recommended for patients with minor acute noncardioembolic stroke or high-risk TIA. Selection of appropriate antiplatelet therapy should also be based on compliance, drug tolerance or resistance.

Purpose Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is diagnosed with neonatal screening and is treated early in the neonatal period. Among these patients, transient CH (TCH) is included and requires re-evaluation. The purpose of this study was to find the best way to discontinue levothyroxine and to find trends in thyroid function tests (TFTs) after re-evaluation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 388 patients diagnosed with CH. They were classified as permanent CH (PCH) and TCH. The total number of the PCH and TCH groups was 83 (51 boys and 32 girls). We compared clinical parameters to predict TCH and to identify the trends of TFT. Results The first thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) value after discontinuation and the average TSH value for 1, 2, and 3 years were all significantly higher in the PCH group (P

This study aimed to verify and validate the transient simulation capability of the hybrid code system RAST-F for fast reactor analysis. For this purpose, control rod (CR) drop experiments involving eight separate CRs and six CR groups in the China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) start-up tests were utilized to simulate the CR drop transient. The RAST-F numerical solution, including the neutron population, time-dependent reactivity, and CR worth, was compared against the measurement values obtained from two out-of-core detectors. Moreover, the time-dependent reactivity and CR worth from RAST-F were verified against the results obtained by the Monte Carlo code Serpent using continuous energy nuclear data. A code-to-code comparison between Serpent and RAST-F showed good agreement in terms of time-dependent reactivity and CR worth. The discrepancy was less than 160 pcm for reactivity and less than 110 pcm for CR worth. RAST-F solution was almost identical to the measurement data in terms of neutron population and reactivity. All the calculated CR worth results agreed with experimental results within two standard deviations of experimental uncertainty for all CRs and CR groups. This work demonstrates that the RAST-F code system can be a potential tool for analyzing time-dependent phenomena in fast reactors.

Transient structures play a wide range of vital roles in biological systems. Different from static structures that form the skeleton of bio‐tissues, transient structures only occur at certain spatial and temporal scales to undertake their duties in the life circle. Despite the significant progress in the field of artificial molecular self‐assembly studies, it still remains challenging to construct functional transient structures. Herein, the shaping of transient coordinating self‐assembled structures and their fluorescence is reported via host‐guest interaction that disfavors the assembly. The host‐guest interaction between the luminescent ligand and cyclodextrin drastically changes the kinetics of the coordinating self‐assembly, enabling the formation of transient structures. Different from the static equilibrium one with typical monomer emission in the UV region, the transient self‐assembly forms excimers, leading to visible emission. More intriguingly, the life cycle of the transient structures can be easily modulated by varying the host‐guest ratio, ligand‐metal ratio, as well as temperature. This makes it possible to create living patterns that mimic the growth of plants at different life stages. It is therefore envisioned that the creation of transient molecular self‐assembly will open a new paradigm in the field of molecular self‐assembly featuring advanced materials with dynamic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress on the memristive devices owing to the multi-functional approach have surged the exploration of new functional materials. Here, we have incorporated two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite in memristive device. The Pb-free Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 perovskite active layer was fabricated to obtain the ITO/Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 /Pt structure. The device shows typical bipolar resistance switching behavior with Off state resistance in TΩ scale. Due to the higher work function of the top Pt electrode, the barrier height at the Pt/Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 junction is higher and the observed device conductance is low in the Off state. Enhanced memory parameters such as endurance (>103 cycles) and retention (104 s) for multiple conductance states is observed. In the pulse modulated synaptic characterization, the device emulated essential post-synaptic plasticity, short-term and long-term potentiation with power consumption in femto Joule. The classical conditioning learning was mimicked by the device by electric and optical stimulation procuring basic associative training. The non-toxicity of the perovskite material has been successfully utilized for the transient memristor application. The robust in-memory photonic memristive property of the device along with water stimulated transient behavior demonstrates the significance of the proposed device in multi-dimensional field of electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsaturated soil mechanics, when applied to determine the soil shear strength, are crucial for accurately evaluating the safety of geotechnical structures affected by seasonal moisture variations. Over the past decades, multiple models have been formulated to predict the behavior of unsaturated soils in terms of water flow and shear strength individually. Building upon these foundational studies, this research introduces a model that couples an analytical solution for one-dimensional water infiltration with an unsaturated shear strength model. This model further incorporates the impact of void ratio fluctuations on soil properties and state variables related to shear strength. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of the initial void ratio on a representative soil profile during a water infiltration event. The model presented in this paper integrates various concepts from the field of unsaturated soil mechanics and is applicable to any homogeneous soil where expansion/collapse effects are negligible. It demonstrates how shear strength might be underestimated when using a saturated soil approach. Conversely, it may also lead to an overestimation of safety conditions if the soil approaches a saturated or dry state. The proposed model offers a more accurate prediction of unsaturated soil shear strength. It is useful for determining transient safety factors in geotechnical structures. Furthermore, when combined with field-installed instrument monitoring, this model contributes significantly to the functionality, safety, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of geotechnical structures and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSHigh-temperature heat pipes are often used as heat exchangers in nuclear reactors because of their remarkable advantages in terms of thermal conductivity, isothermal properties, and self-actuation. To ensure the safe operation and efficient heat transfer of a reactor system, it is necessary to analyze the transient heat transfer performances of heat pipes. The working temperature range of the high-temperature heat pipe is 800–1,300 K when sodium is selected as the working fluid. A network system consisting of the thermal resistances can be used to analyze heat pipe transients. For a high-temperature thermosiphon, the existence of a liquid pool and a liquid film will affect the overall thermal resistance and temperature distribution. In this paper, a thermal resistance network model including convection and phase changes was established, a linear differential equation was established based on the energy conservation equation, and code was developed based on this differential equation to solve the thermal resistance and temperature field equations of the heat pipe. It was found that the temperature of numerical calculation in each region was in good agreement with the experimental results. To simulate a complex reactor environment, a power wave was introduced to explore the influence of the heat source on the thermal resistance and temperature field. It is found that with the increase of heating power, the temperature of each region of the heat pipe also increases, and the time required for the heat pipe to reach equilibrium decreases. In addition, the variations of the thermal resistance and temperature field with different heat pipe sizes and cooling modes at the condensation section under variable-power conditions were explored.A thermal resistance network model including the liquid pool of the evaporation section and the liquid film of the condensation section was constructed.Numerical code was developed to solve the thermal resistance and temperature field equations of the heat pipe.A power wave was introduced to explore the influence of the heat source on the thermal resistance and temperature field.A thermal resistance network model including the liquid pool of the evaporation section and the liquid film of the condensation section was constructed.Numerical code was developed to solve the thermal resistance and temperature field equations of the heat pipe.A power wave was introduced to explore the influence of the heat source on the thermal resistance and temperature field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid–base equilibria of aqueous cellular fluids play a vital role in constituting various signaling and feedback mechanisms in biological systems. To mimic the complex pH‐directed signaling mechanism in laboratory settings, a pH‐responsive vesicular assembly is presented that shows dynamic multicolor fluorescence and size alterations under the influence of a chemically driven pH cycle. The vesicular architecture is a versatile platform for establishing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) interactions between multiple donors and acceptor fluorophores. Spontaneously fluctuating interfacial charge of the vesicles during the pH cycle alters the donor fluorophore's emission intensity, affecting the efficiency of FRET interactions among the donor–acceptor pairs. This enables multicolor as well as transient pure white light fluorescence of the vesicles during the pH cycle. The vesicles also display significant size changes in response to varying pH conditions. Furthermore, the vesicles demonstrate excellent adaptability in terms of the lifespan of the oscillatory cycles and the tunability of the fluorescence color transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no formally defined terminology for the related entities transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH), localized or regional migratory osteoporosis (RMO) and bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES). This study aimed to map the diversity and frequency of diagnostic terms and vocabulary utilized in the literature. A comprehensive search of electronic databases and reference lists was conducted. Publications that reported on patients with TOH, RMO, BMES, or related variants were eligible for inclusion. The terminologies were categorized based on the wording of the titles, abstracts, or texts. We included 561 publications, of which 423 were case reports, involving 2921 patients. Overall, TOH was the most commonly used term, occurring in 257 (45.8%). RMO was used in 34 (6.1%) and BMES in 57 (10.2%). The remaining used various combinations of transient, migratory, and regional in conjunction with either osteoporosis or bone marrow edema. Localized osteoporosis was not used. We identified three different terms related to pregnancy. In 76.3% of the publications, the terminology was related to osteoporosis and in 18.2% to bone marrow edema, although terminology did not correspond to actual findings. Bone marrow edema occurred as often as osteoporosis, and osteoporosis was generally ascertained by visual inspection of radiographs, seldom by bone densitometry. Many publications used osteoporosis-related terms without evidence that osteoporosis had been detected. The terminology of these closely related entities is confusing and unstandardized. The lack of formal definitions impedes accurate diagnosis, research on disease mechanisms, and effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper focuses on both voltage transients and short-duration RMS variations, and presents a unique and heterogeneous approach to their assessment by applying AI tools. The database consists of both real (obtained from Lithuanian PQ monitoring campaigns) and synthetic data (obtained from the simulation and literature review). Firstly, this paper investigates the fundamental grid component and its harmonics filtering with an IIR shelving filter. Secondly, in a key part, both SVM and KNN are used to classify PQ events by their primary cause in the voltage–duration plane as well as by the type of short circuit in the three-dimensional voltage space. Thirdly, since it seemed to be difficult to interpret the results in the three-dimensional space, the new method, based on Clarke transformation, is developed to convert it to two-dimensional space. The method shows an outstanding performance by avoiding the loss of important information. In addition, a geometric analysis of the fault voltage in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces revealed certain geometric patterns that are undoubtedly important for PQ classification. Finally, based on the results of a PQ monitoring campaign in the Lithuanian distribution grid, this paper presents a unique discussion regarding PQ assessment gaps that need to be solved in anticipation of a great leap forward and refers them to PQ legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the transient response and delay behavior of tire force and motion parameters on μ-step road are analyzed. The expression of the effective friction coefficient of road is established according to the deformation of the tread during the process of crossing the road boundary. The mathematical model describing the transient characteristics of tire is established by combining the single contact point model and the tire dynamic equation. Then, the transient responses of tire on μ-step road at different sliding conditions are obtained by model calculation, the delay behavior of the tire and the effect of the time rate of change of the slip angle on the transient tire force are discussed. In addition, the possible total sliding phenomenon of tire on low-adhesion road is analyzed and the critical condition is obtained by analyzing the tire force relationship on the front and rear roads. The conclusions provide theoretical support for vehicle dynamics analysis and control under corresponding driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the internal combustion engine industry, there is a significant shift towards alternative fuels to accomplish zero net carbon dioxide emissions as well as the legislation requirements. According to former studies, in addition to its advantages of being carbon-free and having appropriate combustion characteristics, low nitrogen oxide engine-out emission levels are achieved at lean burn combustion of hydrogen. Lean combustion leads to a turbocharging system requirement. Which is then utilized to generate the expected power output at high altitudes and during transient maneuvers. This study aims to determine the ideal air-charging vessel which can meet the objectives of high altitude. Which is 0 % torque derate and transient response time with respect to 0 %–90 % of maximum torque which is typically ∼3–4 s for diesel engines, while keeping the lean combustion to release ultra-low NO X emissions. Different charging concepts have been investigated by applying 1-D thermodynamic modeling on a H 2 ICE with a direct injection system which is for heavy-duty vehicles. • Hydrogen engine has very low nitrogen oxide emission above cylinder mass ratio of 2.4 • Altitude performance: 2-stage concept satisfied the target torque at all speeds. • Transient: the performance of 2-stage turbocharger is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real-time light curve classification of transients is helpful in searching for rare transients. We propose a new algorithm based on machine learning, namely the Temporary Convective Network and Light Gradient Boosting Machine Combined with Weight Module Algorithm (TLW). The TLW algorithm can classify the photometric simulation transients data in g, r, i bands provided via PLAsTiCC, typing Tidal Disruption Event (TDE), Kilonova (KN), Type Ia supernova (SNIa), and Type I Super-luminous supernova (SLSN-I). When comparing the real-time classification results of the TLW algorithm and six other algorithms, such as Rapid, we found that the TLW algorithm has the best comprehensive performance indexes and has the advantages of high precision and high efficiency. The average accuracy of TLW is 84.54%. The average implementation timings of the TLW algorithm for classifying four types of transients is 123.09 s, which is based on TensorFlow's architecture in windows and python. We use three indicators to prove that the TLW algorithm is superior to the classical Rapid algorithm, including Confusion Matrix, PR curve, and ROC curve. We also use the TLW algorithm to classify ZTF real transients. The real-time classification results for ZTF transients show that the accuracy of the TLW algorithm is higher than the other six algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Transient intussusception (TI) is a condition in which part of the small intestine is identified to enter the anterior part of the intestine telescopically, but this condition spontaneously reduces during follow-up. The observation of this situation has increased with the widespread use of ultrasonography among diagnostic tools. In this study, the aim was to present cases of intussusception that resulted in spontaneous reduction in our clinic. Material and Methods: The records of all cases diagnosed with intussusception between January 2014 and September 2022 were scanned. The files of the patients who were diagnosed with TI as a result of observation were investigated. Age, gender, clinical findings, duration of admission, ultrasonography findings, treatment options and results were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 71 cases diagnosed with intussusception included 50 boys and 21 girls, with a mean age of 22.3 months. Intussusception was ileo-colic in 36 patients, ileo-ileal in 32 patients, and jejuno-jejunal in three patients. Clinical observation with physical examination and ultrasonography was performed in 33 (21%) patients with SBI who did not have signs of peritoneal irritation and had short segment involvement. Surgical reduction was performed in four patients because intussusception persisted after observation. Control US performed on the remaining 29 patients showed that intussusception disappeared. The age range of 29 patients diagnosed with TI ranged from 10 to 122 months (mean 46.2 months). Of the cases, 19 (65.5%) were male and 10 (34.4%) were female. The length of the invaginated segment ranged from 1-2.2 cm (mean 1.8 cm). Conclusion: Spontaneous reduction of SBI, which does not have acute abdominal findings and progresses with short segment involvement on US, may occur during clinical observation. For this reason, close follow-up of suitable cases that may develop spontaneous reduction is important to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the transient response of tire to step change in road friction coefficient is studied. The brush model is used to analyze the tread deformation, and a mathematical model is established to describe the transient behavior of the tire. The transient response curves of lateral force, aligning torque, slip angle, yaw angle and lateral displacement are obtained. For large initial slip angle, the transient expressions of tire force and torque are established by analyzing the change of tread deformation, and a second-order ordinary differential equation is established to describe the transient characteristics of tire by combining with the equations of motion. In addition, the rigid ring model is used to investigate the influence of flexible sidewalls. For small initial slip angle, a set of partial differential-integral equations of tread deformation and lateral displacement is established, and a numerical method is provided to solve these equations. Furthermore, an estimation method is proposed to make the calculation more efficient. The relevant conclusions of this paper can provide theoretical reference for vehicle dynamics and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to achieve high energies in particle accelerators has led to the development of new accelerator technologies, resulting in higher beam intensities and more compact devices with stronger accelerating fields. In such scenarios, beam-loading effects occur, and intensity-dependent gradient reduction affects the accelerated beam as a consequence of its interaction with the surrounding cavity. In this study, a power-diffusive partial differential equation is derived to account for this effect. Its numerical resolution has been implemented in the tracking code RF-Track, allowing the simulation of apparatuses where transient beam loading plays an important role. Finally, measurements of this effect have been carried out in the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility at CERN, finding good agreement with the RF-Track simulations.

Tropical dry forest (TDF) is an ecosystem with a pronounced seasonality and high animal diversity. It is threatened by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities such as human population growth, deforestation rate, tourism development, forest fires, overhunting, and wildlife trade. One of the strategies for this biodiversity conservation is the creation of Communal Natural Protected Areas (CNPA), which are poorly explored. The aim of this study was to supply an assessment of the avian diversity in the CNPA El Gavilán on the Central Coast of Oaxaca (Mexico) during two seasons (dry and rainy). Sampling has been carried out at two localities (named as Centre and Mountain) between November 2018 and September 2019, using a point count method. At each locality, we sampled one transect varying in length, but with five-point counts separated by a minimum of 200 m. We made monthly two visits per transect. Birds were counted from a fixed raising position within a circle of 50-m radius for a specific period (10 min.) at every point. In total, 85 species were recorded, which belong to 65 genera, 24 families, and 13 orders. The most representative order was Passeriformes with 53 species. Most species (83) were considered very rare, and two species (Aratinga canicularis and Calocitta formosa) were rare. Regarding the avian diversity, 0D, the Centre locality had 74 species (19 exclusive species), while the Mountain locality had 65 species (11 exclusive species). The dry season had a higher diversity (Hʹ = 3.44) than the rainy season (Hʹ= 3.41), but there were no significant differences (Hutcheson t = 0.365, d.f. = 1, p > 0.05). Eighty-two percent (70 species) were considered residents, 15.3% (13 species) were winter migrants, 1.2% (one species) were summer migrants, and 1.2% (one species) were transient. Of the total registered taxa, 50 species were principally insectivorous, 14 species were grain-frugivorous, eight species were omnivorous, six species were carnivorous, and six species were nectarivorous. The avifauna of CNPA El Gavilán shows that a marked effect does not exist in the species composition between seasons. Due to the species richness recorded and estimated there, the study area should be considered in conservation policies, particularly because this territory is under intense pressure due to changes in land use.

Objective. Mathematical modeling of heat transfer in pipes with turbulators for viscous heat carriers at Reynolds numbers characteristic of laminar and transient flow regimes is carried out by the calculation method. The solution of the heat exchange problem for semicircular cross-section flow turbulators based on multiblock computing technologies based on the solution of the Reynolds equations (closed for the transient mode using the Menter shear stress transfer model) and the energy equation (on multi-scale intersecting structured grids) by the factorized finite-volume method (FCOM) was considered.Method. The calculation was carried out on the basis of a theoretical method based on the solution of the Reynolds equations, closed for transient modes using the Menter shear stress transfer model, and the energy equation on multiscale intersecting structured grids (FCOM), by a factorized finite-volume method.Result. Both local and averaged characteristics of the flow and heat exchange in pipes with turbulators for a viscous coolant for laminar and transient flow modes of the coolant were obtained using the FCOM method in the work, which made it possible to determine for these modes the levels of heat exchange intensification that satisfactorily correlate with the existing experiment.Conclusion. The calculated relative hydraulic resistance for low turbulators increases quite slightly, and for medium-altitude turbulators reaches 2÷2.5 to the critical Reynolds number, and subsequently it increases up to 3 times; for high turbulators, the relative hydraulic resistance increases up to 4 times even before the transition flow regime is reached, after which it increases up to 4.5 times. The calculated relative isothermal intensified heat exchange under the laminar flow regime of a viscous coolant for relatively high turbulators increases almost 2 times; for relatively medium heights of turbulators — almost one and a half, and for low relative heights, the intensification of heat exchange is insignificant.

One of the basic phenomena when a liquid leaves a tank is the formation of vortices. This phenomenon can have a significant impact on the liquid mass remaining in the tank and the ingress of air and bubbles into the system. As a result, the performance of the system can be disturbed. The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the effect of gas pressure on vortex formation and critical height. It also verifies the relationships presented for turbulent viscosity. In addition, the near-wall behavior of the analytical relationships proposed for the tangential velocity is revised based on the boundary layer theory. Some common effective factors such as angular velocity, discharge time, and liquid height are also investigated. The volume of fluid (VOF) model and the Transitional SST k-ω turbulence model were used to solve the two-phase turbulent flow. The results show that increasing the gas pressure from 1 to 5 bar and its direct impact on the liquid surface significantly accelerates the formation of the vortex and the critical height. This phenomenon causes the air core to reach the inlet of the outlet pipe approximately 7 seconds earlier after the start of the liquid discharge. As a result, much more liquid mass remains in the tank. The increase in the angular velocity of the reference frame from 0.1 to 1 rad/s also causes the critical height to be reached much earlier and the remaining liquid mass to increase by 32 kg. In addition, the amount and variations of turbulent viscosity differ significantly from the semi-empirical constants, limiting their use to certain flows.

As an important part of the digital reactor, the pin-by-pin wise fine coupling calculation is a research hotspot in the field of nuclear engineering in recent years. It provides more precise and realistic simulation results for reactor design, operation and safety evaluation. CORCA-K a nodal code is redeveloped as a robust pin-by-pin wise neutronics and thermal-hydraulic coupled calculation code for pressurized water reactor (PWR) core. The nodal green's function method (NGFM) is used to solve the three-dimensional space-time neutron dynamics equation, and the single-phase single channel model and one-dimensional heat conduction model are used to solve the fluid field and fuel temperature field. The mesh scale of reactor core simulation is raised from the nodal-wise to the pin-wise. It is verified by two benchmarks: NEACRP 3D PWR and PWR MOX/UO2. The results show that: 1) the pin-by-pin wise coupling calculation system has good accuracy and can accurately simulate the key parameters in steady-state and transient coupling conditions, which is in good agreement with the reference results; 2) Compared with the nodal-wise coupling calculation, the pin-by-pin wise coupling calculation improves the fuel peak temperature, the range of power distribution is expanded, and the lower limit is reduced more.

In a rat model of ischemic stroke by permanent occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (pMCAo), we have demonstrated using continuous recordings by microelectrode array at the depth of the ischemic territory that there is an immediate wide-spread increase in spontaneous local field potential synchrony following pMCAo that was correlated with ischemic stroke damage, but such increase was not seen in control sham-surgery rats. We further found that the underpinning source of the synchrony increase is intermittent bursts of low multi-frequency oscillations. Here we show that such increase in spontaneous LFP synchrony after pMCAo can be reduced to pre-pMCAo baseline level by delivering early (immediately after pMCAo) protective sensory stimulation that reduced the underpinning bursts. However, the delivery of a late (3 h after pMCAo) destructive sensory stimulation had no influence on the elevated LFP synchrony and its underpinning bursts. Histology confirmed both protection for the early stimulation group and an infarct for the late stimulation group. These findings highlight the unexpected importance of spontaneous LFP and its synchrony as a predictive correlate of cerebral protection or stroke infarct during the hyperacute state following pMCAo and the potential clinical relevance of stimulation to reduce EEG synchrony in acute stroke.

We present a 65-year-old woman who developed a diffuse pruritic papular eruption after receiving induction chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytarabine for newly diagnosed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The rash improved clinically with triamcinolone treatment and chemotherapy was allowed to continue. This case adds to the growing literature of transient acantholytic dermatosis development in the setting of anti-cancer therapy and emphasizes the importance of clinicopathologic correlation in cutaneous eruptions in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dual antiplatelet therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. However, whether the effect of dual antiplatelet therapy is modified by pretreatment antiplatelet status is unclear. METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of the POINT trial (Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke). Patients were divided into 2 groups based on pretreatment antiplatelet use. The primary outcome was ischemic stroke within 90 days of randomization. RESULTS: We included 4881 patients of whom 41% belonged to the no pretreatment antiplatelet. Ischemic stroke occurred in 6% and 5% in the antiplatelet pretreatment and no antiplatelet pretreatment, respectively. Antiplatelet pretreatment was not associated with the risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.81-137]) or risk of major hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.55-2.21]; P=0.794). The effect of dual antiplatelet therapy on recurrent ischemic stroke risk was not different in patients who were on antiplatelet before randomization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.50-0.94]) as opposed to those who were not (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.50-1.12]), P for interaction = 0.685. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with minor stroke and high-risk transient ischemic attack, dual antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of ischemic stroke regardless of premorbid antiplatelet use.

This paper presents the design of a disturbance observer-based controller that regulates the output voltage of three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters (VSIs) deployed for grid-forming operation in Renewable Energy-based Distributed Generation (REDG) Systems. The primary objective of the controller is to provide a symmetric and sinusoidal voltage at the output of the VSI when supplying highly unbalanced and nonlinear loads. The controller employs the feedback linearization (FL) technique and incorporates a disturbance observer (DO) to address a range of disturbances that include oscillations resulting from unbalanced loads, harmonics generated by nonlinear loads, and non-oscillatory disturbances. Notably, the controller adopts a direct control scheme without the need for nested current control loops and does not use any transformation frames. Simulation studies and experimental investigations were conducted to assess the controller’s performance under various load conditions, including both linear and nonlinear types, as well as load transients. The findings demonstrate the controller’s capability to accurately track references while complying with the IEEE power quality standards for the tested conditions.

Solar energy capacity has increased significantly globally, with values above 800 GW produced by different systems. Among these, PVT panels can generate either electricity, heat, or both. As these systems present various issues associated with excessive temperature increases, cooling systems have been developed to control the temperature using fluids such as water. The article uses previous data from the Technologic Institute of Sonora, which analyzed various cooling device configurations and selected the best two options (B1 and B4) based on the panel efficiency. Using the boundary conditions and the predicted streamlines, a simulation was made in CFD programs, determining the correct parameters to replicate the system fluid dynamics. Several simulations were carried out using different turbulence models. After comparing the temperature contour diagram and the streamline, it was obtained that the k-ω turbulence model best describes the fluid's behavior. The transient analysis simulations allow us to determine that the B1 configuration delivers the best cooling effect as it presents the most homogeneous temperature profile. BIAS and RMSE were calculated to validate and contrast the results obtained experimentally, obtaining values of 0.8675 and 1.8981, respectively.

Objective: Stroke and transient ischemic attack may have long-term negative effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and promote endothelial inflammation, both of which could increase neurodegeneration and dementia risk beyond the cell death associated with the index event. Methods: Serum from 88 postmortem subjects in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders were analyzed by sandwich ELISA for specific biomarkers to investigate the effects of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) on BBB integrity and endothelial activation. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U Test, Spearman rank correlation, and linear/logistic regressions adjusted for potential confounders; a P-value < .05 was considered significant for all analyses. Results: Serum PDGFRẞ, a putative biomarker of BBB injury, was significantly increased in subjects with vs without a history of CVA who had similar cardiovascular risk factors (P < .01). This difference was stable after adjusting for age, hypertension, and other potential confounders in regression analysis (odds ratio, 27.02; 95% confidence interval, 2.61-411.7; P < .01). In addition, PDGFRẞ was positively associated with VCAM-1, a biomarker of endothelial inflammation (ρ = 0.42; P < .01). Conclusions: Our data suggest that patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack have lasting changes in the BBB. Still more, this demonstrates the utility of PDGFRẞ as a serum-based biomarker of BBB physiology, a potentially powerful tool in studying the role of the BBB in various neurodegenerative diseases and COVID infection sequelae. Clinical Relevance: Our data demonstrate the utility of serum PDGFRẞ, a putative biomarker of BBB integrity in the setting of stroke and TIA (CVA). A serum biomarker of BBB integrity could be a useful tool to detect early BBB damage and allow prospective work to study how such damage affects long-term neurodegenerative risk. Since BBB disruption occurs early in ADRD development, it could be monitored to help better understand disease progression and involvement of vascular pathways in ADRD.

Introduction: Muscular activation sequences have been shown to be suitable time-domain features for classification of motion gestures. However, their clinical application in myoelectric prosthesis control was never investigated so far. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the robustness of these features extracted from the EMG signal in transient state, on the forearm, for classifying common hand tasks. Methods: The signal associated to four hand gestures and the rest condition were acquired from ten healthy people and two persons with trans-radial amputation. A feature extraction algorithm allowed for encoding the EMG signals into muscular activation sequences, which were used to train four commonly used classifiers, namely Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Non-linear Logistic Regression (NLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The offline performances were assessed with the entire sample of recruited people. The online performances were assessed with the amputee subjects. Moreover, a comparison of the proposed method with approaches based on the signal envelope in the transient state and in the steady state was conducted. Results: The highest performance were obtained with the NLR classifier. Using the sequences, the offline classification accuracy was higher than 93% for healthy and amputee subjects and always higher than the approach with the signal envelope in transient state. As regards the comparison with the steady state, the performances obtained with the proposed method are slightly lower (<4%), but the classification occurred at least 200 ms earlier. In the online application, the motion completion rate reached up to 85% of the total classification attempts, with a motion selection time that never exceeded 218 ms. Discussion: Muscular activation sequences are suitable alternatives to the time-domain features commonly used in classification problems belonging to the sole EMG transient state and could be potentially exploited in control strategies of myoelectric prosthesis hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the basic phenomena when a liquid leaves a tank is the formation of vortices. This phenomenon can have a significant impact on the liquid mass remaining in the tank and the ingress of air and bubbles into the system. As a result, the performance of the system can be disturbed. The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the effect of gas pressure on vortex formation and critical height. It also verifies the relationships presented for turbulent viscosity. In addition, the near-wall behavior of the analytical relationships proposed for the tangential velocity is revised based on the boundary layer theory. Some common effective factors such as angular velocity, discharge time, and liquid height are also investigated. The volume of fluid (VOF) model and the Transitional SST k-ω turbulence model were used to solve the two-phase turbulent flow. The results show that increasing the gas pressure from 1 to 5 bar and its direct impact on the liquid surface significantly accelerates the formation of the vortex and the critical height. This phenomenon causes the air core to reach the inlet of the outlet pipe approximately 7 seconds earlier after the start of the liquid discharge. As a result, much more liquid mass remains in the tank. The increase in the angular velocity of the reference frame from 0.1 to 1 rad/s also causes the critical height to be reached much earlier and the remaining liquid mass to increase by 32 kg. In addition, the amount and variations of turbulent viscosity differ significantly from the semi-empirical constants, limiting their use to certain flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the preparation of a textbook on transients in the collector circuit of a bipolar reverse conduction transistor switched on according to a scheme with a common emitter with an inductively active nature of the load, studies were conducted on an experimental stand. Based on experimental data, the processes occurring in the studied chain are described. A visual description of all stages of transients in the collector circuit of a transistor under the action of a positive pulse at the input of a key transistor cascade is given. An approved description of the operation of the studied circuit is obtained, allowing students to understand in detail the operation of a bipolar transistor nonideal key under inductive load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-flow pumps have been widely used in water jet propulsion field. To ensure reliability and operation efficiency, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of hydraulic excitation force during transient operations. In this paper, the radial force of a water jet mixed-flow pump during rapid startup period was investigated numerically based on improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) and siding mesh method, the external characteristics were verified by test results. The spatial-temporal evolution of radial force was analyzed. The radial force during rapid startup presents transient and delay phenomenon, which shows disparity compared with quasi-steady state. The flow analysis and blade strip analysis show inlet recirculation significantly affects the radial force's evolution, the radial force is quite different from blade root to tip and the blade tip contributes most to the radial force delay phenomenon. By applying boundary vorticity flux (BVF) theory and separation vortex formation diagnosis, separation regions caused by the dissipation of inlet recirculation were effectively identified and the change trend is in line with the change of radial force, which explains how inlet recirculation results the delay of radial force on blade tip strip and the whole impeller blade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of slow slip events is essential to elucidating the slip mechanisms and frictional properties of plate interfaces. We imaged the aseismic slip at the plate interface between the subducting Philippine Sea Plate and overriding Amur Plate beneath Shikoku Island, Japan, by applying a network inversion filter to the position time series obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System data spanning January 2012 to April 2022. The results show long‐term slow slip events in the Bungo Channel, central Shikoku, and the Kii Channel, which started from 2018. We also identified 39 short‐term slow slip events associated with low‐frequency tremors. The estimated moment magnitudes of the Bungo Channel, central Shikoku, and Kii Channel slow slip events were Mw7.0, Mw6.4, and Mw6.3, respectively, with a rigidity of 30 GPa. The estimated moment magnitudes of the short‐term slow slip events ranged from Mw5.7 to Mw6.4. Most of the detected short‐term slow slip events are associated with low‐frequency tremor, and many showed propagation through the spatial domain. Events with magnitudes of ≥Mw6.30 typically consist of subevents. The slip rate of short‐term slow slip events ranges from 1 to 7 mm/day, which is considerably larger than the plate convergence rate. The short‐term slow slip events are 6 to 40 days, and follow the accepted scaling law between slip event duration and total magnitude. The short‐term slow slip event zone is consistent with a three‐segment hypothesis. The short‐term slow slip event in northwest Shikoku and long‐term slow slip event in central Shikoku may be correlated. Plain Language Summary: We identified three independent long‐term slow slip events that have occurred since 2018 in the Bungo Channel, central Shikoku, and the Kii Channel. We also identified 39 short‐term slow slip events in the Shikoku region. We clearly imaged the spatio‐temporal evolution of short‐term slow slip events for selected cases. Large short‐term slow slip events consist of several subevents, which are clearly imaged in this study. Key Points: We identified short‐ and long‐term slow slip events in Japan using the GNSS network and network inversion filterWe identified spatial and temporal propagation of long‐term and short‐term slow slip events along the Nankai TroughWe determined a correlation between short‐term slow slip events in northwest Shikoku and long‐term slow slip events in central Shikoku [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient thermal-hydraulic knowledge for analysis of a reactivity-initiated accident demands experiments of fast-transient flow boiling heat transfer from moderate- to high-pressure conditions. In this study, those experiments are conducted for vertical upward tube flows of pressurized water. The tube wall is joule heated by stepwise electric pulse power to achieve an abrupt wall heating condition. The applied pulse power is varied from 4.68 to 13.59 GW/m3, which is beyond the power required for steady-state critical heat flux (CHF) to occur. Rapid evolution of the boiling wall temperature is extracted from outer wall temperature data by solving an inverse heat conduction problem. As a result, with increasing the applied pulse power, the time to occurrence of departure from nucleate boiling gets shorter, and the corresponding peak heat flux increases over the steady-state CHF, which is evaluated at the same flow condition. A logarithmic relation between the wall heating rate and the CHF increment ratio is also demonstrated. The effects of pressure, inlet subcooling, and mass flux on the transient peak heat flux are also investigated. As the pressure increases, the nucleate boiling duration gets shorter with decreasing peak heat flux. On the other hand, as the inlet subcooling increases, the nucleate boiling duration gets longer, and the peak heat flux increases. Contrarily, the mass flux does not show any noticeable effects on the transient heat transfer evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In surge protection, low-head profiles are deemed a challenge in pump failure events since they are prone to severe negative pressure surges that require an uneconomical surge vessel volume. A hybrid surge vessel with a dipping tube can provide required protection with reasonable economic volume. This work presents novel analyses for the hybrid surge vessel and develops a simple model for its optimum sizing using a stochastic numerical approach coupled with machine learning. Practical ranges for correct sizing of vessel components, such as ventilation tube, inlet/outlet air valves, and compression chamber, are presented for optimal protection and performance. The water hammer equations are iteratively solved using the hybrid surge vessel's revised boundary conditions within the method of characteristics numerical framework to generate 2000 cases representing real pump failures on low-head pipelines. Genetic programming is utilized to develop simple relations for prediction of the hybrid vessel initial and expanded air volumes in addition to the compression chamber volume. Moreover, the developed model presented a classification index for low-head pipelines on which the hybrid vessel would be most economical. The developed model yielded good prediction error statistics. The developed model proves to be more accurate and easier to use than the classical design charts for the low-head pumping mains. The model clearly showed the relation between various hydraulic and pipe parameters, with pipe diameter and static head as the most influencing parameters on compression chamber volume and expanded air volume. The developed model, together with the classification indices, can be used for preliminary surge protection sizing for low-head pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An advanced procedure is introduced in this study for determining the transient probability density function (PDF) of the stochastic oscillator with various nonlinearity under combined harmonic and modulated random stimulations, which is an enhancement of the exponential-polynomial-closure (EPC) methodology. An evolutionary exponential polynomial function with time-dependent undefined parameters is selected to represent the transient probabilistic solution. A bunch of ordinary differential equations can be formulated by integrating the weighted residual error where the weight functions are specially selected as a number of independent evolutionary base functions that span the R n space. The undefined parameters can be fixed by utilizing numerical approaches to solve those ordinary differential equations. By comparing the results with those acquired by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), four numerical cases demonstrate that the transient PDF solutions of the nonlinear oscillators can be acquired effectively and efficiently, especially in the probabilistic tails which play a key role in reliability analysis. In addition, the results indicate that the transient responses of the stochastic oscillators are of nonzero means due to the influence of harmonic stimulation. Meanwhile, the transient PDFs are also asymmetrical at the nonzero means resulted by the coupled impacts of the combined harmonic and modulated random stimulations. Moreover, utilizing the advanced procedure can lead to a significant decrease in computational effort without sacrificing the solution accuracy in contrast to MCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the dual crisis of energy shortage and environmental pollution, natural gas has become a promising alternative fuel. However, its application in marine engines still has some problems such as knocking and misfire in the cylinder, especially during the harsh transient condition of the main engine, which the transient speed regulation rate should be less than 15%, and the speed recovery time should be less than 15s to meet the corresponding specification requirements. In this paper, the 8M23G marine four-stroke natural gas engine is taken as the research object. And, the harsh transient condition of the engine under two modes of load characteristics and propulsion characteristics was analyzed through experiment and simulation. The results showed that the cooperative control strategy had the best effect, which decreased the Lambda of the engine to less than 3.5. Furthermore, the speed recovery time under load characteristics can be controlled at about 10 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses challenges associated with anisotropic functionally graded media that are governed by the transient diffusion-convection equation. The authors seek to obtain numerical solutions for these problems by utilizing a combination of Laplace transform and boundary element method. To achieve this, a boundary integral equation is derived and a standard boundary element method is used to obtain numerical solutions, which are then inversely transformed using the Stehfest formula to obtain solutions in the time variable. The problems studied include those involving compressible or incompressible flow and media with quadratic, exponential, and trigonometric gradients. The findings suggest that the approach used to transform the variable coefficients equation into the constant coefficients equation is valid and the mixed Laplace transform and boundary element method is a simple and effective means of obtaining numerical solutions. The accuracy of the numerical solutions is also confirmed, and the impact of material anisotropy and inhomogeneity on the solutions is highlighted, suggesting that accounting for these factors is crucial for experimental studies. Additionally, the symmetry of solutions for symmetric problems is also verified for further validation of the numerical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]