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Vicia sativa is one of the most important crops for livestock feed. Pods from Vicia sativa seed production are usually discarded. The objective of this study was to report the nutritional value of Vicia sativa pods. Report of the bromatological analysis was 17.58% for crude protein, 44.96% for neutral detergent fiber, and 55.81% for in vitro dry matter digestibility. Estimates of the energy value on dry matter basis (Mcal kg–1) were made for digestible and metabolizable energy, with values of 2.46 and 2.01, respectively. Vicia sativa pods promise enormous potential as a protein supplement on livestock diets when other sources are not available.

A field experiment was conducted in (juwaba) Arural area of Ramadi city in the spring and autumn seasons 2017. To study the effect of intercropping systems and maize varieties on the yield and its components of mung bean crop, maize varieties ( bhooth 106, 5018, 5012 and French cultivar ) were used. The experiment was carried out according to the design of (RCBD) and in the order of the split plot, cultivars were arranged in main plote the main plots and the secondary plots occupies (the intercropping systems). The results showed that the characters of growth and yield of the mungbean increased whenever the density of the maize crop grown with it increased, The system of intercropping 1:2 gave the highest values with a significant difference in the height of plant which gave 54.98 cm in the spring and autumn seasons compared to the more densities treatments of the maize crop, It also was superior in leaf area in the autumn season by giving 4447 cm2,the number of branches per plant in the autumn season which gave 15.66 branch.plant-1 and also gave The highest number of pods in the plant 17.62 pods.plant-1 in the autumn season In terms of grain yield, which is the most important indicator, the intercropping system 1:1 was the best which gave the highest value 1177 kg.ha-1.The effect of maize cultivars in the growth and yield of the mungbean was different according maize cultivars. The yield of the mungbean which cultivated with the French cultivar gave the highest yield 1280 kg.ha-1 in the spring season. while the yield of mungbean that cultivated with 5012 cultivar gave 1138kg.ha-1, There were significant differences between the interaction treatments in most of the studied characters.

In order to investigate the response of yield and yield components of spring rapeseed varieties in cultivation of winter to plant density under selenium treatment, a factorial experiment was carried out in split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Institute of Plant Improvement and Seeds of Karaj in crop years 2014 and 2015. Plant density at three levels (40, 60, and 80 m2) and selenium at two levels including control (non-sprayed with water) and foliar application of selenium (30 gL-1 sodium) were considered in the main plots and variety at five levels (Sarigol, Hyola 401, Jacomo, Jerome, and Dalgan) were considered as subplots. Results showed that the year, plant density, selenium, variety and plant density + year, and variety + plant density had significant effects on the on number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, seed weight, and seed yield. Dalgan variety at 40 m2 density showed the highest seed weight and its seed yield was higher than other varieties. This variety showed the highest biological yield (16622.225 kg ha-1) under 40 m2 density. Also, based on the analysis of the data the highest yield in both years was obtained in treatments including spraying selenium.

The present work was designed to investigate the effects of different extraction processes, namely ultrasonic-assisted, supercritical fluid, microwave-assisted and Soxhlet applied to carob pods. The total phenolic quantification and the antioxidant activity were assessed by the means of rapid in vitro spectrophotometric assays; the phenolic profile was identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity varied significantly with the nature of the extraction process. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 11.55 to 34.38 mg GAE/g DW; the content of total flavonoids varied from 3.50 to 10.53 mg QE/g DW, and the content of condensed tannins fluctuated from 3.30 to 6.55 mg CE/ g DW. All extracts performed differently on antioxidant activity when determined by the DPPH assay producing a dose-dependent response, with IC50 extended from 11.33 to 6.07 µg/mL. HPLC analysis enabled the identification of nine compounds. As a function of the studied extraction methods, the phenolic compound contents were positively correlated with antioxidant activity.

Genotypes from the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pool can present contrasting behavior for reproductive structures fixation. The subject of this study was to determine the dynamics associated with the abscission of reproductive structures for common bean accesses from Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools in protected cultivation conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using seven common bean accesses from Embrapa Arroz e Feijão and the experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design. The evaluations made were based on the number of days to begin flowering, flowering period, number of emitted flowers per plant, number of flower buds, flowers and pods aborted per plant, total number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant.Certain characteristics were considered to be highly significant, such as the amount of days to begin flowering, the flowering period, percentage of aborted pods and number of harvested pods. The Mesoamerican accesses that presented greater abortion also produced more flowers, which suggests that abortion of reproductive structures can be a natural adjustment of the plant. Andean accessions with shorter reproductive period showed greater pod abortion. The dynamics of flower and pod abscission in the common bean proved to be widely variable depending on the different gene pools and genotypes evaluated and due to growth habit.

Flexible manufacturing systems are needed in the pharmaceutical industry due to the future challenges of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity [1]. Compared to traditional manufacturing systems that dominate the pharmaceutical industry today, processes that are better able to react to changes in the types of products being sold, the volume of sales, and the facilities needed for production will be an asset to an organization. Many emerging technologies are inherently adaptable, though the types of flexibility exhibited vary widely. The nature of these emerging technologies is examined here, and the case is made that flexibility should be valued as much as cost and time when selecting technologies, even though flexible manufacturing systems require extra time and money initially. An outlook on this type of manufacturing is shared with the assertion that flexible development and manufacturing would help reduce overall cost and better serve patient needs following the initial investment period. In the next decade, concentrated effort is needed from industry, academia, suppliers, and regulators to enable more agile and nimble pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Senna spectabilis is a multipurpose pantropical tree, used in agroforestry systems. Objective: To determine pod production (Pp) and their relationship with dasometric variables in S. spectabilis in the tropical dry forest. Methods: From August 2016 to February 2017, thirty trees in production stage were randomly selected. The random selection was formed of the more isolated trees from the total dispersion. The trees were monitored at the beginning and end of the study period, to determine dasometric measurements such as total height (Th), height to the first branch (Hb), crown height (Ch), Stem diameter (at 0.2 m height from the ground) (Db), crown diameter (Cd), and crown volume (Cv) measured. Pods were harvested by the researcher with cutting and height cutting tongs when their color began to change. Pearson correlations and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed between the dasometric variables and pod production. The potential number of trees/ha (NPa) was calculated by determining the occlusion percentage (Op) and the shadow area/tree (Ca); to estimate the production potential of fruits/ha, the production of fruits/tree was multiplied by (NPa). Results: Th was 6.16 ± 1.23 m, Hb 2.75 ± 0.52 m, Ch 3.41 ± 0.98 m, Db 20.43 ± 4.80 cm, Cd 7.46 ± 1.20 m and Cv 108.43 ± 61.38 m³/tree. There was a significant positive correlation between Hb, Cd, Db, with Pp of 0.592**, 0.592**, and 0.446* respectively. Pp was 32.73 ± 16.13 kg/tree and the dry matter production (MSP) was 17.84 ± 8.80 kg/tree. The result of the multivariate regression indicated that the second-order polynomial model presented best goodness of fit. Op was 73.4 7.92 %, the cup area was 49.3 m²/tree, Ca was 36.2 m²/tree, and NPa was 83 trees. Conclusions: The production of fresh pods/ tree in the S. spectabilis presents a potential in its availability as feed for ruminant or seed production. The potential production of pods in silvopastoral with S. spectabilis could be 2.72 t/ ha, and 1.64 t/ ha of dry pods, this shows the importance of trees and of pods production and nutritional contribution obtained for dry ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil to study the effect of vermicompost fertilizer and inoculums Rhizobium legumenosarum on growth and yield of mung bean (Vigni radiate L.), and some soil properties after planting. The experiment consists of nine treatments as follows :T1: control, T2: full recommended mineral fertilizer, T3: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1, T4: vermicompost 16 t.ha-1, T5: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1 + rhizobia, T6: vermicompost16 t.ha-1 + rhizobia, T7: vermicompost 2 t.ha-1 + ½ recommended mineral fertilizer, T8: rhizobia + ½ recommended mineral fertilizer, T9: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1 + rhizobia +½ recommended mineral fertilizer. The experiment was conducted according to RCBD design with three replications. The results were indicated that the use of vermicompost 16 t. ha1 with the rhizobia inoculation (T6) has improved some soil properties, as this treatment reduced the pH and EC of the soil to 7.18 and 2.20 dsm-1. While CEC and O.M increased to 47.9 Cmole Kg-1 and 2.96%, respectively. Whereas, the treatment T9 was superior in most of the traits, including plant height (70.1 cm), Root weight (5.8 g plant-1) and a number of active and total root nodes (41.3 and 36.6 nodes plant -1). The treatment T9 also gave the best characteristics of the yield components, including the number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1, weight 1000 seeds (g), total yield and was 51.0 pods plant-1, 92.4 g plant -1, 49.8 g.plant-1, 1216.95 kg.ha-1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotypes from the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pool can present contrasting behavior for reproductive structures fixation. The subject of this study was to determine the dynamics associated with the abscission of reproductive structures for common bean accesses from Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools in protected cultivation conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using seven common bean accesses from Embrapa Arroz e Feijão and the experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design. The evaluations made were based on the number of days to begin flowering, flowering period, number of emitted flowers per plant, number of flower buds, flowers and pods aborted per plant, total number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant.Certain characteristics were considered to be highly significant, such as the amount of days to begin flowering, the flowering period, percentage of aborted pods and number of harvested pods. The Mesoamerican accesses that presented greater abortion also produced more flowers, which suggests that abortion of reproductive structures can be a natural adjustment of the plant. Andean accessions with shorter reproductive period showed greater pod abortion. The dynamics of flower and pod abscission in the common bean proved to be widely variable depending on the different gene pools and genotypes evaluated and due to growth habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the responses of okra to salinity and to study the beneficial effects of silicon and gibberellic acid on yield and ionic attributes of okra under salinity stress. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm of the Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Pakistan. Seeds of the okra cultivar 'Sabz Pari' were sown in pots. The experiment was established in a complete randomized design with factorial layout and included a total of 14 treatments deriving from the combination of two factors: two salinity levels and seven treatments with silicon or gibberellic acid. Okra seeds were pretreated with either 0, 50, 75 or 100 mg/L of gibberellic acid and then planted into pots. After germination plants were subjected to 0 mmol (control) or 50 mmol salinity; silicon (in the form of potassium silicate) was applied to plants exogenously at the rate of 2 mmol, 3 mmol, or 4 mmol. The following parameters were measured: number of days to flowering, pod length, pod weight, number of pods per plant and pod yield per plant, and the contents of Na+, Cl-, K+, and proline in the leaves. The results revealed that under 50 mmol NaCl salinity okra plants treated with 100 mg/L of GA3 had the shortest time to flowering (48.3 days) and the lowest Na+ ion content (14.9 mg/L) and Cl- ion content (9.8 mg/L), while in these plants we measured an increased pod weight (18.9 g), pod length (14.6 cm), number of pod per plant (22.6), pod yield per plant (1225 g), K+ ion and proline contents (18.9 mg/g and 28.8 µmol/g, respectively). Hence, this study allowed to conclude that the highest salinity level reduced the yield and altered the ionic status of okra plants, whereas GA3 and Si lowered the toxic effects of salinity and 100 mg/L GA3 along with 4 mmol silicon can be used in order to reduce salinity toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shelling of green-peas from pods is still a manual operation among vegetable vendors in India making shelling operation a crucial and time consuming task. There was a need for a machine that would accept a variety of green-pea pods as input and produce green-peas as output, with a little to no work required by the operator. Therefore, a machine was specially designed, fabricated, and tested to master shelling management in 2018 in New Delhi. It was a vertical free-standing unit and consisted of electric motor, feeding tray, two shelling rollers, and outlet-tank. The capacity of the machine was 106.8±6.3 kg/h by engaging single labourer and the cost of operation ₹ `9/h while cost of machine was `₹ 30,000 as on April 2018. Shelling efficiency was found to be 97.5±1.9% with negligible mechanical damage and the physical parameters of machine-shelled peas were at par with manually-shelled ones. Shelling through machine gave 79.4% cost-saving, and 99.8% time-saving and break-even point for utility of this machine was 30 t/annum while pay-back period was 1.4 year. The capacity, ergonomics, and performance of the machine met the standards. The machine was recommended for small farm holders and vegetable vendors around the nation since the machine can provide efficient shelling of grean-peas commercially.

Expected to operate in the forthcoming decade, Hyperloop is a magnetically levitated capsule that aims to transport passengers between metropolitan cities at a very high speed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is the first to study the Hyperloop from an operational perspective by developing simulation models. We consider the Hyperloop system that is expected to be established between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and the demand for this emerging service is estimated by considering the on-road and flight travels made between these two metropolitan cities. We developed a Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify (DMADV) approach for (a) conceptualizing the problem and understanding the Hyperloop network operations, (b) gathering data from various sources, (c) developing the simulation model, and (d) obtaining the results and proposing managerial insights for efficient network operation. Sensitivity analysis is performed by varying parameters such as the pod capacity, the number of Hyperloop capsules in the system, commuter volume variability and willingness to use Hyperloop rate, and their impact on the performance measures is studied. Results indicate that the number of Hyperloop pods in the system and the commuter volume variability appear to impact the measures exponentially, and hence intense market research on these parameters is recommended. The proposed simulation model developed under the DMADV approach can be used as a recommender tool by any logistics company that is interested in venturing into the Hyperloop market.

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is a damaging pest of many crops including soybean, Glycine max (L.), especially in the southern United States. Previous studies have concluded that oviposition and development of H. zea larvae mirror the phenology of soybean, with oviposition occurring during full bloom, younger larvae developing on blooms and leaves, intermediate aged larvae developing on varying tissue types, and older larvae developing on flowers and pods. In a field trial, we investigated the presence of natural infestations of H. zea larvae by instar in determinate and indeterminate soybean varieties. In complementary experiments, we artificially infested H. zea and allowed them to oviposit on plants within replicated cages (one with a determinate variety and two with an indeterminate variety). Plants were sampled weekly during the time larvae were present. In the natural infestation experiment, most larvae were found on blooms during R3 and were early to middle instars; by R4, most larvae were found on leaves and were middle to late instars. In contrast, in the cage study, most larvae were found on leaves regardless of soybean growth stage or larval stage. Determinate and indeterminate growth habit did not impact larval preference for different soybean tissue types. Our studies suggest H. zea larvae prefer specific tissue types, but also provide evidence that experimental design can influence the results. Finally, our finding of larval preference for leaves contrasts with findings from previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of high quality seeds in African leafy vegetables has not been practiced due to varying reasons including incorrect harvesting stages and fertilizer rates. Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) pods do not ripen simultaneously and fruits left to dry on mother plant long before harvesting, which face seed quality deterioration. Timely seed harvesting ensures maximum seed quality attributes of purity, germination and vigour. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of harvesting stages and nitrogen fertilizer on seed quality and yield of Jute mallow. Seed samples from four Jute mallow morphotypes (GEMS, GLMT, BEMS, and BLMT) were planted. Completely randomized block design was used for analysing the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) with three replicates. Five plants were randomly tagged per plot and seed harvested at three maturity stages of green, tan and black. Seed quality test of purity, germination and vigour were done as per ISTA (2004) and means separation done by DMRT at p=0.05. Results showed that harvesting stage significantly influenced seed quality attributes, in a way that the maximum purity, germination and seed vigour was detected at tan pod stage and their lowest levels were observed at black pod stage. It can be concluded that best agronomic practices of Jute mallow seed can be attained when they harvested at tan stage together with use of N fertilizer for high seed quality and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in experiment fields in the Plant Science department of Tashkent State Agrarian University in 2014-2016. The experiment was performed in split-plot design with 4 replication. Based technology for the use of biostimulator Microzym-2 under peanut cultivation, determined the economic efficiency of the studied peanut varieties depending on the agro technological elements in obtaining a high and quality yield. When using the biostimulator Microzym-2 with a rate of 30 l/t before sowing peanut seeds, the yield of pods of the "Salomat" variety was higher by 0,14 t/ha, and the "Mumtoz" variety by 0,11 t/ha compared to the control (0,12 t/ha). When using mineral fertilizers with a rate of N150P150K100 kg/ha with the introduction of the biostimulator Microzym-2 before sowing seeds, as well as in the phase of flowering-pods formation, the grain yield of the Salomat variety was 2,93 t/ha, and that of the Mumtoz variety was 3,32 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pods, seeds and leaves of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and especially in the food industry. In this study, the mineral content was investigated in carob pods and leaves in twelve Croatian carob populations. Macro and microelement contents, as highly important nutrients, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total ash content, determined by the gravimetric method, ranged from 2.30 to 2.97% in pods and from 4.95 to 7.90% in leaves. Among the macroelements, K content was highest in pods (9,020.09–11,208.97 mg/kg), while Ca was highest in leaves (11,059.67–22,756.81 mg/kg). Microelement contents ranged from 0.00 mg/kg (Cr) to 136.70 mg/kg (Na) in pods, and from 0.02 mg/kg (Cr) to 243.55 mg/kg (Na) in leaves. The results of the macro and microelement analyses were evaluated using multivariate analysis (PCA and UPGMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that reduces the plant productivity. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) play important role in eliminating the effect of salinity. Cicer arietinum L. is an important legume crop having high quantity of proteins. In the present study, four varieties (CM44, CM91, CM98 and CM2000) were grown in the presence and absence of PGPR inoculated media and nitrogen in different salinity levels (20, 50, 100, 200 and 300mM NaCl). The biomass production of the varieties CM91 and CM98 increased at 20-100mM NaCl concentrations but drastically decreased at higher levels. While in varieties CM44 and CM2000 a gradual decrease of biomass with increasing salinity levels were observed. Number of pods, flowers and fresh weight of pods were not affected at salinity levels of 0-50mM and decreased at 100 mM NaCI in all the four varieties. In varieties CM91 and CM2000 nodules were formed at all levels of salinity treatments, while in varieties CM44 and CM98 nodules were formed at salinity levels of 0-50 mM NaCl and completely inhibited at 100mM NaCl. The total protein and nitrogen contents increased with concurrent increasing levels of NaCI. The plants treated with 50 mM NaCI had maximum amount of protein contents as compared to those at 0mM NaCI level. Varieties CM91 and CM2000 had higher protein contents than CM44 and CM98. At I/50 level of salinity the total protein contents were found more than inoculated control at 0mM NaCI. From this study, it is concluded that PGPRs can play an important role to mitigate the salt stress at different concentrations for better crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To define the potentiality of two phytophagous insects to become pests of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit during its reproductive phenophase, in Cuba. Materials and Methods: Two productive systems with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Peru and Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs cv. Likoni were evaluated. The characterization of the lesions produced by the insect on the inflorescences was carried out during one year. Meanwhile, the characterization of the insect lesions on the pods and seeds, and that of the associated bacterial symptoms, took place during three years. The link between insect and symptoms in those organs was determined with a regression analysis through the program SPSS®. The relation between number of insects and pods and seeds infected by the bacterium per season was conducted for two years, and it was tested by a proportion comparison test. To evaluate the proportion between the quantity of insects and infested organs, a regression was made; while the estimation of the losses caused by both insects was through rule of three. Results: The micromoth found on the inflorescences was Ithome lassula, which affected more during the dry season. The organisms found in the pods and seeds were the insect Loxa viridis, and the bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. odoriferum, which had a close relation with the reproductive phenophase of L. leucocephala. These organisms also have higher presence in the dry season. Conclusions: Associated to the reproductive organs of L. leucocephala, the micromoth I. lassula, due to its direct affectation on the inflorescence, and the pentatomid L. viridis on the pods and seeds, were detected with potentiality to become pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sources of vegetable proteins in the world and it is cultivated all year round, but the light availability, during the dark season, limited its growth. Nevertheless, recent studies conducted on greenhouse horticulture demonstrated that, with the application of light emitting diodes (LEDs) as supplementary light (SL) technology, it is possible to overcome this limitation. Consequently, during the experiment conducted, two cultivars of green bean (‘Saporro’ and ‘Maestrale’) were grown with a soilless system in a cold greenhouse during the fall-winter period. To increase the photoperiod and the daily light integral (DLI), early in the morning, four hours of red (R), blue (B) and red+blue (R + B) supplementary light were supplied by LEDs at 180 μmol·m−2·s−1 (PPFD) at plants level. Plants grown under LEDs improved the yield and the gas exchange system compared with the plants grown under natural light; when B light was supplied as a sole source of SL, it increased the dry matter content and the brightness (L*) of the pods. Between the cultivars, ‘Maestrale’ produced 20 g∙plant−1 of pods more than ‘Saporro’ but the latter’s colour was brighter (L*) and greener (a*), and ‘Saporro’ also showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency (ΦPSII). In conclusion, ‘Maestrale’ and ‘Saporro’ obtained encouraging out-of-season yields under different LED spectra, but among those B light seems to improve overall crop performances and pods quality.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore yield stability of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars based on stability index, with specific aim at studying cultivar behavior regarding yield of peas under both conventional and low-input cultivation systems. Five cultivars of peas were used in a strip-plot design. Correlations showed a significant positive relation between seed yield and some other traits. Indirect seed yield improvement may be implemented by improving pod length, which generally showed high stability indices in Greek mega-environment. Comparisons between conventional and low-input farming systems generally did not affect stability estimations, but revealed cultivars that exhibited stable performance, even in low-input farming systems. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplot analysis, genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences between genotypes and environments, and also the farming system. This way, we have certain cultivars of peas to recommend for specific areas and farming system, in order to achieve the most stable performance. Vermio proved to be a stable cultivar for seed yield performance, in Giannitsa, Trikala and Kalambaka area, in low-inputs farming systems, while Olympos was the best in Florina area and low-input farming.

Nonfoliar gas exchange provides a noninvasive way to measure photosynthesis and other gas exchange parameters, enabling the assessment of their potential contribution to yield. Photosynthesis in nonfoliar material has been gaining increasing attention due to its contribution to yield, especially under conditions when leaf photosynthesis is compromised. Here, we provide methods and approaches along with examples of measuring gas exchange in nonfoliar material using a specialized chamber., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The primary purpose of this study was to explore yield stability of common vetch varieties based on the stability index, with a specific aim of exploring common vetch variety behavior regarding the yield of legumes under both conventional and low-input cultivation systems. Six varieties of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), namely, cv. Filippos, cv. Omiros, cv. Alexandros, cv. Tempi, cv. Zefyros and cv. Pigasos, were used. The cultivation was conducted using a strip-plot design with the six varieties randomized within each plot in two farming systems (conventional and low-input). Filippos was the best variety in conventional farming for seed yield, followed by Omiros. Omiros was the best variety in the low-input farming system for seed yield. Comparisons between conventional and low-input farming systems generally did not display any effect on stability estimations, but revealed the varieties that exhibit stable performance even in low-input farming systems. Stability analysis via the AMMI1 and GxE biplot analysis for one main factor showed two groups of varieties for seed yield with similar behavior. Genotype and environment distribution were used to group varieties that showed better performance in certain environments for seed yield but with differences in comparison to other traits. Correlations between traits showed the positive relation of seed yield to the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the pod length, the mean weight of pods and, especially, the hay weight (r = 0.771), a useful finding for indirect selection for breeders. The results provide valuable data regarding the genetic material, its adaptability and stability in varied environments and suitability for low-input cultivation systems.

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Highlights • Yield-determining photoperiodic responses were evaluated under natural conditions. • Post-flowering photoperiod and sensitivity to it positively affected soybean yield. • Indirect photoperiodic responses were mediated by changes in captured radiation. • Direct effects on yield were mediated by changes in nodes m−2. • Direct effects on yield were mediated by changes in pod number on lateral racemes. Abstract Promising yield-determining responses to artificial photoperiod manipulation during post-flowering phases have been identified in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. These responses enhance resource capture as a result of changes in phase duration, and resource use efficiency as a result of changes in node production and pod development, alleviating intra-node pod interference. This work aims to evaluate the relevance of these responses under natural conditions and discriminate direct from indirect photoperiodic effects, that is, effects caused by changes in the capture of resources. Two field experiments were conducted with a combination of sowing dates, with similar pre- and different post-flowering photoperiod, indeterminate genotypes including near isogenic lines and commercial varieties with different photoperiod sensitivity, and shadings with different incident radiation during post-flowering. Longer post-flowering photoperiod and higher plant photoperiod sensitivity delayed crop development, particularly in lines with alleles E2 , E3 or Clark background. This delay resulted in extra radiation capture and node production, which were positively related to yield. Direct photoperiodic effects on nodes per m2 were evidenced in response to changes in post-flowering photoperiod and plant photoperiod sensitivity. The distribution of available resources such as radiation in more nodes per m2 increased use efficiency. Longer post-flowering photoperiod and higher plant photoperiod sensitivity enhanced pod establishment on usually dominated positions such as lateral racemes, affecting pods per m2. Finding these relevant yield-determining effects under natural conditions suggests that processes related to post-flowering photoperiodic responses are a plausible way to enhance resource capture and use efficiency and yield in soybean production systems. In cropping systems in which the whole growing season is used to maximize yield, these post-flowering photoperiodic responses could be adopted at the expense of the pre-flowering phase duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leguminosae has a long fossil history, dating back to the Late Cretaceous, and the Mimosoideae are documented in lower Eocene fossil records. The considerable diversity and cosmopolitan distribution of the legume family make it useful for understanding the vegetation history of low-latitude China. Here, we describe a new species of Acacia based on compressed pods from the middle Miocene Fotan Group in Fujian Province, Southeast China. This is the first fossil record of Acacia in South China suggesting that this genus grew in this region during the middle Miocene. Our legume fossils together with earlier records, indicate that a flora with an unusual abundance of legumes was present in Fujian Province, South China, during the Miocene. The relatively high species diversity of Leguminosae and other plants, such as Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Calophyllaceae, Urticaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae and Clusiaceae, corroborate that the Miocene Zhangpu flora has lived in a warm and humid climate. This finding provides additional evidence of the biogeographic history of this genus and represents the only confirmed occurrence of Acacia fossil pods from lower-latitude China, which provides new insights into the diversification of Acacia during the Neogene. • A new record of Acacia based on well-preserved pods from the middle Miocene Zhangpu Biota. • It is the first fossil record of Acacia in Southeast China. • It contributes to knowledge of new insights into the diversification of Acacia during the Neogene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site-selective bioconjugation of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins is currently achieved via a maleimide–thiol reaction (Michael addition). When maleimide-functionalized chelators are used and the resulting bioconjugates are subsequently radiolabeled, instability has been observed both during radiosynthesis and post-injection in vivo, reducing radiochemical yield and negatively impacting performance. Recently, a phenyloxadiazolyl methylsulfone derivative (PODS) was proposed as an alternative to maleimide for the site-selective conjugation and radiolabeling of proteins, demonstrating improved in vitro stability and in vivo performance. Therefore, we have synthesized two novel PODS-bearing bifunctional chelators (NOTA-PODS and NODAGA-PODS) and attached them to the EGFR-targeting affibody molecule ZEGFR:03115. After radiolabeling with the aluminum fluoride complex ([18F]AlF), both conjugates showed good stability in murine serum. When injected in high EGFR-expressing tumor-bearing mice, [18F]AlF-NOTA-PODS-ZEGFR:03115 and [18F]AlF-NODAGA-PODS-ZEGFR:03115 showed similar pharmacokinetics and a specific tumor uptake of 14.1 ± 5.3% and 16.7 ± 4.5% ID/g at 1 h post-injection, respectively. The current results are encouraging for using PODS as an alternative to maleimide-based thiol-selective bioconjugation reactions.

We have seen many times over the years where bid prices drop precipitously in the last few days of the booking process, thus potentially opening up cheap seats at a time when passengers with the greatest willingness to pay are shopping. The research question studied here is whether an airline can effectively apply a bid price floor or freeze, in the last week or two of the booking process to increase revenue in a competitive environment with four competing airlines. This paper will provide the answer to the above question in the Passenger Origin-Destination Simulator (PODS) Network U10 (a large international network with 572 origin-destination markets, including a low-cost carrier). The results show how challenging it is to find a combination of O-D optimization method, overbooking level, and time-frame that are effective. In fact, only unbucketed dynamic programming (vector) and overbooking with a floor or freeze in the last 7 days is consistently revenue positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in the experiment fields in the Plant Science Department of Tashkent State Agrarian University in 2012-2014. It was determined that the fertilizing rate has a statistically significant effect on pod yield, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering date, number of pods per plant, plant height, shelling percentages, pod yield per plant, and 100-seed weight. The results showed that the suitable fertilizing rate was 150 kg ha-1 for "Salomat" variety and 200 kg ha-1 for the variety of "Mumtoz". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional and antioxidant properties of mucilage extracted from the pods of eight okra accessions grown in Benishangul-Gumuz region, Western Ethiopia, were evaluated. This study had shown that the mucilage contents of the pods of eight okra accessions ranged from 1.25 to 3.45 g/100 g. Functional properties of the mucilage of okra pods varied significantly (p < .05) and had respective ranges of bulk density of 0.58-0.64 g/ml; water absorption capacity of 2.45-4.60 ml/g; oil absorption capacity of 0.02-3.64 ml/g; emulsifying capacity of 42.22%-74.45%; emulsion stability of 42.22%-74.45%; foaming capacity of 50.51%-62.50%, and foam stability of 36.04%-54.35%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the mucilage of the pods of okra accessions ranged from 4.66 to 49.93 mg GAE/g and 8.18-18.72 mg CE/g, respectively. The effective concentration (EC50) values (mg/ml) of mucilage of okra pods varied from 3.15 to 6.60 and 1.10 to 1.85 for DPPH scavenging and metal-chelating activity, respectively. The study revealed that the mucilage of the pods of okra accessions was found to exhibit good functional properties and can offer a great potential in various food systems. Particularly, mucilage of the pods from OPA#5 and OPA#7 had desirable water and oil absorption capacities, whereas the mucilage of accession OPA#1 and OPA#6 had high emulsifying and foaming properties. The results also demonstrated that okra pod mucilage had potential sources of natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, the chickpea is a very appreciated grain in the population's diet because of its high nutritional value, but there are only nine varieties in the national market, so it is necessary to increase the varietal diversity of this species that also allows to substitute imports in a sustainable manner. The study was developed in the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA) with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of 10 promising chickpea-type Kabuli genotypes, selected from germoplasm introduced from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) from Syria and the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina. Seven quantitative morphoagronomic variables were evaluated: plant height (AP), height of the first pod (AV), number of primary basal branches (NR), number of pods per plant (NV), number of seeds per plant (NS), empty pods (VV) andperforated pods (VH) and the data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods of principal components for the set of variables and genotypes and by cluster analysis between genotypes. The results showed that the variability in the studied collection was represented mainly by AV, AP and NS, the latter correlated negatively with the previous ones. A group consisting of six genotypes that showed stability in their morphoagronomic behavior under the conditions of the study was detected, so it is recommended the evaluation of these in superior yields trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Methanogenesis is part of the energetic metabolism of ruminants, however there are legumes that have specific characteristics, which help reduce the production of anthropogenic methane. The objective was to determine the in vitro greenhouse gas (GHG) production of tree legumes from the Mexican dry tropics. The substrates were dry pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman and Acacia cochliacantha; as well as, dry pods and green leaf of Guazuma ulmifolia y Leucaena leucocephala. The biodigester contained 0.5 g of type substrate and 50 mL of incubated culture medium at 39 ° C. In the biodigesters, the gas production kinetics were determine by measuring the gas displacement at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h for calculate maximum gas volume (Vm) and gas production rate (S). The mL displaced gas was used for estimate GHG moles at 24, 48 and 72 h. The methane moles were calculated at 24, 48 and 72 h. Statistical analysis was a completely randomized design. The E. cyclocarpum pod showed better Vm and S (P<0.05). The S. saman pod quantified less (P<0.05) Vm than E. cyclocarpum, but S did not show differences (P>0.05). E. cyclocarpum pod produced 43.8 and 29.9 % more total GHG and methane than S. saman pod. The GHG and methane total production of L. leucocephala pod and leaf did not show differences (P>0.05) and methane represented on average 17 % of GHG. Under these conditions concluded: The pods of E. cyclocarpum and S. saman have good fermentation parameters and proportion of methane produced is smaller with the rest of the evaluated legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Bruchidius villosus feeding in seed of Laburnum anagyroides, and Bruchidius terrenus seed pest of Albizia julibrissin are first recorded and completely new seed-beetle to Serbian Bruchinae fauna. This Chrysomelids which were found in Republic of Serbia during intensive studies from 2012 to 2014 are likely related to a mostly Paleotropical group, including also members of genera Bruchidius, Megabruchidius and Acanthoscellides. These seed-beetles develop in pods of these two woody legumes, widely grown ornamental trees and shrubs. Several recent reports reveal that this species are well established in France, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Materials and Methods: Bruchine and their legume hosts were observed by extensive field sampling throughout Serbia over three years and by rearing the beetles from the samples in the laboratory. Bruchines and the parasitoids were mass-reared in climate controled rooms under conditions close to those of their area of origin: 12:12 L:D, 3-23 °C and ≤80 % RH (depends of host plant ongoing phenology or experimental needs-proof of weevil monophagous feeding preferences). For the purpose of analyzing the observed phenomena (its intensity and relevance), some of the standard methods of statistical analysis and conclusion have been used. Results: Levels of seeds infestation still in the pods were high and comparable to other studies. Bruchine beetle infestation in the dehiscent fruits of host plants may be greater after the seeds and pods drop to the ground, as bivoltine generation occurs, but this has yet to be tested. Hypotheses on the geographic origin of this new species are also discussed. The effect of native parasitoids occurrence could potentially be interesting, given that their appearance suggest their specialization on the Bruchidius beetle species which is a common seed-predator on the leguminous seeds. Conclusions: The establishment of this new species is investigated using both morphological data and idioecological analyses. For this purpose, a methodology was developed to assess weevil field densities in a natural environment. However, this needs to be more carefully tested with a larger sample size and experiments. Significant levels of infested seed, leads to the conclusion that these seed parasites could be an important reducing factor of generative reproducing host plant potential.

Under agro-environmental conditions of Southern Serbia, the research was conducted over a three-year period to evaluate the effect of row spacing on seed yield, yield components and seed quality of alfalfa cv. 'K-23'. The average seed yield of alfalfa was highest at a row spacing of 40 cm (271.7 kg ha-1), followed by row spacing of 20 cm (249.4 kg ha-1) and 60 cm (244.0 kg ha-1). The highest and lowest number of inflorescences per stem were obtained in rows spaced 60 cm (13.37 inflorescences/stem) and 20 cm apart (8.57 inflorescences/stem), respectively. The widest row spacing of 60 cm (7.15 pods / inflorescence) resulted in the highest number of pods per inflorescence, whereas the lowest number was produced at 20 cm spacing (5.50 pods / inflorescence). Grain number per pod ranged from 3.55 (at 20 cm row spacing) to 4.05 (at 60 cm). The highest quality of alfalfa seed during the three years of the research was obtained at the widest row spacing (60 cm). Thousand-seed weight was highest at 60 cm and lowest at 20 cm (1.97 g and 2.07 g, respectively). The highest average values for seed germination rate were reported for 60 cm row spacing (88.00%) and the lowest for 20 cm row spacing (85.76 %).