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The paper presents a fast method for trichothecene profiling and chemotaxonomic studies in species of Fusarium, Stachybotrys. Trichoderma and Memnoniella. Micro scale extracted crude Fusarium extracts were derivatised using pentafluoropropionic anhydride and analysed by gas chromatography with simultaneous full scan and tandem mass spectrometric detection. It was possible to monitor for up to four compounds simultaneous, making detection of acetyl T-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol. T-2 tetraol, neosolaniol, iso-neosolaniol, scirpentriol, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, 15-acetoxyscirpenol, 4-acetoxyscirpentriol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol possible during a 23-min GC run. A slightly modified method could detect trichothecenes produced by Stachybotrys, Memnoniella and Trichoderma, by hydrolysing crude extracts prior to derivatisation with heptafluorobuturyl imidazole. All types of derivatised extracts could be reanalysed using negative ion chemical ionisation (NICI) GC-MS for molecular mass determination and verification purposes. A retention time index could be used for correction in retention time drifts between sequences and worked both in EI+ and NICI mode.

Fugt og skimmelsvampe ødelægger bygningerne, og skimmelsvampene kan blive årsag til sygdomme. Årsagerne til vækst af skimmelsvampe skyldes for høj fugtighed i bygningernes materialer, og i de fleste alvorlige tilfælde skyldes det som regel fejl, svigt og manglende vedligehold af konstruktionerne. Men der er forskelle på konstruktioners risiko for, at der opstår vækst af skimmmelsvampe. På baggrund af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse hos og diskussioner med erfarne byggeteknikere viser rapporten forskellige konstruktioners risiko for at få fugtskader samt årsagerne til, at fugtskaderne opstår. Moisture and mould growth destroy buildings and moulds be could the cause or disease. The growth of mould is due to excessive moisture in building materials and in the most serious cases the reason is usually defects, malfunctions or lack of maintenance of the structures. But the risk that a building develops mould growth varies. Based on a questionnaire survey and discussions with experienced building investigators, the report shows the risk of different structures of developing water damage and the reasons why the water damage develops.

Resultatet af målinger i 87 tilfældigt udvalgte lejligheder viser blandt andet at 13 % af lejlighederne har skimmelsvampevækst, at gulvbelægningen i soverummet er afgørende for forekomsten af husstøvmider, og at beboernes adfærd i forbindelse med fugtkilder ofte er mere afgørende for fugtforholdene end udeluftskiftet. Rapporten påviser dermed et stort behov for bedre fugtregulerende adfærd og mere viden om funktion og brug af udeluftventiler og installationer blandt mange beboere. Resultaterne er relevante som baggrundsmateriale for boligselskaber, byggemyndigheder og projekterende. The result of measurements made in 87 randomly selected apartments show that 13% of the apartments had mould growth and that the floor covering in bedrooms is crucial for the incidence of house dust mites. It was also found that the behaviour of the occupants in dealing with moisture sources often determines moisture conditions more than the outdoor air change rate. The results demonstrate the great need for improved moisture regulating behaviour and more knowledge about function and use of outdoor air valves and installations. The results are useful as background material for housing associations, building authorities and building designers.

Fast methods for screening for production of simple and macrocyclic trichothecenes, produced on solid substrates were developed. Crude extracts fromFusarium cultures grown on yeast extract sucrose agar (approx. 0.3 cm(2) culture) were derivatised using pentafluoropropionic anhydride and analysed by GC - tandem mass spectrometry using a Finnigan GCQ(+) ion trap. The MS was operated in the EI(+) multiscan mode allowing simultaneous full scan and MS/MS of 3-4 parent ions. Production of acetyl T-2 toxin (AT-2), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 triol (T-2TR), T-2 tetraol (T-2TE), neosolaniol (NEO), iso-neosolaniol (I-NEO), scripentriol (SCR), 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 15-acetoxyscripentriol (15MAS), 4-acetoxyscripentriol (4MAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (F-X), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetoxy-DON (15DON) and 3-acetoxy-DON (3DON) was studied for severalFusarium species. In hydrolysed crude extracts ofStachybotrys albipes, Trichoderma harzianum, andMemnoniella echinata trichodermol was detected, in cultures ofS. chartarum both verrucarol and trichodermol were detected as the heptafluorobuturyl esters after derivatisation with a imidazole based reagent.

Only limited documentation of non-allergenic, especially toxic reactions after inhalation of microfungal spores in water damaged buildings exists. Recently attention has been drawn to the mycotoxins as causal compounds, as some the dominating genera found in buildings are well known mycotoxin producers.Penicillium chrysogenum and A. ustus do not seem to produce any known mycotoxins when growing on building materials, whereasP. brevicompactum produces mycophenolic acid, someP. polonicum produces verrucosidin and verrucofortine,A. versicolor produces sterigmatocystins,A. niger produces nigragillin, orlandin, naphtho-γ-pyrones and tetracyclic compounds, someA. ochraceus produces ochratoxin A,Alternaria spp. produce alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether,Chaetomium globosum produce chaetoglobosins, and finally 30–40% ofStachybotrys chartarum isolates from buildings produce macrocyclic trichothecenes and a number of other biologically active compounds.

IntroductionSince the mid-eighties, reports of adverse health effects suchas sick building syndrome (SBS) in buildings with moistureand mould have been published [1–3]. However, until nowno studies have demonstrated a solid cause-relationshipbetween mould growth and sick building related symptoms.Using the histamine-release test (HRT) we previouslyexamined the staff of two municipal schools and of anindoor swimmingbath. We found IgE-specific to fungi fromthe buildings, both in serum and bound to basophils. Thestaff members reported SBS symptoms, but no history oftype I allergic disease [4]. In this study we have examinedwhether the presence in serum of IgE specific to fungi,verified by HRT, was associated with sick building relatedsymptoms.Materials and methods

Kroniske skimmelsvampe i lungerne er en overset og underdiagnosticeret sygdom, som ubehandlet har en særdeles høj dødelighed