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The growing consumer demand for the development of functional foods with a number of benefits for the consumer has led to a considerable increase in the studies focused on examining different natural agents to be included in the composition of newly developed functional foods. The chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), raspberry seed (Rubus idaeus L.), and ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.)) were determined using gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MS). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these EOs were examined using a high-throughput 96-well microplate bioassay procedure and the MICs of each EO against each test microorganism were determined. The results indicated significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella abony NTCC 6017, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NBIMCC 1390, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 28089, Fusarium moniliforme ATCC 38932, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, and Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643. To explore their potential applications in food preservation, model chocolate mousse food emulsions were prepared that incorporated EOs and/or selected probiotic lactobacilli strains in both free and encapsulated forms. The inclusion of EOs and/or probiotic lactobacilli resulted in enhanced microbial safety and an extended shelf life. Furthermore, the chocolate mousse variants that were biopreserved with the inclusion of probiotic lactobacilli maintained a high viable lactobacillus cell concentration throughout the storage period. As a result, these products would not only be suitable as functional probiotic foods but also as effective delivery vehicles for probiotic lactobacilli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NewSpace approach of utilizing CubeSats and smaller satellites for complex LEO missions that once were reserved only for bigger platform, paired with the requirement of enduring reliability and quality assurance on batches of tens of satellites, is paving the way for the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in micro-satellite missions. The recent global supply chain issues and extended lead times in the procurement of micro-controllers, memories and passive electronic components, caused by the pandemic and factories shutdowns, have resulted in a forced procurement diversification of several key elements, even in partially assembled products. GAUSS has been designing, manufacturing, and launching Small Satellites since early 2000. Its tenth satellite, UNISAT-7, was launched by a Soyuz-Fregat LV on March 22nd, 2021. Thanks to the vast experience gained on the application of commercial components in all the subsystems developed by the company, the typical overall costs for a complete platform are substantially lower compared to competitors, while retaining similar reliability. UNISAT-7, developed using lean-satellite methodologies, included more than 28 independent subsystems with their own telemetry, and most of them were developed in-house using ground COTS components; no space-grade products were employed, to save on overall mission costs. Some systems were devised from the start using open-source hardware, to expedite the prototyping process, while having the benefit of using readily available software, generally included with these platforms. Raspberry embedded devices were employed on the flight model for two remote sensing systems, to test how such systems, duly adapted to sustain space conditions, may perform and show reliability similar to commercial space systems worth thousand times the value. All systems have been activated and successfully verified for an entire year in LEO. They were hardened for vacuum, extreme temperatures, radiation, and launch stresses using common items found in general hardware stores. This work will delve into the open-source/COTS components used, the process employed to strengthen them, and the programmed flight firmware routines for maximizing embedded devices' reliability in space. • Use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in micro-satellite missions • UNISAT-7 as a space-tug, to deploy CubeSats and PocketQubes in LEO • GAUSS experience on COTS usage for micro- and nano-satellite missions • Use of open-source embedded systems in micro and nano-satellite missions • Best practices to enhance low-cost COTS reliability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zywnosc is the property of Polish Society of Food Technologists - Scientific Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent interest in the special beer category has encouraged the search for novel brewing materials, including new ingredients and novel yeast strains, in order to differentiate the finished products. The aim of this work was to select non-brewing S. cerevisiae strains for the production of a fruit beer with raspberry. The in vitro tests and the wort fermentations allowed the selection of two sourdough S. cerevisiae strains, showing high maltose and maltotriose consumption, high ethanol production, and high viability. Fruit beers (FB) and control beers (CB) without raspberries were prepared. Fruit addition accelerated sugar consumption (7 days compared to 13 days) and increased ethanol and glycerol production by yeasts. Raspberry addition and the inoculated yeast strongly affected the aroma profile of beers. FB samples showed a higher amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); the most represented classes were alcohols, followed by esters and acids. FB inoculated by the selected S. cerevisiae SD12 showed the highest VOCs concentration (507.33 mg/L). Results highlighted the possible application of sourdough yeast strains for the brewing process, which, combined with raspberry addition, can be exploited for the production of beers with enhanced aromatic features and suitable chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Background) Raspberry (R. idaeus L.) is very popular with consumers around the world for its intense flavor, attractive appearance, and health benefits. In recent years, interest in healthy eating and natural products has increased, and raspberry fits perfectly into these trends, which translates into its greater importance on the consumer market. (Aim) The aim of this study was the commodity evaluation of raspberry fruits bearing fruit on 2-year-old shoots, cultivated under conditions of varied nitrogen fertilization against the background of constant phosphorus-potassium fertilization. (Methodology) The first-order factors were cultivars ('Laszka' and 'Glen Ample'), and the second-order factor was nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1), against the background of constant phosphorus-potassium fertilization (100 kg P2O5 and 120 kg K2O ha−1). The experiment was set up in a dependent split-plot design with three repetitions. (Results) The importance of raspberry on the consumer market was shaped by taste and quality of fruit, health benefits, naturalness and freshness, universality of use, availability, and nutritional trends. (Conclusions) The tested cultivars were characterized by similar production and quality capabilities. Fertilization of the tested cultivars with a dose of 135 kg N·ha−1 turned out to be justified in terms of yield. Increasing nitrogen doses resulted in a significant increase in fresh fruit yield and fruit weight. Different doses of nitrogen increased fruit resistance to mechanical damage, firmness, and quality indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Four drying methods, hot air drying (HAD), microwave constant temperature drying (MWD), microwave vacuum temperature‐controlled drying (MIVD‐T50), and freeze drying (FD), were investigated for their effects on raspberries in terms of drying time, color, microstructure, rehydration, water activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and DPPH scavenging ability. It was found that microwaves combined with vacuum took the shortest time. The color of MIVD‐T50 is similar to that of FD and much better than that of HAD and MWD. A smooth surface and fluffy and porous structure inside were observed in the FD and MIVD by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. FD has the highest energy consumption, followed by HAD, MIVD‐T50 and MWD. The retention rates of total phenols and flavonoids in HAD, MWD and FD were lower than those in MIVD‐T50, and FD had the advantage of retaining anthocyanin content. In general, MIVD‐T50 has significance for the commercial production of raspberry. Practical applications: The use of natural antioxidants in food processing not only enhances the shelf life of products but also improves their nutritional value. Raspberry is a rich source of antioxidants and is widely used in food processing. However, the drying process is crucial in preserving its antioxidant quality, and different drying methods affect the antioxidant content differently. According to the results of the experiments, the drying method has a considerable impact on the energy usage and quality of dried raspberries. Compared with the HAD and MWD treatments, both FD and MIVD‐T50 showed better nutrient content preservation and antioxidant activity, which may be caused by the lower temperature drying process of FD or the stronger efficiency of MIVD‐T50. However, the drying time of FD is longer, and the energy consumption is higher. Therefore, MIVD‐T50 is a promising raspberry drying technology with low energy consumption, a short drying time, and high quality. It has huge development potential and broad commercial scale production market prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Smart Glasses" are made to make it easier for blind persons to read and decipher written English-language content. A blind people find it exceedingly challenging to travel alone, and they run the danger of getting lost and regular sticks won't allow the person to go around independently in public without things growing worse. The objective of our work is to help blind people communicate more easily by developing a smart assistive glasses using artificial intelligence. The function of the glasses is to read out any text picture as audio text, which can then be heard through a headset attached to the spectacles. OpenCV, optical character recognition and efficient and accurate scene text (EAST) detector were used to identify the text in the image; ultrasonic sensor in the glasses is used to calculate the distance to snap a clear picture. The motion sensor directs the blind to the lecture halls, classrooms, and laboratory locations using an radio frequency identification reader. The results shows that combination of optical character recognizer and EAST detector produced a fairly accurate result, demonstrating the potential of the glasses to recognize the text. Currently, the language supported by the glasses is English, and the distance covered is 40 to 150 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of phenylpropane that regulates the biosynthesis of flavonoids in raspberry. To elucidate the function and regulation mechanism of the RiPAL1 gene in raspberry, total RNA was extracted from raspberry fruits to synthesize first-strand cDNA. The gene was successfully cloned, and related bioinformatics analyses were carried out. Our results showed that the coding sequence (CDS) of the RiPAL1 gene was 2 133 bp in length, encoding 710 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 77.5 ku and an isoelectric point of 6.21. The maximum hydrophobicity of RiPAL1 protein was 4.50, its minimum hydrophobicity was -4.50, and its average hydrophobicity index was -0.49. Based on these, it was determined that it is a hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide. The RiPAL1 protein contained 4 N-glycosylation sites and 67 specific kinase sites. Its secondary structure was mainly composed of α-helices, while its tertiary structure was a homotetramer. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the RiPAL1 protein has a typical conserved domain of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the RiPAL1 protein is closely related to that of strawberry. This study provides a reference for further research on the molecular mechanism of the RiPAL1 gene in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in raspberry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic control of polyphenol accumulation in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L). Methods: The levels of total anthocyanins and 37 individual polyphenol metabolites were measured over three years in a raspberry biparental mapping population. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits were mapped onto a high-density SNP linkage map. Results: At least one QTL was detected for each trait, with good consistency among the years. On four linkage groups (LG), there were major QTLs affecting several metabolites. On LG1, a QTL had large effects on anthocyanins and flavonols containing a rutinoside or rhamnose group. On LG4, a QTL had large effects on several flavonols and on LG5 and LG6 QTLs had large effects on ellagic acid derivatives. Smaller QTLs were found on LG2 and LG3. Conclusion: The identification of robust QTLs for key polyphenols in raspberry provides great potential for marker-assisted breeding for improved levels of potentially health beneficial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of ultrasound application during juice pressing. The impact on pressing yield and extraction of bioactive compounds during production of juice from strawberry, blackcurrant and raspberry was evaluated. Juice pressing was carried out after four kinds of mash pretreatment. The tested objects were heated to 55 °C, treated by ultrasound, and/or macerated with an enzyme. The obtained juices were analyzed for the content of bioactive compounds and compared to the ‘Control’ sample, which was the juice pressed without any pretreatment. Although the results presented here do not conclusively show that enzymatic maceration can be completely replaced by the use of ultrasound, in the case of strawberry and raspberry fruit, juice yield after ultrasound treatment increased almost as much as after enzymatic maceration. Additionally, in the case of raspberry fruit, the antioxidant activity of the juice samples was definitely improved when ultrasound was used. The results from this experiment also showed that it is possible to separate the effect of temperature from the effect of mechanical and chemical actions in ultrasound treatment.

In recent years the use of hybrid drying methods has been noticed because of the improvement of the dried products quality. The effect of infrared (IR) power (0, 400, 600, and 800 W) in combination with convective hot air (60 °C, 3 m/s) on the quality properties of black raspberry pulp during foam mat drying was investigated in this study. According to the findings, increasing the IR power, (IR-CHA) had no effect on the moisture content, moisture ratio, or drying rate of the product; however, the effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff) was significantly increased. The effect of IR power on the physicochemical properties of black raspberry powder revealed that combining infrared with convective hot air (IR-CHA) improved the powder's flowability and total polyphenol content while decreasing its moisture content (p

Phytophthora rubi is a primary causal agent of Phytophthora root rot and wilting of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)worldwide. The disease is a major concern for raspberry growers in Canada and USA. To date, no information is available on genomic diversity of P. rubi population from raspberry in Canada. Using a PCR-free library prep with dual-indexing for an Illumina HiSEQX running a 2x150 bp configuration, we generated whole genome sequence data of P. rubi isolates (n = 25) recovered during 2018 to 2020 from nine fields, four locations and four cultivars of raspberry growing areas of British Columbia, Canada. The assembled genome of 24 isolates of P. rubi averaged 8,541 scaffolds, 309× coverage, and 65,960,000 bp. We exploited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from whole genome sequence data to analyze the genome structure and genetic diversity of the P. rubi isolates. Lowheterozygosity among the 72% of pathogen isolates and standardized index of association revealed that those isolates were clonal. Principal component analysis, discriminant analysis of principal component, and phylogenetic tree revealed that P. rubi isolates clustered with the raspberry specific cultivars. This study provides novel resources and insight into genome structure, genetic diversity, and reproductive biology of P rubi isolated from red raspberry. The availability of the P. rubi genomes also provides valuable resources for future comparative genomic and evolutionary studies for oomycetes pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of berries has become a relevant issue over time due to the increasing popularity of this berry. Its use extends to more markets every day. The fact that its production requires specific geographical conditions and care restricts the supply in the international market. It is noteworthy that Michoacán presents the appropriate characteristics for planting and harvesting. Therefore, the objective of this work is to determine the profitability and comparative advantage of Mexican raspberry production in Michoacán for the year 2021 through the Policy Analysis Matrix (MAP). Among the main conclusions, it stands out that with values of 0.35 and 0.23, it can be deduced that raspberry production is a competitive activity with an advantage for Michoacán producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is one of the most appreciated fruits in the world. According to FAO, the annual production in 2021 was about 886.000 t, with Europe which reached the largest input (approximately 68%). Due to the perishable nature of the fruits, there is a continuous need for improving the storage condition. The aim of the paper is to present the influence of storage conditions on organic raspberry fruits. Raspberries from 'Plapink' cultivar, were harvested in 2021 and stored in three different conditions: 1) normal atmosphere (NA) with 1°C and 85% relative humidity (RH), 2) controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions with 1°C, 85% RH, 5% O2 and 15% CO2, and 3) CA conditions with 1°C, 85% RH, 5% O2, and 15% CO2 for 3 days followed by NA for 6 days. Several quality indicators and physiological parameters were assed in order to verify the variations during the storage period. The total phenolic content values in NA decreased with about 6.28% compared to the initial moment, but no decreases were recorded during 3 days of storage in CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper was to create an authentic food - raspberry jelly, and to characterize it from a sensory and physicochemical point of view. Thus, we decide to obtain a food as natural as possible, with special nutritional qualities due to the reach content of nutrients from raspberries. Without the addition of preservatives or other chemical additives, a "jelly" type product was created, made of raspberry, which is a rich source of valuable vitamins (A, D, C, E, B3, B2, B6), minerals (K, Mn, Cu, Fe, Mg) and helps to reduce the risk of illness, obesity and diabetes. 2 types of jelly were obtained (raspberry jelly with raw sugar and raspberry jelly with stevia sugar), which were subsequently analyzed from sensory and physicochemical point of view. After the analyzes carried out, it was found that the raspberry jelly obtained with the addition of stevia sugar was more appreciated than the jelly obtained with raw sugar, both due to the appearance and color, but also due to the consistency of the finite product. Regarding the physicochemical analyzes performed (determination of total acidity, sugar content and refractive index) for the 2 samples of raspberry jelly, higher values were obtained in the case of raspberry jelly with stevia sugar, for all 3 monitored characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, real-time object detection, which is a crucial task, is being performed through image processing and deep learning techniques. As there are several high-performance computing edge devices available, selecting the best-fit device for a particular problem is a tough task and keeping in mind the cost, performance, and weight of the device in mind. One faces several challenges while performing this task in real-time such as a lack of resources in terms of power and mobility. We have provided an insight into the computation power of devices in terms of Frames per Second (FPS) by deploying object detection models on them. This paper will provide insight into selecting the appropriate combination of device and object detection models for real-time applications. Raspberry Pi 3 (RPi3), Raspberry Pi 4 (RPi4), Intel Neural Compute Stick 2 (NCS2), and Nvidia Jetson NANO are popular devices with high computation power used for real-time applications. The memory constraints of devices along with the deployment of different You Only Look Once (YOLO) and Single-Shot Detector (SSD) are the two object detection models that have been explained in this paper. A deep learning inference optimiser, TensorRT, has been used in NANO to achieve high throughput in the performance of object detection. The precision, recall, and F1 score achieved on deploying each tested model have been presented. After observing the devices during experimentation, RPi4+NCS2 showed the best execution with the blend of factors i.e. speed, portability, and user-friendliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the application area of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Agricultural Research and Application Center in order to determine the adaptation abilities of Heritage, Tulameen, Canby raspberry varieties in Bilecik conditions between 2020-2021. In terms of average fruit weights, there was no statistical difference between the varieties in the two years of the experiment. When the average fruit weight and fruit width were examined in both years, the best result was obtained from the Heritage variety. The highest fruit length was found in Tulameen (19.30 mm) in 2020, and in Heritage (19.62 mm) in 2021. In 2021, the highest amount of watersoluble dry matter was determined in Heritage (11.35%), pH Tulameen (3.77), and titratable acid content in Canby (4.03%). When the results obtained in the two years of the experiment were evaluated, it was determined that the Heritage variety was at the forefront. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry root rot and wilting complex (RRWC), primarily caused by Phytophthora rubi, is the most important disease for raspberry producers in Canada. There is currently little to no information on phenotypic diversity or sensitivity to metalaxyl-m of P. rubi isolates affecting raspberries in Canada. This study was conducted to understand the diversity in virulence and sensitivity to metalaxyl-m of P. rubi populations collected from diverse raspberry cultivars, fields, and locations during 2018–2020. All isolates of P. rubi (n = 24) were pathogenic on 'Chemainus' raspberry and showed significant variation (P < 0.05) in days to first foliar symptom development (DFSD) and progress in wilting index, as indicated by relative areas under disease progress curves (rAUDPC). Principal component analyses identified that root rot index, rAUDPC, DFSD, and percentage reduction in root length and weight were important variables in assessing pathogen virulence. Metalaxyl-m sensitivity was assessed using a radial growth assay and effective concentrations that inhibited 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) were determined for 44 isolates. The EC50 values ranged from 0.035–4.71 µg mL−1 with a mean value of 0.793 µg mL−1. About 61% of the isolates were very sensitive (EC50 values <0.20 µg mL−1), 25% of isolates were considered sensitive (EC50 values of 0.21–1.18 µg mL−1), and 14% of isolates showed reduced sensitivity to metalaxyl-m (EC50 value range of 1.19–4.71 µg mL−1). Knowledge of pathogen phenotypic diversity will be useful for raspberry breeders in screening genotypes against RRWC and the results of the fungicide sensitivity study will be useful in developing management strategies for RRWC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is quite difficult for visually impaired individuals to read a physically printed material. It is a necessity to provide information flow and communication between visually impaired individuals and other individuals. For this purpose, an alphabet has been developed for visually impaired individuals. With this alphabet, which is called the Braille alphabet, it is possible for visually impaired individuals to access written culture. There are special letters in the alphabet designed for the visually impaired. With the development of technology, studies in the field of Braille alphabet have increased. Optical character recognition technology can convert the letters on files such as pdf, pictures, photos into understandable data by selecting and separating them. Speech recognition algorithm, computer, tablet, mobile phone, voice recorder devices, etc. It is the process of detecting and recognizing the human voice through a microphone with technological products. Within the scope of the study, a device has been developed for Braille alphabet by using optical character recognition technology and speech recognition algorithm. First, the images of each page of the books that were requested to be translated into Braille alphabet were taken. Then, a transformation was performed using a specific character set with the optical character recognition algorithm. Audiobooks, on the other hand, were first converted into text and then into Braille alphabet using speech recognition algorithm. With these converted characters, a physical hardware device has been developed to display Braille letters that visually impaired individuals can read faster.

New emerging strains of toxigenic molds in agricultural areas and insufficient data on levels of their toxic metabolites occurring in domestic horticultural fruits and berries require risk assessment of MT contamination for this plant group of mass consumer products. This study concentrated on samples of fresh fruits and berries sold on the consumer market (185 samples, including 127 intact and 58 with signs of deformation and molding). We applied our own developed technique for quantification of mycotoxins based on HPLC-MS/MS. In this study, we were the first in the RF to examine contamination of garden strawberries, raspberries, currants, huck-leberries, blueberries, gooseberries, dogwood, plums, blackthorn, apples, pears) with 27 MT including poorly studied emergent MT (EMT), produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria. Strawberries, gooseberries, black currants and raspberries turned out to be the most contaminated with MT; red currants, apples and pears were less contaminated. The greatest variety of MT and EMT species was found in strawberries (23 MT), gooseberries (8 MT), black currants (7 MT) and raspberries (6 MT). Among the regulated MT, fumonisins B1 and B2, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 were detected in intact strawberries; patulin, in raspberries; deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, in black currant. As for damaged and moldy berries and fruits, the list of detectable toxins was expanded, primarily due to the detection of several types of unregulated EMTs. EMT tenuazonic acid was mainly detected in moldy berries; its levels increased manifold in almost all species, except for strawberries in which penicillic acid prevailed. These new data on MT contamination in fruits and berries indicate the necessity to perform in-depth hygienic assessment of such products sold on the Russian market to identify MT, EMT and their producers. The obtained results will be used to identify hazards at the first stage in risk assessment with its focus on MT and EMT contamination of fresh fruits and berries.

The article develops a methodology for conducting experimental studies on vacuum drying of varieties of apples, pears and raspberries growing in the southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Experimental studies and analysis of the influence of regime parameters on the drying process of selected products have been carried out, depending on the height of the layer of the dried material, the degree of grinding of raw materials, the degree of heating of the dried material and the pressure of the medium in the evacuated chamber.The analysis of the obtained drying curves for apples, pears and raspberries, in the initial state having a liquid paste-like mass, at the pressure in the vacuum chamber of 0.008 MPa, the loading height of 3, 4 and 5 mm, the degree of heating of the dried material - about 40 ° C, previously selected for research, shows that they have a similar character - all drying curves have quite clearly defined segments: the period of establishing regime parameters or the period of the beginning of drying, the period of constant drying rate and the period of decreasing drying rate.The results of experimental studies are generalized and based on them, equations describing the dynamics of moisture evaporation from the surface of products in the form of fourth-degree polynomial equations are obtained.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi ekspresi wajah pada pengendara mobil. Ekspresi yang dapat terdeteksi dalam penelitian ini terdapat tiga ekspresi yaitu, ekspresi sedih, marah, dan bahagia. Pada penelitian ini merancang sistem pengenalan ekspresi wajah menggunakan algoritma Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Output yang dihasilkan dalam alat ini yaitu berupa suara yang keluar dari speaker sebagai peringatan kepada pengendara agar lebih berhati-hati saat berkendara dalam keadaan sedih, marah, dan bahagia.alat komponen yang digunakan dalam alat ini yaitu, Raspberry pi 4, webcam, dan speaker. Software sendiri mengunakan bahasa pemrograman python yang langsung di program pada raspberry Pi sebagai controller utama. Pemrograman dilakukan melalui laptop menggunakan software remote VNC berbasis IP dan local network. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat pendeteksi ekspresi wajah pada pengendara ini sangat efektif untuk di gunakan di dalam mobil saat berkendara karena dengan alat ini pengendara bisa lebih waspada dan berhati-hati dalam berkendara ketika sedang sedih, marah dan bahagia. Sehingga alat ini dapat mengurangi resiko kecelakaan lalu lintas yang sering terjadi akibat suasana hati yang sedang tidak terkendali.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a group of dysmetabolic conditions, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance, and hypertension. Generally, MetS is accompanied by an exacerbation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggests that berries and berry bioactives could play a potential role in the prevention and mitigation of the risk factors associated with MetS. The present systematic review summarizes the more recently available evidence deriving from human intervention studies investigating the effect of berries in subjects with at least three out of five MetS parameters. The PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched from January 2010 until December 2022. A total of 17 human intervention trials met the inclusion criteria. Most of them were focused on blueberry (n = 6), cranberry (n = 3), and chokeberry (n = 3), while very few or none were available for the other berries. If considering MetS features, the main positive effects were related to lipid profile (low and high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides) following blueberries and chokeberries, while conflicting results were documented for anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels. Other markers analyzed within the studies included vascular function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Here, the main positive effects were related to inflammation with a reduction in interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha following the intake of different berries. In conclusion, although limited, the evidence seems to support a potential role for berries in the modulation of lipid profile and inflammation in subjects with MetS. Furthermore, high-quality intervention trials are mandatory to demonstrate the role of berries in reducing risk factors for MetS and related conditions. In the future, such a demonstration could bring the adoption of berries as a potential dietary strategy to prevent/counteract MetS and related risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocolloids are widely used in food processing because of their texture-forming abilities, which help to preserve the quality of sensitive compounds, e.g., in dried fruit foams, which have recently emerged in healthier alternative snacks. Our aim was to investigate the protective role of maltodextrin in improving the storage stability of fruit foams. This study evaluated the effect of maltodextrin concentrations on the stability of the following quality parameters: anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, color, texture, and sensory perception of dried foamed raspberry pulp during storage. This study compared three concentrations (5%, 15%, and 30% w/w) of maltodextrin in mixtures, evaluating their effect on the stability of these parameters over a 12-week storage period. The foam samples were stored at 37 °C to accelerate chemical reactions under vacuum packaging conditions which excluded oxygen. The addition of 30% maltodextrin to the raspberry pulp blend resulted in the highest retentions in all compounds tested, i.e., 74% for ascorbic acid and 87% for anthocyanins. Color and texture were similarly preserved. Adding 30% maltodextrin to the mixture did not negatively influence the acceptability of sensory perception. Maltodextrin thus represents an effective protective agent for preserving nutritional and sensory qualities for a longer storage period. Hence, using MD together with potato protein was optimal for enhancing the storage stability of fruit foam, which is important for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of the features of raspberry’s varieties and the species composition of pests in the conditions of the unheated hydroponic greenhouse covered with a synthetic membrane operating in the Artik community of Shirak region, led to the conclusion, that the Kwanza variety provides a high commodity yield with high fruit quality. The yield also stood out for its storage capacity, transportability, as well as with relatively average resistance to pests and diseases. However, it must be noted, that 3 types of pests and 2 types of diseases were found on the plants of both varieties of raspberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication non-adherence or mismanagement in medicines schedules such as missing doses, taking the wrong amounts, or having medicines at incorrect times is a serious problem, especially in elderly patients or patients with serious illnesses, and may lead to deadly consequences. This paper proposed a smart medical box that dispenses not only medicines at prescribed schedules but also has a basic health monitoring system for the patient's temperature, oxygen level, and heart rate detection, thus relieving the patient from visiting a doctor. This device is Raspberry Pi-controlled, having an added security feature of biometric recognition so that the medicine is dispensed to the correct patient. Moreover, the user is notified once their medicine has been dispensed via SMS. The main aim of this project was to keep the device cost-effective, user-friendly, simple, and beneficial for the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, we have witnessed the spread of computing devices getting smaller and smaller (e.g., Smartphones, Smart Devices, Raspberry, etc.), and the production and availability of data getting bigger and bigger. This work presents DLV-EE, a framework based on Answer Set Programming (ASP) for performing declarative reasoning tasks over data-intensive, distributed applications. It relies on the DLV2 system and it features interoperability means for dealing with Big-Data over modern industry-level databases (relational and NoSQL). Furthermore, the work introduces DLV-IoT, an ASP system compatible with "mobile" technologies for enabling advanced reasoning capabilities on smart/IoT devices; eventually, DLV-EE and DLV-IoT via some real-world applications are illustrated as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberries are rich in vitamins, sugars, organic acids, and secondary metabolites. However, the yield and quality of raspberry fruits can be compromised by fungal diseases. Resveratrol is a secondary metabolite derived from the phenylpropane metabolic pathway that plays a key role in plants defenses. To improve the defenses of raspberry plants against Botrytis cinerea, the genes of two crucial enzymes involved in resveratrol synthesis (4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase, 4CL; stilbene synthase, STS), were fused together and overexpressed in raspberry seedlings. In these transgenic plants, a high level of resveratrol was detected (13.8 ± 0.34 μg/g fresh weight) by high-performance liquid chromatography. This amount was 2.4 times higher than that in plants expressing the STS gene alone (5.6 ± 0.27 μg/g fresh weight). In addition, compared to non-transgenic plants and transgenic plants with STS gene, transgenic raspberry seedlings with the fusion gene showed significantly increased resistance to B. cinerea. These findings provide deeper insight into the utility of fusion genes in improving plants defenses against pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes of total flavonoids content, total polyphenols content and antioxidant activities in raspberry was studied by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and the effects of antioxidants on the antioxidant components and activity of raspberry were studied. Results showed that total flavonoids content, total polyphenolics content, reducing power, DPPH- and -OH scavenging rate of raspberry increased significantly during simulated gastric digestion compared with the blank experiment. The maximum amount of total flavonoids, total phenolics content, reducing power, DPPH* and *OH scavenging rate of raspberry during the gastric digestion process were 2.53, 1.23, 1.34, 1.03 times and 1.22 times greater than the amount at 0 h, respectively. The gastric acid control group were raised 1.26, 1.17, 1.32, 1.02 times and 1.12 times greater than the amount at Oh, respectively. During simulated intestinal digestion, the maximum increased by 0.91, 0.93, 1.22, 1.08 times and 1.07 times greater than the amount at 0 h, respectively. The results showed that pepsin, gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme could promote the release of antioxidants and increase the activity of raspberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berries comprise an economically important group of crops. Knowledge about their arthropod pests and biological control agents is important in the development of more efficient integrated pest management programs. Identification of potential biocontrol agents based solely on morphological attributes may be difficult and so molecular techniques should be incorporated. Here we studied the species diversity of predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae, and how this diversity is affected by the berry species and crop management approaches, specifically pesticide application regimes. We sampled 15 orchards in the State of Michoacán, Mexico. Sites were selected based on berry species and pesticide regimes. Mite identification was achieved by combining morphological attributes and molecular techniques. Phytoseiidae diversity was compared amongst blackberry, raspberry and blueberry. Subsequently we studied the effect of berry species and pesticide regime on the abundance of the most prevalent phytoseiid species. We identified 11 species of phytoseiid mites. The greatest species diversity was found in raspberry, followed by blackberry and then blueberry. The most abundant species were Typhlodromalus peregrinus and Neoseiulus californicus. The abundance of T. peregrinus was significantly affected by pesticide application but not by berry species. In contrast, abundance of N. californicus was significantly affected by berry species but not by pesticide regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora rubi is a primary causal agent of Phytophthora root rot and wilting of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) worldwide. The disease is a major concern for raspberry growers in Canada and USA. To date, no information is available on genomic diversity of P. rubi population from raspberry in Canada. Using a PCR-free library prep with dual-indexing for an Illumina HiSEQX running a 2x150 bp configuration, we generated whole genome sequence data of P. rubi isolates (n = 25) recovered during 2018 to 2020 from nine fields, four locations and four cultivars of raspberry growing areas of British Columbia, Canada. The assembled genome of 24 isolates of P. rubi averaged 8,541 scaffolds, 309× coverage, and 65,960,000 bp. We exploited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from whole genome sequence data to analyze the genome structure and genetic diversity of the P. rubi isolates. Low heterozygosity among the 72% of pathogen isolates and standardized index of association revealed that those isolates were clonal. Principal component analysis, discriminant analysis of principal component, and phylogenetic tree revealed that P. rubi isolates clustered with the raspberry specific cultivars. This study provides novel resources and insight into genome structure, genetic diversity, and reproductive biology of P rubi isolated from red raspberry. The availability of the P. rubi genomes also provides valuable resources for future comparative genomic and evolutionary studies for oomycetes pathogens.

The high susceptibility of raspberries to softening restricts the development of the raspberry industry. The primary causes of fruit softening are the breakdown of components linked to the cell wall and the destruction of the cell wall structure itself. Polygalacturonase (PG), a key enzyme that catalyzes pectin degradation, plays a critical role in fruit softening. However, there are currently limited studies on the mechanism of PG genes in raspberry fruit softening. In this study, a PG gene, RiPG2, was isolated from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). ‘Polka’ fruits and tomato plants overexpressing RiPG2 were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated leaf disc transformation to elucidate the role of RiPG2 in fruit softening. The total length of the RiPG2 gene is 1185 bp, and the gene encodes a total of 394 amino acids. The GFP fusion protein was expressed at the chloroplast under laser confocal microscopy, indicating that the RiPG2 protein is localized to the chloroplasts. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the fruit firmness of three strains was considerably less than that of controls, but PG enzyme activity was increased. Overexpression of RiPG2 altered the content of cell wall components, with an increase in water-soluble pectin (WSP) and ion-bound pectin (ISP) but a decrease in protopectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and covalently bound pectin (CSP). In addition, RiPG2 positively regulated the expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes such as SlEXP1, SlTBG4, SlXTH5, and SlPL. These results suggest that the RiPG2 gene regulates the structure and composition of the cell wall and acts synergistically with other cell wall metabolism-related genes to promote fruit softening. This study provides a new candidate gene for molecular breeding to improve raspberry firmness.

Raspberry fruits are an important source of many biologically active chemical compounds exerting nutritional and pro-health effects. The study presents a comparative analysis of nutritionally important bioactive chemical compounds—polyphenols; flavonoids, including anthocyanins; vitamin C; amino acids; fatty acids; and primary metabolites—contained in the fruits of three biennial fruiting cultivars, R. idaeus ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Laszka’, and ‘Radziejowa’, i.e., common cultivars in Poland and Europe. The antioxidant activity of fresh fruits and juice was determined with five methods. The analyses revealed the strong free radical scavenging potential of the fruits and juice, confirmed by the high concentration of nutrients, e.g., polyphenols, anthocyanins, vitamin C, amino acids, and fatty acids. The antioxidant activity of the juice determined with the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and OH radical methods was from 2.5 to 4.0 times higher than that of the fruits. The following orders of total polyphenol contents were established in the analyzed cultivars: ‘Glen Ample’ < ‘Laszka’ < ‘Radziejowa’ in the fruits and ‘Glen Ample’ < ‘Radziejowa’ < ‘Laszka’ in the juice. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by the ‘Radziejowa’ fruits. Given their high content of dietary fiber, the fruits of the analyzed raspberry cultivars can be consumed by dieting subjects. The concentrations of vitamin C (28–34 mg/100 g) and anthocyanins (20–34 mg/100 g) indicate the biological and pharmacological activity of these fruits. The main unsaturated fatty acids in the fruits were gamma-linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n3), which neutralize excess free radicals. The amino acids nutritionally essential to humans were dominated by leucine, arginine, and phenylalanine. This is the first comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity of fruits and juice and the contents of selected active compounds in the fruits of biennial fruiting cultivars of R. idaeus, i.e., a highly commercialized crop in Europe.

Raspberry plants, valued for their fruits, are vulnerable to a range of viruses that adversely affect their yield and quality. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we identified a novel virus, tentatively named raspberry enamovirus 1 (RaEV1), in three distinct raspberry plants. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of RaEV1, focusing on its genomic structure, phylogeny, and possible transmission routes. Analysis of nearly complete genomes from 14 RaEV1 isolates highlighted regions of variance, particularly marked by indel events. The evidence from phylogenetic and sequence analyses supports the classification of RaEV1 as a distinct species within the Enamovirus genus. Among the 289 plant and 168 invertebrate samples analyzed, RaEV1 was detected in 10.4% and 0.4%, respectively. Most detections occurred in plants that were also infected with other common raspberry viruses. The virus was present in both commercial and wild raspberries, indicating the potential of wild plants to act as viral reservoirs. Experiments involving aphids as potential vectors demonstrated their ability to acquire RaEV1 but not to successfully transmit it to plants.

Twelve berry species, including Rubus fruticosus cv. Qaemshahr, Rubus occidentalis cv. Qaemshahr, and Morus alba cv. Mashhad, Morus rubra cv. Karaj, Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Ribes uva-crispa; Lycium barbarum, Lycium infaustum, Lycium ruthenicum, and Vaccinium corymbosum were surveyed for karyomorphology analysis, monoploid genome size, and antioxidant activity. Results indicated that all species were diploid (2n = 2x = 14, 16, 24, and 28). Among these species, chromosome counts and karyomorphology parameters of three cultivars including: R. fruticosus cv. Qaemshahr (2n = 2x = 14), R. occidentalis cv. Qaemshahr (2n = 2x = 14), and M. alba cv. Mashhad (2n = 2x = 28) are reported here for the first time. The flow cytometric mean monoploid 2Cx DNA of berry species was 2.35 pg, varied from 0.68 (Rubus occidentalis cv. Qaemshahr) to 5.15 pg (Lycium ruthenicum). The average antioxidant capacity of berry species was obtained 32.8 μmol g-1. Their average total phenol and flavonoid contents were 4.98 mg g-1 (3.08-8.61 mg g-1), and 5.18 (2.47-10.63 mg g-1), respectively.

BackgroundMany studies show that the intake of raspberries is beneficial to immune-metabolic health, but the responses of individuals are heterogeneous and not fully understood.MethodsIn a two-arm parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial, immune-metabolic outcomes and plasma metabolite levels were analyzed before and after an 8-week red raspberry consumption. Based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) on plasma xenobiotic levels, adherence to the intervention was first evaluated. A second PLS-DA followed by hierarchical clustering was used to classify individuals into response subgroups. Clinical immune and metabolic outcomes, including insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and sensitivity (Matsuda, QUICKI) indices, during the intervention were assessed and compared between response subgroups.ResultsTwo subgroups of participants, type 1 responders (n = 17) and type 2 responders (n = 5), were identified based on plasma metabolite levels measured during the intervention. Type 1 responders showed neutral to negative effects on immune-metabolic clinical parameters after raspberry consumption, and type 2 responders showed positive effects on the same parameters. Changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein and insulin levels as well as Matsuda, HOMA-IR and QUICKI were significantly different between the two response subgroups. A deleterious effect of two carotenoid metabolites was also observed in type 1 responders but these variables were significantly associated with beneficial changes in the QUICKI index and in fasting insulin levels in type 2 responders. Increased 3-ureidopropionate levels were associated with a decrease in the Matsuda index in type 2 responders, suggesting that this metabolite is associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity for those subjects, whereas the opposite was observed for type 1 responders.ConclusionThe beneficial effects associated with red raspberry consumption are subject to inter-individual variability. Metabolomics-based clustering appears to be an effective way to assess adherence to a nutritional intervention and to classify individuals according to their immune-metabolic responsiveness to the intervention. This approach may be replicated in future studies to provide a better understanding of how interindividual variability impacts the effects of nutritional interventions on immune-metabolic health.

The amount of berry polyphenols required to exert health-promoting effects seems to be difficult to achieve by fresh fruit ingestion, so polyphenol-rich extracts could be considered a dietary alternative. In the present study, laboratory rats were fed high-fat diets supplemented with 0.1 or 0.3% raspberry polyphenols from pomace, with the former dose reflecting the amount of polyphenols consumed with a glass of fresh raspberries. It was hypothesized that beneficial changes in blood and hepatic tissue related to lipid metabolism would accompany both treatments, but the health-promoting effect would be more noticeable with the higher dose of extract. This hypothesis was confirmed, and the high dose of raspberry polyphenols was better than the low dose extract in terms of decreased epididymal white adipose tissue weight, hepatic triglyceride content, PPARγ and SREBP-1c expression in the liver, and plasma IL-6 concentration, as well as increased acetic acid concentration in the cecal digesta. These effects might be partially associated with the enhanced content of ellagitannin and anthocyanin metabolites found in the blood plasma of rats administered the high dose of the extract. The results showed that this extract could be considered a dietary vehicle to provide an amount of raspberry polyphenols that could promote health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine adaptation characteristics of nine raspberry varieties such as Heritage, Rubin, Canby, Newburg, Cola, Bursa Dwarf, Holland Dwarf, Summit and Tulamen grown in Oltu ecological conditions during 1999-2000 years. For this aim, phenological characteristics, vegetative growth performance and physicochemical properties of fruits were determined. Among these cultivars, Heritage, Holland Dwarf and Summit yield twice a year, both summer and fall season, whereas the others yield just once a year. The obtained data for each year were analyzed using Randomized Block Design. According to the study results, Newburg, Holland Dwarf and Summit cultivars yielded 313.60, 296.20, 293.70 g per cane respectively and they were determined to be the most productive cultivars. Also, these cultivars had 1.97, 2.66 and 2.07 g average fruit weight and 9.04, 7.77 and 9.92 percent total soluble solid while they had 15.80, 18.50 and 31.95 mg/100 g ascorbic acid content respectively. As a result, it was concluded that Heritage, Holland Dwarf and Summit primocane raspberry cultivars and Newburg floricane raspberry cultivar could be recommended for raspberry breeders in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Even though the influence of the climatic traits on wild berries production and quality is well known, this issue is of interest to be analysed in connection with specific species, areas, and climate. The present study was conducted for characterizing the crude chemical composition, pH, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics and of studied wild berries species, and quantifying the interrelationships among climatic conditions characterizing the fruits collecting area and their dry matter content. In this aim, there were taken into consideration two species of wild berries, Rubus idaeus L. (raspberry), and Ribes nigrum L. (blackcurrants), respectively, harvested from Colibița area, Bistrița-Năsăud County, in the autumn of 2022. The influences of the precipitations, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and wind velocity on studied wild berries dry matter content are quantified. The above-mentioned climatic parameters were collected from databases, and averages were calculated by wild berries vegetation period (March-September 2022). According to the multiregression analysis, and simple correlations calculation, only precipitations and temperature influence the wild berries dry matter content. The studied interrelationships show that increasing trends in temperature and rainfall regimen are moderate and positively correlated with both fresh and dry yields of raspberry, and blackcurrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific experiment was conducted in the period 2018-2020 in a collection plantation of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture in Bulgaria. The plantation was created in the autumn of 2016. The planting scheme of the plants is 3.00/0.50 m. The objective of the study is 'Tulameen' cultivar. Vegetative parameters were monitored: average number of shoots, average thickness and average height of shoots and reproductive: average fruit weight and yield per linear meter. The number of shoots had the highest values in the first year of the experiment (29.33), and their height (1.51 m) and thickness (7.60 mm) in the second year. The highest yield was recorded in the third year (1.48 kg/1 m2). A high to very high positive correlation between shoot height and thickness was reported in all three years. In the first year, a high correlation dependence was registered between shoot height and yield (0.76) and negative in the second (-0.85) and third (-0.51) years of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of herbaceous and woody plant species are known as host plants of Phytophthora pseudocryptogea, a relatively newly described species. Recently P. pseudocryptogea was isolated from raspberry plants in Bulgaria. Diseases plants were found in the 4 to 5 years old variety Ljulin plants on the biological production orchards in Kostenets region. Canes suddenly wilt and turn brown at the onset of warm temperatures. The plants manifested disease symptoms such as collar and root rot. The precise species determination of obtained isolate was done on the basis of the colony and asexual spores morphology and sequence analyses of the ITS region of the nuclear DNA. The pathogenicity of the fungus was tested by detached leaf bioassay on several raspberry cultivars in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)