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Objectives: To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and static stretching in relieving pain, increasing range of motion and improving functional disability in runners suffering from calf muscle delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Methodology: In this randomized controlled trial a sample size of 48 patients was taken from various gymnasiums of Faisalabad which were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group A (n=16) received static stretching, Group B (n=16) received PNF stretching and Group C (n=16) received no intervention being the passive control group. Patients' pain, range of motion (ROM) and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) were assessed every 24 h after onset of DOMS for 5 days. Results: No significant difference of age was observed between all groups. Significant improvement was demonstrated in all outcome measures across 5 days of treatment in subjects of all 3 groups with p < 0.05 by using Repeated Measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of one--way ANOVA demonstrated significant improvement in all outcome measures including pain, range of motion and lower extremity functional scale. But most significant improvement was observed in the PNF group. Conclusion: PNF stretching has proved to be relatively more effective than static stretching in reducing pain and improving range of motion and lower extremity functional scale scores in runners suffering from calf muscle DOMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of chronic low back pain (LBP) in recent years. However, its role remains controversial and it is unclear whether PNF offers more advantages for patients with chronic LBP. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence on the effect of PNF on pain, waist function, pulmonary function and dynamic balance in patients with chronic LBP. METHODS: Seven English and Chinese electronic databases were searched to identify articles published from 1970 to February 2020. Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected by two independent reviewers to investigate PNF in treatment of chronic LBP. Data extraction was performed by the same reviewers. RESULTS: Twelve eligible trials involving 410 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the control group, the aggregated results suggested that PNF showed beneficial effects in relieving pain (SMD = - 1.17; 95% CI: - 1.50 to - 0.84; p < 0.00001) and improving waist functional disability (MD = - 1.63; 95% CI: - 1.89 to - 1.37; p < 0.00001). In addition, PNF was shown to have a significant effect on pulmonary function (MD = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.03; p = 0.001). However, the results of the study show that PNF could not significantly improve dynamic balance in patients with chronic LBP compared with the control group (MD = - 0.04; 95% CI: - 2.16 to 2.08; p = 0.97). A high risk of bias occurred in the areas of blinding (i.e., participants/personnel and outcome assessment). CONCLUSIONS: PNF showed more beneficial effects in pain relief and waist function improvement in patients with chronic LBP in the short term (4 to 8 weeks of intervention) or at 12-week follow-up and also played a positive role in pulmonary function. However, no significant effect of PNF on dynamic balance was found compared with the control group. However, these results have certain limitations, and these conclusions were supported by low-quality data. Therefore, articles that are methodologically reasonable and more authoritative are required to verify the effects. In addition, articles with long-term follow-up and other outcomes are needed to confirm additional findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and compare its effect to the Schroth exercises on scoliosis angle, static plantar pressure distribution, and functional capacity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four girls (aged 14-16 years) with thoracolumbar curves were randomly distributed into two study groups of equal numbers. The Schroth group underwent Schroth exercises, whereas the PNF group underwent treatment using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Patients in both groups received treatment for one hour, three times per week for six successive months. Measurements of Cobb's angle, angle trunk rotation, total static plantar pressure on both lower limbs, and functional capacity using the six-minute walk test were performed just before and after six months of treatment. RESULTS: A significant decrease in Cobb's angle and right total static plantar pressure with a significant increase in left total static plantar pressure post-treatment was noted in both groups, with a higher effect in the Schroth group. A significant increase was recorded in the six-minute walk test with a decrease in angle trunk rotation in the Schroth group, while no significant changes were recorded in the PNF group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results obtained in this study, this program of PNF patterns did not show a significant improvement in angle trunk rotation, which is a critical aspect in correction of the curve in comparison to the Schroth exercises. These proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterns are not recommended for the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Postmastectomy lymphedema can be considered the main cause of upper extremity functional impairment in patients with breast cancer. Fatigue, pain, and limited range of motion are common symptoms. If left untreated, lymphedema causes cellulitis, which can lead to gangrene in rare cases. This study was carried out to identify and compare the therapeutic advantages of virtual reality-based exercises and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for postmastectomy lymphedema. Thus, a quasi-randomized comparative study of thirty female patients with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema was conducted. Fifteen patients performed virtual reality-based exercises as well as manual lymphatic drainage, pneumatic compression, and home programs, while the other fifteen patients performed proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation as well as manual lymphatic drainage, pneumatic compression, and home programs. The excess arm volume between the healthy and affected limbs was estimated before and after eight sessions of treatment for both groups. In addition, the affected limb functional score was calculated. Arm volume was calculated by the truncated cone formula and girth measurements obtained by the circumferential method. The Arabic version of the QuickDASH-9 scale was used to assess extremity function. Results The excess arm volume significantly decreased in both the virtual reality group (p = 0.001) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group (p = 0.005), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.902). Age was inversely related to the improvement percentage of the QuickDASH-9 score in the virtual reality group. The functional improvement percentage was statistically significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.045). Conclusion It can be concluded that both virtual reality and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation have a beneficial therapeutic effect on edema in patients with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema; neither method was found to be superior, except virtual reality was found to be superior to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in motivating patients and providing visual feedback. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04185181 Registered 4 December 2019 - Retrospectively registered.

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in repairing normal as well as in the injured brain. Physical exercise may have a positive impact on the release of BDNF. Objective: PNF is a neurophysiological approach that facilitates the stimulation of central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study, our aim was to assess the levels of BDNF as well as functional recovery before and after the intervention of PNF in patients with acute stroke. Methods: A total of 208 patients with first time confirmed stroke were recruited and assessed for stroke severity, type, mini-mental state exam (MMSE), functional independence measure scale, and BDNF levels before and after PNF intervention. BDNF levels were also assessed in healthy individuals for control values. Results: A significant decline in levels of BDNF was observed after in stroke. BDNF levels in patients (with different risk factors) with diabetes, hypertension and DM+ HTN, alcohol, and smoking history were 8.8 ± 4.04 ng/mL, 8.86 ± 4.68 ng/mL, 8.65 ± 3.26 ng/mL, 8.51 ± 4.26 ng/mL, and 8.9 ± 3.4 ng/mL, respectively. A decline in BDNF levels was observed in accordance with the severity of stroke in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke with the least level being in severe stroke (NIHSS >15 and ICH >3). Despite the type of stroke and the presence of risk factors, a significant improvement in BDNF levels and FIM scale scores was seen in all subjects who received PNF exercises. Conclusion: Thus, PNF is efficient in improving functional level in acute stroke irrespective of the type of stroke and risk factors.

The use of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), namely relaxation techniques, rhythmic initiation, a combination of isotonics, stabilizing and dynamic reversing, rhythmic stabilization and motor patterns, allows to improve motor function and to achieve active participations of patients with musculoskeletal injuries in the process. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of proprioceptive neuro-muscle facilitation techniques on index goniometry in individuals with gunshot lesions of the proximal humerus. The study involved 56 middle-aged men, who were randomized to two levels by group size. Investigation group (n=28) received proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, control group (n=28) received standard kinesiotherapy program and massage. Goniometry was performed on all participants for physical therapy on 28, 56 and 84 days of the treatment. Limits of movement amplitude were fixed in all three planes, which respond to the nature of the arthrogenic contracture. The total dynamics of increase in the amplitude of active movements in the shoulder complex in participants under the influence of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, noted higher (p=0.038; t=6.94) than in control group which underwent kinesiotherapy and massage. Therefore, positive changes were observed under the influence of PNF in the active amplitude of movement in men with gunshot lesions of the proximal humerus; this in turn allowed to break the circle of pain and improve the functionality of the upper extremity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gait disturbances are a major problem for patients after arthroplasty. After the surgery, walking speed, the rhythm of locomotion, and the length of the steps are significantly reduced. One of the therapeutic methods used in gait re-education is proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physiotherapy using PNF techniques on the gait of patients after hip and knee arthroplasty. Case report: A 60-year-old woman with advanced osteoarthritis that received bilateral hip and right knee arthroplasties was examined. Before and after the therapy, the following tests were performed: measurement of the range of motion (ROM) of hip and knees joints in the sagittal plane using a goniometer, assessment of the symmetry of the lower limbs loading using the two scales test, assessment of the risk of falls using the "Timed Up and Go" test, assessment of balance and gait using the Tinetti test, and assessment of pain intensity using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Rehabilitation was comprised of 15 PNF therapies, including scapular and pelvic PNF patterns. The stabilization of the upper and lower trunk, lifting, shifting of the body's weight from one foot to another, gait cycle (the stance phase and the swing phase), walking forward, backward, and sideways, and walking up/down the stairs were also used. After the therapy, the flexion ROM in both hip and knees joints was improved. The lower limb symmetry index decreased from 1.167 to 1.121, and the sum of the points obtained in the Tinetti test increased from 22 to 26. Pain in the joints also decreased from 6 on the VAS scale to 4. However, the result obtained in the "Timed Up and Go" test after the therapy was increased by 0.5 s compared to before the therapy. Conclusions: After hip and knee arthroplasties, physiotherapy using PNF techniques improved the gait and functional status of the patient. Continuation of this research using a larger number of patients is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study investigated the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), Kinesio® tape (KT), and PNF combined with KT (PNF + KT) for hamstring flexibility and jumping performance in amateur athletes with hamstring tightness. Methods. Overall, 128 amateur athletes were randomly assigned to the PNF (n = 32), KT (n = 32), PNF + KT (n = 32) or control group (n = 32). Flexibility was assessed with active straight leg raise (ASLR) test with a digital goniometer. Performance was evaluated by vertical jump (VJ) and triple hop distance (THD) tests. All measurements were performed by a blinded assessor 3 times: at baseline, immediately after the interventions, and 30 minutes after the interventions. Results. Amateur athletes receiving PNF or KT or PNF + KT demonstrated a greater increase in ASLR and THD tests from baseline to post-intervention scores (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.001 for ASLR; p = 0.001 in all groups for THD, respectively) and from baseline to 30 minutes after intervention (p = 0.001 in all groups for ASLR; p = 0.001 in all groups for THD, respectively). Nevertheless, only the PNF + KT group presented a greater increase in VJ test from baseline to post-intervention scores (p = 0.02). Besides, the effect sizes for the PNF + KT group were higher than in the other groups in all parameters. Conclusions. PNF + KT might be more effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and jumping performance in amateur athletes with hamstring tightness than each method alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review was conducted to investigate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on spasticity post-stroke. PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, CINAHL, MEDLINE, REHABDATA, and Web of Science databases were searched until May 2020. The methodological quality was evaluated using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Many inclusion and exclusion criteria of the studies were determined. Six studies were included in this systematic review. Three were pilot studies, clinical controlled trials (n = 2), and randomized controlled trials (n = 1). The scores on the PEDro scale ranged from two to five, with a median score of three. The findings of this study showed heterogeneous evidence on the benefits of the PNF intervention on spasticity post-stroke. The evidence for the effect of the PNF on spasticity in patients with stroke was limited. Further strong clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of swimming, the shoulder joint will be damaged when the arm is stroking. To reduce the injury of shoulder joints and improve the speed of stroke, it is necessary to train the flexibility of shoulder joints. This paper briefly introduced the concept of shoulder joint and flexibility and then explained the traditional stretching training method and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching method. Then, taking 20 college team swimmers of Yunnan University as the subjects, the comparative experiment of the traditional and PNF stretching methods was carried out. The results showed that the shoulder rotation index of the athletes after the use of the PNF stretching method was significantly lower compared with the traditional stretching method; under the PNF stretching method, the average power and total work of shoulder joints significantly improved in the highspeed external rotation, and the performance in the 50 m freestyle also significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with Guillain-Barrè syndrome (GBS) showed significant longer-term psychological sequelae, due to persistent disability. In recent years, great advances have been made in medical care for patients with GBS. However, the focus has been mainly on patient care in the acute phase and improving survival instead of long-term disability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation in people with GBS through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. PRISMA guidelines were used to perform this systematic review. Six bibliographic databases were searched: PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, PEDro, CINHAL, PSYCHINFO, and SCOPUS. Papers included in the systematic review should have a search design of a randomized controlled trial. The quality of the clinical trials included was evaluated according to Jadad score. After eliminating duplicates, 472 records got screened, three RCTs were included in the systematic review. Overall, the analysis of the three randomized controlled trials showed that various types of rehabilitation interventions are correlated to an improvement in the patient's well-being. Finally, it is not possible to extrapolate definite conclusions on the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment in patients with GBS. Therefore, high-quality future studies are needed to confirm these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- : Stoke is characterized as rapid clinical signs of focal (or global) impairment of brain function, with symptoms that last longer than one day or lead to death, with no other apparent cause than vascular origin. Globally, Cerebrovascular(CVE)damage is the second-biggest root cause of death and the third-largest cause of disability. This is 1 in 19 deaths. Stroke is a significant source of injury in the long term and is more disabled than fatal. This protocol has been created that describes the design of experimental study to evaluate the combined effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation(NMES) with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation(PNF) to enhance the upper- extremity functions in hemiplegic stroke patients. Methods-The participants (n=26) will be recruited in the study suffering from stroke and meeting the inclusion criteria. Two groups will be formed such that patients in group A will be treated with conventional therapy and PNF group B will be treated with PNF and NMES in alongwith conventional therapy. The protocol will cover 6 weeks of treatment. Regular assessment at 0,3rdand 6th week will be carried out. In the rehabilitation period, we will evaluate upper extremity function, activities of daily living(ADLs), mental status examination at regular interval during the rehab.Our outcome measures will be- Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Modified BarthelIndex(MBI) and Action Research Arm Test(ARAT). Discussion-Efficacy of the intervention will be evaluated by analyzing the upper extremity function using Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and level of disability by using Modified Barthel Index Scale. The result of the study will significantly provide affirmation on using combination therapy of PNF with NMES in stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the effects of whole-body vibration training and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the biomechanical characteristics of the lower limbs in functional ankle instability patients during cutting movement to ascertain the superior rehabilitation method. Twenty-two male College students with unilateral functional ankle instability volunteered for this study and were randomly divided into whole-body vibration training group and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group. Kinematics data and ground reaction forces were collected using infrared motion capture system and 3-D force plates synchronously during cutting. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data. Both training methods reduced the maximum hip abduction angle (p = 0.010, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = 0.69; whole-body vibration training = 0.20), maximum knee flexion angle (p = 0.008, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = 0.39, whole-body vibration training = 1.26) and angular velocity (p = 0.014, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = 0.62, whole-body vibration training = 0.55), maximum ankle inversion angular velocity (p = 0.020, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = 0.52, whole-body vibration training = 0.81), and knee flexion angle at the time of maximum vertical ground reaction forces (p = 0.018, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = 0.27, whole-body vibration training = 0.76), and increased the maximum ankle dorsiflexion moment (p = 0.049, effect size: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation = −0.52, whole-body vibration training = −0.22). Whole-body vibration training reduced the maximum ground reaction forces value in the mediolateral directions (p = 0.010, effect size = 0.82) during cutting movement. These findings suggested that the two types of training might increase neuromuscular conduction function around the ankle. After these two types of training, functional ankle instability patients showed a similar risk of injury to the lateral ankle ligaments during cutting. • Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation improved neuromuscular control ability. • Whole body vibration training may increase neuromuscular conduction function. • The risk of lateral ankle ligament injury was comparable after both trainings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to determine the potential benefits of PNF on balance and gait function in patients with chronic stroke by using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic review in the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Studies up to September 2020 are included. A systematic database search was conducted for randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of PNF intervention in patients with chronic stroke using balance and gait parameters as outcome measures. The primary outcomes of interest were Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and 10-Meter Walking Test (10MWT). Nineteen studies with 532 participants were included, of which twelve studies with 327 participants were included for meta-analysis. When the data were pooled, PNF made statistically significant improvements in balance with BBS, FRT and TUG (p < 0.05) or gait velocity with 10MWT (p < 0.001) when compared to the control. This review indicates that PNF is a potential treatment strategy in chronic stroke rehabilitation on balance and gait speed. Further high-quality research is required for concluding a consensus of intervention and research on PNF.

Background: Cerebral palsy children have limitations in motor function resulting in diminished selective motor control. Selective motor control (SMC) is essential for independent control of joint motion. Impaired SMC is interrelated to neuromuscular deficits in CP. In this study PNF approach was used with different patterns and techniques which help to evoke motor responses and improve neuromuscular control and function. Objectives: To assess the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment, To assess the effect of Conventional treatment and To compare the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment and conventional treatment on selective motor control of lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Material and Method: Study included 22 hemiplegic cerebral palsy children which were divided into two groups. Experimental group received PNF and conventional treatment and control group received conventional treatment. SMC of lower extremity was assessed using SCALE. Pre and post treatment scores were measured. Results: There was statistically significant difference noted within group and between groups on Total SCALE score. Difference was seen greater in experimental group than control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that PNF have an effect on selective motor control of lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease caused tearing and progressive wear of articular cartilage, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is recommended to patients with OA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and both sides up ball (BOSU) exercises on pain, range of motion (ROM), and muscle function in patients following TKA. Ten participants who have limitation of the knee joint from TKA were divided into two groups: the continuous passive motion (CPM)+PNF exercise group (n=5) and the CPM+BOUS exercise group (n=5). Exercise rehabilitation program consisted of PNF and BOSU exercises, and both exercises were performed twice a day for 2 weeks. To examine effect of exercise rehabilitation, visual analogue scale (VAS), sit and reach flexibility, knee ROM, and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were measured before and after exercise intervention. A two-way repeated analysis of variance was used to confirm the main effect. If there was a significant interaction effect, an independent t -test between groups or a paired t -test between times was applied. VAS, sit and reach flexibility, knee ROM and TUG did not show interaction between the PNF and BOSU exercise groups, but all measured variables showed significant differences over time. Present findings provide information that PNF and BOSU exercise rehabilitation after TKA might be an important part of ensuring successful surgical outcomes as they have a positive impact on reducing pain, increasing ROM, improving muscle strength, and enhancing daily life movements., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation.)

This study aimed to determine the effect of a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern Kinesio taping (KT) application on the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM) and balance ability in patients with chronic stroke. This crossover study included 18 patients with stroke. The subjects were randomly assigned to three interventions: barefoot, ankle KT (A-KT), and PNF-KT. The A-KT was applied to the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, and subtalar eversion. The PNF-KT was applied on the extensor hallucis, extensor digitorum, and TA muscles. DR-ROM was measured using the iSen™, a wearable sensor. Balance ability was assessed based on static balance, measured by the Biodex Balance System (BBS), and dynamic balance, measured by the timed up and go (TUG) test and dynamic gait index (DGI). Compared with the barefoot and A-KT interventions, PNF-KT showed significant improvements in the ankle DF-ROM and BBS scores, TUG, and DGI. PNF-KT, for functional muscle synergy, improved the ankle DF-ROM and balance ability in patients with chronic stroke. Therefore, the application of PNF-KT may be a feasible therapeutic method for improving ankle movement and balance in patients with chronic stroke. Additional research is recommended to identify the long-term effects of the PNF-KT.

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in repairing normal as well as in the injured brain. Physical exercise may have a positive impact on the release of BDNF. Objective: PNF is a neurophysiological approach that facilitates the stimulation of central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study, our aim was to assess the levels of BDNF as well as functional recovery before and after the intervention of PNF in patients with acute stroke. Methods: A total of 208 patients with first time confirmed stroke were recruited and assessed for stroke severity, type, mini-mental state exam (MMSE), functional independence measure scale, and BDNF levels before and after PNF intervention. BDNF levels were also assessed in healthy individuals for control values. Results: A significant decline in levels of BDNF was observed after in stroke. BDNF levels in patients (with different risk factors) with diabetes, hypertension and DM+ HTN, alcohol, and smoking history were 8.8 ± 4.04 ng/mL, 8.86 ± 4.68 ng/mL, 8.65 ± 3.26 ng/mL, 8.51 ± 4.26 ng/mL, and 8.9 ± 3.4 ng/mL, respectively. A decline in BDNF levels was observed in accordance with the severity of stroke in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke with the least level being in severe stroke (NIHSS >15 and ICH >3). Despite the type of stroke and the presence of risk factors, a significant improvement in BDNF levels and FIM scale scores was seen in all subjects who received PNF exercises. Conclusion: Thus, PNF is efficient in improving functional level in acute stroke irrespective of the type of stroke and risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation (EMG-triggered FES) is one of the effective method for improving task performance and providing movement re-learning of central nervous system. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a traditional manual therapy that is used as a method to regain normal movement by providing specific training methods. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EMG-triggered FES during trunk pattern in PNF on trunk control, balance, and gait of stroke patients. Methods: Forty participants were randomly allocated to EMG-triggered FES during PNF trunk pattern group (n = 20) and PNF trunk pattern group (n = 20). This study was a pretest-posttest with a control group design for duration of 4weeks (30 min/5 times/1 week). Outcome measures involved trunk impairment scale (TIS), Berg balance scale (BBS), and dynamic gait index (DGI). Results: In the experimental group and control group, TIS, BBS, and DGI score was significantly increased after intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the comparison of the experimental group and the control group according to the amount of change before and after the training. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that PNF trunk pattern affected the trunk control for stroke patients, and increased trunk control ability was effective in improving balance and walking. In addition, it was found that the EMG-triggered FES applied to the PNF trunk pattern affected the trunk control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This prospective study was planned to investigate whether the combined isotonic technique of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is superior to Shaker exercises in improving the function of swallowing muscles. Methods: Fifty individuals (30 females and 20 males; mean age 68 ± 3.89 years) with swallowing difficulties were separated into two groups randomly. The treatment groups were Shaker and PNF groups, which performed these exercises three times in a week for6 weeks. Swallowing difficulties were determined with the Turkish version of the eating assessment tool (T-EAT-10). The 100 ml-water swallow test was used to measure capacity, volume, and speed of swallowing. Contraction amplitude changes used as a universal measurement of motor unit activity during the muscle action were measured with superficial electromyography. Result: After 6 weeks of exercise training, T-EAT-10 scores decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). Water swallowing capacity and volume improved in both groups (p < 0.001). There was no change in swallowing speed in both groups (p > 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction values of suprahyoid muscles were higher in PNF than the Shaker group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Both the types of exercise can be used in the rehabilitation of swallowing difficulties. However, the PNF technique increased the contraction amplitude values that occur during maximum contraction more than the Shaker exercises. Different functional evaluations are needed to determine the effectiveness of PNF on swallowing difficulty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the relation between strong and weak action mode and uppercrossed syndrome in high-level table tennis players， and PNF（Propriceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation， PNF） intervention effect on upper crossedsyndrome. Methods We selected 20 high-level table tennis players of Beijing Sports University， evaluated their body postures and using BTE to test peak power and speed of forehand and backhand operation mode. Then we provided 5 weeks' PNF intervention for test group. Results （1） High-level table tennis players had symptoms for uneven shoulder， external rotation of scapula and forward head posture of upper crossed syndrome， the positive rate of the three dynamic posture assessments was higher. （2） After the intervention of PNF， the height difference of shoulders and the distance between the scapular inferior angle and spinal midline in both sides decreased significantly. The positive rate of the three dynamic posture assessments decreased. （3） After the intervention of PNF， the score of DASH questionnaire in the test group decreased significantly（p=.038） . The peak power of back hand action （P =0.000）， speed of forehand and backhand pattern were improved significantly after intervention of PNF（P =0.014） （P =0.002） . Conclusions （1） High-level table tennis players had a high incidence of upper cross syndrome. （2） PNF intervention can alleviate the symptoms of upper crossed syndrome in high-level table tennis players and improve their specific athletic ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that eccentric exercise induces muscle damage that is characterized by a prolonged decrease in muscle strength and range of motion, development of delayed onset muscle soreness. The previous studies showed that hold-relax stretching (HRS) was effective for improving the decreases in range of motion and muscle soreness. In addition, modified proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (mPNF) was an equally effective for HRS. However, it was unclear whether there are differences between acute effects of HRS and mPNF on muscle strength and muscle soreness in eccentrically damaged muscle. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the acute effects of HRS with those of mPNF on muscle strength and soreness in eccentrically damaged muscle. The participants comprised 40 volunteers randomly assigned to either the HRS group (N = 20) or the mPNF group (N = 20). Initially, the participants of both groups performed 60 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Two days after this exercise, each group performed either HRS or mPNF for 60 s at a time and repeated them six times for a total of 360 s. Muscle strength and soreness during stretching and contraction were measured before and immediately after HRS and mPNF. The results showed that the muscle soreness observed after eccentric contraction significantly decreased immediately after both HRS and mPNF. In addition, there were no significant changes in muscle strength immediately after both HRS and mPNF. These results suggest that while both HRS and mPNF can effectively decrease muscle soreness without reducing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sixty-six-year-old male presented with right upper limb weakness of three years duration. Radiological studies identified an acute infarct with haemorrhagic component and absence of flow in the left middle cerebral artery. This case report discusses his presentation and effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) approach in stroke to improve upper limb function [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on upper limb function of chronic stroke survivors. Methods. Overall, 30 stroke survivors were recruited via convenient sampling and consecutively assigned into 2 groups (15 participants each). Group A received CIMT while group B received PNF techniques. All treatments were administered on the affected upper limb, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scale was used to evaluate upper limb function. Descriptive statistics served to summarize the demographic characteristics of the participants and inferential statistics of t-test was used to determine the effect of the interventions within the groups and between the groups on the basis of FMA. All statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 16.0) at the alpha level of 0.05. Results. The participants' mean age was 59.53 ± 9.92 and 63.00 ± 7.27 years for group A and B, respectively. No significant baseline difference was observed between the groups in the upper limb FMA (p > 0.05). A statistically significant post-intervention effect was noted for both treatment approaches; however, when the groups were compared, CIMT resulted in a better improvement than PNF. Conclusions. CIMT and PNF interventions are both beneficial in improving upper limb function, with CIMT being more advantageous. CIMT may be the preferred approach for the management of chronic upper limb post-stroke impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The main purpose of the study is to design a rehabilitation program that includes some techniques of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, which can identify the difference between the pre-post measurement in the range of motion of the wrist joint, the elbow joint and the shoulder joint. Methods. The sample of the research was selected in a deliberate manner from children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. The basic research sample (7) children and (2) children were in the exploratory study after excluding children with different disabilities and multiple disabilities. The researcher used the program (Angelus Software Version 3.1.5) to measure the range of motor joints was. Rehabilitation program implemented for a month and use three training units per week, which included the program 18 rehabilitation units. Results. Considering research procedures, sample boundaries and statistical analysis, it was found that the proposed rehabilitation program had a positive effect on the range of motion of the wrist joint, elbow joint and shoulder joint. Conclusions. Within the limits of the research sample and the results reached, it is recommended to direct the results of this research and the program to the workers in the field of motor rehabilitation for people with special needs in general and rehabilitation of the groups of neurodevelopmental disorders in particular and conduct other research using the method of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation technique on disorders and other disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretches are widely used in athletics and rehabilitation. Although it has been shown that they produce better range-of-motion (ROM) increases than the slow or static stretch, the mechanisms responsible remain an enigma. This study was conducted to determine whether the previously proposed neurophysiological mechanisms of reciprocal inhibition and autogenic inhibition are responsible for the success of PNF stretches. In addition, the authors assessed the existence of the phenomenon of successive induction because it is used to strengthen reciprocal inhibition. Methods: Eighteen subjects 17-44 y performed the PNF stretches contract-relax (CR) and contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC). EMG data were collected from the medial hamstring muscles via surface and indwelling wire electrodes and analyzed for reciprocal inhibition and successive induction, as well as autogenic inhibition (surface electrodes only). Results: Reciprocal inhibition was not evident. The results indicated an elevated rather than an inhibited EMG during the antagonist contraction, possibly representing cocontraction. The authors did confirm the presence of successive induction. Autogenic inhibition was also not evident, and the expected inhibition and therefore lower EMG values after muscle contraction were not observed; instead, they were higher than baseline. Conclusion: Previous neurophysiological explanations for mechanisms of PNF stretching appear to be inadequate. This study corroborates previous findings that a muscle's tone increases during its antagonist's contraction. Other explanations should be considered regarding the mechanism for the effectiveness of the CRAC and CR PNF techniques in a nonneurologically impaired population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Some researchers have suggested that an alteration of stretch perception could be responsible for the success of the contract-relax (CR) stretch, a stretch technique derived from proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). Objective: This study was conducted to determine if the alteration of the stretch perception is a possible explanation for the range of motion (ROM) gains of the CR stretch. Participants: Eighteen subjects performed two stretches in randomized order: the slow stretch and the CR stretch. Main Outcome Measure: The stretch intensity was controlled. The stretch force was measured and compared between the slow stretch and CR stretch. Results: There was a significant difference between the stretch force that could be applied in the PNF stretch (126.0 N) and the slow stretch (108.4 N); P = 0.00086. The average stretch tolerance progressively increased with successive trials from 120.6 N in the first trial to 132.4 N in the fourth trial. Conclusion: The alteration of stretch perception plays a role in the success of the CR form of PNF stretching. At least four repetitions of the CR stretch are recommended to get the greatest ROM gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obese people are prone to foot deformities such as flat feet. Foot management programs are important to prevent them. This study investigated the effects of two foot-ankle interventions on balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus for four weeks. The experiment was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected, and they were randomly assigned to either a short foot group (SFG) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group (PNFG) according to foot-ankle intervention. Two interventions were commenced three times a week for 20 min over four weeks. The tests were conducted at two intervals: pre-intervention and at four weeks. The tests were conducted in the following order: the patient-specific functional scale test (PSFS), an ultrasound of the plantar fascia, the navicular drop test, balance test, and the four-way ankle strength test. Two groups showed significant differences in balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions between pre-test and post-test (p < 0.05). PNFG had significantly higher dorsiflexor and invertor strength than SFG (p < 0.05). SF and PNF interventions were effective to improve balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus. Additionally, PNF intervention is more beneficial in increasing the dorsiflexor and invertor strength compared to SF intervention.

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