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This conceptual article contributes to institutional analysis and the neo-institutional theory literature by identifying and analysing the linked rules, values, norms and patterned practices that surround and structure the way rural migrant workers are treated in urban areas of China in terms of Scott's integrated model of institutions. It argues that these hukou-based rules, values, norms and patterned practices that discriminate against rural migrants can be considered to be a unique institution - the institution of hukou-based social exclusion ( IHSE). IHSE has dominated Chinese urban society for 3 decades and significantly shaped the lives of millions of rural migrant workers, the character of contemporary China and the nature of managerial practices among Chinese firms. This is the first article to examine the social exclusion of rural workers from the perspective of neo-institutionalism, providing the first systematic analysis of the regulative, normative and cognitive dimensions that together socially exclude migrants in urban areas of China. It presents a holistic picture of the newly identified institution that offers new insights into China's urban society and management, and a new starting point for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Today's rapid growth of migrant populations has been a major contributor to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. However, relatively few studies have focused on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related knowledge, attitudes, and practice among rural-to-urban migrants in China. This cross-sectional study was to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and perceptions, including knowledge about reducing highrisk sex. Methods Two-phase stratified cluster sampling was applied and 2,753 rural migrants participated in this study. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was conducted in Guangdong and Sichuan provinces in 2007. Descriptive analysis was used to present the essential characteristics of the respondents. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression models were performed to examine the associations between identified demographic factors and high-risk sex, sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms, and access to HIV screening services among the seven types of workers. Results 58.6% of participants were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS transmission, but approximately 90% had a negative attitude towards the AIDS patients, and that 6.2% had engaged in highrisk sex in the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed sex, marital status, income, migration and work experience to be associated with high-risk sex. Among the 13.9% of workers who reported having STD symptoms, risk factors that were identified included female gender, high monthly income, being married, daily laborer or entertainment worker, frequent migration, and length of work experience. Only 3% of migrant workers received voluntary free HIV screening, which was positively associated with monthly income and workplace. Conclusions HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practices among rural migrants in China remain a thorny health issue, and use of healthcare services needs to be improved. Low levels of education and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among housekeepers and migrant day laborers result in this population likely being engaged in high-risk sex. Government programs should pay more attention to public education, health promotion and intervention for the control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the influence of urbanization lag on the gap of urban -- rural income. The theoretical model of it demonstrates that the increase in migrant workers wage has reached a threshold, which could contribute to narrow the gap. We find some missing error in the statistical data about the wages of rural migrant workers in China's Statistics Yearbook. The phenomenon of increase of migrant workers together with the widening of urban -- rural income gap is the result of both the statistical error and lower migrant workers wage in China. Our positive analysis proves that rural migrant workers wage has reached a threshold value, which could play a active role to narrow the urban -- rural income gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of rural aging and the increasing role of human capital in the non-agricultural employment labor market, this paper uses the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable method (IV) to try to examine the impact of rural migrant workers' education on their parents' health. Since a rural family may include more than one child, a sample of migrant workers with a high education level is used in the benchmark regression, and a sample of migrant workers with a low education level is used to test the robustness of the relationship. The results showed that the education of migrant workers had a significant positive impact on parents' health. The sample with the least education was used for the robustness, and the results did not change. The IV-probit method is used to address potential endogeneity, and the results remain stable. Heterogeneity analysis shows that there are significant differences in the impact of migrant workers' education on the health of parents from different groups. This positive effect has a greater impact on the health of parents who are older, less educated, and do not live with their children. Mediation analysis shows that children's economic ability, captured by income and work type, and their parents' health behavior, captured by sleep, alcohol consumption, and physical examinations, mediate this relationship. Thus, migrant workers' education affects their parents' health mainly through relaxing budget constraints and improving their parents' health production efficiency. In addition, this paper also found that education of migrant workers may significantly increase parental depression. Based on the above analysis, this paper argues that increasing investment in rural education is conducive to improving the health of migrant farmers' parents, thereby promoting the transfer of rural labor to non-agricultural industries and cities, curbing the rapid rise in labor costs, and promoting the healthy development of the economy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Yang and Fahad.)

Most research findings regarding anomia agree that women in the Western society have higher levels of anomia than men. The social role theory has often been employed to explain the gender differences in psychological states, arguing that women's poorer psychological wellbeing is primarily due to their segregated family roles that give little return values, and even if they participate in the sphere outside family, their public roles often involve conflict and tension with their family roles. Such a conclusion is derived from the research in Western industrialized settings. However, contemporary Chinese society is undergoing two major structural changes., gender imbalance and population migration, which may alter not only the social roles occupied by men and women but also their relative power in family. In such a social context, the current paper aims to explore whether there exist gender differences in anomia among rural migrant workers, and if there are, their determinant factors. The data for this study come from the "Rural-Urban Migrants Study in District Y, X City, Fujian" in 2009. The sample surveyed were rural-urban migrants aged 16 years and older with agricultural hukou who had migrated to X City to work. In order to improve the representativeness of the sample, a loose quota sampling method was adopted, and the final sample had 1,507 participants. Multivariate linear regression analysis of the data has produced the following findings about the rural migrant workers: First, men have higher levels of anomia than women. Second, the unmarried have a higher level of anomia than the married, with the older unmarried being worse, but there is no gender difference in the influence of marital status on anomia. Third, education, career, migration time, employment and other instrumental social roles and characteristics related to supporting family have a significant influence on anomia only among men. Fourth, resource-oriented social participation has a significant influence on anomia only among men, but emotion-oriented social participation has a significant influence on anomia only among women. Fifth, chronic diseases have a significant influence on anomia only among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, a startling 18 young migrant workers attempted suicide at Foxconn Technology Group production facilities in China. This article looks into the development of the Foxconn Corporation to understand the advent of capital expansion and its impact on frontline workers’ lives in China. It also provides an account of how the state facilitates Foxconn’s production expansion as a form of monopoly capital. Foxconn stands out as a new phenomenon of capital expansion because of the incomparable speed and scale of its capital accumulation in all regions of China. This article explores how the workers at Foxconn, the world’s largest electronics manufacturer, have been subjected to work pressure and desperation that might lead to suicides on the one hand but also open up daily and collective resistance on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ownership structure is endogenous to the formation of the economic entity in China. This paper investigates the determinants of employment choice of rural migrant workers across state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and various subtypes of non-state owned enterprises (non-SOEs). Two self-selection models are adopted to comparatively identify how the unobserved factors related to the migration decision affect employment choice. Using pooled cross-section data for 1995 and 2002, results indicate that employment choice is positively selected with respect to the unobserved characteristics. Furthermore, wage and pension benefits exhibit positive relationships with the probability of employment in either type of enterprise. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to chart the sharp rise of informal employment in urban China in the last decade. It investigates the role of labour market regulations in shaping employment relations for those engaged in this form of employment and their employment outcome. It also examines various forms of organization and representation of these workers and the extent to which these mechanisms meet their needs. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on secondary and first-hand empirical data. The secondary data come mainly from media sources and academic publications in China. The empirical data from interviews that the author has conducted with the labour authorities, trade union officials, workers, senior managers and owner CEOs of private firms in several cities. Findings – The paper concludes that the inadequacy of the function of employment agencies, the absence of a functioning social security system for workers in informal employment, and the lack of effective enforcement of employment-related regulations mean that the majority of the growing force of workers in this category will continue to be under-protected and disadvantaged. Research limitations/implications – This paper draws information from secondary data and a small number of interviews with key stakeholders in employment relations. Future research should conduct a larger study focusing on the views and experience of workers in the informal sector. Practical implications – This study reveals some skills gaps and training needs for trade union officials. It also brings to the policy makers' attention some loopholes in the labour regulations and their implementation. Social implications – The paper argues that providing decent employment conditions and work environment remains a key challenge to all concerned but is crucial to the well-being of workers and their families. Originality/value – The paper examines the efficacy of labour regulations in protecting workers in the informal sector in China by investigating the roles of different institutional actors. It adopts a relational and institutional approach to study the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the trend towards transferring labor force from rural areas to cities, it is increasingly important to enhance the training of labor skills, which relies on strengthening the migrant workers' willingness to receive training. With the aid of Logistic Model, we analyzed the data collected from a survey of the migrant workers in Jiangsu province. Our result shows that migrant workers' willingness to receive training is greatly influenced by such factors as their ages, their views on the effect of training, their experience of training, the number of their children under the age of six, and the qualification requirements. Our government should increase the intensity of training new workers from rural areas, effectively improve the quality of training, and combine training with professional certification licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the housing consumption characteristics of rural migrant workers, we estimate and explain the trend of marginal housing consumption of rural migrant workers and the impact of income uncertainty on housing consumption, analyse the reasons why there is a structural imbalance in the housing supply for migrant workers and give policy recommendations for improving the housing supply situation. We argue that rural migrant workers are more conservative in housing consumption than urban and rural residents due to income uncertainty. The effect of income increase on housing consumption is far less than that on other consumption. These characteristics have to be taken into account in the formation of housing supply plans for rural migrant workers. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the government and the public have given more attention to formulating a social welfare policy for rural migrant workers in China's cities. However, in protecting their well-being an inclusive policy and institutional reform will be needed. This paper explores the needs of rural migrant workers living in the cities and the basic principles upon which an institutional framework could be developed for incorporating them into the urban social welfare system. It argues that political commitments made by the government, both in welfare provisions and in making appropriate institutional reform in the current dualistic welfare system separating the rural and the urban, must be in place before their welfare needs are met and welfare benefits are accessed. 近年来， 中国政府和公众对城市中的农民工的社会福利政策给予了更高的关注。 然而， 要提高农民工的福利水平还需要有更具包容性和制度化的改革。 本文探索农民工在城市中的生活状况， 以及将农民工纳入城市社会福利体系的制度构架、基本原则和社会经济环境。 作者认为， 要从根本上解决农民工的社会福利问题， 应该将他们纳入到城市社会福利体系之中。 为达到此目标， 在政府对农民工的社会福利做出了政治承诺的基础上， 关键是要针对农民工当前和将来在对社会福利的基本需要， 以及他们在城市中就业和生活的特点而设计合理的制度安排。 同样重要的是应该采取相应的社会行动而改善其社会环境， 以便使农民工能够真正融入城市社会。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural migrant worker population in China is attracting more and more attention because of its magnitude and potential economic and social impact on Chinese society. While literature abounds in describing the demographic trends and economic impacts of rural to urban migration, very few articles have been written about the psychosocial impacts of migration on the lives of rural migrant workers in urban China. Drawing on the concept of marginalisation, this article describes the nature and characteristics of marginalised living experienced by migrant workers. More importantly, it examines the underlying policy issues contributing to such marginalised living. It is argued that the Hukou system (household registration system), the process of decentralisation and the obscure role of trade unions have contributed to the experience of marginalisation of rural migrant workers in urban cities in China. Implications for policy changes are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the quality of life of pneumoconiosis patients between from rural migrant workers and from a state-owned enterprises in Zhaotong City Yunnan Province, and to explore the factors influencing quality of life of pneumoconiosis patients. Methods: In August 2017, 83 patients from rural migrant workers in Zhaotong City Yunnan Province and 126 pneumoconiosis patients from a state-owned coal mining enterprises were selected as target population. World Health Organization on Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) and self-designed questionnaires were used to collect information from two groups. The demographic information, health status and quality of life of two groups were compared. The factors influencing quality of life were analyzed by multi-liner regression analyses. Results: Average annual household income of rural migrant workers group was lower than that of state-owned enterprises group, and the average annual household expenditure for health of rural migrant workers group was higher than that of state-owned enterprises group ( P <0.01) . Overall score of WHOQOL-BREF and scores for four domains including physiology, psychology, social relationship and environment of rural migrant workers group were lower than the scores of patients from state-owned enterprises group ( P <0.01) . The result of multi-liner regression analysis showed that average annual household income ( b =0.00015, 95% CI : 0.00010-0.00020) , being rural migrant workers ( b =-5.904, 95% CI : -8.436--3.372) , better action ability ( b =2.595, 95% CI : 0.706-4.483) and have complication ( b =-2.542, 95% CI : -4.698--0.387) were factors influencing overall score of WHOQOL-BREF of pneumoconiosis patients ( P <0.05) . Conclusion: The quality of life of pneumoconiosis patients from rural migrant workers is lower than that from state-owned enterprises. And the average annual household income, action ability and having complication or not are factors influencing the quality of life of pneumoconiosis patients.

Objective: To explore the prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders (OMD) and its influencing factors among rural migrant workers in Tianjin, with the aim of developing strategies to improve the health condition of this specific population. Methods: Questionnaire survey was conducted among 415 rural migrant workers working in Tianjin about their fundamental state and occupational musculoskeletal disorders (OMD) during January 2015 to January 2016. Statistical methods were utilized to analyze the influencing factor. Results: A total of 415 rural migrant workers were investigated, in which young Young adults and low education level were in the majority of rural migrant workers. The prevalence of OMD for whole population, male and female were 28.92% (120/415), 33.06% (81/245) and 22.94% (39/170), respectively. Prevalence showed significant differences njin and workplace hygiene. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risks of OMD increased with age group, and decreased with higher education level. The risk of OMD among rural migrant workers with monthly income between 3000 to 5000 yuan was 2.26 times (95% CI : 1.37-3.75) higher than that of low-income workers (<3000 yuan per month). Workers engaged in housekeeping service had 2.28 times higher risk of OMD than those in manufacturing industry (95% CI : 1.06-4.89) . Conclusion: Prevalence of OMD among rural migrant workers is higher than that of general people. Age, education, monthly income, occupation are the independent influencing factors for OMD among rural migrant workers.

The paper explores the interrelationships among capitalist industrialization, domestic migration, and the inequality of citizen rights. The concept of differential citizenship (gongmin shenfen chaxu) is defined and used to explain the discriminatory treatment of rural migrant workers, especially in the sphere of social welfare. Situated within the Chinese style of capitalist development, migrant laborers suffered a double exploitation in terms of economic class relation and citizen status. The migrant working class was created by a dual process of restructuring the division of labor in world production and massive population movement in the post-Mao epoch. The disadvantaged status of migrant workers originated in the rural-urban divide and the household registration (hukou) system during Mao's time. Rural-urban dualism, retooled during post-Mao's "open reform," was utilized by migrant-receiving cities to exclude the "population from outside" from enjoying urban public goods. In recent years, as social and economic inequalities became aggravated, the central government adopted new policies and demanded that local governments improve migrants' working and living conditions, but as a consequence, a new form of urban protectionism arose in response to central reform policies, and it has further institutionalized the exploitative mechanism. This paper unravels the subtle configuration of urban protectionism by focusing on the institutionalized exclusionary devices employed on migrants. Particularly, local governments of the major East-coast cities ostensibly incorporated migrants into the urban citizenship regime, but in effect relocated them into a position of inferior citizenship; a strategy of "incorporate-to-discriminate" thus emerged. The "problem of migrant workers" leads us to the issue of transitioning to a market economy in a post-socialist nation. The author adopts a comparative-historical perspective on modern citizenship development and points out that how the differential citizenship regime has helped forge the Chinese migrant working class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rampant urbanization and medical marketization in China have resulted in increased vulnerabilities to health and socioeconomic disparities among the rural migrant workers in urban China. In the Chinese context, the socioeconomic characteristics of rural migrant workers have attracted considerable research attention in the recent past years. However, to date, no previous studies have explored the association between the socioeconomic factors and social security among the rural migrant workers in urban China. This study aims to explore the association between socioeconomic inequity and social security inequity and the subsequent associations with medical inequity and reimbursement rejection., Methods: Data from a regionally representative sample of 2009 Survey of Migrant Workers in Pearl River Delta in China were used for analyses. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the impacts of socioeconomic factors on the eight dimensions of social security (sick pay, paid leave, maternity pay, medical insurance, pension insurance, occupational injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance) and the impacts of social security on medical reimbursement rejection. The zero-inflated negative binomial regression model (ZINB regression) was adopted to explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and hospital visits among the rural migrant workers with social security., Results: The study population consisted of 848 rural migrant workers with high income who were young and middle-aged, low-educated, and covered by social security. Reimbursement rejection and abusive supervision for the rural migrant workers were observed. Logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant associations between socioeconomic factors and social security. ZINB regression showed that there were significant associations between socioeconomic factors and hospital visits among the rural migrant workers. Also, several dimensions of social security had significant associations with reimbursement rejections., Conclusions: This study showed that social security inequity, medical inequity, and reimbursement inequity happened to the rural migrant workers simultaneously. Future policy should strengthen health justice and enterprises' medical responsibilities to the employed rural migrant workers.