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The article examines the manifestation of racist views and beliefs in various discursive practices. Words, texts and speech can play a key role in the formation of the modern racism. The study provides a brief overview of the concepts of “race” and “racism” adopted in Western science, describes the main approaches to the discursive analysis of racism. The focus is on discursive aspects of racism in Germany and New Zealand. Terms “prejudice” as a negative attitude towards a social group and “stereotype” as expression of a belief about a group or a representative of a group are explored. Strategies for rationalizing prejudices about minorities are listed; themes of racist discourse are described. The semantics of racist discourse manifested in the social, cultural, political, information, business and everyday spheres of life is examined. The authors summarize the broad meaning of the term racism applied in the Western science. The conclusion is made about the unifying and divisive functions of racist discourse and its differentiation into levels: “domestic racism”, “elitist racism”.

School racial segregation is increasingly recognized as a threat to US public health: rising segregation in recent decades has been linked to a range of poor health outcomes for Black Americans. Key theorized mediators of these harms remain underexamined, including experiences of interpersonal and institutional racism driving increased stress, and peers health behaviors influencing students own. Using cross-sectional survey data on a national sample of adolescents, we investigated associations between school segregation and these two potential mediating pathways, operationalized as adolescents perceptions of prejudice from fellow students and the health behaviors of their peers (drinking and smoking). We further investigated whether associations were modified by individual race/ethnicity and school racial composition. Pooling across all schools and students, higher levels of school segregation were associated with decreased perceptions of peer prejudice (OR 0.54, 95% CI = 0.34-0.86), but not with peers health behaviors. However, this masked important differences by respondents race/ethnicity and school racial/ethnic composition. In predominantly White schools, school segregation was not associated with Black students perceptions of peers prejudice, but higher levels of segregation were associated with increased rates of peers drinking and smoking. In predominantly non-White schools, in contrast-where most Black students are educated-higher levels of school segregation were not associated with perceived peer prejudice nor unhealthier peer behaviors for Black students (in fact, peers health behaviors improved). And across both school types, higher levels of district segregation were associated with lower odds of reporting peer prejudice among non-Black students of color. Our findings suggest that the paths between school segregation and poor health depend on the type of school children attend in segregated districts. In schools predominantly serving students of color, structural factors upheld by school segregation-i.e., material, educational, disciplinary, or economic disadvantage-likely dominate over peer behaviors as the primary drivers of segregations health harms.

This study examines the relationship between personal traits, news use via YouTube algorithmic searches, and engagement with misinformation about U.S. Muslim congresswomen. Based on analyses of survey data, we find that those with lower cognitive ability and frequent algorithmic use were more likely to believe and share misinformation. Republicans and those with higher levels of nationalism and prejudice against Muslims were also more likely to believe the misinformation. Moderation findings suggest that higher algorithmic use strengthens belief in misinformation about U.S. Muslim congresswomen. The results highlight the importance of both individual ideologies and systematic factors in understanding misinformation engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers play a crucial role in fostering inclusive school environments for students from diverse backgrounds. However, harboring prejudiced attitudes towards minority students can have adverse social and psychological effects on these individuals. This study investigates the ethnic and homophobic prejudice profiles of Italian secondary school teachers (N = 552, Mage = 46.15, 76.4% females) using a person-centered approach. It explores how these prejudice profiles predict moral disengagement mechanisms, self-efficacy, and social anxiety among teachers. Participants completed assessments on subtle and blatant ethnic prejudice, attitudes toward the representation of homosexuality, moral disengagement, self-efficacy in teaching, and social anxiety. Latent profile analysis identified three prejudice profiles among teachers: low, moderate, and high prejudice. The results, based on a structural equation model, revealed that teachers with high prejudice profiles were more likely to employ moral disengagement mechanisms and reported higher levels of social anxiety. The study underscores the significance of interventions and monitoring efforts tailored to educators, encompassing their social, moral, and individual dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In settler colonial societies, settlers employ various practices to eliminate, replace, and erase Indigenous Peoples. We posit that the rarity of representations of contemporary American Indians in mainstream US culture legitimates other settler colonial practices in US society. We studied whether less exposure to representations of contemporary American Indians is associated with less support for challenges to other settler colonial practices. Using survey data from 903 White Americans, we examined associations between exposure to representations of contemporary American Indians, belief that American Indians are "a people of the past", and support for challenges to settler colonial practices. We found that less exposure to representations of contemporary American Indians was indirectly associated with less support for challenges to settler colonial practices. This association occurs via double mediation – first through belief that American Indian Peoples are not contemporary and second through belief they are "a people of the past". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we challenge the prevailing assumption about the impact of higher education on attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities by examining whether educational effects are monolithic or manifold instead. Using data from the General Social Survey (1972–2021), we use a variety of measures of education (years, levels, sectors, and majors) to unpack the relationship between higher education and intergroup attitudes, specifically anti-immigration attitudes among native-born Americans and anti-Black attitudes among non-African Americans. Results show that some higher education graduates hold out-group attitudes that are not much different from those without any higher education. Narrowing our focus to respondents only with higher education, we find significant variation in out-group attitudes across educational sectors and academic majors. These results have implications for how we understand previous scholarship on prejudice and higher education, which may have overestimated the impact higher education has, in general, on prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social stereotypes influence people's perceptions of nationalities. To categorize the stereotypes about existing nationalities in Switzerland, the stereotype content model can be used. People with nationalities that are associated with low warmth and competence are at risk of being perceived as outgroup members and of being discriminated against, whereas people with nationalities that are rated as high in warmth and competence are more likely to be perceived as ingroup members and are therefore better accepted. Warmth is negatively associated with competition while competence is positively associated with status. Students (N = 101) from various universities in the German-speaking part of Switzerland rated 70 nationalities along the dimensions of warmth, competence, competition, and status. The cluster analyses revealed four groups of nationalities along the dimensions warmth and competence. Levels in status and competition differed between those four clusters. In line with prior research, a negative relationship was found between competition and warmth and a positive relationship between status and competence. These findings allow to understand social stereotypes of nationalities based on empirical evidence. More importantly, the clusters can be used in future studies to compare groups of people with different nationalities who have specific stereotyping experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does (under-)performance of athletes from stigmatized racial groups influence the incidence of racial hate crimes? We consider the case of the English national football team during the 2020 European Football Championship and analyze whether the performance of black players during the final at Wembley affected the number of racial hate crimes committed in London. The three English players who missed their penalties in the final are all black English players. Combining insights from (displaced) frustration-aggression and scapegoat theory, we argue that the frustration of losing the final resulted in violence directed at racial minority group members in London. Our findings show that the lost final triggered a 30 percent increase in racial hate crimes in the weeks following the event. The immediate impact was larger in boroughs with higher pre-event levels of racial hate crimes, indicating a galvanizing instead of a mobilizing exacerbation of this trigger event.

A narrow definition of Islamophobia flags religion as playing the central part in anti-Muslim prejudice. But a broader term bundles ethnic, national and cultural prejudices together with religious ones; the latter are gradually becoming disconnected from the cultures in which they were embedded. In measuring degrees and levels of Islamophobia, this article turns to the mass media to understand how they have amplified and at times echoed calls for anti-Muslim prejudice. Islam has become culturalized and racialized by both adherents and antagonists alike, lending a massive landscape for social media in particular to exploit. Qualitative data seem best equipped to assay popular attitudes and behavior towards Muslims. And their relevance is especially significant in shaping female Muslim experiences. To be sure, Islam is placed to take a key part in the making of a post-hegemonic international order. Highlighting tolerance towards others is critical rather than using other attributes to shore up the political legitimacy of a state. To categorize Islamophobes as racists makes for bad politics, but it can enhance legitimacy.

Dutch colonisers treated Chinese Indonesians preferably compared to native Indonesians which continues to impact relations between the two groups today. We investigated this impact through the lens of comparative victimhood beliefs. We conducted an online survey among native Indonesians (N = 333) and identified an indirect relationship between comparative collective victimhood and support for reconciliation with Chinese Indonesians via the mediating effect of general exclusive victimhood beliefs and prejudice in a serial mediation model. In Study 2, we tested the connections using experimental method among native Indonesians (N = 300). Participants who received a message supporting higher (vs. lower) historical comparative victimhood beliefs related to Chinese Indonesians showed higher exclusive victimhood beliefs and prejudice, and in turn, a decreased (vs. increased) support for reconciliation. These results support the idea that to enhance support for reconciliation, the trauma of the colonial past needs to be healed. We discuss the implications for intergroup relations in post‐colonial contexts among different victim groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at an interdisciplinary analysis of the various roles of prejudice and discrimination in fantasy. It focuses on the ways the storyworlds of The Witcher and The Lord of the Rings portray racial discrimination. Reading the books of J.R.R. Tolkien and Andrzej Sapkowski through jurisprudential lenses allows us to draw conclusions as to the meaning of the implicit and explicit presentation of discriminatory practices by authors in storyworlds. Remarks on movie and TV series adaptations are included to develop transmedia storytelling analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTransgender people in the United States experience mistreatment and discrimination, as well as harassment and violence, at much higher rates than the general population. In university classrooms specifically, less conspicuous forms of prejudice-based behavior are even more common. This study aimed to gain an accurate understanding of cisgender faculty and transgender student perceptions and attitudes regarding the issues transgender students face in the classroom. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with cisgender faculty (n = 7) as well as two transgender students (n = 2) at a mid-sized U.S. university. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify and describe interviewees’ understanding of and concerns about transgender students’ experiences in the classroom. The interviewed cisgender faculty were aware of inappropriate comments among student peers that they viewed as requiring intervention. At the same time, they also described awareness of their own improper name or pronoun usage. The two transgender students described feelings of being separated from other students by virtue of their transgender identity, experiences of being tokenized, and being positioned by their professors in classrooms to represent all transgender students. Implications for positively and proactively addressing transgender students’ experiences of prejudice in higher education classrooms are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, mass immigration of Venezuelans to Colombia peaked, which for Colombian residents was accompanied by fear of potential conflicts and negative consequences. Given the lack of literature on the effectiveness of perspective taking in combating discrimination in ongoing conflict situations, the present experiment (between-subjects design) investigated whether and how perspective-taking affects Colombians' (N = 254) levels of prejudice toward Venezuelan migrants. After manipulating perspective taking, the present research assessed participants' levels of perspective taking, their empathy, trust, anxiety, and behavioral intentions toward as well as their evaluations of Venezuelans. The results showed that our manipulation was not effective in increasing perspective taking. However, in line with our preregistered hypotheses, self-reported levels of perspective taking were associated with more positive evaluations and behavioral intentions toward Venezuelan migrants. Furthermore, the findings provided some support for the role of empathy, trust, and anxiety as underlying mechanisms. Our study suggests that individual differences in perspective taking play a significant role in reducing prejudice toward outgroup members, even in contexts of ongoing conflict. Yet, the current findings do raise doubt on the generalizability of previous experimental laboratory findings on perspective taking and prejudice. We discuss how knowledge of the mechanisms should help to improve perspective-taking manipulations in future intergroup conflict intervention studies. Public Significance Statement: This study demonstrates that the more Colombians put themselves in the shoes of Venezuelan migrants, the more they empathize with them and are less prejudiced toward them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing prejudice in childhood requires changing group norms that often perpetuate prejudicial attitudes and in-group bias. Research has shown that intergroup contact is one of the most effective means to reduce prejudice. Yet little research has examined whether intergroup contact in the form of class discussions that challenge negative group norms might promote the desire to play with diverse peers. This study tested whether a classroom intervention program, Developing Inclusive Youth, which included experiences of direct and indirect contact, would increase children's desire for contact with diverse peers and reduce reported experiences of social exclusion. A multisite randomized control trial was implemented with 983 students (502 females; 58.5% White; Mage = 9.64 years) and 48 teachers in 48 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade classrooms across six schools. Overall, students in the program displayed more positive expectations about play with diverse peers and fewer experiences with social exclusion. Classroom discussions involved challenging group norms that perpetuate same-group preferences. Children's grade moderated their desire for contact with peers from some but not all social groups. This type of program may be an effective means for increasing positive, inclusive group norms in childhood, as this is a time in development when attitudes and preferences for peer friendships are forming. Increasing positive intergroup norms in the classroom creates academic learning environments that promote healthy child development. Public Significance Statement: A central and important question is how to reduce prejudice and bias in schools and to create inclusive classrooms that reflect mutual respect and intergroup friendships. Reducing prejudice in childhood requires changing group norms that often perpetuate prejudicial attitudes and in-group bias. Research has shown that intergroup contact is one of the most effective means to reduce prejudice. Yet little research has examined whether intergroup contact in the form of class discussions that challenge negative group norms might promote the desire to play with diverse peers. When children experience peer-based social exclusion from groups, the outcome is debilitating. Experiences of exclusion and discrimination from one's peers can result in long-term negative consequences including anxiety, depression, and a lack of motivation to attend school, contributing to mental and physical health disparities.This study was designed to increase children's desire to play with diverse peers and reduce experiences of social exclusion for students in third, fourth, and fifth grade classrooms. To achieve these goals, this study tested the beneficial impacts of an intervention program, Developing Inclusive Youth (DIY) in 48 third, fourth, and fifth grade classrooms across six U.S. schools. Children in the program were more likely to desire to play with diverse peers and reported fewer experiences of social exclusion. A fundamental goal for developmental science is to facilitate positive classroom environments for productive learning and academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early education helping young children manage prejudiced attitudes towards themselves and others is urgent. Early childhood (EC) teachers in Saudi Arabia are making significant changes by applying an anti-bias approach to deal with such issues with young children. In the study reported on here we used a quantitative approach to explore anti-bias education, including an analysis of approaches to the cultural environment, which includes teaching practices and associated learning resources. Many teachers (n = 142) in the cities of Jeddah and Riyadh in Saudi Arabia contributed to this study by completing a questionnaire. Teachers' classroom practices, such as role-play, pictures, books, toys, and materials in teaching children the concept of antibias, were deeply explored. The results of the study show that the greater the previous experience of teachers in teaching children from a culture different from their own, the greater the application of the concept of anti-bias in creating the classroom environment. There is a need for further studies on the extent to which anti-bias education is being implemented on a larger scale in primary schools in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of positive intergroup contact for intergroup attitudes are well‐established. Yet individual and group self‐segregation practices demonstrate that opportunities for intergroup contact are not sufficient for contact uptake; and persistent institutionalized segregation reinforces and compounds this problem. Hence, we need to understand what drives people towards and away from intergroup contact and what consequences the capacity to deliberately engage or avoid contact has for individuals, groups, and communities. This paper formally introduces the concept of intergroup contact volition: our perceived personal control over intergroup contact engagement and avoidance. We demonstrate this concept's theoretical, political, and practical significance by highlighting its embeddedness in both old and recent literature. We document debates around volition in early intergroup contact research and note a prolonged neglect since. After discussing reasons for that neglect, we present a detailed analysis of the concept, outlining how the idea of volition itself is contested and political, as well as the ways it intersects with broader societal power and status dynamics. We then outline pathways for future research, including investigations of when taking volition away (making contact mandated) might be helpful, intersections between psychological and human geography perspectives on volition, and connections between volition and system justification. We argue that contact volition is intimately and ultimately linked to issues of social change: support of, versus resistance to, policies promoting intergroup integration. As a result, an enhanced understanding of volition is critical to developing intergroup contact research and practice into outcomes that maximize social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy years of research on intergroup contact, or face-to-face interactions between members of opposing social groups, demonstrates that positive contact typically reduces prejudice and increases social cohesion. Extant syntheses, however, have not considered the full breadth of contact valence (positive/negative) and have treated self-selection as a threat to validity. This research bridges intergroup contact theory with sequential sampling models of impression formation to assess contact effects across all valences. From the premise that positive versus negative contact instigates differential resampling of outgroup experiences when self-selection is possible, we advance and meta-analytically test new predictions for the moderation of valenced contact effects and negativity bias as a function of people's opportunity and motivation to self-select in and out of contact. Our random-effects synthesis of positive and negative intergroup contact studies (238 independent samples, 936 nested effects; total N = 152,985) found significant valenced contact effects: Positive contact systematically associates with lower prejudice, and negative contact associates with higher prejudice. Critically, the detrimental effect of negative contact is significantly larger than the benefit of positive contact. This negativity bias is particularly pronounced under conditions in which one can self-select, is motivated to avoid contact, among male-dominated and prejudiced samples, in contact with stigmatized, low status, low socioeconomic status outgroups, along nonconcealable stigma, with nonintimate contact partners in informal settings and in collectivistic societies. Considering individuals' motivation and opportunity to self-select, together with contact valence, therefore offers a more nuanced and integrated platform to design contact-based interventions and policies across varied contact ecologies. Public Significance Statement: This meta-analysis extends earlier analyses of intergroup contact, or face-to-face interactions between members of opposing groups, showing that the quality of contact and opportunities and motivation to avoid contact matter. It demonstrates that positive contact improves intergroup relations, but negative contact worsens them and is more impactful. Negative contact prevails and is thus riskier in real-world settings, offering opportunity and motivation to avoid contact. This enriched knowledgebase can help maximize the benefits of intergroup contact and minimize its risks through more targeted policy and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores Wollstonecraft's experimental first novel, Mary: A Fiction (1788) in the context of Dissenting preoccupation with prejudice. It shows how Wollstonecraft shared the Dissenters' analysis that prejudice was the source of political and social oppression, and how she extended that insight into her account of the situation of women. She shared with Dissent a belief in education and in print culture as tools to combat prejudice, but her experimental textual strategies differ significantly from, for instance, that of Dissenter Anna Laetitia Barbauld, in her "Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts" (1790). Where Barbauld replicates in print the rhetorical strategies of public and political discourse, Wollstonecraft, in key moments in Mary, draws on the model, from Edward Young, of authentic, persuasive enthusiasm, to "steal into the soul" of her readers. Early in her writing career, she can thus be seen seeking to turn affective transport to political effect, and experimenting with the resources and registers of print culture to combat prejudice, and enact dissent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incremental advancements in technology present researchers with opportunities to examine and predict human behavior before the integration of technology into daily life. Previous studies have identified trends in both the design and reception of current social robotic technologies, including gender biases and social "othering", which may affect how humans interact with more advanced robotic technologies in the future. The aim of the current study was to explore whether preconceived beliefs about gender inequality, interest in casual sex, and social hierarchies would relate individuals' interest in engaging in platonic friendships ("robofriendship") or sexual relationships ("robosexuality") with hypothetical human-like robots. Two-hundred and twelve participants completed an online survey measuring gender, ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, and sociosexual orientation in relation to individuals' interest in both robofriendship and robosexuality. It was found that hostile sexism positively predicted interest in robosexuality, particularly for men (β =.16, b =.27, 95% CI [.03,.30], t (209) = 2.364, p =.019). Conversely, hostile sexism negatively predicted robofriendship, and significant interactions effects were found in that at lower levels of SDO, women maintained greater interest in robofriendship than men (β =.26, b =.54, 95% CI [.09,.99], t(208) = −2.235, p =.02). The current study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that preconceived beliefs about social hierarchy and gender inequality may impact romantic and platonic interactions between humans and robots. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prejudice against Gender and Sexual Diversity (GenSex prejudice) is a significant issue of scientific study. Negative attitudes towards lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and gender nonconforming people are prevalent in many countries. Gender, age, education, income, religion, and military enrolment are associated with higher prejudice levels. The present study measured GenSex prejudice in an all-male military sample of Brazilian soldiers. Participants were 354 recruits of the Brazilian Army between the ages of 18 and 20. Measures included a 5-point Likert scale to assess GenSex prejudice. Data was analyzed using descriptives and ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni comparisons. Being religious, having lower income, and being less educated were significantly associated with higher levels of prejudice. Soldiers with elementary education were more prejudiced than those with higher levels of education. Soldiers with a monthly family income of less than USD 530,36 had more GenSex prejudice than those with higher earnings. Also, religious soldiers had more prejudice than the nonreligious ones. Protestant soldiers had significantly more GenSex prejudice than all other religious groups measured. No significant differences were found between ethnic or racial groups. Results are discussed with the literature on human rights, educational practices, racial discrimination, religiosity and prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative emotions toward outgroup members are primary factors in maintaining and escalating inter-group conflicts. Building on studies showing that highly creative individuals exhibit fewer negative emotions toward outgroup members, we examined whether training creativity by means of divergent thinking tasks would reduce negative emotions toward outgroup members in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Experiment 1 examined the effectiveness of a 2-week creativity training program that entailed executing divergent thinking tasks. The results show that individuals trained to think creatively exhibited fewer negative emotions toward the outgroup compared to the control group. Experiment 2 examined the effects of a short creativity intervention and found that the intensity of negative emotions did not change immediately after carrying out divergent thinking tasks. These findings suggest that extended, but not short, creativity intervention may regulate negative emotions toward outgroup members, indicating that emotional change in the context of conflicts is possible only after repeated creativity training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While extant research has largely framed prejudicial attitudes as a precursor to hate crime offending, the current research considers the possibility that negative outgroup attitudes may also be an important consequence of hate crime victimization as well. Methods: Using survey data from 3,183 respondents across the United States, this research employs a series of regression models to examine the relationship between hate crime victimization and three different types of prejudicial attitudes: anti-Asian xenophobia, anti-Hispanic xenophobia, and anti-Black prejudice. Results: Results indicate that hate crime victimization is significantly and positively associated with all three prejudicial attitudes, such that those who experienced a hate crime are more likely to report higher levels of anti-Asian xenophobia (b =.455; p <.001), anti-Hispanic xenophobia (b =.408; p <.001), and anti-Black prejudice (b =.360; p <.001). Results also indicate that these patterns are both offender race-specific and stronger for more recent victimization, compared to less recent victimization. Conclusions: When interpreting these results within a pattern matching framework, we argue that they suggest important initial evidence that prejudice may not be just a precursor to hate crime offending, but also a possible consequence of hate crime victimization, thus implying a potentially cyclical relationship between intergroup offending and victimization that should be the subject of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Providing personal demographic information is routine practice in the United States, and yet, little is known about the impacts of this process. This study aims to examine the experiences and perspectives of Multiracial/ethnic adults in the United States when disclosing racial/ethnic identity. Methods: Seventeen semistructured interviews were conducted with adults identifying as Multiracial/ethnic. The Multiracial/ethnic identities of participants included Black or African American and White; Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) and Hispanic or Latino; Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino; Black or African American and AI/AN; AI/AN and White and Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and White. Multiple participants reported identifying with multiple ethnic groups for any single broad category. Three identified as sexual minorities. Nine were Millennials; six were Gen X; one was Gen Z; one was Baby Boomer. Qualitative data were analyzed using staged hybrid inductive–deductive thematic analysis. Results: Disclosure of racial and ethnic identities presents a unique stressor for Multiracial/ethnic populations due to methods used to obtain data, perceived mismatch of identity and phenotype and exposure to prejudice. Social norms, constructs and movements impact the categories that a Multiracial/ethnic person indicates to external parties. Conclusions: The stress and negative feelings that Multiracial/ethnic adults face when identifying their race/ethnicity underscore the broader implications of standard demographic questions on feelings of inclusivity and visibility within a population. Patient or Public Contribution: Gathering data on individuals' racial and ethnic backgrounds is a standard practice, and yet, it can pose challenges for those who identify with multiple groups or do not see their identities reflected in the options provided. Such individuals may feel excluded or experience unfair treatment when disclosing their identity, leading to significant stress. As the frequency of this data collection increases, it is essential that the questions are posed empathetically and equitably, with a strong commitment to enhancing inclusivity throughout the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the strict rejection of casteism by the Sikh faith, caste-based hierarchies are still a prevalent factor amongst Sikh diasporas within the UK. On the basis of ethnographic fieldwork amongst women whose caste is considered to occupy a lower status, this paper examines their experiences and explores how, over time, this has contributed to the construction of their identity. This article situates the women within a nexus of complex social and cultural factors, illuminating the representations of caste, gender and intergenerational change within Nottingham. An intersectional standpoint provided an analytical value in accentuating the sites where gender, caste and the mediation of honour intersected. The research shows a heterogeneity in the self-positioning of women vis-à-vis caste identity and shows a marked difference in attitudes between generations, denoting a depreciation in the significance of caste. Ultimately, while the respondents were conscious of their caste and of the historical prejudice against their caste, it is significant that they did not live their lives through it, as they internalised Sikhi as their core identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This pilot study examines access to justice for people with epilepsy in Finland. • Only a few court cases provided little insight into their everyday problems. • The survey results show that they had experienced problems in many spheres of life. • Having refractory epilepsy was linked with experiencing everyday problems. • Perceived prejudice was also linked to the experience of everyday problems. The aim of this socio-legal pilot study is to gain insight into the access to justice for people with epilepsy in Finland by identifying the everyday problems experienced by them. Stigma, prejudice and their impact on the lives of people with epilepsy has been widely documented in the literature. Thus, we also wanted to explore whether there is a link between reported everyday problems and perceived prejudice. In the first phase of the study, court cases were used to describe the everyday problems of people with epilepsy in Finland. In the second phase, descriptive statistical methods were used to analyse the survey data collected from adults with epilepsy in Finland (n = 237). Based on only a few existing court cases, the problems faced by people with epilepsy seem to be similar to those faced by other groups of people with disabilities. The most common problems reported by our survey respondents were related to healthcare services (73 %) and work (54 %), followed by family (25 %), mistreatment (25 %), housing (24 %) and goods and services (19 %). Both having refractory epilepsy and perceived prejudice seem to be linked with experiencing everyday problems. The results of this pilot study on the everyday problems experienced by people with epilepsy suggest that there are various gaps in their access to justice, even in a developed EU country like Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines persistent racism, despite its formal denial, through an interdisciplinary approach that combines critical race theories, whiteness study and social psychology. It questions whether the analytical and empirical distinction between different forms of prejudice—despite their coexistence—can yield positive outcomes in the fight against racism. Considering the case of the Roma community in Italy, specifically within the universalistic approach of the Italian school system, the level of prejudice was measured in a sample of 305 middle school teachers. The main findings confirm the persistence of blatant prejudice concealed beneath a veneer of subtle racism and reveal that an educational institution's rhetorical commitment to democracy may not substantially impact the behavior of democratic teachers when interacting with Roma individuals. The systemic inequalities ingrained within the education system are reminiscent of colonial times, where practices that once suppressed the potential of Africans are now used against Italian Roma citizens. This article finally suggests how teacher training might be improved to reduce racism, based on the different profiles of prejudicial attitudes detected among teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does (under-)performance of athletes from stigmatized racial groups influence the incidence of racial hate crimes? We consider the case of the English national football team during the 2020 European Football Championship and analyze whether the performance of black players during the final at Wembley affected the number of racial hate crimes committed in London. The three English players who missed their penalties in the final are all black English players. Combining insights from (displaced) frustration-aggression and scapegoat theory, we argue that the frustration of losing the final resulted in violence directed at racial minority group members in London. Our findings show that the lost final triggered a 30 percent increase in racial hate crimes in the weeks following the event. The immediate impact was larger in boroughs with higher pre-event levels of racial hate crimes, indicating a galvanizing instead of a mobilizing exacerbation of this trigger event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study (N = 1019, 51% females) explores the role of positive and negative extended contact as predictors of willingness for future cross‐group interactions in the context of the relationship between heterosexuals and sexual minorities in China. Results revealed that positive extended contact was more prevalent and more strongly associated with contact intentions than negative extended contact. Central to our hypotheses, both positive and negative extended contact were indirectly associated with higher or lower contact intentions, respectively, via the sequential mediation of perceived group norms, intergroup anxiety and intergroup trust. These findings deepen our understanding of how to foster the willingness to engage in contact with members of sexual minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact Theory suggests that interaction across ethnic lines can erode prejudices and lessen interethnic conflict. Hypotheses drawn from the theory have a mixed empirical record, however, with negative results commonly attributed to the presence or absence of conditions that mediate contact’s effects. Analyzing survey data collected in the Balkans, we test Contact Theory’s observable implications using a case that offers unique theoretical leverage: Albanian attitudes toward Greeks. It is an especially appropriate case due to the historical isolation of Albanians from their Greek neighbors, as well as the elite-level cultivation of anti-Greek prejudice that took place during that period. And it is an especially tough test for Contact Theory due to the presence of multiple circumstances thought to weaken (if not reverse) the estimated benefits from contact. Nevertheless, our results largely support Contact Theory. Albanian respondents who’ve personally met at least one Greek feel more warmly toward the group than those who have not, and that warmth tends to be greatest among Albanians who spent time living in Greece. The benefits of contact do not appear, however, among those who consider Greeks to be a national-security threat, supporting the belief that ideological or instrumental motives can neutralize contact’s ameliorative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed Methods Results Conclusion So What? Sexual minority women (SMW) experience inequities in health outcomes. The extant literature consistently suggests that SMW are much less likely than their heterosexual peers to engage in cervical screening. Using participant's voices, the focus of this study was to explore the ways in which cervical screening rates for SMW might be improved.An online survey was completed by SMW (N = 177) aged 25–69 based in Aotearoa New Zealand and representing a range of sexual identities, ethnicities, and geographical regions. The analysis presented here was derived from open‐ended qualitative responses to a single survey item: What do you think could be done to encourage more SMW (lesbians, wahine takatāpui, bisexual women, etc.) to engage in smear testing?Analysis of the data generated three main themes around how public health services could encourage more SMW to engage in cervical screening: Inclusive health services, clarity of information, and targeted health promotion.The analysis showed that the inherent heteronormativity among health care professionals and the lack of clear and consistent information specific to SMW may be key factors contributing to lower rates of engagement in screening.Given that not engaging in screening is the main risk factor for cervical cancer, it is imperative that active consideration is given to these issues with a view to increasing participation rates among SMW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government policies can be productive tools for protecting citizens while simultaneously forging more egalitarian societies. At the same time, history has shown that well-intentioned governmental actions, such as those meant to quell pandemics (e.g., blood-donation restrictions), can single out members of marginalized groups (e.g., men who have sex with men). How did government actions shape intergroup outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic? Here, we draw from emerging research to provide informed conjectures regarding whether and how government actions affected stereotypes (e.g., beliefs about gender), prejudice (e.g., anti-Asian bias), and intergroup violence (e.g., hate crimes against Asian individuals) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss research examining the impact of policies intended to curb the spread of the disease, and we consider possible effects of the strategies used to communicate about the virus. Furthermore, we highlight open questions regarding how and why pandemic policies and communication shape intergroup outcomes, propose key directions for future research, and note possible implications for future development of policy and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the critical issue of bias, prejudice, and racism within healthcare. It delves into strategies for recognizing and addressing these issues to ensure fair and equitable healthcare delivery. Topics include understanding the neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping, grounding implicit bias training in clinical frameworks, and considering various aspects of diversity in anaesthesia and critical care medicine.

People are sensitive to norms, but under what conditions promoting anti‐prejudice norms reduce prejudice remains unclear. Three studies among Dutch participants (total N = 700) examined the effects of (in)equality norms on prejudice towards migrants. To gain greater clarity, we also examined how potential boundary conditions—namely economic and social ideologies—moderate this relationship. A norm of equality was measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Studies 2a and 2b). In Study 1, a perceived norm of equality predicted lower prejudice towards migrants, operationalised as cold feelings, social distance, and perceived outgroup threat, through the increased personal endorsement of equality, particularly among (economic) rightists. In two experiments (Studies 2a and 2b), as well as in a joint analysis of both studies, we found that inducing an equality norm (vs. not) mitigated prejudice towards migrants, but only among (social) rightists. These findings highlight the positive role of social norms promoting equality in combating prejudice and the importance of considering boundary conditions for this role, such as ideology. We discuss the implications for theory and practice regarding prejudice (reduction). Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary provides some reflections on the studies included in the special issue and their findings, focusing on three topics in particular. First, moral disengagement as a factor associated with bias-based discrimination, harassment, and bullying is discussed. Second, the negative effects of bias-based victimization and factors that might mitigate them are contemplated, with special attention to peer defending. Finally, some implications for prevention and intervention are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the association between prestige norms of moral disengagement and ethnic bullying among Italian early adolescents. Prestige norms of moral disengagement were also examined as possible moderator of the association between individual prejudice and ethnic bullying. Participants were 742 sixth to eighth graders attending multiethnic schools in Italy (49.7% girls), all of Italian heritage, who answered peer and self-report measures. In multilevel models, individual levels of moral disengagement were associated with ethnic bullying, and prestige norms of moral disengagement (classroom level) moderated (cross-level interaction) the association between xenophobic prejudice and ethnic bullying was significant only for high levels of prestige norms. Results highlight the importance of individual prejudices in ethnic bullying and suggest that the processes of socialization of cognitive distortions within peer groups are complex, providing useful insights for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, some scholars have argued that testimonial injustice may not only be due to prejudice toward the speaker, but also prejudice toward the content of what the speaker says. I argue that such accounts do not merely expand our picture of epistemic injustice, but give us reason to radically revise our approach to reducing testimonial injustice. The dominant conception of this project focuses on reducing speaker prejudice. But even if one were to successfully do so, the frequency of content prejudice means that one would still commit testimonial injustice in many of the same circumstances. I argue that we must reorient the project of reducing testimonial injustice toward critiquing the ideologies that produce it. I conclude with a sketch of what such a research program might look like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Belt and Road Initiative has galvanized new Chinese migration to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. The presence of the new Chinese migrants (Xinyimin) has not gone without resistance in Indonesia. This study examines the effects of history of intergroup conflicts and contact on the formation of threat perceptions toward the Xinyimin in Indonesia. The findings revealed both history of conflicts and contact predict realistic threat and highlight the importance of open communication in mitigating intergroup biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When one of Brazil's most controversial stand-up comedians faced criminal charges, some thought he was a victim of censorship while others thought he was facing the legal consequences of racist, prejudiced speech. The article will shed light on the case brought against him, from the district court to the Supreme Court, analysing the rulings and the alleged censorship, which, according to the defendant, was imposed by the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implicit measures of attitudes have classically focused on the association between a social group and generalized valence, but debate exists surrounding how these associations arise and what they can tell us about beliefs and attitudes. Here, we suggest that representations of oppression, which relate positively to implicitly measured prejudice but negatively to explicitly measured prejudice, can serve to decrease the predictive validity of implicit measures through statistical suppression. We had participants complete a Black–White implicit association test (IAT) and an IAT measuring representations of oppression, and find that oppression-related representations statistically suppress the relation between IAT scores and explicit attitudes, such that accounting for these representations increases the total amount of variance explained by implicit measures. We discuss the implications of this work both for practical matters around use of the IAT and for theoretical debates on the conceptualization of valence in implicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hierarchical predictive processing provides a framework outlining how prior expectations shape perception and cognition. Here, we highlight hierarchical predictive processing as a framework for explaining how social context and group-based social knowledge can directly shape intergroup perception. More specifically, we argue that hierarchical predictive processing confers a uniquely valuable toolset to explain extant findings and generate novel hypotheses for intergroup perception. We first provide an overview of hierarchical predictive processing, specifying its primary theoretical assumptions. We then review evidence showing how prior knowledge influences intergroup perception. Next, we outline how hierarchical predictive processing can account well for findings in the intergroup perception literature. We then underscore the theoretical strengths of hierarchical predictive processing compared to other frameworks in this space. We finish by outlining future directions and laying out hypotheses that test the implications of hierarchical predictive processing for intergroup perception and intergroup cognition more broadly. Taken together, hierarchical predictive processing provides explanatory value and capacity for novel hypothesis generation for intergroup perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent can hostility toward Greeks in Turkish politics be explained sociologically? This paper provides a fresh perspective by examining the value of group position theory in understanding negative perceptions of Greeks in Turkish politics between 1946 and 1960. It proposes that Turkish politicians' perceived threats to valued resources played a key role in their unfavorable portrayals of Greeks. To test the argument, the study scrutinizes all Turkish parliamentary speeches in this period that contain the word Greek (N = 652). Quantitative analysis demonstrates that speaking about border-related threats is a significant predictor of negative perceptions. Qualitative investigation details how politicians justified their negative comments. The paper concludes that the negative remarks about Greeks are a function of Turkish politicians' perceived threats to valued resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We randomly assigned students to an ethnically homogeneous or an ethnically mixed team for a cooperative task. One month later we used behavioral games to measure students' tendency to discriminate against ethnic minorities. We find that, overall, students did not discriminate and that participation in an ethnically mixed team did not have an effect on their behavior. We also find that prior exposure to ethnic minorities served as a moderator: students who had no classmates from a minority group in their regular classes did display discrimination and participation in an ethnically mixed team removed it. For students exposed to minority classmates, there was no effect, but they had displayed no discrimination in the first place. The results show that a relatively simple intervention that induces interethnic cooperative interaction may reduce discrimination among individuals who lack such interaction in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social conflict in Indonesia is caused by stereotypes, social identity and prejudice. This issue prompts research aimed at developing a model for the intention of social conflict in urban communities with predictors of stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice as early warning systems. This research refers to both correlational and sequential models. The study subjects were high school students in Sebatik, Nunukan, North Kalimantan. The sampling technique employed was quota-cluster random sampling, resulting in the participation of 108 adolescents. Data collection utilized scales for stereotypes, social identity, prejudice, and social conflict intention. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling, specifically confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that the model for the intention of social conflict in urban communities meets the criteria for goodness-of-fit statistics, as evidenced by the values of chi-square=44.1, df=59, P value=0.92543, and RMSEA=0.000. Based on the research findings, stereotypes and social identity shape prejudice, thereby reinforcing the intention of social conflict in urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments investigated whether interpretations of quantitative expressions about described actors' behaviors are influenced by stereotypic expectancies. Participants rated sentences containing frequency adverbs describing either stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Results showed that recipients inferred a higher numerical frequency when sentences described stereotype-consistent (vs inconsistent) behaviors. These effects of stereotype consistency were stronger for high (vs low) degree frequency adverbs. The findings show how neutral statements about a person can be interpreted as stereotype-confirming information and thus contribute to stereotype maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of intergroup contact of White British adults (N = 192) on the language used when describing their recent interactions with Asian British people. Specifically, we assessed the role of different forms of intergroup contact (i.e., cross-group friendship, positive and negative, and direct and extended contact) on the abstraction of negative terms used by White British people, as a linguistic measure of outgroup derogation. As expected, the frequency of direct negative intergroup contact was associated with higher negative language abstraction in depicting Asian British people. However, this association was weaker for White British people with higher levels of positive direct and extended intergroup contacts compared to those with lower levels of positive direct and extended contact. Overall, results emphasize the importance of independently analyzing the impact of positive and negative intergroup contact experiences, as well as understanding how they interact with each other in the communication of intergroup discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of church mentoring on the psychosocial development of adolescents from immigrant and ethnic minority backgrounds. Framed within ecological systems and sociocultural theories, it examines mentoring processes in fostering positive youth development. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen adolescents, mentors, and parents from a Protestant congregation, primarily comprising immigrants from South Koreaand Hispanic families. Qualitative content analysis identified thematic categories, revealing that multicultural church mentors acted as bridges between first-generation immigrant parents and their U.S.-born offspring, shielding against external prejudice and buffering academic pressures from immigrant parents. They provided guidance on practical issues and served as role models, validating adolescents' identity and belonging. Findings suggestthe need for mentor training programs and parenting workshops addressing generational differences. Leveraging community resources and relational capital is crucial for promoting positive youth development among immigrant and ethnic minority communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who choose to be childfree often face misunderstanding and a lack of acceptance from others. In many cases, this results in negative attitudes, followed by discrimination and prejudice. There have been few studies that would allow us to determine which features are responsible for treating childfree individuals with prejudice. This study aimed to explore the effect of five possible features that could influence others' prejudice towards childfree individuals: collective narcissism, right‐wing authoritarianism, religiosity, political beliefs, and generativity. The study was conducted in Poland among 229 participants (age 19–59, M = 30.23; SD = 6.72). Commonality analysis was performed which allowed us to isolate both unique and common effects of possible predictors on the dependent variable (prejudice). Right‐wing authoritarianism, political beliefs, and collective narcissism had both a unique and common effect on the dependent variable. Religiosity only had a common effect on prejudice, whereas generativity had no effect (neither common nor unique) on the dependent variable. The total explained variance of the dependent variable was R2 = 0.46. The study isolated four predictors of prejudice towards childfree individuals: right‐wing authoritarianism, political beliefs, collective narcissism, and religiosity. This provides a better understanding of the possible origin of prejudice towards childfree individuals and allows us to explore the relation between these predictors in the future. These results can be used to promote more positive attitudes towards childfree individuals as well as create more targeted actions to tackle the prejudice towards them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial discrimination is an unfortunately common experience for Black Americans with detrimental physical and mental health consequences. Prior research has established an association between discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); yet, trauma-related cognitions have not been studied. The majority of the existing empirical work in this area has not examined specific forms of discrimination experiences, despite potential key differences in these adversities. Relatedly, some forms of discrimination constitute "traumatic" events as defined by Criterion A for PTSD in the DSM-5 while others do not, and these distinctions have also been overlooked. Thus, the present study aimed to (a) examine discrimination, including specific types, in relation to PTSS and posttraumatic cognitions and (b) investigate whether Criterion A and non-Criterion A discrimination experiences were tied to PTSS and trauma-related thoughts. Participants were 172 undergraduate students who identified as Black or African American (M age = 25.11, SD = 8.25, range = 18–56; 84.9% female). Results indicated that while cumulative trauma was unrelated to PTSS, discrimination experiences were linked with higher PTSS and negative posttraumatic cognitions. Specifically, avoidance discrimination experiences were associated with both outcomes. Criterion A discrimination events were not tied to PTSS. These findings support previous research showing a link between racial discrimination and trauma-related outcomes. In addition, the results suggest that avoidance discrimination, while not classified as "traumatic," may have an important contribution to PTSS and posttraumatic cognitions among Black individuals. The study underscores the need to address racial discrimination experiences, including microaggressions, within a traumatic stress context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]