Search

The aim of the article is to reveal the place and role of smart specialization strategy as one of the relevant and central areas of modern economic policy. It is shown that in Ukraine the issue of economic essence and main goal of smart specialization policy as a form of state innovation policy remains theoretically and practically unexplored, as well as the importance of involving universities in smart specialization strategy in the context of creating basic innovations that can become the basis of the regional smart specializations.The article substantiates that the Ukrainian expert community is dominated by the perception the smart specialization strategy is the traditional sectoral economic policy, which considers innovation as a factor of increasing the competitiveness of existing industries, i.e. without much change in the technological structure of the economy or region. The article argues that the main content of the smart specialization policy should be the priority development of new high-tech sectors of the economy, industries belonging to the current and future technological paradigms.The results of studying the main development directions of the Top European innovation Universities are presented. These results testify to the close connection between the innovation Universities and the creation of basic innovations for the development of new high-tech business. The analysis showed that Ukraine not only cannot enter the European ranking of innovation Universities, but also lags far behind the total number of European patents per country. This shows that the country has in fact abandoned basic innovation competitions with Europe. The policy of smart specialization should help to correct this situation. The positive effect of such policy largely depends on the active formation of modern innovation Universities, which can create and commercialize basic innovations of the Schumpeter’s type, leading to the emergence of new high technologies. JEL classіfіcatіon: O25, O38, R11, Метою статті є розкриття місця і ролі стратегії смартспеціалізації як одного з актуальних і центральних напрямів сучасної економічної політики. Показано, що в Україні залишається теоретично і практично малодослідженим питання економічної сутності і головної мети політики смартспеціалізації як форми державної інноваційної політики, а також важливість залучення університетів у стратегію смартспеціалізації в контексті створення базових інновацій, які можуть стати основою смартспеціалізацій регіонів.У статті обґрунтовано, що в українському експертному середовищі домінантним залишається сприйняття стратегії смартспеціалізації як традиційної галузевої економічної політики, яка розглядає інноваційні процеси як фактор підвищення конкурентоспроможності існуючих виробництв, тобто без особливої зміни технологічної структури економіки країни чи регіону. У статті доводиться, що головним змістом політики формування смартспеціалізації має бути пріоритетний розвиток нових високотехнологічних галузей економіки, виробництв, що належать до поточної та майбутньої технологічних парадигм.Представлено результати вивчення основних напрямів розвитку топових європейських інноваційних університетів. Ці результати засвідчили тісний зв’язок інноваційних університетів зі створенням базових інновацій для розвитку нового високотехнологічного бізнесу. Аналіз показав, що Україна поки що не тільки не може увійти до європейського рейтингу інноваційних університетів, але й серйозно відстає за загальною кількістю європейських патентів на одну країну. Це свідчить, що країна фактично відмовилась від базових інноваційних змагань з Європою. Політика смартспеціалізації має сприяти виправленню цієї ситуації. Позитивний ефект такої політики багато в чому залежить від активного формування сучасних інноваційних університетів, які спроможні створювати та комерціалізувати базові інновації шумпетерівського типу, зумовлюючи появу нових високих технологій. JEL classіfіcatіon: O25, O38, R11

The paper presents the stages of changes in the development of labor resources in rural areas in the post-Soviet period, which prepared them for further transformations. The author identifies as the main directions of changes that may occur in the 2020s in the economy of rural areas and will affect the labor resources of rural areas: the active introduction of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in agricultural production; the emergence of new rural professions and specialties and associated modernization of the personnel training system; transformation of employment of rural labor resources in connection with technological transformations in the economy; the new approach on the part of employers to social and labor relations with labor resources associated with the changes in the technological structure in rural areas; development of a modern organizational and technological paradigm for the development of the rural economy. It is assumed that the rural labor force will need new adaptation, which will be natural and will take place in a milder form.

Most prominent works on the subject, including k-wave theory-based research, do not elaborate on the topic of interconnectivity between economy and research on a microeconomic scale, instead of focusing on general innovation theory and macroeconomic stimuli. Present paper aims to discover k-wave theory-based decision making and potential explanation in R&D standoff between the United States, leader of fifth technological paradigm, and China – emerging leader of sixth technological paradigm. Overall conducted research shows fundamental divergence and a variety of interpretations within the framework of the k-wave theory itself, the proposed change in recourse flow stands true which in turn signifies the importance of k-wave theory in the modern decision-making process.

This article is set within a technological paradigm shift that denotes a transition from hardware to software and that, by means of applications and operating systems, plays a central role in the sociocultural sphere, intervening in the creation, classification and distribution of cultural objects. The aim of this research is to delve into how the graphical user interface (GUI) integrates into contemporary audiovisual discourse, focusing on its potential as a spatial metaphor. To that end, a theoretical framework is built on the concept of space as a tool and its instrumentalization in the GUI throughout the years, with a view to design a taxonomy in relation to the different ways in which the GUI integrates into digital image composition. The article concludes that the ability to operate in the virtual and physical space, moving between the logic of the tool and its potential as spatial metaphor, provides the GUI with the necessary specificity to be considered a key cultural element for analysing new media’s visual identity.

Based on the evolving trends in software and IT technologies, smart sensors managing plant and animal development, local meteorological stations transmitting signal information on weather change, robotics, etc., the agricultural system has, in general, actively started exploiting the fifth technological paradigm using some of the sixth pattern’s elements associated with nanobiotechnology, generation of target plants and animals, etc. The surveys were performed in order to analyze the cyclicity in certain phases of technique and technology evolution across different technological paradigms of agricultural production. Future development of the industry, particularly dairy farming, should be based on creating high-efficient sustainable digital outcome-based agricultural companies with a concept of converging nano-bio-info-co-technologies, internet of things, and artificial intelligence systems. The strategy of cyclicity in developing certain phases and organizational-economic forms across different technological paradigms may be used to predict the evolution of machinery and the agrotechnology system with a growing consumer demand for high-quality natural organic products of crop and livestock farming, taking into consideration the need for maintaining a certain equilibrium in evolution between different management systems. Mathematical models of main variations for a shift from the livestock mechanization technologies to the robotic process automation in dairy farming taken as an example have been developed based on the theory of algebra of logic. It is reasonable to use the principle of additivity with the phased applications of the information communication component and the biosensor system to the industrial setting (tractors, farm machinery, milking machines, etc.) through functional upgrading of the agrotechnologies in order to avoid their higher capital intensity and intraparadigm frequent changes.

PurposeCurrently, the bulk of research on marketing innovation focuses on various firm-level dimensions using relationships from the technological (product and process) innovation literature. Research on industry-level differences in marketing innovation is lacking. Testing relationships form the technological paradigm in the context of the marketing innovation paradigm is also lacking. This paper aims to present empirical evidence on both aspects using a large-scale data set.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses two large-scale datasets, each consisting of approximately 4,000 Canadian enterprises in 18 industries. The data was collected by Statistics Canada in 2009 and 2012 through its nationwide Survey of Innovation and Business Strategies program. Two widely used theoretical frameworks, resource-based view of the firm and the competitive perspective, are used to generate constructs and hypotheses in relation to marketing innovation. The data was analyzed using multi-level logistic regression.FindingsThe findings show that industry-level competition is a much more important driver of marketing innovation than firm-level competition. The authors also show that marketing constructs that are significant in the context of technological innovation are also significant for marketing innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends the firm-level literature by providing evidence of how industry-level dynamics enhances marketing innovation. The study also provides empirical evidence from Canadian enterprises that complement those from other countries.Practical implicationsA deeper understanding of the drivers of marketing innovation can enable managers to enact innovation strategies that can enhance organizational performance, differentiate themselves and enhance customer engagement and brand image.Originality/valueAs one of the few studies to examine industry-level differences in marketing innovation, the authors show that disaggregating competition into industry-level and firm-level provides a clearer picture of how competition advances marketing innovation. Additionally, this study is the first of its kind to provide empirical evidence on Canadian enterprises, thereby complementing evidence on marketing innovation from other countries. Thus, this study makes a theoretical and empirical contribution to the emerging marketing innovation literature.

Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ № 19-011-00820 (а) «Правовая политика российского государства, её приоритеты и принципы в условиях цифровой экономики и цифрового технологического уклада: концептуальные, методологические, отраслевые аспекты цифровизации права и правового регулирования». Авторы рассматривают тенденции изменения действующего российского законодательства в связи с развитием электронных форм нотариальной деятельности, обобщают существующие доктринальные наработки и проводят перспективный анализ законодательных новелл в сфере электронного нотариата, выявляют соответствующие риски и правовые пробелы, формулируют возможные пути их решения. Ключевые слова: цифровая экономика, нотариат, электронная доверенность, электронная подпись, порок воли, электронный документ, электронная сделка, единая информационная система, электронные доказательства, удалённое обращение.

The rapid development of the ecological crisis, generated by the absolute antagonism between the techno-and biosphere against the background of the uncontested need to preserve the natural biota of the Earth as a guarantee of the survival of future generations, radically changes the public consciousness in the direction of ecologization of thinking in all spheres of human activity. In the field of complex development of subsurface resources, the aggravation of environmental problems is associated not only with the obvious discrepancy between the unlimited growth of needs and the limited resources of the lithosphere, but also with the complete absence of economically formulated motivations and biologically based incentives that compel the search for environmental technological solutions and the rejection of the formation of geoecology on the residual principle. The authors of the article published below propose a solution to these problems by applying a non-linear criterion for assessing the environmental consequences of man-made changes in the subsurface, taking into account the functional structure of the disturbed ecosystems.

During the last three decades the entire progressive world has been trying to put into practice the concept of sustainable development, which implies balancing environmental, economic and social aspects of development. The main focus of this paper is to generalise and systematise modern theoretical and practical approaches to achieving the sustainable development goals. The author devotes particular attention to the concept of circular economy. The conceptual frameworks of sustainable development, green economy, and circular economy (closedloop economy) constitute the methodological basis of the research. The methods include analysis, synthesis, classification, observation. The author proves the possibility and importance of taking into account the sustainable development goals while managing general modernisation processes in society and the economy. The paper reveals that the development of the ‘umbrella’ concept of green economy as a tool for attaining the sustainable development goals, relies on the concepts of environmentally friendly production, the best available technologies, and the circular economy. The author considers theoretical and practical foundations of the circular as a new trend in the development of the concept of sustainable development and studies regulatory, market, financial, investment, economic, technological, and organisational factors that affect the application of the circular economy principles in Russia. The results of the research can help to reach the sustainable development goals at various levels and spheres of economic management using the closed-loop economy tools: circular business models, secondary raw materials markets, methods for managing the cyclical nature of production and consumption

An issue of the economic growth launching in Russia and carrying out technological renewal of the economy seems to be the central task at the current stage of the country’s economic development. However, the overwhelming majority of theories of economic growth, as well as the classical theory of economic policy, do not give an exact answer as to the technological renewal in the economy and its role when changing the structure of technologies and investments in them. The present study fills that apparent gap, and on the basis of the theory of technological paradigms created by the Russian school of economic thought. The purpose of the study is to structurally analyze the dynamics of investments in fixed assets in the technological structures of the Russian economy with an assessment of the impact on it of certain instruments of macroeconomic policy. On the basis of taxonomic methods of identifying paradigms by types of economic activity, the authors propose a solution to the problem of measuring structures and the investments made in them. The stages in the methodology for the struc- tural analysis and assessment of the economic policy instruments impact- ing through the regression econometric analysis on the target investment function of each of the identified paradigms are formed. The study resulted in obtaining a picture of the distribution of the impact of macroeconomic policy instruments separately for each technological paradigm, according to the selection made. That allows, firstly, to understand the dispersed power of the influence of the economic policy being implemented, and secondly, to see the possibilities of correcting the ongoing structural and investment policy and the use of macroeconomic instruments, as well as institutional changes – individual for each element of the structure – technological paradigm. The prospect of the study is the development of various models based on the selected structure of technological paradigms and investments in them, linking the development of structures and detailing the impact of each of the economic policy instruments.

After World War I, many European nations no longer wanted to depend on foreign fossil fuels and sought national renewable sources. In France, inhabitants of the forest regions of south-west advocated wood as a technological alternative for fuel, envisaging the transformation of forest waste into an inexhaustible energy source for cars and trucks. Despite the lobbying efforts of political and military leaders, wood fuels failed to gain enough momentum in France. Because of the huge variety of production techniques required specially adapted machines, the challenge to the primacy of petroleum fell short. It mirrors the current debates on establishing a post-fossil fuel world as it shows that the overabundance of technological alternatives may prevent any one of them from reaching a critical mass. The article engages in a dialogue between history of technology and sustainability studies by trying to understand the promises and failures of the past alternatives to the petroleum-based technological paradigm.

The current stage of economic development is characterized by a structural crisis that manifests itself in many areas and sectors of the economy. This situation is explained, among other things, by the transitional state of the world economic system, caused by the process of rooting of a new technological order, development of Industry 4.0. The changes resulted from implementation of the process will play a key role in determining trends and directions of world economic development in the coming decades and will characterize the new technological structure and vectors of further development and introduction of technologies. The speed of development and introduction of new technologies and products is the main distinctive feature of the new technological paradigm. The most important indicators of the success of the new economic model will be thus speed, volume, and quality. Those companies that can adapt faster and better to the new realities of economic development will be the leaders of the new system of market economy. Speed and quality will be among key criteria that determine the success of a company in modern conditions: in the competition for leading positions, companies will have to do everything faster and better than others. The relevance of such a paradigm is confirmed by the reduction of research, technological and innovation cycles as for the time from emergence of an idea to its implementation and transfer to industrial operations. Mass digitalization of all aspects of activities and a reduction in duration of cycles of updating equipment and technologies determine the tendency for companies to reorient from an exclusively internal type of organization of innovation activities to, mainly, external ones. This article analyzes forms and tools for organizing innovative activities, including through building specific relationships with external participants in the innovation ecosystem. The research is focused on the practices of selected world railway companies. The objective of this article is to review the tools and methods of organizing innovation in selected leading railway companies and to identify its most common forms. A comprehensive analysis of functioning of forms of innovation was carried out using methods of structural and comprehensive comparative analysis, generalization, and deductive methods.

Russian national economy, as it has been repeatedly acknowledged at the highest level, was and, up to this time, remains oriented at the export of raw materials, rather than at the development of processing industries and hi-tech enterprises. Our country is ridden by substantial unresolved institutional problems: low efficiency of the government apparatus, relatively high degree of corruption, difficulties with protection of private property and enforcement of contracts. From the perspective of doing business and attractiveness to foreign investors, Russia stands in a rather unfavorable condition. Under such circumstances, it is critically important to shape the national basis for innovative activity in the sphere of digital economy, develop and implement the achievements of the new digital paradigm. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the complexity of theoretical aspects of assuring national economic security in the context of the current paradigm of technological fallback: place and importance of Russia in the global economic processes, influence channels of anti-Russian sanctions and assessment of their impact on the Russian economy, competition between Russia and other leading states of the world in the field of achieving efficient innovational development of the national economy.

La raison général d'être do presente trabalho, a título de problematização, consiste em analisar se o estágio atual do paradigma tecnológico, informacionalista, poderia ser uma ameaça ao direito humano à saúde, tamanha sua influência na transformação das comunicações humanas, atuando de forma estratégica no atual momento pelo qual passa a humanidade: pandemia da COVID-19. Para tanto, objetiva-se pôr em discussão, temas como informacionalismo, informações falsas e tendenciosas, direitos humanos e direito humano à saúde. Este estudo justifica-se, pois é premente o alargamento do debate acerca do enfrentamento à pandemia da COVID-19 e dos instrumentos utilizáveis a esse fim, aparelhando-se Estado, sociedade e as empresas de tecnologia, de elementos hígidos à boa governança. Adotou-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, com abordagem analítica e delineamento a partir da averiguação bibliográfica. Palavras-chaves: Informacionalismo. Pandemia da Covid-19. Direitos Humanos. Direito Humano à Saúde.

The article discusses the transformations of the world order in the context of the development of socio-economic relations and scientific and technological progress. It is shown that in the course of scientific and technological development, which is the main factor of global transformations, there are the changes of social and economic relations, forms of statehood, and management systems. It is noted that since the beginning of the New Age, the philosophical basis of the world order began to be determined by market relations, which stimulated intensive scientific and technological progress and the development of the financial and credit system. Capital itself was originally seen as a service. As capitalism evolves, the function of money changes fundamentally, turning from a resource into a mean of management. This led to an increase in the differentiation of the socio-economic development of countries as well as to the stratification of society. An attempt to build a unipolar world as a result of economic globalization gave the opposite result. Exhaustion of the possibilities of capitalism models to provide socio-economic development in spite of scientific and technological progress, led to a cascade of economic, political, and military crises. The observed trends prove Daniel Bell’s forecast about the transition to a postindustrial society, that is, to a society where the priority is to improve the quality of life based on new technologies. Therefore, defining the contours of a new world order is on the agenda. The new (post-industrial) world’s way of life will be formed as a result of the humanitarian and technological revolution, the essence of which is the synchronous development of science, technology, and culture, focused on meeting human needs. The basis of the post-industrial technological paradigm will be convergent technologies. Moreover, the directions and trajectory of human development will be determined by the level of interaction between society, business, and government. However, as historical experience shows, there are currently no mechanisms for effective control of government and business by society. Therefore, it is concluded that at this stage, a consensus is needed, which at least will ensure a balance and global security, and ideally will give a new impetus to the development of mankind.

Para compreender as possibilidades tecnológicas e competitivas no ramo de transporte é necessária uma análise cautelosa, pela razão de transporte envolver o mercado, a sociedade e o governo em suas esferas. Nesta pesquisa, é feito um levantamento teórico sobre paradigma tecnológico a fim de elencar os principais pontos que o definem, e validar se o sistema de transporte hyperloop, que consiste em um transporte por tubos pneumáticos através de cápsulas que podem chegar próximo de 1200 km/h e que foi idealizado por Elon Musk e equipe em 2013, pode ser entendido como uma solução de transporte que tenha impacto em vários setores da economia, para que seja entendido como paradigmático. Além desta consideração, é feito uma varredura das patentes depositadas na trajetória da tecnologia hyperloop que nos geram dados de inferência e possibilidade de prospecção futura. Para concluir esta pesquisa, é feito uma análise comparativa com outras tecnologias de transporte de alta velocidade para extrair quais de fato são os aspectos competitivos do hyperloop sobre os transportes existentes e para solidificar o conhecimento que se têm sobre esta tecnologia inovadora.

This study examines the evolution of product-based technological trajectories by linking technology and socioeconomic factors. Products evolve to adapt to market conditions in a manner similar to biological evolution, and form a constant trajectory under the influence of the current technological paradigm. This study analyzes the changes in technological trajectories after the emergence of a dominant design in the core weapon of the army—armored tanks. Based on a case study of the evolution of tanks between 1915 and 1998 and the application of principal component analysis (PCA, to transform technological characteristics of tanks into product performance) and K-means clustering (to classify the types of tanks based on the PCA), we find that tanks have evolved into a common pattern of product evolution and the main battle tank concept plays a role as the dominant design. In addition, military tactical doctrines and capability requirements are used to explain the socioeconomic factors at the core of the technological paradigm behind tank development. We argue that the interaction between science, technology, and the social element is responsible for product evolution. In the case of tanks, moreover, we show that the product evolution process follows continuous changes in the technological trajectory resulting from technological advances. This study also derives policy implications for weapons system acquisition.

The aim of this article is to analyse approaches to emphasizing the essence of the sixth technological paradigm (wave of innovation). The author uses the historical research method. By examining ideas on the technological paradigms (wave, cycle, paradigm, formation, etc.), the author shows the limitation of the purely economic approach to solving technological paradigms issues. The attention is paid also on the periodization of paradigms and there is an absence of a single logical basis in it. paradigms change. This circumstance does not allow us to speak about a really theoretical description of the process of changing paradigms. The situation is being considered from a wider historical perspective of the humankind existence (as a species), as a subject not only on a planetary scale. From this point of view, the essence of the sixth paradigm and the prospects for the evolution of paradigms are more clearly identified.

The article presents an interpretation of two theoretical models in the emergence of the communicational scientific field: the ritual vision of the communication, of the American James Carey, and the folkcommunication, of the Brazilian Luiz Beltrao. The two models are constructed having as a historical condition the nuances of the cultural fields in the USA and Brazil in the second half of the twentieth century. The working hypothesis is that the models demand epistemological renegotiations in the scientific field of communication, insofar as they suggest a distancing from the technological paradigm constituted by modern mass communication and the model of communication as information diffusion. The interdisciplinary practices of research promoted an openness to theoretical approaches related to the field of culture, framing objects and themes of research according to different cultural dynamics in the USA and Brazil. The comparative study of the models by James Carey and Luiz Beltrao provides clues to discussions about the constant changes in communication processes in capitalist modernization, media concepts according to patterns of socioeconomic development, the comprehensiveness of the communication field and the interdisciplinary research possibilities between communication and culture.

A dramatic transformation is necessary to reach a sustainable society revolving around the control and use of biological materials and designs. This biomaterial age ushers a completely new technological paradigm favoring the development of circular economic models and sustainable societies.

With the exhaustion of the extensive factors of economic growth and the shift of development goals towards the quality of life, the quality of growth becomes the main condition for the further development of the country’s economy and social progress. This article addresses the multifaceted concept of the quality of economic growth and its content not only on the part of growth characteristics as dynamism, stability, consistency, efficiency, and progressiveness but also results of social development and inclusiveness of growth, as well as their determining factors. The interconnection, mutual support, and competitiveness of selected components of growth and its factors, including dynamism and growth inclusiveness are reviewed. The authors focus on the importance of understanding inclusiveness as creating equal, non-discriminatory conditions for the development of all population groups and economic entities, and not just the even distribution of development results. It is noted that the quality of growth is relevant as a link between current growth and sustainable development in the long term. It is essential to consider the quality of growth not only as a result of development but as a factor and condition for further progress, which is not yet fully reflected in the modern systems of development indices used by international organizations. A system of indicators of the quality of economic development should be developed according to the expansion of the concept of quality of growth. Using the advancement of the theory of endogenous growth makes it possible to assess the role of individual factors in economic growth. Along with fixed asset investments, the leading role in modern conditions is taken on by the quality of human capital, in the formation of which participate education, healthcare, science, and culture, while education, taking into account its vital role in the emergence of a new (VI) technological paradigm, deals with raising and nurturing the creative generation of young people who will shape the new order. The contribution of these industries to the long-term growth of the economy significantly exceeds their development costs. Considerable attention is paid to the study of factors determining the quality of education in general, especially at the regional level. It is noted that amidst the development of modern technologies responsible for the transfer of data and knowledge, as well as standardization and regulation of the processes of providing services, it is necessary to maintain the content of education services, their focus on the shaping of a creative personality and transferring creative work skills. Only this will ensure the country’s participation and its benefits in the creation of a new technological structure.The article examines factors that most affect the level and quality of education, and touch upon differentiation of regions according to these indicators. Among them: the state of the material and technical base, personnel availability and qualifications, terms for the provision of services, and others. The authors delve into the influence of region resource provision factors, remoteness from labour force centers of gravity and emerging research centers, as well as national particularities and historical background of the regions. The data on the “personnel migration” of young people of educational and post-educational age are presented. Relevant conclusions are made about some depletion of this resource in several remote regions. The efforts of the regions and the redistribution of funds through the federal budget, as well as business eff orts, are not enough to reduce the regional differentiation in education quality. This requires tailored solutions allowing to use the potential of young people from remote regions and regions not affected by scientific centralization, as an important human development factor. The paper considers directions for solving this problem.

Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greening of thinking in all spheres of human activity. The most illustrative reflection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in naturelike technologies, which are associated with the main hopes for the settlement of the global environmental crisis, generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation between the technosphere and the biosphere. In considering the concept of naturelike technologies as a designation of the principal trend in modernizing the general technological paradigm, it is necessary to distinguish two specific areas depending on whether the technologies that we use are present or absent in wildlife: first, the construction of technologies by duplicating in the technosphere effective processes observed in wildlife (nature-reproducing technologies) and, second, the creation of technological systems by transferring to the technosphere the effective functional structure of the circulation of matter and energy in biological systems (convergent technologies). Regarding the ecologization of the technological paradigm of the mineral resource complex, the methodology of creating an ecologically balanced technology as a multiobject cluster is based on the well-known principles of homeostatics, i.e., on the phased formation of a technological homeostat on the basis of the structure of a biological homeostat with the replacement of its essential elements with geotechnological target analogues. The result of this transformation is the construction of a convergent mining technology for integrated field development. Its use will ensure the development of technical systems that make it possible to limit external environmental impacts owing to the postexploitation self-restoration of natural biota phytocoenoses.

The formation and development of hydrogen power engineering (HPE) as a technologically efficient and competitive part of the future with a carbon-free or low-carbon economic paradigm makes it necessary to overcome many obstacles related not only to the maturity, availability, and economic efficiency of technologies but also to a sufficient, socially acceptable level of safety in HPE. Even if most technological and economic issues are resolved, the pace of adopting scientific and engineering developments in HPE on an industrial and commercial scale may be inhibited by the level of comprehensive (analytical, theoretical and computational, experimental) scientific and engineering support for safety in HPE facilities, networks, and systems throughout their entire life cycle (from design to decommissioning) and the completeness and sufficiency of the regulatory framework for both, new reactor centers with related new technologies and infrastructural HPE safety systems. Three classes of correlated challenges in the theoretical computational, experimental, and regulatory support safety in HPE are formulated and described in brief. Their timely resolution is critical to the successful transition to the carbon-free technological paradigm.

Over recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that the countries, regions and individual systems are now developing within the framework of the emerging technological paradigm. The key elements for their development are knowledge and capabilities, being transformed into the products exported by a given country, these constitute the core of the economic complexity theory. In this article, the authors attempt to assess the long-term correlations between economic complexity and transboundary intensity drawing on the example of European countries. The authors developed a European Countries’ Typology according to their transboundary cooperation intensity. The paper establishes that the influence of the transboundary factor weakens as the economic complexity increases, and under certain conditions, it has a negative impact. It substantiates that the revealed relationships are due to the increasing role of global processes rather than transboundary ones as the economy becomes more complex and oriented towards the global market.

For the first time in decades, the automotive industry is undergoing a technological paradigm shift, as the combustion engine technology is gradually being replaced by electric engines. This transition will make parts of the existing automotive supply chain redundant. Risks of this market shift are particularly pronounced in the automotive supply sector in Germany. Numerous studies examine the risks and opportunities of automotive market transitions on a macro-level. However, empirical evidence is missing on the aspect of how “traditional” German automotive suppliers actually respond to the expected market uptake of electric vehicles. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of strategic options and choices of automotive suppliers from the forging and foundry industries as well as system suppliers by presenting evidence from qualitative interviews. It argues that existing patterns of supplier-buyer relationships make upgrading strategies within given value chains a more attractive strategic option than sector diversification. In order to evaluate the individual circumstances on the company-level and the implications of firm strategies on their organizational environment, conceptual aspects from the theories of global production networks and global value chains are applied.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular technological paradigm offering several promised advantages. IoT has been facing different challenges discussed by various researchers. The available literatur...

Using the entire population of USPTO patent applications published between 2002 and 2019, and leveraging on both patent classification and semantic analysis, this paper aims to map the current knowledge base centred on robotics and AI technologies. These technologies are investigated both as a whole and distinguishing core and related innovations, along a 4-level core-periphery architecture. Merging patent applications with the Orbis IP firm-level database allows us to put forward a twofold analysis based on industry of activity and geographic location. In a nutshell, results show that: (i) rather than representing a technological revolution, the new knowledge base is strictly linked to the previous technological paradigm; (ii) the new knowledge base is characterised by a considerable - but not impressively widespread - degree of pervasiveness; (iii) robotics and AI are strictly related, converging (particularly among the related technologies and in more recent times) and jointly shaping a new knowledge base that should be considered as a whole, rather than consisting of two separate GPTs; (iv) the US technological leadership turns out to be confirmed (although declining in relative terms in favour of Asian countries such as South Korea, China and, more recently, India).

The most urgent problems in the complex power grid of Russia include a high losses level and high equipment wear. The average level of losses in grids is about 9%, which is 3% higher than the average losses in Europe. In 2018 Public Joint Stock Company Rossiyskie Seti (PJSC Rosseti), the operator of electric grids in Russia, adopted the Program “Digital Transformation 2030” aiming to develop new business areas as new sources of profit for the company, which include prosumerism, electric vehicles charging infrastructure, processing data collected from smart meters for the benefit of various customers, and energy efficiency management. This chapter analyzes what the prospects for these technologies in the Russian market are. Can we expect that electric grids in Russia in the next decade are to become grids of a new technological paradigm with qualitatively new characteristics of reliability, efficiency, availability, manageability, and customer focus?