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Context: Stress responses in athletes can be attributed to training and competition, where increased physiological and psychological stress may negatively affect performance and recovery. Purpose: To examine the relationship between training load (TL) and salivary biomarkers immunoglobulin A (IgA), alpha-amylase (AA), and cortisol across a 16-wk preparation phase and 10-d competition phase in Paralympic swimmers. Methods: Four Paralympic swimmers provided biweekly saliva samples during 3 training phases—(1) normal training, (2) intensified training, and (3) taper—as well as daily saliva samples in the 10-d Paralympic competition (2016 Paralympic Games). TL was measured using session rating of perceived exertion. Results: Multilevel analysis identified a significant increase in salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA: 94.98 [27.69] μg·mL−1), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA: 45.78 [19.07] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (7.92 [2.17] nM) during intensified training concurrent with a 38.3% increase in TL. During the taper phase, a 49.5% decrease in TL from the intensified training phase resulted in a decrease in sIgA, sAA, and salivary cortisol; however, all 3 remained higher than baseline levels. A further significant increase was observed during competition in sIgA (168.69 [24.19] μg·mL−1), sAA (35.86 [16.67] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (10.49 [1.89] nM) despite a continued decrease (77.8%) in TL from the taper phase. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that performance in major competition such as Paralympic games, despite a noticeable reduction in TL, induces a stress response in athletes. Because of the elevated stress response observed, modifications to individual postrace recovery protocols may be required to enable athletes to maximize performance across all 10 d of competition.

Introduction Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentrations have been shown to be influenced by exercise, particularly the intensity exercise is performed at, and circadian variation. The autonomic nervous system partly regulates salivary secretion, but it is not yet known whether cortisol also explains some variation in salivary parameters. Methods Twelve moderately trained male individuals (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs: 46.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials in the morning: arm cranking exercise at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms; moderate cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs; and easy cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms. Timed saliva samples and blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration determination were obtained before, post, 2 h post, and 4 h post-exercise. Saliva was collected in an additional resting trial at the same time points. Results At each time point for each exercise trial, negative correlations between cortisol and saliva flow rate (explaining 25 ± 17% of the variance, R2 = 0.002–0.46) and positive correlations between cortisol and sIgA concentration (explaining 8 ± 8% of the variance R2 = 0.002–0.24) were found. Saliva flow rate increased over time, whereas sIgA concentration and cortisol decreased over time for all trials (P

PURPOSE We examined the effects of a humor intervention on the physiological, physical, and psychological responses of school-aged children with atopic dermatitis. DESIGN AND METHODS This quasi-experimental study used a nonequivalent control group and a pre- and post-test design. Forty-five schoolchildren participated. RESULTS Children in the experimental group (n=26) received a humor intervention and reported significant differences in physiological response, which was evidenced by heightened salivary immunoglobulin A levels as compared to the control group (n=19). Additionally, the psychological response of the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group as evidenced by decreased stress levels. CONCLUSION Humor intervention may be an effective nursing intervention for children with atopic dermatitis.

Objective This study investigated the salivary immunoglobulin A response to carbohydrate supplementation during judo training. Method Sixteen judokas were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Carbohydrate solution and Placebo solution in a double-blind design. Saliva samples were collected at rest, immediately after the training session and 1 h after the training session. Results The concentration of the salivary immunoglobulin A decreased during the training session in both conditions (p = 0.0002) as well as at 1 h after the training session in the placebo solution condition (p = 0.035). The rate of salivary flow decreased during the training session in the placebo solution condition (p = 0.04). Conclusion Carbohydrate solution consumption during training session did not affect the athletes oral immunity, however, in the recovery period an upper-respiratory tract protection was observed.

Objective this study was conducted to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion of glucose, amylase and immunoglobulin A levels and also to fined out if saliva could be used as anon invasive method to monitor glycaemic control in type 2 diabbetes. This study was conducted on 40 human subjectes, They were 20 males and 20 females, their ages ranged from 35 years to 64 years,and they were divided into two groups, the first one is the patient group which contains 20 diabetic paient. (10 males and 10 females,aged between 38 years to 64 years). the second one is the control group which contains 20 healthy adult (10 males and 10 females,aged between 35 years to 60 years) they were age and sex matched. All studied group were subjected to clinical and laboratory investigation which includes post prandial blood glucose, HA1C, salivary glucose, salivary amylase, and salivary immunoglobulin A. Results there was a highly significant increase in the level of post prandial blood glucose, HBA1C; Salivary glucose, Salivary amylase & Salivary immunoglobulin A in diabetic group compared with control group and There was a significant positive correlation between post prandial blood glucose and salivary glucose in diabetic group. Conclusions These results suggest that diabetes influences the composition of saliva and that saliva can be used as less painful,non invasive biomarker for monitoring the blood glucose concentration in the patients with diabetes mellitus.

Anxiety can impact the immune system resulting in negative health outcomes. Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is a first line of defense against foreign antigens, with lowered levels indicative of weakened mucosal immunity. Little is known about how anxiety symptoms affect the diurnal rhythm of sIgA secretion, or the longitudinal transactional sequence between the two in children and adolescents. The goals of the two studies were to: (i) explore the concurrent associations between self-reported anxiety symptoms and diurnal variations of sIgA across the day using repeated daily samples of sIgA; and (ii) examine transactional relations between children's anxiety and aggregated total amount of sIgA levels across successive periods from middle childhood (Wave 1; ages 9-12) to early adolescence (Wave 2; ages 12-15), and from early to mid- adolescence (Wave 3; ages 15-18). Concurrent results showed a steeper (positive) rise in diurnal slope of sIgA from awakening to 5 hr post-awakening in children with higher anxiety. Longitudinally, higher levels of total anxiety, and specifically, worries at Wave 1 significantly predicted lower cumulative daily levels of sIgA 3 years later at Wave 2. Lowered sIgA levels at Wave 2 in turn predicted higher anxiety at Wave 3, illustrating a "vicious cycle" feedback loop. These findings broaden our understanding of the developmental links between anxiety symptoms, the immune system, and health.

We examined the changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and the incidence of upper respiratory syndrome (URS) throughout a college cross-country season as well as the acute effect of a VO2max test on SIgA. Subjects were 22 cross country athletes (XC) (20.7±0.3 years) and 23 matched controls (C) (20.4±0.2 years). Saliva samples were collected pre and post VO2max and at four training time points (August – November). Weekly logs indicating S&S of URS from which a total symptom score (TSS) was calculated were collected. There was a significant decrease in SIgA F(1,43)=10.742, p

This study evaluates salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in saliva of children and its correlation to tooth decay severity. Fifty-nine patients were divided into two groups: caries free (A group) and caries active (B group). B group was investigated according to Mount and Monse indices. Mean salivary IgA rate between two groups (A 16.7 &plusmn, 4.5 mg/dL vs. B 21.8 &plusmn, 12.9 mg/dL) was not significant, while IL-6 rate (A 19.02 &plusmn, 5.3 pg/mL vs. B 30.2 &plusmn, 11.8 pg/mL) was statistically different. This study revealed that salivary IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with active caries when compared with the caries-free group, while the s-IgA rate showed no significant differences between the two groups.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the primarily positive affective state of fattening pigs influences various behavioral and physiological parameters such as the pigs’ playing behavior, way of behaving in behavioral tests, body language signals, or diameter, and astroglia cell numbers of hippocampi, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) content, or salivary protein composition. Additionally, the suitability of the variables mentioned was examined to assess the pigs’ positive affective state in practice, which still constitutes a latent variable not itself measurable. For this, a dataset including behavioral and physiological data of 60 fattening pigs from 3 different farms with different housing systems was analyzed by the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. A hierarchical component model (HCM) was used including the pigs’ positive affective state as a higher-order component (HOC) and the behavioral and physiological parameters as lower-order components (LOC). Playing behavior, body language signals, and behavioral tests were revealed, in this order, to be most influenced by the pigs’ positive affective state since these resulted in the corresponding path coefficients (PC) of PC = 0.83, PC = 0.79, and PC = 0.62, respectively. Additionally moderate and weak R2-values occurred for the endogenous latent variables playing behavior (R2 = 69.8%), body language signals (R2 = 62.7%), and behavioral tests (R2 = 39.5%). Furthermore, the indicator of the “locomotor play” showed the highest indicator reliability (IR) (IR = 0.85) to estimate the latent variable of pigs’ positive affective state. The results of the present study supplement the comprehension and assessment of the pigs’ positive affective state in general.

Submitted by Sylvia Chedid Seidinger (sc.seidinger@unesp.br) on 2019-07-10T21:50:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Sylvia Chedid Seidinger.pdf: 1105270 bytes, checksum: a014e017891aa781b6f044add5744119 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2019-07-11T13:11:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 seidinger_sc_me_prud_par.pdf: 651037 bytes, checksum: 1698ffd9f8c1360f0954c2f3b4f40844 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-11T13:11:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 seidinger_sc_me_prud_par.pdf: 651037 bytes, checksum: 1698ffd9f8c1360f0954c2f3b4f40844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-06-12 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento no futebol pode ser exigente para os jovens atletas devido ao excesso de cobrança com relação ao seu desempenho físico, técnico-tático e psicológico, o que influenciar o funcionamento dos seus sistemas orgânicos e interferir no seu desempenho. Analisar e interpretar essas alterações pode auxiliar no planejamento e na organização adequada dos treinamentos atenuando o possível declínio do rendimento dos atletas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a resposta da imunoglobulina salivar A (SIgA) e dos hormônios esteroides cortisol e testosterona em duas sessões de treinamento diferentes de jovens futebolistas semiprofissionais. METODOLOGIA: A amostra foi composta por 12 atletas de futebol do sexo masculino e da categoria sub19 de um time semiprofissional da cidade de Presidente Prudente (SP). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e de composição corporal e coletas salivares para dosagem de cortisol (CS), testosterona (TS) e SIgA. Foram monitoras duas sessões de treinamento: jogo-treino (JT) e uma sessão de treinamento usual da equipe (TT). Foi realizado um JT respeitando as regras do futebol e contra uma equipe que disputaria o mesmo campeonato da equipe avaliada no presente estudo. O TT foi composto por atividades de condicionamento físico, técnicas e táticas específicas do futebol. As coletas salivares foram realizadas antes e após as sessões de treinamento. A saliva coletada foi dosada por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e Kits Salimetrics, seguindo instruções do fabricante. Para o tratamento estatístico foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e com base nos parâmetros fornecidos foi decidida pela estatística não paramétrica. A apresentação dos resultados referentes à caracterização da amostra foi realizada pela estatística descritiva, com média e desvio padrão. As comparações dos deltas absolutos obtidos após o JT e TT foram realizadas por meio da análise de covariância (ANCOVA), as covariáveis utilizadas no modelo foram pico de velocidade de crescimento e tempo total de treinamento, a qual gerou médias estimadas. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS (versão 22) e a significância estatística estabelecida em 5%. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de TS foram maiores no JT (média = 32,0; IC= 11,3; 52,7), apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,157), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,097). As concentrações de CS aumentaram no JT (0,8; IC = 0,5; 1,0) e diminuíram no TT (-0,3; IC = -0,5; 1,0) com significância estatística (p-valor = 0,000) e um tamanho de efeito elevado (ES-r = 0,612). A razão testosterona/cortisol (T/C) diminuiu no JT (-1239,8; IC= -2869,3; 389,8) e no TT ela aumentou (1372,6; IC= -257,0; 3002,1), e apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,087), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,139). As concentrações de SIgAabs foram maiores no TT (3,8; IC = 0,5; 7,0), e apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,209), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,071). CONCLUSÕES: Um JT pode ser mais exigente para o organismo de atletas semiprofissionais de futebol da categoria sub19, tendo em vista que promoveu elevação do CS, quando comparado a uma sessão de treinamento técnica-tática e de condicionamento físico. INTRODUCTION: Football training can be strenous for young athletes due to the demands in relation to their physical, technical-tactical and psychological performance, which influences the functioning of their organic systems and interferes in their performance. Analyzing and interpreting these changes can optimize the planning and organization of training, improving the performance of athletes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the response of salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and steroid hormones cortisol and testosterone in two different training sessions of young semiprofessional soccer players. METHODS: The sample consisted of 12 male soccer players and the sub 19 category of a semiprofessional team from the city of Presidente Prudente (SP). Anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed and salivary collection for analysis cortisol (CS), testosterone (TS) and SIgA. Two training sessions were analyzed: game-training (JT) and a usual training session of the team (TT). A JT was observed respecting the rules of the soccer and against a team that would dispute the same championship of the evaluated team in the present study. The TT was composed of specific physical conditioning activities, techniques and tactics of soccer. Salivary collections were performed before and after the training sessions. The collected saliva was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Salimetrics kits, following the manufacturer's instructions. For the statistical analysis, the normality test of Shapiro-Wilk was performed and based on the parameters provided it was decided by non-parametric statistics. The presentation of the results regarding the characterization of the sample was performed by descriptive statistics, with mean and standard deviation. The comparisons of the absolute deltas obtained after the JT and TT were performed through the covariance analysis (ANCOVA), the covariables used in the model were growth peak and total training time, and generated estimated means. All statistical analyzes were performed using the software SPSS (version 22) and the statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: TS concentrations were higher in JT (mean = 32.0; CI = 11.3; 52.7); there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.157), and the effect size was considered moderate ( ES-r = 0.097). The concentrations of CS increased in JT (0.8, CI = 0.5, 1.0) and decreased in TT (-0.3, CI = -0.5, 1.0) with statistical significance (p-value = 0.000) and a high effect size (ES-r = 0.612). The testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) decreased in JT (-1239.8; CI = -2869.3; 389.8) and increased in TT (1372.6; CI = -257.0; 3002.1 ), there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.087), and the effect size was considered moderate (ES-r = 0.139). The concentrations of SIgAabs were higher in TT (3.8, CI = 0.5, 7.0), there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.209), and the effect size was considered moderate (ES-r = 0.071). CONCLUSIONS: A JT may be more stressful for the body of semiprofessional athletes of the sub 19 category, considering that it promoted elevation of CS when compared to a session of technical-tactical training and physical conditioning.

Background: Altitude training has often been conducted just before main competition games in many sports. An increase in the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections due to an altitude-induced suppression of the immune system has been reported after altitude training. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the major immunoglobulin of the mucosal immune system. A suppressive effect of heavy training on SIgA has been reported. However, little is known regarding the effects of repetitive altitude training and hypoxic exposure on SIgA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in SIgA in swimmers undergoing repetitive altitude training at 1,900 m. Methods: Nine collegiate swimmers who experienced their first altitude training experience (FT group) were compared to nine swimmers who experienced repetitive training (RT group) and non-training subjects (Con group). Saliva was collected before ascent and eight times every 2 days during altitude training. SIgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Compared to the Con group, SIgA levels and the secretion velocity were decreased after ascent and were slowly restored in both the FT and RT groups. The chronological trends in SIgA levels were similar, even though the decline in SIgA levels in the FT group was larger than that in the RT group. Conclusion: Altitude training and experience with altitude training may be one of the factors influencing SIgA. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(8):550-555 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3884

The study aims to explore the effect of positive psychological intervention (fun activities combined with positive mental health education) on the well-being, 2-week illness prevalence, and salivary immunoglobulin A of empty nesters. Ninety-two empty nesters were divided into intervention ( n = 49) and control ( n = 43) groups. The empty nesters in the intervention group performed the intervention in addition to routine community activities. The intervention group scored significantly higher on well-being ( p< .05) compared with the control group after intervention. A week after intervention, salivary immunoglobulin A of the intervention group ( p< .05) was higher than that before intervention. Meanwhile, the difference in salivary immunoglobulin A in the control group before and after intervention was not statistically significant. 2-week illness prevalence in both groups did not exhibit a significant difference ( p> .05). Results indicate that positive psychological intervention can effectively increase the well-being and salivary immunoglobulin A of empty nesters and improve their physical and mental health.

Objectives: this study was aimed at comparing dental stress in children having their first dental visit to those returning for dental treatment using salivary biomarkers of stress including salivary cortisol (s-cortisol), Immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and alpha-amylase (s-α-amylase). Additionally, the study was aimed at monitoring the change in stress in new patients as they progressed from the waiting to the clinical areas. Study design: salivary samples were collected from 40 children who had not been to a dentist before and similar samples were collected from 40 children who were returning for completion of dental treatment. Salivary cortisol, s-IgA and s-α-amylase concentrations were obtained by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: salivary cortisol levels were higher for new patients at the waiting area compared to that at the dental chair (p=0.05). Salivary alpha-amylase significantly increased in new patients while being seated in the dental chair. Returning patients had higher s-α-amylase (p=0.001) and s-IgA (p=0.016) compared to new patients. Returning patients had the lowest level of s-cortisol when providers were faculty pediatric dentists than with students and interns (p=0.035). Conclusions: children coming in for their first dental visit may experience dental stress at the waiting area before being seated for dental examination. Returning children may experience higher levels of stress compared to new child patients possibly due to previous dental exposure.

The purpose of the present study was to examine SIgA responses (concentration [SIgAabs] and a secretion rate [SIgArate]) to official and simulated competitive matches in young soccer players. The sample was composed of 26 male soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.1 yrs, stature 177.0 ± 6.1 cm, body mass 70.5 ± 5.7 kg). Four soccer matches (two simulated matches [SM] and two official matches [OM]) were conducted. The matches consisted of two halves of 35 min with a 10 min rest interval. Each assessed player participated in only one SM and one OM. All matches were performed in the same week, during the competitive season, and at the same time of the day (9:00 am), separated by 48 h. Saliva samples were collected before and after every match. The session rating of perceived exertion was reported 30 min after each match in order to determine the internal training load (ITL). A significant decrease in SIgAabs and SIgArate after OM was observed when compared to the pre-match value. In addition, the SIgArate was higher at pre-OM when compared to pre-SM. A higher ITL for OM was observed compared to SM. The current findings indicate that OM may lead to a decrease in the main mucosal immunity function parameter of young soccer players that could increase the risk of URTI. Coaches should be aware of it in order to plan appropriate training loads and recovery procedures to avoid or minimize the likelihood of upper respiratory tract infection occurrences.

This study aims to determine the effects of prolonged exercise in the heat (31°C) and cool (18°C) environments on salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) among recreational athletes. Thirteen healthy male participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.3 years old) were recruited and randomised in this cross-over study. In this study, participants performed the exercise trials in the heat environment at 31°C first followed by another exercise trial in the cool environment trial at 18°C or vice versa with one week of recovery period. Physiological parameters (heart rate, body weight changes and oxygen uptake) as well as room temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Cool water (3 ml.kg -1 body weight) was given to the participants at every 20 min during both exercise trials. Saliva samples were collected to calculate the saliva flow rate and analysed for salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentrations and secretion rate. Paired t-test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were performed to analyse the data. The results revealed that saliva flow rate, SIgA concentration, and SIgA secretion rate did not significantly different between exercise trial in the heat and in the cool environments. However, prolonged exercise significantly decreased (p < 0.05) saliva flow rate in both trials with the values return to baseline 1 h post exercise. Salivary IgA concentration and secretion rate were not affected by prolonged running. As a conclusion, SIgA responses did not affected by ambient/room temperature. In addition, prolonged exercise with adequate fluid intake during exercise did not supress SIgA responses thus may not increase infection risk among athletes.

Matsumoto M, Satoh, K, Kushi, H, Hamuro, K, Sakurai, M, Saito, H, Tanaka, R, Saito, T, Kohda, N, and Hamada, K. Salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate during peak period conditioning regimens in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1389-1396, 2021-Triathletes often feel unwell during the conditioning period (peak period) leading up to a race. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors relevant to the condition of athletes and their impact on mucosal immune responses and the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate. This study recruited college student triathletes (33 men and 7 women) who participated in an Olympic distance race. For each subject, the salivary IgA rate was measured continuously for 1 month before the race (peak period). Data on physical activity during the peak period were calculated in metabolic equivalents, and the relationships between these factors and the salivary IgA secretion rate were evaluated. The average amount of physical activity was highest during the 2- to 3-week period before the race, at 744.7 ± 51.5 kcal expended per day. In subjects who, on average, expended more than 1,000 kcal·d-1 in physical activity between 12 and 14 days before the race, the salivary IgA secretion rate was significantly reduced compared with the value at 1 week before the race (p < 0.05). On the day before the race, a further reduction was observed (p < 0.1). The salivary IgA secretion rate was decreased by high-intensity exercise during the peak period in advance of a race; this was associated with a loss of optimal condition just before the race.

It is known that stress and immune systems are related with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the relationship of both systems in the progression of disease is not clearly demonstrated. Hair cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) were quantified in 49 patients with mild, moderate, and severe AD. A significant change was seen in both molecules as AD progressed from mild to moderate and severe. Low levels of cortisol were observed in mild AD patients compared with moderate and severe. However, IgA showed a contrary pattern. High levels were observed in mild AD patientes but low in moderate and severe AD subjects. The secretion of cortisol and IgA seems to be very different at the start compared with posterior development of AD suggesting that neuroinflammation can be involved. Both molecules could be used as possible therapeutical tools. Sin financiación 3.606 JCR (2019) Q2, 101/271 Neurosciences; Q3, 102/195 Cell Biology 1.126 SJR (2019) Q1, 415/2754 Medicine (miscellaneous); Q2, 136/300 Cell Biology; Q3, 48/89 Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience No data IDR 2019 UEV

BACKGROUND: A gap still exists between in vitro and clinical studies concerning the biocompatibility of the material in the oral environment and their potential to cause immunological undesirable side effects. The uses of glass fibres to improve the mechanical properties of acrylic resin denture base polymers are well documented in vitro. AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of denture base reinforcement using light-cured E- glass fibres mesh on the level of salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) in patients wearing complete dentures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen completely edentulous patients, in need of complete dentures, participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 7) according to the treatment protocol. In the first group, patients received conventional heat-cured acrylic resin dentures. In the second group, the mandibular dentures were reinforced using light cured resin impregnated E glass fibres mesh. In both groups, salivary samples were collected using passive drool technique. The level IgA was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique at different time intervals. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey`s post-hoc test and independent t-test. The significant level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Acrylic resin dentures and reinforced ones demonstrated an increase in the mean values of IgA level at the end of the follow-up intervals. And this increase was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Although, the reinforced dentures revealed higher mean values, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, the following could be concluded: (1) the insertion of complete dentures induced changes in the level of IgA; and (2) denture base reinforcement using light cured resin impregnated E-glass fibres mesh had a similar effect to that of heat cured acrylic resin on the level of IgA.

Purpose: To gain an exploratory insight into the relation between training load (TL), salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and upper respiratory tract illness (URI) in elite paratriathletes. Methods: Seven paratriathletes were recruited. Athletes provided weekly saliva samples for the measurement of sIgA over 23 consecutive weeks (February to July) and a further 11 consecutive weeks (November to January). sIgA was compared to individuals’ weekly training duration, external TL, and internal TL, using time spent in predetermined heart-rate zones. Correlations were assessed via regression analyses. URI was quantified via weekly self-report symptom questionnaire. Results: There was a significant negative relation between athletes’ individual weekly training duration and sIgA secretion rate (P = .028), with changes in training duration accounting for 12.7% of the variance (quartiles: 0.2%, 19.2%). There was, however, no significant relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters (P ≥ .104). There was no significant difference in sIgA when URI was present or not (101% vs 118% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .225); likewise, there was no difference in sIgA when URI occurred within 2 wk of sampling or not (83% vs 125% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .120). Conclusions: Paratriathletes’ weekly training duration significantly affects sIgA secretion rate, yet the authors did not find a relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect any link between sIgA and URI occurrence, which throws into question the potential of using sIgA as a monitoring tool for early detection of illness.

We present results of a case study on effect of humanoid in comparison with voice-only communication on frontal brain activity of elderly adults. Our results indicate that use of humanoid induces an increase in frontal brain activity. Additionally, these results imply an increase in their salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) Antibody, thereby suggesting physical embodiment as a potential health factor in communication with elderly individuals. Such increases in hormonal as well as frontal brain activity, as observed in healthy condition, suggest the potential that physical embodiment can offer to the solution concept of sustaining the process of cognitive decline associated with aging and its consequential diseases such as Alzheimer.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute maximal exercise (VO2max test) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses in adolescent females. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between resting SIgA levels and VO2max, physical activity, body composition, and diet.Fifty healthy female adolescents completed a laboratory-based VO2max test, assessment of body composition via hydrodensitometry, a validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A), and a three-day food diary. Unstimulated saliva was collected before, and 5 and 120 minutes after VO2max testing. Absolute SIgA (µg/mL) concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretion rate of SIgA (µg/min) was calculated by multiplying absolute SIgA concentration by saliva flow rate (SFR, µL/min).A significant increase in absolute SIgA concentration (146.8±59.2 µg/mL) was noted immediately after VO2max testing (P0.05) and returned to pre-exercise levels (120.1±54.1 µg/mL) by 120-min post-exercise (P0.05). No significant VO2max test effects were observed for SIgA secretion rate and SFR (P0.05). VO2max values (41.92±6.36 mL/kg/min) were correlated with body fat percentage (r=-0.59; P0.01), PAQ-A total score (r=0.48; P0.01), and acute changes in absolute SIgA levels (r=0.28; P0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and resting SIgA levels or SFR (P0.05) except for dietary fiber which correlated with resting absolute SIgA concentration (r=0.29; P0.05).Findings indicate that acute graded maximal exercise results in a transient increase in absolute SIgA concentration and that these changes are associated with individual VO2max values.

Background: Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is an important factor in the oral defense mechanism. SIgA levels in infants have shown to vary widely. Mode of delivery may influence SIgA levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate levels of SIgA in infants at different ages, and to compare it with the mode of delivery. Methodology: The study group consisted of 279 healthy neonates and infants up to the age of 9 months. They were divided according to age: Group I: 6–10 days; Group II: 6–8 weeks; Group III: 6 months, and Group IV: 9 months. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from the floor of the mouth and buccal sulcii by means of sterile polyethylene pipettes. Saliva was collected 1 h after feeding. All salivary samples were collected in disposable sterile vials and transferred suitably to a laboratory for estimation of SIgA level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: There were 146 infants that were delivered by cesarean section and 133 vaginally delivered infants. There was a significant difference in the SIgA levels between vaginal delivery and cesarean section infants (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Mode of delivery appears to have influence on the levels of SIgA in saliva of neonates and infants.

Background A previous study has reported that low-frequency (LF) electroacupuncture (EA) influences salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is known to control the secretion volume of sIgA; however, the effect of high-frequency (HF) EA on salivary sIgA has not been determined. We investigated whether HF EA affects salivary sIgA levels and the ANS. Method Sixteen healthy subjects were randomly classified into two groups: a control group and an EA group. After a 5 min rest, subjects in the EA group received EA at 100 Hz bilaterally at LI4 and LI11 for 15 min before resting for a further 40 min post-stimulation. Subjects in the control group rested for a total of 60 min. Measurements of the ANS and sIgA levels in both groups were made before, immediately after, 20 min after, and 40 min after rest or 15 min EA treatment. HF and LF components of heart rate variability were analysed as markers of ANS function. LF/HF ratio and HF were taken as indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity, respectively. Salivary protein concentrations and sIgA levels were determined by Bradford protein assay and ELISA, respectively. Results LF/HF ratio was significantly increased immediately after EA. HF was significantly increased at 20 min after EA and sIgA level was significantly increased at 40 min after EA. In addition, HF and salivary sIgA level were positively correlated with each another. Conclusions HF EA exerted sequential positive effects on sympathetic nerve activity, parasympathetic nerve activity, and salivary sIgA level (immediately and after 20 and 40 min, respectively). HF EA may increase salivary sIgA levels by influencing parasympathetic nerve activity.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of carrying different magnitudes of load on the changes and relationships of salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and cortisol concentrations and the physiological parameters. Twelve Indian soldiers performed an intense uphill treadmill walking at two speeds viz. 2.5 km h −1 and 4 km h −1 without any load and carrying 10.7 kg, 17 kg and 21.4 kg loads for 36 min. Salivary IgA concentration relative to total protein decreased significantly after each exercise session and cortisol concentration increased concomitantly with physiological variables e.g. heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), minute ventilation (VE) and energy expenditure (EE). An inverse correlation (P −1 carrying 17 kg and 21.4 kg load. The degree and type of physiological and biochemical responses may help in designing combat training, operations and developing preventive strategies of military personnel involving intense exercise. Relevance to industry: Walking with load in incremental uphill terrain is highly stressful and fatiguing. Results of the present study will help in designing training schedules for maintaining the optimal fitness of an individual during uphill walking with loads in different speeds.

Purpose:To examine the response or pre- and postmatch salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) to Australian Football League (AFL) match play and investigate the acute and cumulative influence of player workload and postmatch [s-IgA] after repeated participation in AFL match play.Methods:Eleven elite AFL athletes (21.8 ± 2.4 y, 186.9 ± 7.9 cm, 87.4 ± 7.5 kg) were monitored throughout 3 matches during the preseason that were separated by 7 d. Saliva samples were collected across each AFL match at 24 h and 1 h prematch and 1, 12, 36, and 60 h postmatch to determine [s-IgA]. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to determine total player workload during match play. Hypothesis testing was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load using a repeated-measures ANOVA.Results:Player load during match 3 (1266 ± 124.6 AU) was significantly (P < .01) greater than in match 1 (1096 ± 115.1 AU) and match 2 (1082 ± 90.4 AU). Across match 3, [s-IgA] was significantly (P < .01) suppressed at 2 postmatch measures (12 and 36 h) compared with prematch measures (24 and 1 h), which coincided with significantly (P < .01) elevated player load.Conclusion:The findings indicate that an increase in player load during AFL preseason match play resulted in compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function. Longitudinal assessment of AFL-match player load and mucosal immunological function across the first 60 h of recovery may augment monitoring and preparedness strategies for athletes.

Secretory IgA is the main type of immunoglobulin in saliva and is considered to be the main secretion factor of adaptive immunity in the mouth. Objective: To assess the effect of Anti Retroviral Therapy on SIgA levels in saliva of HIV infected children. Study Design: A cross-sectional sample of 50 HIV infected children aged 6–8 years were divided into 2 groups ; Group 1: children prior to onset of anti-retroviral therapy and Group 2: children undergoing anti-retroviral therapy. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each child following I hour of breakfast. The samples were placed on ice packs and immediately transferred to a laboratory, processed and total SIgA quantification was estimated using ELISA. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. Results: Among HIV infected children, significantly low SIgA levels of 6.2 mg/dl was seen in children prior to ART. Conclusion: Salivary IgA levels were significantly low in HIV infected children, particularly in children prior to ART.

We assessed the relationship between physiological and psychological measures of workplace stress as measured by the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, with a seldom studied sample of owner-operator dairy farmers. Dairy farmers (N = 74) self-reported ERI, over-commitment (OC), dedication, and health then provided awakening saliva samples that were used to calculate the salivary alpha amylase awakening response (sAA-AR), cortisol awakening response (CAR), and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level. ERI, OC, and dedication levels were not related with sIgA or the CAR, but more over-committed farmers had a less pronounced sAA-AR. OC was more associated than ERI with the physiological indicators of stress, potentially due to the owner-operator sample used in this investigation. The suitability of sAA as a viable physiological measure of autonomic nervous system activity has been debated, but our findings promote its inclusion in future occupational stress research.

The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a novel immunoassay, developed to assess salivary Immunoglobulin A (s-IgA). Validity and reliability of the Individual Profiling Lateral Flow Device (IPRO LFD) for s-IgA concentrations ([s-IgA]) was assessed in males (n = 12) and females (n =13) who were involved in recreational activities. Reliability of the IPRO LFD method was assessed by comparing [s-IgA] of two saliva samples collected concurrently, while validity was assessed by comparing with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The IPRO LFD had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), with no difference in [s-IgA] compared with the ELISA. The IPRO LFD was considered reliable (ICC r = 0.89, p < 0.001 and CV = 9.40 %) for measures of [s-IgA]. We concluded that the IPRO LFD method may be a substitute to the ELISA method for measurements of [s-IgA].

Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) has been proposed as a potential indicator of welfare for various species, including Asian elephants, and may be related to adrenal cortisol responses. This study aimed to distinguish circadian rhythm effects on sIgA in male and female Asian elephants and compare patterns to those of salivary cortisol, information that could potentially have welfare implications. Subjects were captive elephants at an elephant camp in Chiang Mai province, Thailand (n = 5 males, 5 females). Salivette&reg, kits were used to collect saliva from each elephant every 4 h from 06:00 to 22:00 h for 3 consecutive days (n = 15 samples/elephant). Enzyme immunoassays were used to quantify concentrations of IgA and cortisol in unextracted saliva. Circadian rhythm patterns were determined using a generalized least-squares method. Both sIgA and cortisol followed a circadian rhythm, although the patterns differed. sIgA displayed a daily quartic trend, whereas cortisol concentrations demonstrated a decreasing linear trend in concentrations throughout the day. There was no clear relationship between patterns of sIgA and salivary cortisol, implying that mechanisms of control and secretion differ. Results demonstrate for the first time that circadian rhythms affect sIgA, and concentrations follow a daily quartic pattern in Asian elephants, so standardizing time of collection is necessary.

Individuals who are high in trait mindfulness are less stressed at work, better adjusted, and healthier than individuals who are low in this trait (Allen et al., 2015; Irving et al., 2009; Lomas et al., 2017) [1-3]. To date, trait mindfulness has not been considered within current, empirically supported, workplace stress models. Therefore, the present study explored if trait mindfulness, when used in conjunction with the Effort-Reward Imbalance model (Siegrist, 1996) (ERI [4]) better explains the links between workplace stress and non-adaptive physiological arousal. Across 2 timepoints (Summer-Winter) direct-care workers completed job stress (ERI), trait mindfulness, and health questionnaires and provided morning saliva samples to assess physiological indices of stress and ill-health. Compared across timepoints, changes in ERI and overcommitment were not associated with changes in the cortisol awakening response, salivary alpha amylase awakening response or secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). However, higher trait mindfulness was associated with increased sIgA. Potentially, trait mindfulness may act as a protective factor against ensuing ill-health and further, may be useful in better understanding the underlying mechanisms of the workplace stress-ill-health relationship.

Psychological stress among breast cancer patients can inhibit immune function and contribute to disease progression. We investigated the effects of autogenic training (AT), a relaxation method for reducing stress, on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in breast cancer surgery patients. Thirty patients scheduled to undergo breast cancer surgery were randomly assigned to an AT or control group (usual care). Patients in the AT group underwent training for 7 days after surgery. Salivary IgA and heart rate variability were assessed on the day before surgery, and on the third and seventh postoperative days. Levels of sIgA were significantly higher on the seventh postoperative day in the AT group (n = 7) compared to the control group (n = 7) (p = 0.049). These findings suggest that AT may improve immune function in breast surgery patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM, and salivary IgA concentrations. Methods Blood and saliva samples were collected one week before and during the last week of Ramadan from healthy male volunteers. Albumin, total lymphocyte count, electrolytes, and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in serum; salivary IgA concentrations were measured. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded. Results Samples were collected from 35 subjects (mean age 35.86 years, range 20–59 years). Weight, body mass index, albumin levels and the nutritional risk index decreased significantly during Ramadan fasting compared with before fasting. In addition, Na+ and Cl− electrolyte levels were significantly decreased during Ramadan. Serum IgG concentrations decreased significantly during Ramadan compared with before fasting, but were still within the normal range. Salivary IgA concentrations also decreased significantly, whereas serum IgM levels did not change. Lymphocyte numbers increased significantly, but there was no correlation between Ig levels and lymphocyte count. Conclusion Ramadan fasting did not result in severe immunological disturbances.

Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) is used as an immunity marker, as saliva can be easily collected, noninvasively with little stress. However, several saliva collection methods can be used. Our comparison between samples collected using different methods demonstrated that the salivary IgA secretion rate in samples collected using an aspiration method was significantly correlated with that in samples collected using a swab method. Moreover, the significant circadian variation in salivary IgA secretion rate in the aspirated saliva suggested that the aspiration method does not suppress salivary IgA secretion rate variability compared with the swab method. Therefore, the aspiration method should be considered as the preferable saliva collection method.

Purpose : This study was conducted to identify various factors in the development of rampant type of dental caries in South Kerala children, other than high sucrose intake and poor oral hygiene. This was done by comparing the salivary buffering capacity(BC), flow-rate(FR), resting pH and salivary immunoglobulin-A(s-IgA) levels in children who are caries resistant(CR) and who have rampant dental caries. Materials and Methods :Two study groups, a rampant caries group(RC) with more than five active caries lesions in the early stages and a CR with no caries lesions were selected based on a specific criteria. Unstimulated whole mixed saliva was collected directly from the floor of the mouth for a period of 10 min and the FR was calculated. Resting pH of saliva was measured using color coded pH paper. BC was measured by calculating the amount of citric acid of pH2.5, required to lower the initial pH of saliva down to 3. s-IgA levels were also estimated by immunoturbidometric method after forming a precipitate of s-IgA with specific anti-IgA antibodies. Result: The salivary BC, FRs, pH and s-IgA levels were significantly lower in the RC group when compared to the CR group. Conclusion : This study showed that salivary BC, flow-rate, resting pH and levels of s-IgA in saliva are risk factors in the development of RC in children.

The antimicrobial substances in saliva contribute to the maintenance of both oral health and overall health of the body. Therefore, the associations among immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates in the saliva of children, and their relationships with the physical attributes and lifestyle factors of children, were examined.Saliva was collected from 90 children who visited the Kanagawa Dental University Hospital Pediatric Dentistry, and questionnaires were completed by guardians. IgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme concentrations were measured in the saliva samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).The IgA flow rate in saliva increased as age, height and weight increased. A correlation was found between lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates. When the antimicrobial substance flow rates in the saliva were divided into two groups of 22 children each based on the highest and lowest quartiles, children with either a low or high IgA flow rate also had a high or low lactoferrin flow rate, respectively. The same pattern was observed for lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates.There is a high probability that the IgA flow rate in the saliva of children reflects and corresponds to the developmental status of immune function as the child ages and increases in height and weight. The flow rates of lactoferrin and lysozyme were correlated in children. In addition, regarding lifestyle factors, the duration of sleep and lactoferrin flow rate were also related.

Objective The present study was conducted to assess the changes in mucosal immunity and pulmonary function among participants in a 36-hour mixed task ultraendurance race. Methods Thirteen of the 20 race participants volunteered for the investigation (age 34±5 y). The event consisted of a mixture of aerobic, strong man, and military-style exercise. Participants had a pulmonary function test and gave a finger stick capillary blood sample and unstimulated saliva samples both before the event and upon dropout or completion. The blood sample was analyzed for hematocrit, and the saliva sample was analyzed for salivary flow rate, salivary alpha amylase, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgA type 1. Results Significant differences were noted among the finishers and those who dropped out in salivary flow rate (P = .026), salivary IgA (P = .017), and peak expiratory flow (P = .05) measurements. Salivary flow rate and IgA for the race finishers were reduced from pre- to postrace, whereas the nonfinishers showed no change or small increases. No significant differences emerged for other variables. Conclusions Based on the results of the present investigation, finishing a 36-hour mixed task ultra-endurance event results in a decline in both pulmonary function and mucosal immunity compared with competitors who do not finish.

The aim of this study was to compare the salivary cortisol (sC) and the salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses to simulated and official Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) matches. Saliva samples were collected from 9 male BJJ athletes before (pre) and after (post) 2 simulated matches (SMs) and 2 official matches (OMs) performed during 2 different competitions. Salivary cortisol and sIgA concentrations (absolute concentration of sIgA [sIgAabs] and the secretion rate of sIgA [sIgArate]) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For sC, there was an effect of condition (SM vs. OM) (p < 0.05) and a time effect (pre and post) (p < 0.05). The sC was lower during SMs as compared with that during OMs and lower at premeasurement when compared with postmeasurement. No changes were observed for sIgA measurements. In summary, both SMs and official BJJ matches can increase sC levels. Moreover, the higher sC resting levels, observed before OMs, suggest that psychological factors associated with high physical-physiological demands from official BJJ competitions maximize stress hormone responses. In addition, the present findings suggest that the acute effect of BJJ matches on mucosal immunity is minimal, and it seems unlikely that changes in cortisol play a major role in the alterations in sIgA levels in response to BJJ matches. The findings of this study suggest that the use of sC can provide valuable information for coaches regarding athletes' responses to competition. In addition, psychological strategies should be implemented before events, to improve the manner in which BJJ athletes cope with the stress inherent to official matches.

The aim of this study was to investigate the cumulative effects of intensive resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and cortisol responses in elite male weightlifters. Eleven elite male Taiwanese weightlifters were trained through 3 training stages before a national weightlifting competition, and this was followed by a 2-week recovery stage. Resting saliva samples were collected once in each of the 4 stages. Salivary concentrations of total protein (TP), SIgA, lactoferrin, and cortisol were measured. The results showed that (a) salivary TP concentrations were not significantly affected; (b) resting levels of SIgA, the ratio of SIgA to TP (SIgA/TP), cortisol, and the ratio of cortisol to TP (cortisol/TP) were significantly higher in the training stages than in the recovery stage; (c) a positive correlation was revealed between the ratios of SIgA/TP and cortisol/TP; and (d) the resting salivary lactoferrin concentrations and the ratio of lactoferrin to TP (lactoferrin/TP) were significantly lower in stage 1 than in the recovery stage. The findings in this study suggest that prolonged, intensive resistance training exerts cumulative effects on SIgA and cortisol responses in elite weightlifters.