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Due to the high demands of data communication, the broadcasting system streams the data daily. This service not only sends out the message to the correct participant but also respects the security of the identity user. In addition, when delivered, all the information must be protected for the party who employs the broadcasting service. Currently, Attribute-Based Broadcast Encryption (ABBE) is useful to apply for the broadcasting service. (ABBE) is a combination of Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) and Broadcast Encryption (BE), which allows a broadcaster (or encrypter) to broadcast an encrypted message, including a predefined user set and specified access policy to install the authorization mechanism. It is desirable to hide all the information when producing in the ciphertext, which has not been considered in the previous works of ABBE. Motivated by the above issue, we devise a solution to achieve anonymity for the ABBE scheme, which not only hides the access structures but also anonymizes the user's identity. In this work, we propose two schemes as Anonymous Key Policy (AKP)-ABBE and Anonymous Ciphertext Policy (ACP)-ABBE with supporting multiple access structures by using OR / AND gates. Specifically, we present the generic constructions of AKP/ACP-ABBE on the building block of the Inner Product Encryption (IPE ), which enables the hidden user's identity and complex OR / AND -Gate access structure. We show that our proposed schemes are secured under the standard models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa, a dicotyledonous annual herb belonging to the subfamily Amaranthaceae, has remarkable resistance to cold, drought, and barren conditions. However, few studies have reported on quinoa root metabolism under waterlogging stress. In this study, quinoa strains were treated with waterlogging, and the control group was exposed to normal water management conditions; waterlog-resistant (Dianli-188) and waterlog-sensitive (Dianli-60) strains were selected. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) was used to analyze the root systems of four groups of quinoa seedlings (Dianli-60 treatment group: TR4; Dianli-60 control group: CR4; Dianli-188 treatment group: TR5; Dianli-188 control group: CR5). In total, 1044 metabolites were detected. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was used to identify 648 differential metabolites involved in biosynthesis. In addition, we found that alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and glycolysis, tricarboxylic cycle, and butanoate metabolism pathways were related to the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The metabolites of C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, urea cycle, starch and sucrose metabolism, phenolic metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were found to participate in the waterlogging stress response. Sucrose, glucose, and trehalose provide sufficient energy for adventitious root production. GABA regulates phenylpropane metabolism, including regulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids to enhance the antioxidant capacity of quinoa in response to waterlogging stress. This study provided a theoretical basis for breeding quinoa waterlog-resistant varieties, we can screen waterlogging-resistant strains based on the content of these metabolites in future. Thereby accelerating the breeding process of quinoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oro‐dental manifestations of hyperoxaluria and dental management of affected patients are rarely reported in the literature. We describe a new oral presentation of primary hyperoxaluria (PH) and review relevant literature about oro‐dental manifestations and management of dental complications of hyperoxaluria. Methods: A case report of a 44‐year‐old female who presented with symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction due to hyperoxaluria was described according to the CARE guidelines. In addition, an extensive search of biomedical databases (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Embase) for articles describing oro‐dental manifestations and/or dental management in patients with hyperoxaluria was performed using the key words ("oral" and/or "hyperoxaluria" and/or "dental" and/or "oxalosis"). Included articles were reviewed and data about patient demographics, disease type and stage, oral and dental manifestations, and dental treatment outcome were retrieved and analyzed. Results: A total of 14 articles describing the oral and dental manifestations in 15 patients with hyperoxaluria were included. Tooth mobility, root resorption, and radiographic alterations were consistently described in all cases. Oral manifestations were described mainly in PH at late stages, and only after the onset of chronic renal disease. Dental management in all reported cases was palliative and aimed to relive pain and treat periodontal infection. Tooth loss due to extraction or uncontrolled mobility was the ultimate outcome in almost all reported cases. Conclusion: Oral and dental manifestations in hyperoxaluria are rarely reported in the literature. Management of tooth mobility and root resorption in hyperoxaluria is challenging and clinical guidelines and evidence‐based recommendations are lacking. Early diagnosis and treatment of hyperoxaluria might be the only effective approach to prevent dental and periodontal complications of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Single‐cell proteomics (SCP) is an emerging approach to resolve cellular heterogeneity within complex tissues of multi‐cellular organisms. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of SCP on plant samples using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we focused on examining isolated single cells from the cortex and endodermis, which are two adjacent root cell types derived from a common stem cell lineage. From 756 root cells, we identified 3763 proteins and 1118 proteins/cell. Ultimately, we focus on 3217 proteins quantified following stringent filtering. Of these, we identified 596 proteins whose expression is enriched in either the cortex or endodermis and are able to differentiate these closely related plant cell types. Collectivity, this study demonstrates that SCP can resolve neighboring cell types with distinct functions, thereby facilitating the identification of biomarkers and candidate proteins to enable functional genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soybean establishes a mutualistic interaction with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria, acquiring most of its nitrogen requirements through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This crop is susceptible to water deficit; evidence suggests that its nodulation status—whether it is nodulated or not—can influence how it responds to water deficit. The translational control step of gene expression has proven relevant in plants subjected to water deficit. Results: Here, we analyzed soybean roots' differential responses to water deficit at transcriptional, translational, and mixed (transcriptional + translational) levels. Thus, the transcriptome and translatome of four combined-treated soybean roots were analyzed. We found hormone metabolism-related genes among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the translatome level in nodulated and water-restricted plants. Also, weighted gene co-expression network analysis followed by differential expression analysis identified gene modules associated with nodulation and water deficit conditions. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed for subsets of mixed DEGs of the modules associated with the plant responses to nodulation, water deficit, or their combination. Conclusions: Our research reveals that the stand-out processes and pathways in the before-mentioned plant responses partially differ; terms related to glutathione metabolism and hormone signal transduction (2 C protein phosphatases) were associated with the response to water deficit, terms related to transmembrane transport, response to abscisic acid, pigment metabolic process were associated with the response to nodulation plus water deficit. Still, two processes were common: galactose metabolism and branched-chain amino acid catabolism. A comprehensive analysis of these processes could lead to identifying new sources of tolerance to drought in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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SUMMARY: Plants partly optimize their water recruitment from the growth medium by directing root growth toward a moisture source, a phenomenon termed hydrotropism. The default mechanism of downward growth, termed gravitropism, often functions to counteract hydrotropism when the water‐potential gradient deviates from the gravity vector. This review addresses the identity of the root sites in which hydrotropism‐regulating factors function to attenuate gravitropism and the interplay between these various factors. In this context, the function of hormones, including auxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinins, as well as secondary messengers, calcium ions, and reactive oxygen species in the conflict between these two opposing tropisms is discussed. We have assembled the available data on the effects of various chemicals and genetic backgrounds on both gravitropism and hydrotropism, to provide an up‐to‐date perspective on the interactions that dictate the orientation of root tip growth. We specify the relevant open questions for future research. Broadening our understanding of root mechanisms of water recruitment holds great potential for providing advanced approaches and technologies that can improve crop plant performance under less‐than‐optimal conditions, in light of predicted frequent and prolonged drought periods due to global climate change. Significance Statement: Understanding the mechanisms that plant roots utilize to resist the strong tendency to grow downward in order to grow toward a moisture source, holds great potential for unveiling research approaches and technologies to improve crop performance. Herein, we assess the complex interplay between major regulators of root growth, development, and responses to myriad internal and external cues, that function to attenuate downward root growth, thereby enabling the root to reach water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is resilient to abiotic stress, especially to drought. However, the mechanisms by which its roots adapt and tolerate salt stress are obscure. In this study, to clarify the molecular mechanism of proso millet in response to drought stress, the physiological indexes and transcriptome in the root of seedlings of the proso millet cultivar 'Yumi 2' were analyzed at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 h of stimulated drought stress by using 20% PEG-6000 and after 24 h of rehydration. The results showed that the SOD activity, POD activity, soluble protein content, MDA, and O2−· content of 'Yumi 2' increased with the time of drought stress, but rapidly decreased after rehydration. Here, 130.46 Gb of clean data from 18 samples were obtained, and the Q30 value of each sample exceeded 92%. Compared with 0 h, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reached the maximum of 16,105 after 3 h of drought, including 9153 upregulated DEGs and 6952 downregulated DEGs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in ATP binding, nucleus, protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity, MAPK signaling pathway–plant, plant–pathogen interactions, and plant hormone signal transduction under drought stress, while downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in metal ion binding, transmembrane transporter activity, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, 1441 TFs screened from DEGs were clustered into 64 TF families, such as AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families. Genes related to physiological traits were closely related to starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. In conclusion, the active oxygen metabolism system and the soluble protein of proso millet root could be regulated by the activity of protein serine/threonine phosphatase. AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families were found to be closely associated with drought tolerance in proso millet root. This study will provide data to support a subsequent study on the function of the drought tolerance gene in proso millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco cembranoids, known for their anti-insect and antifungal properties, were shown to be mainly present on the surface of leaves and flowers, being biosynthesized by their trichomes. It remains unclear whether they could be biosynthesized in other organs without trichomes. Cembratrien-ol synthases (CBTSs) catalyze the conversion of GGPP to CBT-ols and thus play an important role in cembranoid biosynthesis. This study identified the CBTS family genes in tobacco and examined their spatiotemporal expression patterns. The CBTS genes showed diverse expression patterns in tobacco organs, with the majority highly expressed in leaves and a few highly expressed in flowers. The expression of CBTS genes were also correlated with the development of tobacco plants, and most of them showed the highest expression level at the budding stage. Furthermore, their expression is mediated by the JA (jasmonate) signaling in all tobacco organs. Several CBTS genes were found to be highly expressed in tobacco roots that have no trichomes, which prompted us to determine the cembranoid production in roots and other organs. GC-MS and UPLC assays revealed that cembranoids were produced in all tobacco organs, which was supported by the bioactivity assay results that almost all these CBTS enzymes could catalyze CBT-ol biosyntheis in yeast, and that the content ratio of CBT-ols and CBT-diols in tobacco roots was different to that in leaves. This work sheds insights into the expression profiles of tobacco CBTS genes and provides a feasibility to engineer tobacco roots for industrial production of cembranoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to clarify the anti-scourability difference of three herbaceous root-soil system and its relationship with influencing factors in the loess hilly region of southern Ningxia, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of ecological construction and optimizing the allocation of vegetation in the study area. [Methods] The common herbaceous root-soil system of Thymus mongolicus, Potentilla acaulis and Stipa bungeana were taken as research objects of the study area. The indoor undamaged soil trench scouring tests was carried out. LA-S root sanning analysis system was used to study the anti-scourability of different herbs root-soil system in 0—15 cm soil layer and their relationship with root and soil. [Results] (1) The anti-scourability of three herbaceous root-soil system in 0—15 cm soil layer decreased in the order: Potentilla acaulis (53.7 L·h/g) ＞Thymus mongolicus (36.5 L·h/g) ＞Stipa bungeana (14.2 L·h/g) . Potentilla acaulis root-soil system anti-scourability was the strongest. (2) The average root length density, surface area density, volume density and specific root length of three herbaceous root-soil system in 0—15 cm soil layer were 4.25～10.56 cm/cm³, 42.95～111.51 mm²/cm³, 5.04～17.94 mm³/cm³, 35.06～67.96 m/g, respectively. The root length density and other parameters of Thyme mongolicus were significantly larger than other herbs. ( 3) The organic carbon contents of three herbaceous root soils in 0—15 cm soil layer decreased in the order: Thyme mongolicus (1.437%) ＞Potentilla acaulis (1.290%) ＞Stipa bungeana (0.430%) . The root soil clay content of Thyme mongolicus was 1.14 times and 1.20 times that of Potentilla acaulis and Stipa bungeana. The soil aggregate parameters MWD, GMD, and R＞0.25 of three herbaceous were 13.80～18.23 mm, 7.15～11.11 mm, and 43.06%～70.05%, respectively. All above indicators of Potentilla acaulis was the largest. (4) Root and soil could directly or indirectly, individually or jointly affect anti-scourability of three herbaceous root-soil system. Clay, silt, sand and aggregates of Thyme mongolicus soil directly affected soil anti-scourability, and most of its roots indirectly affected soil anti-scourability by affecting soil mechanical composition and organic carbon content. Soil silt and most fine roots of Potentilla acaulis directly affected soil anti-scourability, and 0～0.5 mm roots, soil clay and sand also indirectly affected anti-scourability by affecting soil aggregates. Soil sand and 0～1.0 mm roots of Stipa bungeana directly affected soil anti-scourability, and its specific fine roots also indirectly affected anti-scourability by affecting soil aggregates and organic carbon content. [Conclusion] There are obvious differences in the anti-scourability of the three kinds of herbaceous root-soil system. Roots and soil can affect their anti-scourability. The anti-scourability of different herbaceous (vegetation) should be considered in the ecological construction in the loess hilly area of southern Ningxia, and the scientific configuration should be carried out on the basis of improving the relevant influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the genetic mapping of root biomass and root/shoot ratio. We utilized a large (n = 345) bi‐parental recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from the 'Penny' × 'Yecora‐Rojo' cross to investigate the partitioning of biomass above‐ and belowground and to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) that influence root biomass and root/shoot ratio. Genotyping of 345 RILs by using genotyping by sequencing produced 2918 single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers by which a genome‐wide map of 3507 cM was constructed. Phenotyping was conducted in an augmented design with large pots in controlled environment. We identified two significant QTL regions, QRt.peye‐5A and QRt.peye‐5B, which control root biomass and the root/shoot ratio. QRt.peye‐5A, marking a 3.15 Mbp region on chromosome 5A, explained 11% of variations in root biomass and 9.5% of variations in root/shoot ratio, with the narrow region harbouring 28 genes. QRt.peye‐5B, marking a 12.2 Mbp region on chromosome 5B, explained 7% of variations in root/shoot ratio and harbours 104 genes. The root/shoot ratio enhancing alleles at QRt.peye‐5A and QRt.peye‐5B come from 'Penny' and 'Yecora‐Rojo' respectively. These QTL regions contains genes such as the two MADS box transcription factors on the 5A QTL that are candidate genes for Vrn1 locus, and other genes previously postulated for root traits such as a COBRA‐like COBL2 and landmark hormonal responses genes such as IAA16, IAA4 and BRI1, DREB2A‐INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (DRIP2) and bHLH92 which has a role in amelioration of stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To stably produce domestic wheat under water-scarce environmental conditions due to climate change, root characteristics with excellent water utilization rates are crucial. In this study, we analyzed the root and grain phenotypes of 37 domestic wheat varieties over a two-year period by combining the results of genetic mutations related to semi-dwarfing and grain size. Root length was positively correlated with maximum root depth (r=0.76**) and total seminal root length (r=0.54**), whereas it was negatively correlated with the number of roots (r=-0.33**) and root angles (r=-0.51**). The thousand-kernel weight was positively correlated with embryo width (r=0.34**) and embryo area (r=0.33**) but was not correlated with other root traits. Embryo length was positively correlated with the number of roots (r=0.34**) and coleoptile length (r=0.42**). Phenotypic analyses of roots and grains, along with genotypic analyses of semi-dwarfing (Rht-B1 and Rht-D1) and grain size (TaCWI-4A, TaCWI-5D, TaGW2-6A, TaSus2-2B) genes, revealed that the Rht-D1b genotype led to reduced root depth, increased root angles, and reduced coleoptile length. TaCwi-A1, TaCWI-5D, TaSus2-2B, and TaGW2-6A, possessing the alleles TaCwi-A1a, Hap-5D-C, Hap-L, and Hap-6A-G associated with a larger grain size, resulted in an increased number of roots and root depth. Domestic wheat varieties were categorized into three clusters based on root, grain, and coleoptile trait characteristics, with 15 varieties in Cluster I, 9 in Cluster II, and 13 in Cluster III. The results of this study can be utilized in basic research to develop varieties that can produce stable domestic wheat by selecting resources with excellent root growth and seed characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The brachial plexus is a variable nerve plexus in its formation and branching pattern. Variations in the brachial plexus are not uncommon, and its area of supply and associations with other adjacent anatomical structures require clinical and surgical attention. Aim: To find out any anatomical variations in the formation and branching pattern of the brachial plexus in human foetuses. Materials and Methods: A morphometric prospective observational study was conducted from January 2020 to July 2022, on 30 stillborn or Intrauterine Dead (IUD) human foetuses were taken in the study. Gestation age from 28 to 40 weeks of gestation were included in the study, while those with gross anomalies or morphological anomalies of the cranium and vertebral column were excluded. The dissection includes vertical midline incision of the skin from the external occipital protuberance to the lower limit of the thoracic vertebra (T12). The skin was cut in the midline and reflected laterally. All superficial and deep muscles of the neck were dissect out to clear the cervical and thoracic parts of the vertebral column. The vertebral column was cut and opened to visualise the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Based on gestational age, the foetuses were divided into three groups: four in the first group (28-31 weeks), twelve in the second group (32-35 weeks), and fourteen in the third group (36-40 weeks) were divided for descriptive purposes. The gender of foetuses was determined based on the external genitalia. Results: A total of 60 brachial plexuses were dissected, of which 49 (81.66%) had the usual anatomical formation of the trunks: the upper trunk formed by C5 and C6 roots, the middle trunk by the C7 root, and the lower trunk by the C8 and T1 roots. Eleven (18.34%) plexuses presented variations in trunk formation. Specifically, 8 (13.3%) brachial plexuses were of the prefix type, where the upper trunk was formed by the C5 and C6 roots with an additional contribution from the C4 root; there was inter-branch communication between C6 and C7 in one (1.7%) case; the middle and lower trunks united by C7, C8, and T1 roots formed the lower trunk in another (1.7%) case, and finally, one (1.7%) case exhibited the post-fix type. Conclusion: In this study, out of the 30 foetuses examined, 11 showed variations, which is not uncommon. The prefix type of brachial plexus is quite common among the possible variations, although anatomists and neurosurgeons cannot ignore the possibility of other variations, like post-fix type or communication between the roots of the brachial plexuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Internal root aeration is essential for root growth in waterlogged conditions. Aerenchyma provides a path for oxygen to diffuse to the roots. In most wetland species, including rice, a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) allows more of the oxygen to diffuse to the root tip, enabling root growth into anoxic soil. Most dryland crops, including barley, do not form a root ROL barrier. We previously found that abscisic acid (ABA) signalling is involved in the induction of ROL barrier formation in rice during waterlogging. Although rice typically does not form a tight ROL barrier in roots in aerated conditions, an ROL barrier with suberized exodermis was induced by application of exogenous ABA. Therefore, we hypothesized that ABA application could also trigger root ROL barrier formation with hypodermal suberization in barley. Methods Formation of an ROL barrier was examined in roots in different exogenous ABA concentrations and at different time points using cylindrical electrodes and Methylene Blue staining. Additionally, we evaluated root porosity and observed suberin and lignin modification. Suberin, lignin and Casparian strips in the cell walls were observed by histochemical staining. We also evaluated the permeability of the apoplast to a tracer. Key Results Application of ABA induced suberization and ROL barrier formation in the adventitious roots of barley. The hypodermis also formed lignin-containing Casparian strips and a barrier to the infiltration of an apoplastic tracer (periodic acid). However, ABA application did not affect root porosity. Conclusions Our results show that in artificial conditions, barley can induce the formation of ROL and apoplastic barriers in the outer part of roots if ABA is applied exogenously. The difference in ROL barrier inducibility between barley (an upland species) and rice (a wetland species) might be attributable to differences in ABA signalling in roots in response to waterlogging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Fokienia hodginsii is a threatened conifer tree species, known as the dominant nursery-grown species capable of colonizing the challenging woodland environments in southern China due to its strong root penetrating ability. The ecological phenotype of Fokienia hodginsii is not well documented during its breeding process, which limits the potential planting area and its ecological function. This study aims to understand how Fokienia hodginsii associates with microbes to conduct its key ecological function and provide a theoretical basis for further improving the forest nursery management of Fokienia hodginsii. Methods: This study explored the ecological traits of 11 main Fokienia hodginsii provenances in a homogeneous garden experiment by analyzing their nutrient utilization strategies and associated microbial features in the rhizosphere soil and roots. Results: The study found that the paramount difference in the rhizosphere soil among provenances is in Ca and Fe content. Some microbial communities, namely Crenarchaeota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Desulfobacterota, were positively correlated with the amounts of the soil nutrient elements, whereas Abditibacteriota and Dependentiae were negatively correlated. The abundance of N- and Fe-related bacteria in the Fu Jian Chang Ting (FJCT) provenance was significantly higher than that in other provenances, while the C-, P-, K-, and Mg-related fungal communities, respectively, had higher abundances in the FJCT, Fu Jian Long Yan (FJLY), Fu Jian Gu Tian (FJGT), and Fu Jian Xian You (FJXY) provenances than the others. The impacts of the Gui Zhou Li Ping (GZLP), Hu Nan Dao Xian (HNDX), Jiang Xi Shang Yao (JXSY), and Guang Dong Shi Xing (GDSX) provenances on the rhizosphere soil are similar, but the differences in nutrient utilization arise from the plant itself. Conversely, the root nutrient contents of the FJCT, Fu Jian You Xi (FJYX), Fu Jian An Xi (FJAX), FJLY, Fu Jian De Hua (FJDH), FJGT, and FJXY provenances are highly correlated with soil nutrient features. Conclusions: For the native provenances, their economic traits are better than the exotic provenances. The native provenances are more sensitive to local soil conditions, so they should benefit more from human interventions, rendering them more suitable for artificial cultivation. The growth of the exotic provenances is less affected by the soil environment, making them better suited for the ecological transformation of forest stands and soil improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Rhizobial attachment to host legume roots is the first physical interaction of bacteria and plants in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The pH-dependent primary attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae 3841 to Pisum sativum (pea) roots was investigated by genome-wide insertion sequencing, luminescence-based attachment assays, and proteomic analysis. Under acid, neutral, or alkaline pH, a total of 115 genes are needed for primary attachment under one or more environmental pH, with 22 genes required for all. These include components of cell surfaces and membranes, together with enzymes that construct and modify them. Mechanisms of dealing with stress also play a part; however, exact requirements vary depending on environmental pH. RNASeq showed that knocking out the two transcriptional regulators required for attachment causes massive changes in the bacterial cell surface. Approximately half of the 54 proteins required for attachment at pH 7.0 have a role in the later stages of nodule formation. We found no evidence for a single rhicadhesin responsible for alkaline attachment, although sonicated cell surface fractions inhibited root attachment at alkaline pH. Our results demonstrate the complexity of primary root attachment and illustrate the diversity of mechanisms involved.IMPORTANCEThe first step by which bacteria interact with plant roots is by attachment. In this study, we use a combination of insertion sequencing and biochemical analysis to determine how bacteria attach to pea roots and how this is influenced by pH. We identify several key adhesins, which are molecules that enable bacteria to stick to roots. This includes a novel filamentous hemagglutinin which is needed at all pHs for attachment. Overall, 115 proteins are required for attachment at one or more pHs.

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. However, soil salinization becomes one of the main limiting factors of peanut production. Therefore, developing salt-tolerant varieties and understanding the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance is important to protect peanut yield in saline areas. In this study, we selected four peanut varieties with contrasting response to salt challenges with T1 and T2 being tolerance and S1 and S2 being susceptible. High-throughput RNA sequencing resulted in more than 314.63 Gb of clean data from 48 samples. We identified 12,057 new genes, 7,971of which have functional annotations. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of uniquely expressed genes in salt-tolerant peanut revealed that upregulated genes in the root are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and upregulated genes in the shoot were involved in plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signaling pathway. Na+ content, K+ content, K+/ Na+, and dry mass were measured in root and shoot tissues, and two gene co-expression networks were constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in root and shoot. In this study, four key modules that are highly related to peanut salt tolerance in root and shoot were identified, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism were identified as the key biological processes and metabolic pathways for improving peanut salt tolerance. The hub genes include genes encoding ion transport (such as HAK8, CNGCs, NHX, NCL1) protein, aquaporin protein, CIPK11 (CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 11), LEA5 (late embryogenesis abundant protein), POD3 (peroxidase 3), transcription factor, and MAPKKK3. There were some new salt-tolerant genes identified in peanut, including cytochrome P450, vinorine synthase, sugar transport protein 13, NPF 4.5, IAA14, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 62, beta-amylase, fatty acyl-CoA reductase 3, MLO-like protein 6, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, and kinesin-like protein KIN-7B. The identification of key modules, biological pathways, and hub genes in this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in peanuts. This knowledge lays a theoretical foundation for improving and innovating salt-tolerant peanut germplasm.

Humic substances (HS), a natural polymer isomeric mixture, is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem. Its promotion effect on plant growth has been widely studied in recent years. Multiple signaling pathways play an important role in the process of HS promoting plant growth and development. The article summarizes the signaling pathway transduction and crosstalk mechanisms of HS in promoting the growth and development of plant roots and shoots. During the promotion of root growth, HS mainly involves the transduction of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), nitric oxide (NO), abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signal, and the complex crosstalk between them; During the promotion of shoot growth, HS mainly involves the transmission of cytokinin (CTK) and ABA signaling pathways, and the complex crosstalk occurs between nitrate and CTK signaling pathways. HS regulates plant physiological metabolism through a complex metabolic network, involving multiple complicated signaling pathways and crosstalk processes. Among them, (PM) H+- ATPase is the key node of HS promoting root and shoot growth, and multiple signaling pathways mediate the signal transduction of cascade amplification via (PM) H+- ATPase. NO signal has a complex crosstalk process with multiple signaling pathways that regulate root and shoot growth, and is an important crosstalk signaling molecule involved in the promotion of plant growth by HS. There are other signaling pathways involved in the growth and development of roots and shoots triggered by HS, among which the defense signaling pathways salicylicacid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are regulated by signaling pathways IAA, NO, ABA and CTK. Due to the dispersion, heterogeneity and complexity of biochemical research of HS, the relevant mechanism of the short-term promoting effect of HS on plant growth and the overall action mechanism on plant growth and development during the whole growth stage have not yet been clarified. Therefore, further in-depth analysis is needed to reveal the signal transduction, crossover, crosstalk and integration pathways involved in the growth promotion process, and the complex nutritional and metabolic pathways. The result of our research could provide theoretical basis for studying the action mechanism of HS physiological activity and its application in agricultural production.

The study is devoted to the topic of Arabic generic derivatives formed from nouns аccording to Masdar models of four-letter bases from names of states, organizations, their abbreviations, which is little represented in the academic literature. The authors set a goal to analyze and generalize the features and methods of secondary root formation in the Arabic on the material of the lexical corpus of derivatives grouped by semantic and word-formation identity. The data source was the texts of modern Arabic-language media. Sixty-six lexemes-neologisms with the general semantics of the process or state and formed according to the Masdar models of the fourletter basis were selected by the continuous sampling method. The selected lexemes were examined in asynchronous aspect and were subjected to lexico-morphological analysis. It was concluded that all the studied neologisms were formed on a morphological basis. The leading method is lexical derivation, which can proceed with the participation of word-forming formants, phonetic expanders, gemination of the root element, and without suffixation. All lexical derivatives were formed along the traditional path known and described by historians of the Arabic. The process examined in the article turned out to be analogous to the hypothesis of the formation of three-letter bases based on two root consonants accepted in Arabic studies. This allowed the authors suggest that new fourletter bases appear from existing three-letter roots, which over time can potentially become the base of four-letter roots, which will lead to the expansion of Arabic roots and the formation of new word-formation nests.

Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] has gained high demand and popularity across the world in recent years. Data on nutrient uptake and partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) indices of teff under balanced fertilization are scarce. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of six different nitrogen (N) rates (0,25,50,100,150,200 mg N kg−1) on the agronomic performance of teff. These treatments were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design with four replicates. Aboveground dry matter N and phosphorus (P) uptake increased with an increasing N rate, while potassium (K) uptake increased up to 50 mg N kg−1 and then started to decline. The dry matter yield followed the order straw > grain > roots. N uptake followed the order grain > straw > roots. P uptake also showed significant (p straw > roots. Most of the K was taken up by straw, followed by grain and roots. N fertilization had a significant (p

Numerous studies have shown that under a limited water supply, a larger root biomass is associated with an increased above-ground biomass. Root biomass, while genetically controlled, is also greatly affected by the environment with varying plasticity levels. In this context, understanding the relationship between the biomass of shoots and roots appears prudent. In this study, we analyze this relationship in a large dataset collected from multiple experiments conducted up to different growth stages in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives. Four bread wheat mapping populations as well as wild and domesticated members of the Triticeae tribe were evaluated for the root and shoot biomass allocation patterns. In the analyzed dataset the root and shoot biomasses were directly related to each other, and to the heading date, and the correlation values increased in proportion to the length of an experiment. On average, 84.1% of the observed variation was explained by a positive correlation between shoot and root biomass. Scatter plots generated from 6353 data points from numerous experiments with different wheats suggest that at some point, further increases in root biomass negatively impact the shoot biomass. Based on these results, a preliminary study with different water availability scenarios and growth conditions was designed with two cultivars, Pavon 76 and Yecora Rojo. The duration of drought and water level significantly affected the root/shoot biomass allocation patterns. However, the responses of the two cultivars were quite different, suggesting that the point of diminishing returns in increasing root biomass may be different for different wheats, reinforcing the need to breed wheats for specific environmental challenges.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. However, soil salinization becomes one of the main limiting factors of peanut production. Therefore, developing salt-tolerant varieties and understanding the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance is important to protect peanut yield in saline areas. In this study, we selected four peanut varieties with contrasting response to salt challenges with T1 and T2 being tolerance and S1 and S2 being susceptible. High-throughput RNA sequencing resulted in more than 314.63 Gb of clean data from 48 samples. We identified 12,057 new genes, 7,971of which have functional annotations. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of uniquely expressed genes in salt-tolerant peanut revealed that upregulated genes in the root are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and upregulated genes in the shoot were involved in plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signaling pathway. Na+ content, K+ content, K+/ Na+, and dry mass were measured in root and shoot tissues, and two gene co-expression networks were constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in root and shoot. In this study, four key modules that are highly related to peanut salt tolerance in root and shoot were identified, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism were identified as the key biological processes and metabolic pathways for improving peanut salt tolerance. The hub genes include genes encoding ion transport (such as HAK8, CNGCs, NHX, NCL1) protein, aquaporin protein, CIPK11 (CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 11), LEA5 (late embryogenesis abundant protein), POD3 (peroxidase 3), transcription factor, and MAPKKK3. There were some new salt-tolerant genes identified in peanut, including cytochrome P450, vinorine synthase, sugar transport protein 13, NPF 4.5, IAA14, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 62, beta-amylase, fatty acyl-CoA reductase 3, MLO-like protein 6, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, and kinesin-like protein KIN-7B. The identification of key modules, biological pathways, and hub genes in this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in peanuts. This knowledge lays a theoretical foundation for improving and innovating salt-tolerant peanut germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, necessitating innovative agronomic strategies to mitigate its impact. This study focuses on improving salt stress resistance in tomato plants through the application of silicon (Si) in roots. A greenhouse experiment was carried out under normal conditions (control, and 1 and 4 mM Si) and under salinity stress (salt control, and 1 and 4 mM Si). Various parameters were analyzed in leaves and roots. Under normal conditions, tomato plants grown in non-saline conditions exhibited some toxicity when exposed to Na2SiO3. As for the experiments under salt stress conditions, Si mitigated oxidative damage, preserving root cell membrane integrity. The concentration of malondialdehyde was reduced by 69.5%, that of proline was reduced by 56.4% and there was a 57.6% decrease in catalase activity for tomato plants treated with 1 mM Si under salt stress. Furthermore, Fe uptake and distribution, under salt conditions, increased from 91 to 123 mg kg−1, the same concentration as that obtained for the normal control. In all cases, the lower dose produced better results under normal conditions than the 4 mM dose. In summary, this research provides a potential application of Si in non-fertigated crop systems through a radicular pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In complex teeth like maxillary premolars, endodontic treatment success depends on a complete comprehension of root canal anatomy. The research on mandibular premolars' root canal anatomy has been extensive and well-documented in existing literature. However, there appears to be a notable gap in available data concerning the root canal anatomy of maxillary premolars. This study aimed to explore the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, considering age and gender variations. Methods: From 500 patient CBCT scans, 787 maxillary premolar teeth were evaluated. The sample was divided by gender and age (10–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and 61 years and older). Ahmed et al. classification system was used to record root canal morphology. Results: The most frequent classifications for right maxillary 1st premolars were 2MPM1 B1 L1 (39.03%) and 1MPM1 (2.81%), while the most frequent classifications for right maxillary 2nd premolars were 2MPM1 B1 L1 (39.08%) and 1MPM1 (17.85%). Most of the premolars typically had two roots (left maxillary first premolars: 81.5%, left maxillary second premolars: 82.7%, right maxillary first premolars: 74.4%, right maxillary second premolars: 75.7%). Left and right maxillary 1st premolars for classes 1MPM1 and 1MPM1–2−1 showed significant gender differences. For classifications 1MPM1 and 1MPM1–2−1, age-related changes were seen in the left and right maxillary first premolars. Conclusion: This study provides novel insights into the root canal anatomy of maxillary premolars within the Saudi population, addressing a notable gap in the literature specific to this demographic. Through CBCT imaging and analysis of large sample sizes, the complex and diverse nature of root canal morphology in these teeth among Saudi individuals is elucidated. The findings underscore the importance of CBCT imaging in precise treatment planning and decision-making tailored to the Saudi population. Consideration of age and gender-related variations further enhances understanding and aids in personalized endodontic interventions within this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during rice cultivation, it is essential to comprehend the morphological and physiological traits of rice roots. However, in high-fertility black soil regions of Northeast China, the effects of combining biochar application with water-saving irrigation (WSI) conditions on rice root development and nitrogen utilization are still unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a combination of field experiments and 15N tracer micro-area investigations was conducted in this study. Four treatments were implemented: (i) controlled irrigation without biochar application (CB0); (ii) controlled irrigation with 2.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB1); (iii) controlled irrigation with 12.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB2); and (iv) controlled irrigation with 25 t ha–1 biochar application (CB3). Flooded irrigation conditions without biochar treatment (FB0) were used as the control. The primary objective of this research was to identify the mechanisms by which combined WSI conditions and biochar application affect rice root development and nitrogen utilization. Biochar application enhanced rice root morphological and physiological characteristics. Optimal biochar application increased the longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW), root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA) of rice while also optimizing the root–shoot ratio and facilitating nitrogen absorption by roots. These changes in root morphological and physiological characteristics facilitated the absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen by rice roots, ultimately leading to improvements in rice yields and NUEs. Notably, the rice yields, NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of biochar application as a strategy to ensure food security and enhance NUE under WSI conditions. Furthermore, this study suggests that the recommended optimal application amount of biochar for the black soil area of Northeast China is 12.5 t ha−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinmethylin is a potential pre-emergence herbicide that could be used to control grass weeds in winter cereals. To determine the herbicidal activity of cinmethylin against common gramineous weeds in wheat fields in China and its level of safety on wheat, we conducted the following experiments: (i) assessing the efficacy of cinmethylin against 11 grass weeds and (ii) determining its safety against 19 wheat varieties. The results showed that cinmethylin had good herbicidal efficacy against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), shortawn foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.), slender meadow foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus Steud.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), British timothy (Phleum paniculatum Huds.), Asia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.), Helictotrichon tibeticum (Roshev.) Holub., and wild oat (Avena fatua L.), with a GR50 (the herbicide dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition) value of 4.50–99.21 g a.i. ha−1 in plant height and 1.43–70.34 g a.i. ha−1 in fresh weight. However, cinmethylin cannot control Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus L.) or Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) at a dose of 200 g a.i. ha−1. Different wheat varieties varied in their phytotoxicity to cinmethylin. Overall, there is a phytotoxicity risk when using cinmethylin on wheat, mainly to wheat roots, with a reduction in root length of 40.81–64.09% at a dose of 400 g a.i. ha−1. These findings indicate that the pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin provides good efficacy against most grass weeds and may possess potential for weed management in wheat fields. However, attention should be given to the application dosage and the sensitivity of wheat varieties when using cinmethylin in wheat fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to carry out a comparative pharmacognostic study of the roots of A. tomentosum and A. minus with the root of A. lappa to confirm or deny their interchangeability. Materials and methods. A Delta optic BioLight 300 microscope (Poland) was used to study the macro- and microscopic features of plant raw materials. The method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify organic, including fatty, acids. Quantitative content of amount of organic acids, ascorbic acid, total polyphenols and amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was determined by using spectrophotometry. The content of polysaccharides was determined by the gravimetric method. The results. For the first time, a comparative morphological and anatomical study of the roots of A. tomentosum and A. minus in comparison with the root of A. lappa was carried out. As a result, a distinctive diagnostic microscopic feature of the roots was established: the shape of the receptacles of the schizogen type. For the first time, the component composition of organic, including fatty acids, for the roots of A. tomentosum and A. minus was determined in comparison with the root of A. lappa, which is the same. The content of 11 organics and 12 fatty acids in plant raw materials of 3 Arctium species was identified and determined. The quantitative content of the amount of organic acids, ascorbic acid, polysaccharides, total polyphenols, and amount of hydroxycinnamic acids in the roots of A. tomentosum and A. minus in comparison with the root of A. Lappa was established, and these indicators are comparable. Conclusions. For the first time, a comparative pharmacognostical study of the roots of A. tomentosum and A. minus in comparison with the root of A. lappa was carried out which showed minor differences between the roots of these Arctium species and confirms their interchangeability at this stage, especially when harvesting wild plant raw materials, when identification of the species at the botanical level is impossible [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] To address the problems of water shortage and water inefficiency in cotton field production in the Alashan region of Inner Mongolia. Trace irrigation was used, and it was proposed to reveal the response mechanisms of cotton growth and development and water use efficiency to field water supply methods under trace irrigation. [Method] The effect of trace irrigation on the vigour and biomass accumulation of cotton roots was investigated in a field plot experiment with different burial depths and water volumes. [Result] Cotton root biomass showed an "S" type curve continuous growth; from the seedling stage to the spatulation stage, cotton root biomass showed an increase trend. The trace irrigation treatments all increased the root vigour of cotton compared with the sub-membrane drip irrigation (CK) treatment. T1 treatment had the highest root vigour, which helped to promote root undergrowth and create a reasonable root structure. [Conclusion] The bud stage and flowering and boll stage are the rapid growth periods of plants, and irrigation water supply is the key to growth water consumption during supporting period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the morphology of root canals in the carnassial teeth of German shepherds and mixed-breed dogs. Knowledge of the morphology of root canals is essential for a successful endodontic procedure. It has been determined that an apical delta, which represents a complex structure that consists of multiple cavities whose purpose is to allow the passing of nerves and blood vessels from the pulp cavity to the apex of the root, was present in 247 roots. There are four main types of apical delta. The most common type in superior fourth premolars was type II, with up to 10 apical ramifications, whereas type IIIA, with 10–20 apical ramifications, was most commonly present in inferior first molars. Root canal treatment of carnassial teeth in dogs is a common endodontic technique which aims to re-establish or maintain the health of the periapical tissues. In total, 43 dogs were used in this study. Root canal morphology was evaluated in 86 superior fourth premolars and 86 inferior first molars. Apical delta was present in 247 roots, while obliteration of the root canal was found in 11 roots. The most common type of apical delta of the roots of superior fourth premolars was type II, with up to 10 apical ramifications, while type IIIA, with 10–20 apical ramifications, was most commonly present in the roots of inferior first molars. Considering that knowledge of the morphology of root canals is essential for a successful endodontic procedure, the aim of this study was to analyze and compare the morphology of root canals in the carnassial teeth of German shepherds and mixed-breed dogs. Apical resection for the purpose of endodontic therapy of the superior fourth premolar and the inferior first molar is indicated at a length of 4 to 6 mm from the anatomical tip of the roots, which would completely remove the apical delta of these two teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out between the months of November 2020 and March 2021 and aimed to estimate the crop coefficient, root depth and abatement factor, depending on thermal time. The research area belongs to the UBPC Grito de Yara, Granma, Cuba, which is located at 200 25' 02' N Latitude and 760 53' 27' O Longitude. The estimation of the crop coefficient, root growth and exhaustion fraction was carried out using curvilinear models as a function of degree days. The estimation of root growth in the bean crop, using the three models evaluated, depending on the degree days, is reliable and is a very useful indicator for irrigation programming, since it facilitates the timely estimation of the sheet of water from the depth of the root. Growing degree days explain the allowable depletion levels of soil water for bean cultivation; In this regard, it was confirmed that the curvilinear model is accurate, which allows irrigation management, using information on degree days, to avoid water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansins are small proteins that play a key role in modifying the structure of the cell wall during various physiological processes, in particular cell growth by elongation. Expansins are encoded by a large multigene family and are divided into four subfamilies, the main ones being alpha- and beta-expansins; the latter have received special development in cereals. Expansins are thought to modify the interactions of cellulose with xyloglucan (alpha-expansins) or with arabinoxylan (beta-expansins). At the same time, expansins do not have catalytic activity, the specific mechanism of their action is unclear, same as the physiological significance of such a wide variety of isoforms. To study the expression patterns of individual expansins, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of all expansin genes identified in the maize genome using a convenient model system—zones of the maize growing primary root that differ in the stage of cell development and the composition of their cell walls. Of the 91 maize expansin genes, 67 were expressed in the root, and most expansin genes were characterized by a narrow range of zones with maximum transcript levels. Using a glycoarray containing 183 polysaccharides from the cell walls of plants of various species, we demonstrated that recombinant expansins AtEXPA1 and AtEXPB1 are able to bind to arabinogalactans and rhamnogalacturonans I and a number of other cell wall polysaccharides, which expands the list of their potential carbohydrate targets. Differences in the specificity of the interaction of alpha- and beta-expansins with various polysaccharides, both quantitatively and qualitatively, have been demonstrated. It has been hypothesized that the abundance of expansins in one plant organism and the fine regulation of their expression can be explained, at least in part, by the specific binding of individual expansins to specific cell wall polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Phloem sieve elements (PSE), the primary conduits collaborating with neighboring phloem pole pericycle (PPP) cells to facilitate unloading in Arabidopsis roots, undergo a series of developmental stages before achieving maturation and functionality. However, the mechanism that maintains the proper progression of these differentiation stages remains largely unknown.We identified a gain‐of‐function mutant altered phloem pole pericycle 1 Dominant (app1D), producing a truncated, nuclear‐localized active form of NAC with Transmembrane Motif 1‐like (NTL9). This mutation leads to ectopic expression of its downstream target CALLOSE SYNTHASE 8 (CalS8), thereby inducing callose accumulation, impeding SE differentiation, impairing phloem transport, and inhibiting root growth.The app1D phenotype could be reproduced by blocking the symplastic channels of cells within APP1 expression domain in wild‐type (WT) roots. The WT APP1 is primarily membrane‐tethered and dormant in the root meristem cells but entries into the nucleus in several cells in PPP near the unloading region, and this import is inhibited by blocking the symplastic intercellular transport in differentiating SE.Our results suggest a potential maintenance mechanism involving an APP1‐CalS8 module, which induces CalS8 expression and modulates symplastic communication, and the proper activation of this module is crucial for the successful differentiation of SE in the Arabidopsis root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch extraction from tubers and roots has long been an essential process, playing a crucial role in diverse industries ranging from alimentary to pharmacology. This review explores the different methods employed in starch extraction, including traditional techniques and the most innovative mechanical strategies. The methods show a good improvement in many aspects, such as an improvement in the efficiency of the process and an improvement in the yield, showing a value of 10.0–65.0% depending on the starch source. On the other hand, solvents such as NaOH are used in many mechanical processes for alkaline digestion to improve the extraction time. Ethanol and K2S2O5 concentrations of 0.5% and 0.8% were used to prevent oxidation and modify some properties of the extracted starch. The use of many solvents has improved the optimization of the processes, providing the final extracted starch with more advantages and better quality. However, using enzymes such as cellulase in new and innovative ways has provided more advantages and a better efficiency and yield than the other methods. Each method has its advantages and challenges, highlighting the importance of understanding the diversity of different approaches and their impact on the yield, sustainability, environmental considerations, and quality of the extracted starch. As the world looks for more ecological approaches, this review shows the importance of critically evaluating the yield, efficiency, and environmental implications of the extraction methods, providing us with more ways of evaluating the methods used for starch extraction. The ecological impact is a crucial point when evaluating the innovation of a new extraction process, which is why methods such as ultrasound and pulsed electric-field-assisted techniques have been proposed. These methods have been presented as sustainable techniques called green technologies, offering more approaches and different advantages than the other methods. This review intends to investigate the complexities and considerations of starch extraction, providing a solid basis for decision-making regarding starch extraction. In a time where sustainability and product quality are crucial elements of industrial strategy formulation, an in-depth understanding of these methods becomes imperative to the development of responsible practices and efficiency in starch extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of soybean genotypes tolerant to soil compaction makes it possible to reduce productivity loss under stress conditions. Added to this, the prior selection of these genotypes will result in greater assertiveness in the positioning of cultivars in the field. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the susceptibility of soybean genotypes to compaction in greenhouse and field conditions; verify which characteristics of seedlings under high resistance to root penetration are correlated with crop production in compacted soil; and to validate the substrate mechanical impedance method for evaluating the susceptibility of plant genotypes to soil compaction. Seeds of 20 genotypes were sown in a substrate mechanical impedance system under controlled conditions. The characteristics evaluated were total root length, total root surface area, mean root diameter, total root volume, taproot length, shoot length, root dry matter and seedling shoot dry matter. In the field experiment, half of the planting area was compacted, constituting two treatments, soil with and without compaction. The percentage of seedling emergence, initial plant height, stem diameter, number of nodes, internode length, number of lateral branches, shoot dry matter, final plant height, absolute and relative growth rate, number of pods, weight of 100 seeds and grain yield. In addition, the number of days between soybean sowing until plant flowering and grain harvest was recorded according to genotype and soil compaction level. In a controlled environment, genotypes tolerant to soil compaction show greater plasticity of root characteristics and smaller alterations in the shoot of seedlings. In the field, these genotypes show smaller reductions in growth rate, height, number of pods and grain yield. The shoot dry matter and the root dry matter of soybean seedlings in a mechanical impedance system present a positive and negative correlation, respectively, with soybean yield in compacted soil, indicating that the genetically determined susceptibility to soil compaction stress was similar throughout ontogenesis. The substrate mechanical impedance system used to evaluate the performance of soybean seedlings under stress, facilitates the decision‐making in breeding programs focused on identifying genotypes expressing soil compaction tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of epistasis in complex traits can be significant and affect the selection of segregating populations undesirably. The purpose of this study was to determine the epistatic genetic components that influence root and shoot traits of common bean and identify their effect on the performance of segregating populations. The field experiment consisted of 49 treatments (backcross progenies, parents and segregating populations in the F2 and F3 generations). The cross P1-BAF53 (Andean) × P2-IPR 88 Uirapuru (Mesoamerican) as reference. Six traits were taken into consideration: root distribution (%), first pod length (cm), number of grains (plot), plant height (cm), reproductive cycle (days) and number of basal branches (plot). For root distribution, first pod length and number of grains, the additive and additive × additive components were significant. On the contrary, for plant height, reproductive cycle and number of basal branches, no interaction component was observed. These results can be explained by the magnitude of variance determined for these traits. The additive × additive epistasis had a negative influence on the mean performance of segregating progenies. Contrariwise, transgressive segregation effects on plant height were observed as a function of genetic dominance deviation. Thus, additive × additive epistasis can hamper the success of a breeding program, for being associated with low-variability traits. This fact may be related with the number of crosses and/or the choice of genetically more distant parents for the program, and possibly with the presence of linked genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1) is a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that plays a crucial role in catalyzing the oxidation and rearrangement of disulfides in substrate proteins. In plants, PDI is primarily involved in regulating seed germination and development, facilitating the oxidative folding of storage proteins in the endosperm, and also contributing to the formation of pollen. However, the role of PDI in root growth has not been previously studied. This research investigated the impact of PDI gene deficiency in plants by using 16F16 [2-(2-Chloroacetyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester], a small-molecule inhibitor of PDI, to remove functional redundancy. The results showed that the growth of Arabidopsis roots was significantly inhibited when treated with 16F16. To further investigate the effects of 16F16 treatment, we conducted expression profiling of treated roots using RNA sequencing and a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics approach at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Our analysis revealed 994 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the transcript level, which were predominantly enriched in pathways associated with "phenylpropane biosynthesis", "plant hormone signal transduction", "plant−pathogen interaction" and "starch and sucrose metabolism" pathways. Additionally, we identified 120 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at the protein level. These proteins were mainly enriched in pathways such as "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "photosynthesis", "biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites", and "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites" pathways. The comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed a regulatory network for root shortening in Arabidopsis seedlings under 16F16 treatment, mainly involving phenylpropane biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. This study enhances our understanding of the significant role of PDIs in Arabidopsis root growth and provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root shortening following 16F16 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic substances (HS), a natural polymer isomeric mixture, is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem. Its promotion effect on plant growth has been widely studied in recent years. Multiple signaling pathways play an important role in the process of HS promoting plant growth and development. The article summarizes the signaling pathway transduction and crosstalk mechanisms of HS in promoting the growth and development of plant roots and shoots. During the promotion of root growth, HS mainly involves the transduction of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), nitric oxide (NO), abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signal, and the complex crosstalk between them; During the promotion of shoot growth, HS mainly involves the transmission of cytokinin (CTK) and ABA signaling pathways, and the complex crosstalk occurs between nitrate and CTK signaling pathways. HS regulates plant physiological metabolism through a complex metabolic network, involving multiple complicated signaling pathways and crosstalk processes. Among them, (PM) H+- ATPase is the key node of HS promoting root and shoot growth, and multiple signaling pathways mediate the signal transduction of cascade amplification via (PM) H+- ATPase. NO signal has a complex crosstalk process with multiple signaling pathways that regulate root and shoot growth, and is an important crosstalk signaling molecule involved in the promotion of plant growth by HS. There are other signaling pathways involved in the growth and development of roots and shoots triggered by HS, among which the defense signaling pathways salicylicacid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are regulated by signaling pathways IAA, NO, ABA and CTK. Due to the dispersion, heterogeneity and complexity of biochemical research of HS, the relevant mechanism of the short-term promoting effect of HS on plant growth and the overall action mechanism on plant growth and development during the whole growth stage have not yet been clarified. Therefore, further in-depth analysis is needed to reveal the signal transduction, crossover, crosstalk and integration pathways involved in the growth promotion process, and the complex nutritional and metabolic pathways. The result of our research could provide theoretical basis for studying the action mechanism of HS physiological activity and its application in agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pugionium cornutum is an annual or biennial xerophyte distributed in arid regions, with drought resistance properties. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the physiological changes of P. cornutum, the understanding of its metabolite variations remains limited. In this study, untargeted metabolomic technology was performed to analyse the change of metabolites in the roots of P. cornutum seedlings under drought stress. Our findings revealed that compared to the R1, the root water potential and the number of lateral roots increased, while the length of the tap root and fresh weight increased first and then decreased. In the R1–R2, a total of 45 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified, whereas in the R1–R3 82 DMs were observed. Subsequently, KEGG analysis revealed a significant enrichment of microbial metabolism in diverse environments and aminobenzoate degradation in the R1–R2, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ubiquinone, and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis were significantly enriched in the R1–R3. The upregulation DMs, including L-arginosuccinate, L-tyrosine, p-coumarate, caffeate, ferulate, vanillin, coniferin, 5-aminopentanoate, 2-methylmaleate and 2-furoate in P. cornutum seedlings may play a crucial role in enhancing root growth and improving drought resistance. These findings provide a basis for future investigations into the underlying mechanisms of drought resistance in P. cornutum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) inoculation on plant growth performance, root morphology, phosphorus (P), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations, as well as the expression of related synthesis and transporter genes in three citrus genotypes: red tangerine (Citrus tangerine ex. Tanaka), kumquat (Fortunella margarita L. Swingle), and fragrant citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex. Tanaka). Following 12 weeks of inoculation, significant improvements were observed in plant height, shoot and root biomass, total root length, average root diameter, second-order lateral root development, root hair density, and root hair length across all genotypes. Additionally, F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased root P and IAA concentrations in the three citrus genotypes. Notably, phosphatase activity was enhanced in F. margarita but reduced in C. tangerine and C. junos following inoculation. Gene expression analysis revealed a universal upregulation of the P transporter gene PT5, whereas expressions of the auxin synthesis gene YUC2, transporter gene LAX2, and phosphatase gene PAP1 were commonly downregulated. Specific to genotypes, expressions of YUC5, LAX5, PIN2, PIN3, PIN6, and expansin genes EXPA2 and EXPA4 were significantly upregulated in C. tangerine but downregulated in F. margarita and C. junos. Principal component analysis and correlation assessments highlighted a strong positive association between P concentration, P and auxin synthesis, and transporter gene expressions with most root morphology traits, except for root average diameter. Conversely, IAA content and phosphatase activities were negatively correlated with these root traits. These findings suggest that F. mosseae colonization notably enhances plant growth and root system architecture in citrus genotypes via modifications in P transport and IAA accumulation, indicating a complex interplay between mycorrhizal symbiosis and host plant physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]