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Since the characteristics of plug seedlings affect the effectiveness of automatic transplanting, this study aimed to explore the effect of the addition of biochar into substrates on the growth of plug seedlings before and after transplanting. The physicochemical properties of substrates with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% biochar addition all met the requirements of seedling cultivation. The growth trend, root systems, and mechanical properties of seedlings before transplanting and the leaf gas exchange parameters of seedlings after transplanting were measured in this study. The results indicated that the seedlings cultivated with 10% biochar added to the substrate achieved the best growth trend and physiological indices, and the root systems under this treatment were also stronger than those of other treatments, while the seedlings cultivated with 25% biochar treatment were the worst, with less than 22.23% of the growth seen in the 10% biochar treatment, and even less than 1.5% of the growth of the seedlings cultivated without biochar treatment. Since the strong root systems could enhance the mechanical properties of seedling pots, the seedling pots cultivated with 10% biochar added into the substrate possessed the best compression resistance properties, with the maximum value of 49.52 N, and could maintain maximum completeness after free-fall impacting, wherein the loss of root and substrate was only 8.22%. The analysis results of seedlings cultivated after impacting proposed that the seedlings with better growth trends and root systems before transplanting could obtain better leaf gas exchange parameters during the flower stage after transplanting, so the seedlings cultivated with 5%~10% biochar added into the substrate grew better after impacting and then transplanting. It was noticed that the seedlings cultivated with appropriate biochar added into the substrate were able to achieve the optimal growth parameters and mechanical properties before and after transplanting, which were better able to meet the requirements of automatic transplanting. Thus, this study can promote the development of automatic transplanting technology to some extent.

To increase biodiversity in tomato cultivation, two herbal aromatic plants, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), were introduced as companion plants. Their role was to improve crop plant growth and stress resistance. Moreover, the effect of the soil application of Trichoderma microbial preparations on tomato growth parameters and yield, in combination with companion plants, was studied. Ligno-cellulose multi-layer microcapsules with Trichoderma atroviride TRS14 spores (MIC14) and the commercial preparation Trianum G (TG) were used as microbial preparations. This experiment was carried out in a certified organic field. Tomato plants were intercropped with thyme or basil in the arrangement of two tomato rows alternating with one herbal row. In all intercropping arrangements and in the control (tomato plants grown without herbs), subplots were sectioned. The soil in the subplots was amended with the MIC14 and TG preparations used at a concentration of 104 spores g−1 of the soil and planted with tomato transplants. No control measures were applied during tomato growing, and the plants were naturally infected with late blight. Tomato plant growth parameters and yield were assessed, and late blight severity was monitored. The degree of soil colonization by Trichoderma fungi and the effect of these applications on soil microbial activity and biodiversity (dehydrogenases activity, EcoPlates AWCD, and Shannon index) were evaluated. The results clearly showed a significant influence of thyme and basil on tomato growth and yield in organic production. The cultivation of thyme adjacent to tomatoes had a beneficial effect on the development of the root system and the number of flowers and fruits on the crop plants. Basil, on the other hand, clearly decreased tomato yield and adversely affected the effect of Trichoderma applications by reducing root system development. Moreover, basil as a companion plant increased late blight symptoms. Both Trichoderma strains colonized soil, but they had no significant effect on the microbial activity or metabolic potential measured on the EcoPlates with the use of the BIOLOG system. However, a decrease in dehydrogenases activity was noted. In organic cultivation, the Trichoderma preparations used had no significant effect on tomato yield, opposite to its increase in integrated tomato production.

The basis of orchard production is rootstocks that reduce the vigor of sweet cherry trees. However, not all rootstocks for this species can be easily propagated using traditional methods of stooling or cutting. Some of these must be propagated using the in vitro method. This is expensive and, consequently, increases the price of maiden sweet cherry trees. Our experiment assessed the growth of maiden trees of selected sweet cherry varieties (‘Bellise’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Vanda’) depending on the method of propagation of a semi-dwarf GiSelA 5 rootstock. Additionally, the intensity of physiological processes taking place in the obtained maiden trees was also examined. The experiment compared one type of GiSelA 5 rootstock, obtained using a cheaper softwood cuttings method, with another rootstock propagated using an in vitro method. During the two years of study, there were no significant differences in the percentage of maiden trees obtained in the case of the propagation methods for both types of rootstocks, ranging from 77.43% to 87.74%. The vigor of maiden tree growth in the first year of this study was stronger than in the second year. In particular, the stem diameter of maiden trees varied from 7% to 39%, depending on the variety considered. With the exception of one variety, maiden trees produced from a rootstock propagated by stem cuttings were characterized by a larger stem diameter for the three varieties, ranging from 23% to 29%, and by a greater number of side shoots, ranging from 73% to 172%, compared to those from in vitro. Additionally, when using the stem cutting method of propagation, the rootstocks had a better developed root system, except for the ‘Earlise’ variety. However, most often, no significant differences were found between the methods of propagation regarding the fresh weight of the maiden trees and leaves and their leaf blade area. The activity of physiological processes of maiden sweet cherry trees varied, and no constant regularities were found. In the second year of the experiment, maiden trees were more often characterized by lower levels of net photosynthetic intensity and internal CO2 concentration, which was associated with worse growth results. Based on the collected results, it is recommended to propagate the considered rootstock using stem cuttings, which yields maiden trees with similar and sometimes even better growth parameters than those propagated using the in vitro method.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a widely cultivated crop known for its high oil yield. It is cultivated extensively across tropical regions, notably in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It plays a vital role in global vegetable oil supply, meeting approximately 35% of the world's demand. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations often involves the utilization of degraded soils where nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen, is limited, posing challenges to plant growth and productivity. Roots are crucial in responding to nitrogen deficiency by adjusting their growth and distribution; however, research on root system distribution patterns in oil palm still needs to be completed. This study analyzes the root system architecture using RhizoVision Explorer, a 2D root image processing software while assessing its relationship with nitrogen availability across two commercial cultivars: Deli × La Mé of African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the interspecific hybrid O×G Coari × La Mé. Our findings reveal significant associations between eight root traits in oil palm seedlings and treatments with and without nitrogen availability. Notably, total root morphology (length, surface area, and volume), rotation angle, solidity, and hole characteristics decreased under nitrogen deprivation, whereas surface angle frequency increased. We highlight the variability of these traits across cultivars, suggesting genetic dependence and potential utility in breeding programs. Moreover, interactions observed in primary root morphology and hole size indicate greater differences between control and nitrogen-treated groups in C × LM than in D × LM cultivars. On the other hand, cultivar differences, regardless of nitrogen availability, influenced lateral root morphology, while nitrogen availability, irrespective of cultivar, affected inclined angle frequency. Significant differences were observed in growth and development parameters such as root and shoot biomass, root-to-shoot ratio, and leaf emission numbers between nitrogen-optimal and nitrogen-starved conditions. Nitrogen significantly affects root architecture and plant growth in oil palm, particularly in the C × LM cultivar during the nursery stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among the bio-tools that contribute to making the strawberry production system more sustainable are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can be used as biofertilizers. Thus, five doses of phosphorus (P) applied to plants with AMF and a control (100% P, no AMF) were analyzed in order to differentiate the horticultural potential of the 'Camarosa' cultivar. We used an on-farm inoculant made up of six fungal species. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the addition of AMF to the growing substrate made it possible to reduce the P supply in the nutrient solution by 75% without compromising the fruit yield. In addition, this combination improved the phytochemical quality of strawberries, the plant's root system morphology, and the accumulation of nutrients in plant organs (roots, crowns, aerial part and fruits). We conclude that the use of a multi-species on-farm inoculant based on AMF associated with a reduction in the P supply in the nutrient solution modifies the horticultural potential of the 'Camarosa' cultivar. We confirmed the action of a native AMF community as a biofertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation promotes soil C sequestration is largely unknown. Here, meta-analysis and logistic regression were applied to study the ecological effects of AMF inoculation on soil organic C (SOC) turnover and plant growth under different inoculation manipulations, plant traits, and soil conditions. Results showed that AMF inoculation generally increased SOC stock and plant biomass accumulation. Soil sterilization, unsterilized inoculum wash (a filtrate of mycorrhizal inoculum excluding AMF) addition in non-mycorrhizal treatments, experimental type, and inoculated AMF species influenced soil microbial biomass C (MBC) but had no impact on SOC turnover. Plant root system, initial SOC content, and soil pH were the key factors that influenced the AMF-mediated SOC turnover. AMF inoculation in fertile or acidic soils might deplete SOC. The symbiosis between tap-rooted plants and AMF was more likely to sequestrate C into the soil compared to fibrous-rooted plants. Moreover, plant total dry biomass largely relied on its own photosynthetic pathway although AMF was introduced. Collectively, our results suggest that AMF inoculation is a promising approach for soil C sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we deduce several multiple expansion formulas over root systems. These formulas give some multiple extensions of an expansion formula of Liu. From these formulas, we establish multiple expansion formulas for infinite products, a C n extension of Rogers’ non-terminating 6 ϕ 5 summation formula and multiple expansion formulas for (q) ∞ m. As applications, we deduce several C n and D n extensions of finite/semi-finite forms of the quintuple product identity, a multiple extension of an expansion formula of Liu and a C n extension of Liu’s extension of Rogers’ 6 ϕ 5 summation formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The stability of 40 trees (8 per tree species) of white and black pine, spruce, winter oak and beech, in plantations located in the forest park of the Institute of Forest Research Institute -- BAS, was investigated. A static pulling test (Pulling test) was conducted in order to determine the resistance of the trees against the force of the wind and the snow load. The trees are thin with a diameter of up to 25 cm and a height of up to 20 m. The root systems of the trees are of the three types (with a central root, with a flat root and with a spatial root system) with a distance between them of 1 to 5 m. The trees were pulled with a force of up to 300 kg at a slope of up to 0.25. From the drawing force -- deformation diagram, it can be concluded that the trees are resistant to external atmospheric influences and the stability factor is significantly below 1.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of trees is an important issue in an urban environment. They provide many benefits including: shading, wind protection, decoration, relaxation, improved air quality and reduced temperatures. Unfortunately, urban trees sometimes pose real risks to people. They can result in significant damage to public and private property, as well as personal injury or, in extreme cases, death. Accurate assessment of tree stability and safety is therefore critical to preventing these highly undesirable outcomes. The stability of a group of two trees, genus Platanus, growing in the Arboretum of the Forest Research Institute -- BAS was studied using the static research method -- Pulling test. The root system of this type of tree is widespread, similar to linden and sycamore. The draw point is about the 10th meter from the height of the trees. With the mechanical power of a winch -- tirfor maximum about 10 kN and a tree slope of 0,25°. The tensile force-deformation diagram was constructed using the software. A stability factor (SF) of over 1.5 has been determined. This allows us to conclude that the two trees are absolutely stable under the prevailing wind direction and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let W be a finite reflection group associated with a root system R in ℝ d . Let C + denote a positive Weyl chamber distinguished by a choice of R + , a set of positive roots. We define and investigate Hardy and BMO spaces on C + in the framework of boundary conditions given by a homomorphism η ∈ Hom ⁡ (W , ℤ ^ 2) which attaches the ± signs to the facets of C + . Specialized to orthogonal root systems, atomic decompositions in H η 1 and h η 1 are obtained and the duality problem is also treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth balance is very important for plants, which is the coordination of resource acquisition between the aboveground and belowground parts. Extensive research has focused on the aboveground portion, and less attention has been given to the root system. Furthermore, the specific regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining the growth balance between aboveground and belowground in crops are still unclear. We examined the root/shoot ratio and leaf area/root length ratio in 19 pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and 19 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) accessions, and the effects of root traits on the growth balance were explored. The results indicated that growth balance could affect the biomass accumulation of cotton, and the root system was the core part of controlling growth balance. The difference was that the specific root length played a major role in pima cotton, while the root mass fraction was more important in upland cotton. Despite these differences, both types of cotton achieved similar resource acquisition capability through the synergistic effect of mass fraction and morphological characteristics of leaves and roots. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the root system dominates the growth balance in pima and upland cotton. Selecting accessions with similar phenotypes may represent a promising new direction for increasing the success probability of interspecific hybridization and introgression breeding. These findings expand our understanding of the resource acquisition and utilization of crops and provide a valuable perspective for ecological research and crop breeding.

One of the ways to grow high-quality grafted grape seedlings is to use modern, environmentally friendly biologically active preparations. Today, such preparations include live chlorella suspension. Its use in grape nursery is a new and relevant technological method of growing planting material. The aim of the study was to show the effect of live chlorella suspension on the realization of the biological potential of grapevines, with the subsequent production of high-quality grafted grape seedlings. Field (recording of plant growth and development), laboratory (determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters of plants) and statistical (confirmation of the reliability of the results) research methods were used. The obtained results showed that for soaking rootstock and scion components it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, dilution 1:5, soaking should be carried out for 72 hours – rootstock components, 18 hours – scion components; for irrigation of grape garden plot it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. + Ge, dilution 1:5, it was carried out immediately after planting scions and three times during the growing season – in June, July, and August. The use of these strains of live chlorella suspension allowed obtaining a higher yield of standard seedlings from the garden plot, the plants had a well-developed root system and annual growth. Compared to the control, which was water, the total number of roots increased. Plants in these variants were also characterized by increased growth of the aboveground part. Indicators of total and mature growth, which characterize the overall development of grafted grape seedlings, were in the range of 687.1-773.2 cm3 (total growth volume), 337.9-386.6 cm3 (mature growth volume), while 730.1 and 362.6 cm3 , respectively, in the control. The records of the output of standard seedlings from the garden plot also showed the advantage of using a suspension of live chlorella (an increase of 19.0-21.0%) compared to water. The above technological methods allow obtaining high-quality grape seedling products and can be a promising alternative for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural methods

Myrothamnus flabellifolia is the only woody resurrection plant discovered so far and could recover from extreme desiccation condition. However, few genes related to its strong drought tolerance have been characterized, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remains mysterious. Members of WRKY transcription factor family are effective in regulating abiotic stress responses or tolerance in various plants. An early dehydration-induced gene encoding a WRKY transcription factor namely MfWRKY41 was isolated from M. flabellifolia, which is homologous to AtWRKY41 of Arabidopsis. It contains a typical WRKY domain and zinc finger motif, and is located in the nucleus. Comparing to wild type, the four transgenic lines overexpressing MfWRKY41 showed better growth performance under drought and salt treatments, and exhibited higher chlorophyll content, lower water loss rate and stomatal aperture and better osmotic adjustment capacity. These results indicated that MfWRKY41 of M. flabellifolia positively regulates drought as well as salinity responses. Interestingly, the root system architecture, including lateral root number and primary root length, of the transgenic lines was enhanced by MfWRKY41 under both normal and stressful conditions, and the antioxidation ability was also significantly improved. Therefore, MfWRKY41 may have potential application values in genetic improvement of plant tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. The molecular mechanism involving in the regulatory roles of MfWRKY41 is worthy being explored in the future.

Background and aimsStomatal closure allows plants to promptly respond to water shortage. Although the coordination between stomatal regulation, leaf and xylem hydraulics has been extensively investigated, the impact of below-ground hydraulics on stomatal regulation remains unknown.MethodsWe used a novel root pressure chamber to measure, during soil drying, the relation between transpiration rate (E) and leaf xylem water pressure (ψleaf-x) in tomato shoots grafted onto two contrasting rootstocks, a long and a short one. In parallel, we also measured the E(ψleaf-x) relation without pressurization. A soil-plant hydraulic model was used to reproduce the measurements. We hypothesize that (1) stomata close when the E(ψleaf-x) relation becomes non-linear and (2) non-linearity occurs at higher soil water contents and lower transpiration rates in short-rooted plants.Key resultsThe E(ψleaf-x) relation was linear in wet conditions and became non-linear as the soil dried. Changing below-ground traits (i.e. root system) significantly affected the E(ψleaf-x) relation during soil drying. Plants with shorter root systems required larger gradients in soil water pressure to sustain the same transpiration rate and exhibited an earlier non-linearity and stomatal closure.ConclusionsWe conclude that, during soil drying, stomatal regulation is controlled by below-ground hydraulics in a predictable way. The model suggests that the loss of hydraulic conductivity occurred in soil. These results prove that stomatal regulation is intimately tied to root and soil hydraulic conductances.

Various factors can exert detrimental effects on crop growth and development, among which the influence of the machinery's running gear within the machine-tractor unit stands out, particularly within the soil vicinity encompassing the plant's root system. As a result, the area of soil compaction arising from tractor wheel pressure increasingly covers the plant's protective zone. This poses challenges for both root system growth and development, as well as the optimal uptake of soil nutrients, often leads to plant damage or even trampling. Presently, there is no universally accepted metric for assessing the compatibility between tractor track width and the specific inter-row spacing under cultivation. (Research purpose) Development of an indicator to assess the compatibility of the tractor track width with the cultivated inter-row spacing. (Materials and methods) The analysis demonstrates that the level of compatibility of the tractor track to the crop inter-row spacing is determined based on the dimensions of the crop spacing, the tractor track width, the protective zone outlined by agrotechnical standards, the deviation of the wheel trajectory from the axis of row symmetry, and tire size. (Results and discussion) An analytical correlation has been derived to determine the level of compatibility between tractor track width and crop inter-row spacing, using the context of cotton cultivation as an illustrative example. It has been revealed that among the serial tractors utilized within cotton farms across the region, full-fledged operational performance is exclusively achieved when row spacings measure 60 and 90 centimeters. In contrast, the utilization of this machinery on row spacings of 70 and 76 centimeters leads to detrimental outcomes such as row trampling and plant damage. (Conclusions) The viability of the developed indicator has been determined and validated. The improvement of the tractor propulsion system should be aimed at devising a technical solution that facilitates seamless adjustment of track width over a broad spectrum, thus allowing for adaptability to diverse row spacing requirements.

Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) is an emerging technology that converts plant waste into electrical energy through rhizodeposition, offering a renewable and sustainable source of energy. Deviating from the traditional PMFC configurations, additive manufacturing was utilized to create intricate and efficient designs using polymer-carbon composites. Concerning the agricultural sector, the effect of 3D-printed PMFCs on the growth and biomass distribution of Phaseolus lunatus and Ipomoea aquatica was determined. The experiment showed that electrostimulation promoted the average daily leaf number and plant height of both polarized plants, which were statistically proven to be greater than the control (α = 0.05), by energizing the flow of ions in the soil, boosting nutrient uptake and metabolism. It also stimulated the growth of roots, increasing the root dry mass of polarized plants by 155.44% and 66.30% for I. aquatica and P. Lunatus against their non-polarized counterpart. Due to the biofilm formation on the anode surface, the number of root nodules of the polarized P. lunatus was 51.30% higher than the control, while the protein content in the PMFC setup was 42.22% and 8.26% higher than the control for I. aquatica and P. lunatus, respectively. The voltage readings resemble the plants' average growth rate, and the polarization studies showed that the optimum external resistances in the I. aquatica- and P. lunatus-powered PMFC were 4.7 kΩ and 10 kΩ, respectively. Due to other prevailing pathways of organic carbon consumption, such as methanogenesis, the effect of polarization on the organic carbon content in soil is currently inconclusive and requires further study.

Koyama spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai) is one of the main tree species in Primorsky Krai. Due to its rapid growth, light loving characteristics and good renewal on wood cutting and burned areas in combination with high technical qualities and decorative properties that distinguish it from other Far Eastern spruces, as well as positive experience of plants in various regions of Russia, this tree species is one of the promising coniferous species of the Russian Far East for forest restoration. Koyama spruce is valuable for landscaping cities and towns. However, its introduction is constrained by a number of factors, including a lack of quantity and a high cost of seed material. Use of growth stimulants accelerates production of high-quality planting material of spruce. The purpose of the research was to study the prolonged effect of pre-planting treatment of the root system of three-year-old saplings of Koyama spruce with growth stimulants Krezatsin (triethanolammonium salt of orthocresoxyacetic acid 475 g/l), Tsirkon (hydroxycinnamon acids) and Epin-Extra (epibrassinolide solution in alcohol 0.025 g/l) on morphometric parameters of one- and four-year-old seedlings. Three-year-old seedlings of Koyama spruce grown in the seedling section of the nursery were transplanted to nursery-garden on the area of 0.2 hectares. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 0.61 m. Before transplanting, their root system was placed for 0.5 hours in solutions of growth stimulants Krezatsin, Tsirkon and Epin-Extra (solution concentrations of 1 ml / 5 l and 1 ml / 10 l of water). Control saplings were not treated. At the end of the growing season at the end of the 1st and 4th years of growth, the saplings were measured in terms of stem height, height increase, and diameter of root collar. It was revealed that Krezatsin and Epin-Extra growth stimulants had a significant effect on both the growth of one- and four-year-old seedlings So, in the first year of growth, the height of seedlings exceeded the control by 6.316.2 %, the increase in height - by 27.555.5 %, the diameter of root collar - by 4080 %; in the fourth year, the excess of seedlings to control was 29.945.4, respectively; 7.651.5 and 33.355.6 %. It was found that the concentration of solutions of 1 ml / 10 l was more effective.

The application of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) for seed coating of agricultural crops is an innovative and promising method to effectively reduce plant stress during dry periods and thereby contribute to sustainable agriculture. However, due to the lack of experiments using SAP in field conditions in Central Europe, we focused on determining the effect of synthetic SAP, which was used for coating maize seeds, on the germination and emergence of these plants as well as on determining its impact on the genetic diversity of microbial communities in the maize rhizosphere for two consecutive years. The results showed that the growth parameters of coleoptiles and root systems of germinating maize plants at the very early development stage were biased in favour of SAP-coated seeds, and some values were statistically higher in the second year of evaluation. Similar observations were recorded in the assessment of maize emergence parameters. Also, these values were better when using SAP-coated seeds compared to the untreated controls. Plant height, dry weight, leaf tip number, and the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD ) value were statistically higher in the second year of evaluation. The rhizosphere bacterial and fungal genetic diversity results did not confirm statistically significant differences between the SAP-coated and control maize seeds. They concern both alpha diversity indices and the results from multivariate statistical methods. Principal coordinate analysis results with cluster analysis show that the main factor influencing the microbial diversity in the maize rhizosphere was the collection date, especially the year of sampling than t he use of SAP-coated seeds.

This study aimed to investigate whether and how nighttime warming (NW) influences the copper (Cu) bioaccumulation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Cu pollution. We examined plant growth, Cu concentration, and antioxidant enzymes of wheat after 6 months of Cu exposure (0, 100, 400, and 800 mg/kg) under NW. The results indicated that, NW of 1.54°C significantly promoted Cu translocation from root to shoot through an increasing root system under increased Cu treatments (p < 0.05). The Cu contents of grains were significantly increased by NW under 800 mg/kg Cu treatment (p < 0.05). NW decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under increased Cu treatments (p < 0.05). There were significantly negative correlations between biomass and Cu concentrations of the same part under NW (p < 0.05). The root biomass significantly increased by 51% in NW compared with nonnighttime warming (CK) (p < 0.05). These results provided evidence that wheat might respond to NW by altering their roots so that they were larger, thinner, and longer, suggesting that soil Cu translocation from root to shoot would be accelerated resulting from the expanded roots under elevated temperatures, and thus forewarned the food safety risks of climate change in agricultural ecosystem.

Late spring cold is a disastrous weather condition that often affects early rice seedlings in southern China, limiting the promotion of direct seeding cultivation. However, there are few reports on the effect of these events and on the growth recovery mechanism of rice root systems after rice seedlings are exposed to this stress. This study selected the strong-growth-recovery variety B116 (R310/R974, F17) and the slow-recovery variety B811 (Zhonghui 286) for direct seeding cultivation and exposed them to low temperature and low-light stress to simulate a late spring cold event in an artificial climate chamber. The treatment consisted of 4 days of exposure to a day/night temperature of 14/10 °C and a light intensity of 266 µmol m−2s−1 while the control group was kept at a day/night temperature of 27/25 °C and light intensity of 533 µmol m−2s−1. The results showed that 6 days after stress, the total length, surface area, and volume of B116 roots increased by 335.5%, 290.1%, and 298.5%, respectively, while those of B811 increased by 228.8%, 262.0%, and 289.1%, respectively. In B116, the increase in root fresh weight was 223.1%, and that in B811 was 165.6%, demonstrating rapid root recovery after stress and significant differences among genotypes. The content of H2O2 and MDA in the B116 roots decreased faster than that in the B811 roots after normal light intensity and temperature conditions were restored, and the activity of ROS metabolism enzymes was stronger in B116 roots than in B811 roots. The correlation analysis between the transcriptome and metabolome showed that endogenous signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism were the main metabolic pathways affecting the rapid growth of rice seedling roots after exposure to combined stress from low temperature and low light intensities. The levels of auxin and sucrose in the roots of the strong-recovery variety B116 were higher, and this variety's metabolism was downregulated significantly faster than that of B811. The auxin response factor and sucrose synthesis-related genes SPS1 and SUS4 were significantly upregulated. This study contributes to an understanding of the rapid growth recovery mechanism in rice after exposure to combined stress from low-temperature and low-light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to assess the effectiveness of the treatment process in the mine water treatment plant in Mariánské Radčice that pumps mine water from the MR1 pit and to evaluate whether this biotechnological unit is satisfactory in its treatment process with regard to the set limits for the discharge of treated mine water into watercourses, or whether this water can be discharged into Lake Most in the future, which is intended for recreation, and also with regard to the ecosystem that exists there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Bread wheat, one of the keystone crops for global food security, is challenged by climate change and resource shortage. The root system plays a vital role in water and nutrient absorption, making it essential for meeting the growing global demand. Here, using an association‐mapping population composed of 406 accessions, we identified QTrl.Rs‐5B modulating seminal root development with a genome‐wide association study and validated its genetic effects with two F5 segregation populations. Transcriptome‐wide association study prioritized TaFMO1‐5B, a gene encoding the flavin‐containing monooxygenases, as the causal gene for QTrl.Rs‐5B, whose expression levels correlate negatively with the phenotyping variations among our population. The lines silenced for TaFMO1‐5B consistently showed significantly larger seminal roots in different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, the agriculture traits measured in multiple environments showed that QTrl.Rs‐5B also affects yield component traits and plant architecture‐related traits, and its favorable haplotype modulates these traits toward that of modern cultivars, suggesting the application potential of QTrl.Rs‐5B for wheat breeding. Consistently, the frequency of the favorable haplotype of QTrl.Rs‐5B increased with habitat expansion and breeding improvement of bread wheat. In conclusion, our findings identified and demonstrated the effects of QTrl.Rs‐5B on seminal root development and illustrated that it is a valuable genetic locus for wheat root improvement. Significance Statement: Accelerating bread wheat functional genomic studies with the rapidly increasing amounts of genomic and multi‐omics data is challenging. Here, we identified the QTrl.Rs‐5B and its causal gene TaFMO1‐5B modulating seminal root development by integrating genome‐wide association study, linkage analysis, and population transcriptomes. Its favorable haplotype also improves the yield component and plant architecture‐related traits in the field and was increased in terms of frequency during modern wheat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of Nilpotent Lie algebras is an open and difficult problem. The aim of the present work is to give some classes of Nilpotent Lie algebras using Kac-Moody Lie al gebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The studies were carried out to search for bacterial strains with growth-stimulating activity. Eighty strains were evaluated during the experiments. The Batko winter wheat variety was used as a test plant. The work was carried out in a greenhouse. Bacterial cultures were grown on potato-glucose agar at +28°C. The bacterial mass was washed off from Petri dishes, diluted with water up to 50 mL (titer of suspensions was 107–109 CFU/mL). The seeds were kept in an aqueous suspension for 2 hours at +24–28°C. Fitosporin-M, W (Bacillus subtilis 26D) and Extrasol, W (B. subtilis Ch-13) were used as a biological standard; the control was treated with distilled water. Thirty seeds were sown in cups with sand with a volume of 0.45 L. The experiment was performed in three replicates. Counting was performed on the 14th day of incubation. The use of strains B. subtilis BZR 862, B. subtilis BZR 523-1, B. subtilis BZR 336s, Pseudomonas fulva BZR 523-2, BZR 47, BZR 845, BZR 921, BZR 747, BZR 538, BZR 462 provided an increase in shoot length, relative to the control, by 10.8–29.7%, shoot weight increased by 13.7–34.9%, root length increased by 16.8–18.2%, root weight increased by 41.9%, compared with standards, which increased by 42.0, 78.3, 33.4, and 34.2%, respectively. In experiments on growth stimulation of the dynamics, over 10 days of vegetation, strains that exhibited maximum activity, B. subtilis BZR 517, Myroides odoratimimus BZR 474, B. pumilus BZR 673, BZR 519, had the greatest positive effect on plant growth. Compared to the control, there was an increase in the length of the shoot by 13.7–21.0%, the length of the root increased by 16.4–40.9%, the mass of the shoot increased by 43.5–98.0%, and the mass of the root increased by 25.3–54.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical properties are the essential parameters to assess the contribution rates of roots in the soil strength, the slope stability, and the prevention of soil erosion. Therefore, an accurate and rapid measurement is required to determine the role of vegetation roots in the soil cohesion, and the slope stability. However, the commonly-used uniaxial tension tests cannot fully meet the large-scale measurement at present, due to the labor-consuming and time-costing. It is very necessary for the high precision on the biomechanical properties of roots. In this study, the distribution parameters were assessed on the biomechanical properties of roots using Bayesian analysis. The research object was selected as Elymus nutans from the landfill dumps in the Jiangcang coal mining, Tianjun County, Qinghai Province, China. The reason was the excellent adaptability and performance of the plant in the long cold climate condition of soil and water preservation. Subsequently, the uniaxial tension test was carried out to measure the biomechanical properties (such as the root diameter, tensile resistance, tensile strength, and tensile strain at crack and Young’s modulus). 28 datasets of roots were randomly collected with the mean values and variance as the prior information. The control group was treated as the sampling information for this herb. The prior mean of properties and sampling information were followed the Normal distribution, while the variance was the Inverse Gamma distribution. The posterior distribution (named Normal-Inverse Gamma distribution) was then established to calculate the hyper- and distributional parameters using the maximum likelihood method or moment estimation. The results show that the more comprehensive information was achieved in the Bayesian estimation, considering both prior and sampling information. Among the prior information, there was the small variable coefficient of the mean values in the biomechanical properties, except for tensile strain at crack. The geometric shape of posterior information was similar to that of the sampling one after the Kolmogorov-Smirov test. The size of sampling and the discreteness of prior information were determined as the mean value of the posterior that weighted by the mean between the prior and sampling information. The sizes of sampling and prior information were 28 and 63, respectively, indicating the relatively high sampling information. Therefore, the mean values of posterior information were adjusted, where the diameter from 0.331 3 to 0.330 4 mm, the tensile resistance from 2.639 to 2.575 5 N, tensile strength from 32.098 to 31.280 MPa, tensile strain at crack from 8.413% to 9.520 6%, and Young’s modulus from 107.24 to 98.634 6 MPa. Similarly, the variances of posterior information were adjusted, where the diameter from 0.010 8 to 0.018 6, tensile resistance from 3.019 to 5.412 4 N, tensile strength from 308.214 to 566.004 MPa, tensile strain at crack from 14.106 to 188.655 9, and Young’s modulus from 3 392.55 to 6 805.60. Both the size and discreteness should be considered in both prior and sampling information in the future. The biomechanical properties of vegetation roots can be expected to accurately estimate for the shear strength of rooted soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the natural habitats of China, dauciform roots were only described in degraded alpine meadows. It was found that the presence of dauciform roots of Carex filispica was related to the advantage of multiple functional traits after trampling, reflecting short‐term resistance. However, the long‐term response of dauciform roots to trampling and the recovery of C. filispica with and without dauciform roots to trampling require further studies. In this study, different intensities of trampling (0, 50, 200 and 500 passages) were performed in an alpine meadow. One year later, individuals with and without dauciform roots were separated and their functional traits related to the economic spectrum of leaves and roots were measured as a reflection of recovery from trampling. The results showed that: (1) 1 year after trampling, the number of dauciform roots showed an increase with trampling intensity; (2) 1 year later, there was no significant difference in the response of economic spectrum traits among trampling intensities, or between plants with and without dauciform roots; (3) the number of dauciform roots was positively correlated with the leaf area of both individuals with and without dauciform roots, as well as with the biomass of those without dauciform roots; and (4) plants with more resource‐conservative roots showed an advantage after trampling recovery: specifically, plants with dauciform roots showed such an advantage in the control group, which was lost with a leaning towards resource‐acquisitive roots and an increased density of dauciform roots once trampled. In contrast, plants without dauciform roots showed a significant advantage of conservative roots only after trampling. In conclusion, the presence of dauciform roots is related to the plants' position on the root economic spectrum, thereby influencing the recovery of C. filispica from trampling. Carex filispica showed strong recovery from trampling after 1 year, which makes it an adequate choice for ecological restoration in alpine meadows. Dauciform roots showed a positive correlation with the aboveground growth of both plants with and without them, however, it requires a lab‐controlled study to confirm whether there is indeed a positive effect on the growth of neighbouring plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the irreducible carpets of type over an algebraical extension of a field such that all additive subgroups are -modules. The carpets, parametrized by a pair of additive subgroups, appear only in characteristic 2. This pair of additive subgroups presents (possibly different) fields up to conjugation by a diagonal element in the corresponding Chevalley group. Moreover, we establish that such carpets are closed. Using Levchuk's description of the irreducible carpets of Lie type of rank greater than 1 over , we show that all additive subgroups of the carpets coincide with an intermediate subfield between and of the carpets of types , , and in case of the characteristic of is not 0 and 2 whereas it is neither 0, 2, nor 3 for type up to conjugation by a diagonal element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-developed root system is crucial for the rapid growth, asexual reproduction, and adaptation to the drought environments of the watercress. After analyzing the transcriptome of the watercress root system, we found that a high concentration of auxin is key to its adaptation to dry conditions. For the first time, we obtained DR5::EGFP watercress, which revealed the dynamic distribution of auxin in watercress root development under drought conditions. Via the application of naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), 4-biphenylboronic acid (BBO), ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and other factors, we confirmed that auxin has a significant impact on the root development of watercress. Finally, we verified the role of auxin in root development using 35S::NoYUC8 watercress and showed that the synthesis of auxin in the root system mainly depends on the tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine amino acids (TAA) synthesis pathway. After the level of auxin increases, the root system of the watercress develops toward adaptation to dry environments. The formation of root aerenchyma disrupts the concentration gradient of auxin and is a key factor in the differentiation of lateral root primordia and H cells in watercress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is the main risk facing sugar beet production in Europe and is expected to worsen with climate change. Therefore, future production essentially depends on the traits that sustain growth during water shortages. In this study, we investigated the interplay of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate as well as the root characteristics of six sugar beet cultivars in a climate chamber experiment under environmental conditions progressing from a non-stressed initial state toward high atmospheric water demand, followed by reduced soil water supply and then by a combination of high demand and low supply. Stomatal conductance quickly responded to changing conditions, dropping from 406.4 to 42.5 mmol m−2 s−1, one order of magnitude, with the transition to reduced soil water availability. The transpiration rate showed a slightly delayed response compared with stomatal conductance, while we observed an inverse influence on the subsequent stomatal behavior exerted by the depletion/conservation of available soil water. The rooting pattern substantially differed among genotypes, predominantly at depths between 60 and 80 cm, where 50.5% of the root length was allocated. Longer roots buffered the effects of the reduction in stomatal conductance at the onset of water supply limitation, with 5.4 mmol m−2 s−1 higher conductance per 100 cm of root length. Therefore, breeding and/or management measures targeting root system vigor are the key to the growth maintenance of sugar beet during dry periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The research was conducted in order to clarify the influence of secondary metabolites accumulation in roots of fluecured tobacco under continuous cropping conditions on the quality factors of flue-cured tobacco, and provide theoretical support for the reduction of obstacles of flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping. [ Method] The ' Yunyan 87 ' was used as the test flue-cured tobacco variety in Luxi county, Honghe prefecture. Four continuous-cropping durations were set up: continuous cropping for two years, three years, four years and five years. At the maturity stage of flue-cured tobacco, GC-MS was used to detect the content of secondary metabolites in the roots of flue-cured tobacco of different treatments. Through autocorrelation analysis, factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis, the types of factors that had a greater impact on the quality of flue-cured tobacco and their relationship with the quality factors ( appearance quality, physical characteristics, conventional chemical composition, sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco) were evaluated. [Result] Total of 14 secondary metabolites were detected and determined in the roots of flue-cured tobacco. Through factor analysis, four common factors were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 85. 74%, that were phenolic acid factors, aldehyde ester factors, ester factors and phenolic factors respectively. Canonical correlation analysis of four common factors and quality factors of flue-cured tobacco found that the higher the contents of vanillin, dioctyl phthalate, 2, 2 '-methylene bis-( 4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), methyl palmitate and heptadecanoic acid in fluecured tobacco roots, the better the coordination of chemical components of tobacco leaves, but not conducive to the improvement of other quality of tobacco leaves. The higher the content of anisodamine, soft ester acid and arachidic acid in the root system, the lower the content of myristic acid and 2, 2 '-methylene bis-( 4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), which was conducive to improving the sensory quality of tobacco leaves, but not conducive to the improvement of other quality indexes of tobacco leaves. [ Conclusion] The secondary metabolites in the roots of flue-cured tobacco have influence on the quality factors of flue-cured tobacco, and 9 of them have significant influence. Therefore, in order to overcome the obstacles of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, the content of 9 key secondary metabolites in the upper-part roots should be regulated through the research of relevant regulation technology, so as to maintain a low level and improve the comprehensive quality factors of tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled traffic farming (CTF) prevents soil compaction through permanent traffic lines. It has the potential to restore the soil structure, increase energy efficiency, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Localized tillage aims to create a favorable environment for plant development by creating permanent lines for tillage and traffic. Field trials were conducted for localized seedbed equipment using the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) for quality assessment in four different regions in Brazil. In the first field, bulk density was evaluated at depths of 200, 400, and 600 mm, showing 1.31, 1.31, and 1.56 g cm−3 to seedbed area and 1.77, 1.67, and 1.56 g cm−3 to traffic area; the water infiltration rate can be evaluated as 278 mm h−1 and 120 mm h−1 in the seedbed and traffic lines, respectively. In the second field, trenches were opened to evaluate the geometric characteristics and root depth 120 days after planting (DAP). The measurements showed that 500 mm of adequate working depth stems and 510 mm seedbed width were required; root depth reached 1,334 mm, indicating that both parameters satisfy the CTF concept. Operational quality differences in subsoiling vs. seedbed-preparation were assessed in the third field using trenches to evaluate 120 DAP. The working depth for seedbed-preparation (584 mm) was better than that for traffic lines (311 mm). In the last field, a comparison between subsoiling and seedbed-preparation was carried out to evaluate the depth of the root system, using trenches for each operation at 90 DAP; seedbed-preparation (1279 mm) showed better results than traffic lines (562 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relevance. The use of biological preparations in agricultural technology of agricultural crops contributes to the preservation of agrophytocenosis, reduces environmental pollution and has a positive effect on the growth and development of the plants themselves. In this regard, the determination of the effectiveness of the use of biological products in the presowing treatment of common bean seeds is relevant and timely.Materials and methods. In our study, we studied the effect of presowing treatment of common bean seeds with biological products: Polydon Bio Profi, Polydon Amino Mix, Polydon Aminomix, Alfastim on germination energy, germination, seed sprout size, number of roots and length of the root system. Three varieties were taken as objects of study: Athlete, Omichka, Sirenevaya.Results. A different effect of preparations on the time of seed germination was revealed. The average germination time in options 1-4 was higher than the control values for all varieties, i.e. drugs slowed down germination. The seeds of the tested varieties responded positively to treatment with Alfastim (option 5): the average germination time in Fizkulturnitsa and Sirenevaya decreased by 8.5 and 9.8%, in the Omichka variety by 45%, compared with the control. Among the tested varieties, it is necessary to single out the Sirenevaya variety, which has the highest germination energy (ES) from 90% to 100% and seed germination (VS) from 98-100% in all treatment options. The most effective treatment of the Omichka variety was in option 2 (EP-90%, germination rate 90%), the values exceeded the control by 5%. For all options, the germination energy of the Fizkulturnitsa variety ranged from 72 to 90%, germination from 73 to 93%. A positive effect of drugs on the germination of seeds of this variety was established. The defeat of bean seeds by mold fungi was noted. Seed damage is mild to moderate. Seed damage by mold fungi in the variants using Polydon Bio Profi was absent, or it was weak up to 3.3% for all tested varieties. Morphobiometric indicators of seedlings and their root system in all varieties developed more effectively on variants with the use of Polydon Bio Profi and Alfastim preparations, and their mixtures

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, and its production is challenged by global climate change and a shortage of resources. The root system plays a vital role in uptaking water and nutrients and sensing soil environmental signals, and it has great potential to improve the final yield and stress tolerance of wheat. In order to further explore the genes regulating root development, this study focused on qRS-6D, located on chromosome 6D and spanning from 462,701,391 to 465,068,943, which was significantly associated with the total root length, root volume, root surface, and root fresh weight in our previous GWAS analysis. Firstly, its genetic effects were validated using an F6 segregating population by comparing the root-related traits of homologous lines harboring the alternative haplotypes of this QTL. Then, the number of causal genes of this QTL was narrowed down to four with a transcriptome-wide association study. Additionally, qRS-6D has been demonstrated to have genetic effects on several yield- (kernel length, kernel width, and thousand-kernel weight) and plant structure-related traits (plant height, peduncle length, total tiller number, productive tiller number, flag leaf length, and flag leaf angle). Relatively, the frequency of the favorable haplotype increased with the wheat breeding practice. This study provides a reliable genetic locus to improve root development and structure and evaluate its application potential in wheat breeding improvement.

Drought is the most important factor limiting winter wheat yield in the North China Plain (NCP). Choosing high-yielding cultivars is an important measure to minimize the negative effects of drought stress. Field studies were conducted with 10 cultivars in the 2020–2022 seasons under three irrigation treatments (I0, without irrigation; I1, irrigated at jointing stage; I2, irrigated at jointing and anthesis stages) in the NCP to examine the water use strategies and root and shoot traits of high-yielding cultivars under different water supply conditions. The results showed that yield variation among cultivars was 21.2–24.6%, 23.7–25.9% and 11.6–15.3% for the I0, I1 and I2 treatments, respectively. Under water deficit conditions (I0 and I1), high-yielding cultivars reduced water use during vegetative stages and increased soil water use during reproductive stages, especially water use from deeper soil layers. Those cultivars with higher root length density (RLD) in deep soil layers exhibited higher water uptake. Each additional millimeter of water used after anthesis from the 100–200 cm soil layers increased grain yield by 23.6–29.6 kg/ha and 16.4–28.5 kg/ha under I0 and I1, respectively. This water use strategy enhanced dry matter accumulation after anthesis, decreased canopy temperature (CT) and increased relative leaf water contents (RLWC), which ultimately improved grain yield. For winter wheat grown under I2, cultivars that decreased water use after anthesis had higher water productivity (WP). Root length (RL), root weight (RW) and root:shoot ratio were each negatively correlated with grain yield, while above-ground biomass was positively correlated with grain yield. Therefore, higher dry matter accumulation and smaller root systems are two important traits of high-yielding cultivars under sufficient water supply conditions (I2) in the NCP.

Abstract In the natural habitats of China, dauciform roots were only described in degraded alpine meadows. It was found that the presence of dauciform roots of Carex filispica was related to the advantage of multiple functional traits after trampling, reflecting short‐term resistance. However, the long‐term response of dauciform roots to trampling and the recovery of C. filispica with and without dauciform roots to trampling require further studies. In this study, different intensities of trampling (0, 50, 200 and 500 passages) were performed in an alpine meadow. One year later, individuals with and without dauciform roots were separated and their functional traits related to the economic spectrum of leaves and roots were measured as a reflection of recovery from trampling. The results showed that: (1) 1 year after trampling, the number of dauciform roots showed an increase with trampling intensity; (2) 1 year later, there was no significant difference in the response of economic spectrum traits among trampling intensities, or between plants with and without dauciform roots; (3) the number of dauciform roots was positively correlated with the leaf area of both individuals with and without dauciform roots, as well as with the biomass of those without dauciform roots; and (4) plants with more resource‐conservative roots showed an advantage after trampling recovery: specifically, plants with dauciform roots showed such an advantage in the control group, which was lost with a leaning towards resource‐acquisitive roots and an increased density of dauciform roots once trampled. In contrast, plants without dauciform roots showed a significant advantage of conservative roots only after trampling. In conclusion, the presence of dauciform roots is related to the plants' position on the root economic spectrum, thereby influencing the recovery of C. filispica from trampling. Carex filispica showed strong recovery from trampling after 1 year, which makes it an adequate choice for ecological restoration in alpine meadows. Dauciform roots showed a positive correlation with the aboveground growth of both plants with and without them, however, it requires a lab‐controlled study to confirm whether there is indeed a positive effect on the growth of neighbouring plants.

The article analyzes data on the faunal analysis and distribution of phytonematodes of some fruit trees in the southern regions of Uzbekistan. As a result of the study, 42 species of plant nematodes were identified, belonging to 2 subclasses, 5 orders, 17 families and 25 genera. The basal soil and root system of fruit trees are dominated by the species Cephalobus persegnis, Eucephalobus oxyuroides, Chiloplacus sclerovaginatus, Panagrolaimus rigidus, Rhabditis brevispina, Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides parietinus, A. bicaudatus, A. blastophthorus, A. composticola, A. limberi, Quinisulcius capitatus, Helicotylenchus erythrinae, Pratylenchus pratensis and Ditylenchus dipsaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane yield in China is low because of the shallow A-horizon soil layer, or as it is commonly called by farmers, the "plow soil layer", as well as low soil organic matter and fertilizer utilization efficiency. Fenlong-ridging deep tillage (FT), also called vertical rotary tillage, and amendment with biochar have been shown to improve soil quality and crop yield. In this study, field trials were conducted with newly planted and ratoon sugarcane to evaluate the effectiveness of FT, together with amendment with biochar and nitrogen fertilization, to improve sugarcane yield. The treatments were conventional tillage with chemical fertilizer without biochar (CT-CF, which was the control of this experiment), FT with chemical fertilizer without biochar (FT-CF), conventional tillage with chemical fertilizer mixed with biochar (CT-CFB), and FT with chemical fertilizer mixed with biochar (FT-CFB). FT-CFB treatment presented higher soil porosity, as well as higher contents of available N, P, K, total N, and organic matter, and lower soil bulk density. Similarly, results showed that FT-CFB presented higher sugarcane root fresh and dry weights, higher germination percentage, higher tiller number, and higher yield with statistically significant differences among treatments for both newly planted and ratoon sugarcane plants. Significant interactions between biochar and FT were observed for these crop traits. The interactions of FT and amendment with biochar improved the soil's physical and chemical properties and increased the available nutrients, resulting in improved root growth and sugarcane yield. The statistical results of the present study imply that Fenlong-ridging deep tillage combined with chemical fertilizer mixed with biochar (FT-CFB) application is a new promising farm management practice for improving the soil's physical and chemical properties and root growth, increasing total yield in China's sugarcane belt area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manganese (Mn) is among one of the essential trace elements for normal plant development; however, excessive Mn can cause plant growth and development to be hindered. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of plant root response to Mn poisoning remain unclear. In the present study, results revealed that the root growth was inhibited when exposed to Mn poisoning. Physiological results showed that the antioxidase enzyme activities (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase) and the proline, malondialdehyde, and soluble sugar contents increased significantly under Mn toxicity stress (100 μM Mn), whereas the soluble protein and four hormones' (indolebutyric acid, abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellic acid 3) contents decreased significantly. In addition, the Mn, Fe, Na, Al, and Se contents in the roots increased significantly, whereas those of Mg, Zn, and K decreased significantly. Furthermore, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to test the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of soybean root under Mn poisoning. The results found 45,274 genes in soybean root and 1430 DEGs under Mn concentrations of 5 (normal) and 100 (toxicity) μM. Among these DEGs, 572 were upregulated and 858 were downregulated, indicating that soybean roots may initiate complex molecular regulatory mechanisms on Mn poisoning stress. The results of quantitative RT-PCR indicated that many DEGs were upregulated or downregulated markedly in the roots, suggesting that the regulation of DEGs may be complex. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of soybean root on Mn toxicity stress is complicated. Present results lay the foundation for further study on the molecular regulation mechanism of function genes involved in regulating Mn tolerance traits in soybean roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]