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The research investigates the influence of family environment and entrepreneurship education on interest in entrepreneurship with self-efficacy as a mediating variable from a Sharia business perspective. This research uses a quantitative approach with a sample size of 129 respondents. The research results show that all independent variables have a significant effect on interest in entrepreneurship. The self-efficacy variable can mediate the influence of business capital on interest in entrepreneurship among FEBI UIN Raden Intan Lampung students and entrepreneurship education on interest in entrepreneurship among FEBI UIN Raden Intan Lampung students. It can be concluded that the application of business capital, entrepreneurship education, Self-efficacy, and interest in entrepreneurship from a Sharia business perspective is very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus and other prevailing viruses continue to remain a health threat and challenge the efforts of institutions to promote vaccination acceptance. The current study's aim is to propose a conceptual framework explaining the role of individual motivators (such as self-interest and collective interest) in shaping attitudes toward vaccination while emphasizing the pivotal role of institutional trust as a mediator and gender as a moderator. Data were collected via an online panel survey among Israelis (N = 464), and SEM statistics were used to test the model empirically. The path analysis model supports the positive direct effect of collective interest and the negative effect of self-interest. Additionally, it shows an indirect effect through the mediation effect of institutional trust and gender moderation. Therefore, institutional trust may significantly influence self-interest people's attitudes toward vaccines. Furthermore, since females process information more comprehensively, their developed trustworthiness in institutions has an increased impact on vaccine acceptance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The self-centrality principle holds that contemplative practices activate self-salience, encouraging moral self-enhancement, rather than the expected effect of acceptance hypothesized by the ego-quieting principle (Gebauer et al., 2018). However, meditation may favor ego-quieting by inhibiting the disposition to judge and/or react to defend more equanimously a self that feels threatened (Brown et al., 2007). In this study, we propose that meditation helps to reduce behaviors based on self-interest by limiting the defensive sense of the ego when the self is salient. We carry out three experimental studies to test this proposal. The first one tests the effect of meditation on a salient self with a proximal threat to their physical survival (N = 400). The second study tests the effect of meditation in the case of distal defensiveness in a salient self whose physical survival is threatened (N = 200). The third study evaluates the effect of proximal defensiveness when the integrity of the self-concept of the salient self is threatened (N = 200). Our results provide evidence that practicing meditation quiets the ego, or tends to do so, when attention is focused on a self-threatened by a context based on a thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the anticipated negative impact of Brexit on the U.K. economy, it might be expected that self-employed individuals would have favoured remaining in the European Union. However, the self-employed are also more likely to have certain demographic characteristics that are associated with voting leave in the 2016 referendum. We investigate such potentially offsetting influences using nationally representative survey data and find that self-employed men were more, and women less, likely to be leave voters compared to the paid-employed. The differences were statistically significant for men but a Gelbach decomposition reveals that they can largely be explained by characteristics, specifically age and education. Our findings, especially for self-employed men, are discussed within the context of the important economic consequences that Brexit continues to have on small businesses in the United Kingdom as well as the need for further evidence on the voting behaviour of the self-employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a model of cumulative advantage (CA) as an unintended consequence of the choices of a population of individuals. Each individual searches for a high quality object from a set comprising high and low quality objects. Individuals rationally learn from their own experience with objects (reinforcement learning) and from the observation of others' choices (social learning). We show that CA emerges inexorably as individuals rely more on social learning and as they learn from more rather than fewer others. Our theory argues that CA has social dilemma features: the benefits of CA could be enjoyed with modest drawbacks provided individuals would practice restraint in their social learning. However, when practiced by everyone such restraint goes against the individual's self-interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores why China's rural information projects tend to be inefficient by identifying the dynamic mechanisms driving the construction and development of China's Rural Book House Project (RBHP). A qualitative survey was used to collect data from 35 participants in the RBHP and to analyze the data through the lens of activity theory. Two dynamic mechanisms were found, namely power coordination and benefit protection, with the former characterized by compulsion, self-interest, and inefficient punitive measures and the latter by the participants' differing objectives when pursuing benefits. The interaction of these mechanisms drove the RBHP forward. The findings of the study suggest the development process of the RBHP and other similar projects need to be reanalyzed from an integrative, dynamic and connected perspective. By way of concluding, insights concerning the measures the Chinese government could take to resolve the issues confronted in rural information service development as well as the need for information professionals to take a critical stance toward their community practice are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social interactions, the reciprocity norm implies to adjust one's behavior to that of the other agents. Conversely, behaving according to self-interest involves taking into account the reciprocity principle only if it does not hinder the achievement of one's goals. However, reciprocity and self-interest may conflict with each other, as when returning a kind action involves sacrificing the possibility to achieve a personal objective. The conflict could be exacerbated by some contextual factors, such as competitive pressures. This study investigated, in a competitive interaction context, which principle prevails when the two conflict. To this end, 276 unpaid participants (M = 138) took part in a two-stage experiment entailing a simulated interaction with a fictitious opponent, which behaved selfishly, fairly or altruistically toward them during the first stage. Participants had to decide whether or not to reciprocate the opponent's previous behavior, which in the critical experimental conditions conflicted with the goal to successfully complete the experiment. So, they were faced with a moral dilemma. Competition degree was manipulated to make the conflict between reciprocity and self-interest more or less harsh. Moreover, we tested whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by changes in context-related affective states and personal beliefs about morality. Results showed that decision-making was principally influenced by reciprocity. Regardless of the competition degree, participants preferred to engage in reciprocal behavior even when this compromised their personal interest. Affective states and beliefs changed in response to the experimental manipulation, but they did not mediate the effect of the independent variable on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham's utilitarianism and marginalism- in which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the "rationality" of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today's business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprises theoretical and empirical analyses of differentiated voting rights in the governance of agricultural cooperatives with self-interest seeking members. A survey was conducted among representative samples of members and General Assembly delegates of a large Swedish dairy cooperative while two important decisions were under consideration. Because of the equal voting rights regime, the majority of small-scale farmers encouraged the General Assembly to reject both efficiency-raising measures. However, if the large-scale farmers had had more voting power, both proposals would have been accepted. Because of limited spatial competition, the large-scale members could not "voting by their feet". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is greed good for? Greed is ubiquitous, suggesting that it must have some benefits, but it is also often condemned. In a representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 2,367, 51.3% female, M age = 54.06, SD = 17.90), we examined two questions. First, inspired by Eriksson et al., we studied whether greedy people generate more personal and household income (economic outcomes), have more sexual partners, longer relationships, and more offspring (evolutionary outcomes), and are more satisfied in life (psychological outcomes). We found that greedy individuals had higher economic outcomes, mixed evolutionary outcomes, and lower psychological outcomes. Second, we compared greed and self-interest. We found that they differed in terms of economic outcomes, and partly in terms of evolutionary outcomes, but that they were similar in terms of psychological outcomes. This research provides insights into what greed is and does. Directions for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to highlight all such restrictions tapping on a state as a tool of diplomacy, done by other states to achieve their self-interests, can be resolved by using different tracks of diplomacy while conducting foreign policy of the state. The most important objective of this research is to establish that different tracks of diplomacy can be adopted to successfully survive a diplomatic blockade. A state can endure a diplomatic blockade by following different tracks of diplomacy in an independent foreign policy. Qatar’s diplomatic blockade is taken as a case study in this research. It is observed that Qatar successfully overcame its diplomatic blockade from 2017 to 2021. This blockade was imposed by some Middle Eastern states.The research approach for the stated issue includes descriptive nature. Primary as well as secondary data sources are used in this research which include research articles, books, observations, newspaper reports, official government statements, and written content. This paper institutes that the modern tools and techniques of diplomacy can help resolve any sudden crisis in an amicable way by applying the means of Multi-track diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional blockchain keymanagement schemes store private keys in the same location, which can easily lead to security issues such as a single point of failure. Therefore, decentralized threshold key management schemes have become a research focus for blockchain private key protection. The security of private keys for blockchain user wallet is highly related to user identity authentication and digital asset security. The threshold blockchain private key management schemes based on verifiable secret sharing have made some progress, but these schemes do not consider participants' self-interested behavior, and require trusted nodes to keep private key fragments, resulting in a narrow application scope and low deployment efficiency, which cannot meet the needs of personal wallet private key escrow and recovery in public blockchains. We design a private key management scheme based on rational secret sharing that considers the self-interest of participants in secret sharing protocols, and constrains the behavior of rational participants through reasonable mechanism design, making it more suitable in distributed scenarios such as the public blockchain. The proposed scheme achieves the escrow and recovery of personal wallet private keys without the participation of trusted nodes, and simulate its implementation on smart contracts. Compared to other existing threshold wallet solutions and keymanagement schemes based on password-protected secret sharing (PPSS), the proposed scheme has a wide range of applications, verifiable private key recovery, low communication overhead, higher computational efficiency when users perform one-time multi-key escrow, no need for trusted nodes, and personal rational constraints and anti-collusion attack capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role that the first-person perspective is allowed to play in moral reasoning is a major source of contemporary debate between partialists and impartialists. The discussion usually revolves around the question of partiality's justification when it is intended to benefit our loved ones. Surprisingly, the issue of partiality to oneself is rarely addressed directly and its link with egoism is left unexplored. This is a gap that this paper attempts to fill by focusing on some of the difficulties raised by the idea of justified partiality to oneself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently allocating scarce healthcare resources requires nuanced understanding of individual and collective interests as well as relative concerns, which may overlap or conflict. This paper is the first to empirically investigate whether and to what extent self-interest (SI), positional concerns (PC) and distributional considerations (DC) simultaneously explain individual decision making related to access to healthcare services. Our investigation is based on a stated choice experiment conducted in two countries with different healthcare systems, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). The choice experiment is on allocation of medical treatment waiting times for a hypothetical disease. We carry out the investigation under two different perspectives: (i) in a socially inclusive personal perspective decision makers were asked to choose between waiting time distributions for themselves and (ii) in a social perspective decision makers were asked to make similar choices for a close relative or friend of opposite gender. The results obtained by estimating a variety of advanced choice models indicate that DC, SI and PC, in this order of importance, are significant drivers of choice behaviour in our empirical context. These findings are consistent regardless of the choice perspective and the country where decision makers live. Comparing the results from different choice perspectives, we find that US respondents who chose for their close relative or friend attach significantly larger weight to their close relative's or friend's waiting times as well as to the overall distribution of waiting times than US respondents who chose for themselves. Looking at differences between countries, our results show that UK respondents who made choices for themselves placed significantly larger weight on SI and DC than US respondents, while US respondents, in turn, displayed relatively stronger but not significantly different positional concerns than UK respondents. In addition, we observe that UK respondents who chose for their close relative or friend put a larger weight on DC than their US counterparts. We conclude that the methodological (data collection and analysis) approach allows for disentangling the relative importance of the three motivations and discusses the potential implications of these findings for healthcare decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the role of cognitive control in moral decision-making, focusing on conflicts between financial temptations and the integrity of honesty. We employed a perceptual task by asking participants to identify which side of the diagonal contained more red dots within a square to provoke both honest and dishonest behaviors, tracking their reaction times (RTs). Participants encountered situations with no conflict, ambiguous conflict, and clear conflict. Their behaviors in the clear conflict condition categorized them as either “honest” or “dishonest.” Our findings suggested that, in ambiguous conflict situations, honest individuals had significantly longer RTs and fewer self-interest responses than their dishonest counterparts, suggesting a greater need for cognitive control to resolve conflicts and a lesser tendency toward self-interest. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between participants’ number of self-interest responses and RTs in ambiguous conflict situations (r = −0.27 in study 1 and r = −0.66 in study 2), and a positive correlation with cheating numbers in clear conflict situations (r = 0.36 in study 1 and r = 0.82 in study 2). This suggests less cognitive control was required for self-interest and cheating responses, bolstering the “Will” hypothesis. We also found that a person’s self-interest tendency could predict their dishonest behavior. These insights extend our understanding of the role of cognitive control plays in honesty and dishonesty, with potential applications in education, policy-making, and business ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A price competition amongst two centralized dual-channel supply chains (DCSCs) has been investigated in this study. Three scenarios of competition are studied—a simultaneous move game and two sequential games (one in which the first supply chain is the leader and the second supply chain is the follower, and vice versa). The optimal prices and profits for these scenarios have been derived and compared. It is observed that prices and profits are higher under Stackelberg (Sequential move) competition as compared to Simultaneous move competition. Finally, the present study determines which type of competition structure would persist in the market by using a Wait or Declare two-strategy game. The game depicts the market entry decision of the competing supply chains. The results reveal that self interest in competing dual-channel supply chains leads to a sequential move competition and consequently to higher product prices. To reduce the price and thus induce a customer favourable equilibrium, regulatory authorities like the government can step in and provide incentives. We derive a lower bound on the incentive which would implement a low market price equilibrium in Dominant Strategies. Further, we note that under competition, dual-channel supply chains outperform traditional supply chains only upto a certain threshold of the retail channel market share and we derive an expression for the same threshold. This threshold is found to be independent of the nature of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighborhood organizations often advocate for land use policies and decisions that curtail development and entry into the neighborhood. This "not in my backyard" (NIMBY) disposition echoes a long history of exclusionary activity by these organizations and reflects a broader tendency to operate in furtherance of property values and other private interests. Due to substantive and procedural deficiencies in federal tax policy, these organizations often operate as 501(c)(3) taxexempt charities, a status rightly reserved for organizations that generate broad public benefits. This Article argues for the adoption of clear substantive and procedural rules that restrict charitable status to organizations that either provide tangible benefits to the general public or target their benefits to a materially distressed community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Americans have little knowledge about why we elect the president through the Electoral College. This complex system that requires understanding the impact of 51 different elections on the outcome of the presidential election leads many Americans to desire the simple effectiveness of the popular vote method. Previous scholarship highlights a majority of Americans wanting to replace our current system with the popular vote. Political science research lacks a clear understanding of the impact of partisan self-interest on views of changing the presidential election method. In this paper we look at public opinion surveys over the last 45 years and find there was no clear partisan difference in views of changing the system before the electoral inversion of 2000. We argue that partisan self-interest was activated because of this electoral inversion. The inversion of 2016 led to a hardening of opinions on replacing the Electoral College with the popular vote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While increasing numbers of philosophers have argued for eliminating the retributivist elements of criminal justice systems, their arguments often fall short due to internal inconsistency. Some of the best known of these arguments — such as those provided by Derk Pereboom and Gregg Caruso — rely on the claim that there are moral grounds for rejecting retributivism. In defending this claim, these philosophers typically provide arguments seeking to undermine the type of agent responsibility that they believe is needed to justify retributivism. This is usually followed by an assertion that since the excessive suffering caused by retributivist punishment cannot be justified, it is therefore immoral to preserve remnants of it in our criminal justice systems. This paper — which opposes the moral case against retributivism provided by Pereboom and Caruso, and favors non-moral reasons that recommend rejecting a retributivist approach — is divided into three parts. In part one, I discuss why Pereboom and Caruso are correct in thinking that free will skepticism undercuts the moral justification for retributivism. Part two sets out to explain why their moral case against retributivism fails insofar as it runs afoul of the folk intuitions that are called upon to defend Pereboom’s account of free will skepticism. In part three, I provide a non-moral case against the retributivism that is founded on considerations of self-interest and empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine two economic self‐interest hypotheses regarding the determinants of public attitudes toward immigrants: (1) the labor market hypothesis, which states that the employment and wage impacts of immigration determine the public attitudes, and (2) the welfare state hypothesis, which states that natives hold negative perceptions of immigrants due to concerns that they may strain the country's welfare budget. The first hypothesis predicts that natives' education will affect pro‐immigrant attitudes more positively when immigrants come from lower income countries. The second hypothesis predicts that natives' income affects the pro‐immigrant attitudes more negatively when immigrants come from lower income countries. We use the Japanese General Social Survey, which asks respondents' tolerance toward immigrants from different countries, allowing us to control for unobserved individual characteristics through a method akin to the fixed effect estimation. Our results indicate no difference in the effects of education and income on pro‐immigrant attitudes regardless of whether immigrants come from high‐ or low‐income countries. We conclude that economic self‐interest does not explain Japanese public attitudes toward immigrants. We discuss the policy implications about how to improve public attitudes toward immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the role of reciprocity enabled by digital social platforms for offline healthy behavior. Although reciprocity is a fundamental aspect of human psychology, its application in promoting healthy behavior has been limited. We conduct a randomized field experiment with over 1,700 pairs of users on a mobile social network platform. Individuals in the reciprocity treatment group receive a gift from their friends and are asked to return this favor by participating in a running challenge. Their performance is compared to the self-interest incentives widely used in practice. Building on social exchange theory, we argue that reciprocity-based incentives will outperform self-interest incentives with modest reward for motivating behavior change. We find that, on average, reciprocity is stronger than self-interest in inducing exercise behavior by a substantial amount. Furthermore, our results reveal that the magnitude of the reciprocity effect is contingent on the social closeness between senders and receivers. Interestingly, social closeness has an inverted U-shaped influence on the reciprocity effect. The effect is strongest when closeness is moderate, and wanes when closeness is either too strong or too weak. Compared to commonly used self-interest based financial incentives, our findings offer a potentially more powerful avenue for mechanism design in promoting healthy behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees remaining silent about ethical aspects of work or organization-related issues, termed employee ethical silence, perpetuates misconduct in today's business setting. However, how and why it occurs is not yet well specified in the business ethics literature, which is insufficient to manage corporate misconducts. In this research, we investigate how and when exploitative leadership associates with employee ethical silence. We draw from the conservation of resources theory to theorize and test a cognitive resource pathway (i.e., work meaningfulness) and a moral resource pathway (i.e., moral potency) to explain the association between exploitative leadership and employee ethical silence. Results from two studies largely support our hypotheses that work meaningfulness and moral potency mediate the effect of exploitative leadership on ethical silence contingent on performance reward expectancy. Theoretical and practical implications are thoroughly discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommendations are a high form of community consultation, but rarely solicited in surveys of resident attitudes despite their potential to better inform planning and foster stronger event loyalty in an era of mega-event crisis. This paper innovates by identifying and structuring open-ended recommendations for the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games from host region residents 10 years prior to that mega-event. From an online survey of 897 respondents, 946 discrete recommendations for event "success" were organised through thematic analysis into high level "event," "community" and "organiser" themes. In the emergent community vision for the Games derived from these themes, host city residents aspire for efficient, affordable, and authentic Games that benefit and involve the host community and learn from the past. The vision's focus on resident self-interest is unsurprising but challenges event organisers to accommodate the interests of multiple stakeholders. The aspiration for a sustainable community, nevertheless, is conducive to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and complements recent IOC reforms and the official 2032 Games Vision which call for greater responsiveness to host community interests. Under a framework of soft transformative governance, facilitating micro-transformations should ensure that marginalised groups are heard and their aspirations integrated into early mega-event planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1808 the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe represented the last threat to British colonial interests in the West Indies. Strategic concerns were not, however, the driving force behind British combined naval–military operations to capture them. Professional and financial gain were the primary motives for the officers in charge, Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and General Sir George Beckwith, as they debated fleet and troop dispositions for attacks on the islands. The chance to seize prizes, booty, and valuable appointments to colonial offices on captured territory played a large part in the formulation of plans, although changes to both the strategic situation in the region and the metropolitan–colonial relationship threatened their prospects. This article examines Cochrane and Beckwith's efforts to maintain autonomy in the face of stricter government oversight, sufficient to achieve their personal ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanisms that guide non-governmental organizations' (NGOs) managerial decisions is a key to effective development policies. One fundamentally strategic decision is the number of activities an NGO offers. We provide a conceptual framework based on the agency theory to study the motivations underlying strategic decisions of development NGOs in Uganda. We test whether diversifying into many activities is driven by operational reasons or by personal gains of NGO managers. Following a historic flood in 2007, NGOs that rely more on contractual income offer fewer activities than their counterparts in less affected areas. The results support theoretical explanations that operational motives such as risk-reduction or cost complementarity dominate personal and for-profit-like motives. Our article contributes to the debates around the ethical and governmental foundation of the non-profit sector, highlighting the different roles of personal and operational aspects in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens United has stimulated a cottage industry of legal scholarship on corruption. A prominent stream of this literature is self-consciously atheoretical and suggests that the current state of corruption jurisprudence suffers from a misconceived reliance on liberal political theories and a rejection of the public good. We argue that it is impossible to understand specific acts of corruption without a political theory explaining why such actions are wrong. We show that the current jurisprudence relies on a mistaken intellectual history of the public good and a political theory of American constitutionalism that commodifies citizenship and treats political participation as a market good. Pace Teachout, we cannot draw the bright lines many legal scholars desire without a better political theory of the primary goods we want to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In non-cooperative game-theory models, the Nash equilibrium concept is used to assess the outcome of rational decision-makers' strategic involvement. This method allows researchers to look into certain outcomes while keeping in mind people's self-interest restrictions. Participants, on the other hand, are not bound to provide accurate information when acting in their own self-interest. In this work, we investigate noncooperative behavior in a repeating game and suggest a new method in game theory for designing an observer. An average repeated non-cooperative Markov game with imperfect information is used to determine the categories of participants in this situation. A sequential technique, in which information is revealed a finite number of times, can approximate all of Nash's equilibria. By computing the derivative of the player's equilibrium with regard to his or her present type, we explain how to instrument the observer's design. The dynamic observer creates the imperfect information game. We study a Markov model extension that incorporates a new variable that reflects the product of the observer design and the distribution vector to solve the problem. The strategies and the observation kernel make up the observer design. In this approach, the approaches are first seen as mappings from private and reported states to lotteries over alternatives. We build equations to retrieve the variables of interest using the available type: observer, strategies, observation kernels, and distribution vectors. We provide a numerical example of an industrial organization in which enterprises compete on the market and decide on the amount of production they will produce simultaneously and independently of one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents Herbert A. Simon's critique of the two basic assumptions of the neoclassical notion of agent: perfect rationality and self-interest. It shows how Simon criticized both assumptions by recognizing that the cognitive capacities of agents are limited, showing that there are specific problems that do not have optimal solutions and that there are other motivations irreducible to self-interest, such as loyalty and group identification, which are fundamental for understanding the behavior of organizations. It is shown how Simon pointed towards a notion of rationality that is historically bounded by the interaction of the agent with its environment, which presents a complex and dynamic vision of human behavior. However, the article also shows the difficulties Simon had in achieving the full realization of this project by assuming an assumption of individualistic cognition that prevented him from giving a more substantive role to the environment in structuring agents' behaviors. It ends by showing how the notion of habit can give a more substantive role to the environment in order to develop a historically bounded conception of rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Spanish citizens' views of public service expenditure, related to their socio-demographic characteristics, values and political economic conjunctures. The study's contributions are: 1) Bringing the analysis up to the present time, including the COVID and post COVID periods; 2) Analysing the determinants by using a multivariate regression analysis; and 3) Studying the relationship between assessments of public service expenditure and actual spending, identifying significant patterns, especially in education and healthcare. The results obtained are robust, especially for welfare policy assessments. Important sociological changes in the assessment of public policies are identified and additional evidence is provided about the highly important role played by cultural values ("symbolic predispositions") with respect to "self-interest" in explaining the assessment of public spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop the concept of early-life power (ELP)--the sense of power someone has in their life before becoming an adult. We propose that the known positive relationship between power and self-interested behavior will be enhanced by high ELP and that, for those with high power, self-interested behavior will be higher for those with higher ELP. Study 1 adapts Anderson et al.'s (2012) chronic power scale to develop a retrospective measure of ELP and validates the measure. We test our predictions empirically, using self-reported self-interested behavior (Study 2) and results from the dictator game (Study 3). In these two studies, we operationalize current power in three ways: subjective power, objective power, and position. The results partially support our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely held that studying economics makes you more selfish and politically conservative. We use a difference‐in‐differences strategy to disentangle the causal impact of economics education from selection effects. We estimate the effect of four different intermediate microeconomics courses on students' experimentally elicited social preferences and beliefs about others, and policy opinions. We find no discernible effect of studying economics (whatever the course content) on self‐interest or beliefs about others' self‐interest. Results on policy preferences also point to little effect, except that economics may make students somewhat less opposed to highly restrictive immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articlefocusesonfreedomasone of the corevalues of the marketinstitution. The purpose of the analysis is to conceptualize the freedom of the marketactor to pursuehis own interest as an organicpart of the human life strategy. A specialplace is devoted to the relationshipbetweenmoney and freedom, which is structural for the roleensemble of the person and which in certaincasesleads to socialexclusion. The proposedanalysiscanserve to develop a theoreticalmodel for the empiricalstudy of the subjectiveevaluations of the freedom that the institution of the marketprovides to the person to realizehis life strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to expand the economic discourse beyond single interest as the dominant analytical foundation of microeconomics towards dual interest and metaeconomics. Metaeconomics is based on the reality of joint and non-separable self and other-interest arising because of non-allocable goods and non-allocable inputs. Non-allocable goods are explained by the internal tendencies in the mind to a more primal ego-based self-interest tempered by an empathy-based other (shared with the other, while internalised within the own-self-interest). Non-allocable inputs giving joint products and dual interest in the outcomes are explained by thermodynamics: production is internal to and non-separable from the natural system on the Spaceship Earth. Dual Interest Theory (DIT) assumes that self-interest is accompanied by empathy-based other-interest and that individuals tend to balance both interests in their decisions and behaviour. Several empirical tests of DIT demonstrated its advantages in explaining the observed behavioural outcomes as compared to the consideration of self-interest alone. DIT is also more powerful in explaining many other social phenomena than if one relies on the single/self-interest assumption of microeconomics alone. JEL Codes: A20, D11, D21, D62, D64, H41 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability‐oriented collaboration, a heterogeneous set of formal interorganizational arrangements that vary considerably in size, membership, focus and functioning, but share the same interest in addressing sustainability challenges of public concern, is becoming a mainstay of corporate agenda setting. Yet, the more firms interact on social and environmental issues, the more the burdens and tensions of collaborating for sustainability become apparent. Research and practice increasingly question whether an alliance management capability (AMC) perspective can be adopted to explain variability in collaboration effectiveness. With the aim to investigate whether, and to what extent, existing sustainability‐oriented collaboration research integrates or challenges mainstream theory on AMC, we adopt a problematization method to unpack the root assumptions underlying the AMC construct. We find that self‐interest in economic value creation and capture, the need for homogeneity to favour knowledge accumulation and learning on alliance management, and predictable patterns of AMC deployment are consistently assumed by scholars to predict success in alliance management. Accordingly, we analyse AMC assumptions' current integration in the study of sustainability‐oriented collaboration, conducting a systematic literature review on collaborative capabilities developed for, during and in response to sustainability challenges. In so doing, we identify what distinguishes sustainability‐oriented collaboration from mainstream strategic alliances and the related implications on the collaborative capabilities firms should develop and deploy when dealing with sustainability challenges. We elaborate on these and their implications for AMC constructs to provide a future research agenda, which integrates further theoretical perspectives and broadens the scope of existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerating development of autonomous vehicles is expected to have important effects on society such as reducing the number of traffic accidents, preventing the disabilities and deaths attributed to car accidents, and reducing pollution. However, their adoption depends on the willingness of the population to accept this innovation and incorporate it in their everyday activities. This study investigated the association between socio-demographic factors, political ideology, and attitudes toward technology and its perceived potential impact on society on support for driverless cars. We conducted a secondary analysis of a large sample of employees in the United States (n = 2,470). Based on conceptual frameworks relevant to the study of technology adoption such as the self-interest hypothesis, the usefulness of the technology, ideological orientation, and socio-demographic gaps in attitudes toward technology, our results indicate that perceived social outcomes of driverless cars are strongly associated with their support. Age and gender are negatively associated with support for autonomous vehicles. In contrast, perceived positive outcomes of the introduction of technology in the workplace are positively associated with them. Individuals with a consistently conservative ideology are also less likely to be supporters of autonomous vehicles. Our findings indicate that the centrality of the expected societal impact of autonomous vehicles implies the need to provide the public with accurate facts about their expected effect. Doing so is critical to increasing the public's willingness to adopt the technology and support its production. People must also be reassured that regulations and product designs will be created to ensure their safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is still debated whether people are driven by self-interest or ideological motives when judging redistributive policies of the welfare state. Drawing on personality research, we suggest that both material and ideational factors matter but not for the same kinds of individuals. Specifically, we theorize that the Big Five personality trait openness to experience increases the weight put on general ideological principles and reduces the importance of private economic concerns, as this trait is related to creative and philosophical thinking and uncertainty tolerance. To test this proposition, we use Danish survey panel data linked to registry data on income. Consistent with the argument, we find that higher openness promotes an ideological evaluation of income redistribution and depresses the influence of material self-interest as measured by income. Among open individuals, attitudes toward redistribution reflect left–right positions but are unrelated to personal income fluctuations. People who are close-minded, on the other hand, are less likely to be ideological and do base their support for redistribution on whether their income is rising or falling. Similar, although not identical, results are obtained using U.S. data. The findings have implications for our understanding of citizens' motivations to support welfare policies and political opinion formation more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do voters update their attitudes toward economic issues in line with their material self-interest? The consensus among students of public opinion is that material self-interest plays a very limited role and that competing non-material factors, such as partisanship or ideological predispositions, do most of the heavy lifting. This paper moves beyond comparing the role of material and non-material factors. Instead, we examine how these factors combine to shape policy preferences. Specifically, we propose a friendly amendment to Zaller's influential model according to which attitudinal change results from the interaction between changes in elite messaging on the one hand and individual political predispositions on the other. In Zaller's model, partisanship and ideological predispositions help explain why some resist and others embrace new elite messaging. We hypothesize that material self-interest also conditions the effect of elite messaging. Using British individual-level panel data collected over more than a decade, we show that material hardship predicts who, among left-wing voters, resist new right-wing partisan cues. Our results highlights the incremental impact of material self-interest on economic attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the view of individualistic and collectivist cultural orientations as situated cognition, it is assumed that these can be induced and modified to some extent, but questions remain about the mechanisms by which this occurs. This quasi-experimental study examines the effect of the following types of priming: individualistic agentive, collectivist agentive, individualistic narrative, and collectivist narrative, compared with neutral priming, on a sample of Costa Rican adolescents in the first year of secondary education (N = 173; 57 % female; Mage = 12.87, DEage = 0.75 years). The results found different effects according to the type of priming, being that the agentive induced more individualistic attitudes than the narrative. The collectivist agentive activated to a lesser extent the independent self-concept, characterized by self-interest, compared to the other types of priming. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]