Search

Abstract: Piscivorous birds frequently display sex‐specific differences in their hunting and feeding behavior, which lead to diverging impacts on prey populations. Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), for example, were previously studied to examine dietary differences between the sexes and males were found to consume larger fish in coastal areas during autumn and winter. However, information on prey partitioning during breeding and generally on sex‐specific foraging in inland waters is missing. Here, we assess sex‐specific prey choice of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) during two subsequent breeding seasons in the Central European Alpine foreland, an area characterized by numerous stagnant and flowing waters in close proximity to each other. We developed a unique, noninvasive approach and applied it to regurgitated pellets: molecular cormorant sexing combined with molecular fish identification and fish‐length regression analysis performed on prey hard parts. Altogether, 364 pellets delivered information on both, bird sex, and consumed prey. The sexes differed significantly in their overall prey composition, even though Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus, and Coregonus spp. represented the main food source for both. Albeit prey composition did not indicate the use of different water bodies by the sexes, male diet was characterized by higher prey diversity within a pellet and the consumption of larger fish. The current findings show that female and male cormorants to some extent target the available prey spectrum at different levels. Finally, the comprehensive and noninvasive approach has great potential for application in studies of other piscivorous bird species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined size-related and seasonal changes in the diet of the peacock bass Cichla kelberi in a tropical lowland reservoir in southeastern Brazil over three hydro-climatic seasons: summer (high rainfall and temperature), winter (low rainfall and temperature), and late spring (increasing rainfall and temperature) during two years (2006-2007). The tested hypothesis is that this non-native predator fish changes diet during the subadult and adult phases and among seasons to adapt in new colonized environment. Fishes of the families Clupeidae (Platanichthys platana), Characidae (Astyanax spp.) and Cichlidae (Cichla kelberi) were the most important food items, followed by insects of the order Odonata. Cannibalism was also recorded for the largest individuals. A significant size-related change in diet was found with the smallest individuals (Total Length, TL < 20 cm) preying mainly on fishes, whereas the larger individuals (TL > 30 cm) preyed mainly on Odonata. The niche breadth increased during growth, with the largest individuals having a diet more evenly distributed among the available resources. No significant seasonal differences in diet composition were found, but stomachs with higher degree of volume occupied by food were more frequent in late spring than in summer. Conversely, the highest niche breadth was found during the summer compared to the other seasons. Together, these observations suggest an efficient use of the available resources by this top predator in this new colonized system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the trophic interactions between the Japanese giant box jellyfish, Morbakka virulenta, and fish in the central part of the Seto Inland Sea, western Japan, in autumn and winter. Occurring in the surface waters at nighttime, these cubomedusae, regardless of their size (1.5 to 22.5 cm in bell height), were found to be piscivorous, feeding mainly on the Japanese anchovy, as shown by their stomach contents analysis. This finding was supported by a stable isotopic analysis and by an unchanged cnidome, irrespective of the bell height of medusae. Their nocturnal occurrence near the surface often took place around the slack tide, during which the medusae were foraging with tentacles fully extended. Other associations between the medusae and fish were also observed at this time: presumed commensalism with juvenile Japanese horse mackerel, and predation by black scraper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ecotype variation in species exhibiting different life history strategies may reflect heritable adaptations to optimize reproductive success, and potential for speciation. Traditionally, ecotypes have, however, been defined by morphometrics and life history characteristics, which may be confounded with individual plasticity. Here, we use the widely distributed and polytypic freshwater fish species brown trout (Salmo trutta) as a model to study piscivorous life history and its genetic characteristics in environmentally contrasting habitats; a large lake ecosystem with one major large and stable tributary, and several small tributaries. Data from 550 fish and 13 polymorphic microsatellites (He = 0.67) indicated ecotype‐specific genetic differentiation (θ = 0.0170, p < .0001) among Bayesian assigned small riverine resident and large, lake migrating brown trout (>35 cm), but only in the large tributary. In contrast, large trout did not constitute a distinct genetic group in small tributaries, or across riverine sites. Whereas life history data suggest a small, river resident and a large migratory piscivorous ecotype in all studied tributaries, genetic data indicated that a genetically distinct piscivorous ecotype is more likely to evolve in the large and relatively more stable river habitat. In the smaller tributaries, ecotypes apparently resulted from individual plasticity. Whether different life histories and ecotypes result from individual plasticity or define different genetic types, have important consequence for conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Present-day distribution records show that Oxyeleotris lineolata (sleepy cod) has colonised many ephemeral streams and refugial waterholes of the Cooper Creek catchment in the Lake Eyre Basin within a decade of the first record or capture. When introduced to new habitats outside its natural range, this species is considered to be a serious conservation risk to native fish species. Aims. The present study aims to document the transport, establishment, colonisation and integration of O. lineolata in the Lake Eyre Basin, and quantify its impact on native fish assemblages. Methods. Fish samples were taken annually in 21 waterholes between 2011 and 2016, by using a combination of single- and double-winged fyke nets. We collected novel diet and life-history information from 242 O. lineolata individuals across their known distribution. Key results. Abundance, length distribution and life-history information suggested a 'colonising front' moving downstream, across state jurisdictional boundaries and into the Coongie Lakes Ramsar site. Oxyeleotris lineolata diet is most similar to that of two native generalist invertivore--piscivores and preys on several native fish species. With a derived longevity in excess of 15 years and a life-history strategy that combines batch spawning, high fecundity and parental care (i.e. high juvenile survivorship), there is real potential for O. lineolata to dominate fish assemblages in waterholes that provide refuge for native fishes during dry periods. Conclusions. The present study showed that O. lineolata has the potential to negatively influence native fish assemblages through both competition and predation in refugial waterholes. Eradication of O. lineolata from the Cooper Creek catchment in central Australia is highly unlikely, given its widespread distribution, the remoteness of the receiving landscape and a current lack of resources to monitor spread and attempt eradication at the moving front of the Cooper Creek population. Implications. Achieving greater awareness of the potential impacts of introducing or spreading non-native species is an important first step towards preserving the native fish fauna of the Lake Eyre Basin. Further research is warranted to fully understand the current and potential future distribution of O. lineolata in the basin, its biological and ecological requirements, and influence on native fish species and assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mass culture of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis, yolk-sac larvae of other species are fed as a major prey item to tuna larvae from 7 to 8 mm in total length. Marked growth variations in tuna larvae are frequently observed after feeding of yolk-sac larvae, and this variation in the growth of tuna larvae is subsequently a factor leading to the prevalence of cannibalistic attacks. To elucidate details of the mortality process of hatchery-reared tuna larvae after the initiation of yolk-sac larvae feeding, we compared the nutritional and growth histories of the surviving (live) tuna larvae to those of the dead fish, found dead on the bottom of the tank, as direct evidence of their mortality processes. Cause of mortality of tuna larvae 3 and 5 days after the initiation of feeding of yolk-sac larvae was assessed from nitrogen stable isotope and otolith microstructure analyses. Stable isotope analysis revealed that the live fish rapidly utilized prey fish larvae, but the dead fish had depended more on rotifers relative to the live fish 3 and 5 days after the initiation of feeding of yolk-sac larvae. The growth histories based on otolith increments were compared between the live and dead tuna larvae and indicated that the live fish showed significantly faster growth histories than dead fish. Our results suggest that fast-growing larvae at the onset of piscivory could survive in the mass culture tank of Pacific bluefin tuna and were characterized by growth-selective mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iheringia. Série Zoologia is the property of Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Both the preservation of the poorly mineralized skeleton of sharks and the preservation of stomach contents are rarely observed in the fossil record. Here we report on a partial skeleton of a lamniform shark, including portions of the visceral arches and the anterior segment of the vertebral column, collected from the late Miocene beds of the Pisco Formation exposed at Cerro Yesera (Ica Desert, South Peru). Based on the morphology of the preserved teeth, this specimen was determined as a juvenile of the extinct lamnid species Cosmopolitodus hastalis. The shark skeleton includes remains of fish (featuring a pilchard determined as Sardinops sp. cf. S. sagax) in the abdominal region. These fish remains are interpreted herein as the fossilized stomach contents of the shark. For the first time, piscivory is demonstrated in a juvenile individual of Cosmopolitodus hastalis. This result is consistent with the current knowledge about the feeding habits of immature individuals of extant lamniform shark species (including Carcharodon carcharias and Isurus oxyrinchus). Our report further outlines the fundamental role of schooling pilchards in the late Miocene trophic chains of the highly productive coastal waters off present South Peru. Moreover, the find of this well preserved shark skeleton strengthens the qualification of the Pisco Formation as a Fossil-Lagerstätte, and emphasizes the role of early mineralization processes in cases of exceptional preservation.

Seafood provides essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and other nutrients to pregnant women and their fetus(es) while a diet rich in finfish can be a major pathway of monomethyl mercury (MeHg+) exposure. We measured total mercury concentration ([THg]) in hair samples provided by 75 women in Baja California Sur (BCS) to assess its relationship with age, parity, tobacco smoke exposure, and diet based on survey methodologies. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to explain the possible association of the different variables with [THg] in hair. Median [THg] in hair was 1.52 μg g−1, ranging from 0.12 to 24.19 μg g−1 and varied significantly by segment. Approximately 72% (54/75) of those evaluated exceed 1 μg g−1 [THg] and 8% (6/75) exceed 5 μg g−1 [THg] in hair. Although frequency of fish consumption contributed significantly to explaining hair [THg], fish consumption only explained 43% of [THg] in a GLM incorporating tobacco exposure and body mass index. This study establishes possible relationships among multiple potential sources of exposure and other factors related to [THg] in hair of women in the prenatal period. A more detailed examination of other sources of exposure and factors contributing to [THg] is warranted.

Seafood is a valuable source of nutrients important for fetal development. However, seafood consumption is the main route of exposure to monomethyl mercury (MeHg+) for humans. MeHg+ is highly bioavailable and potentially adversely affects fetal neurodevelopment. MeHg+ exposure from fish consumption varies significantly by age and trophic level of fish consumed as well as the frequency and amount of fish consumed. This study investigates total Hg concentrations ([THg]) in hair segments of pregnant Mexican women in relation to (1) self-reported frequency of fish and shellfish consumption, (2) maternal trophic level and marine diet contributions, determined using hair carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes, and (3) relates [THg] to various hair advisory thresholds. We also examined whether variation in C and N isotope values is explained by self-reported frequency of fish and shellfish consumption. A significant proportion of hair samples had [THg] higher than suggested agency thresholds and, for women within the range of the various advisory thresholds (1–20 μg g−1), the specific statistic used and threshold applied are important considerations for assessing and communicating risk. Individuals enriched in 15N (δ15N values) had higher [THg] as did individuals that reported consuming fish and shellfish more frequently, suggesting that variation in [THg] can be explained by both consumer reported diet and diet as determined by C and N stable isotope assessment. However, at higher reported fish consumption levels the trophic level is maintained while [THg] is paradoxically lower. This suggests that THg exposure and assimilation are more complicated in higher fish frequency consumption categories. [THg] is more variable at the higher concentrations, possibly indicating some exposure to non-dietary Hg, heritable variations affecting Hg toxicodynamics, and BMI and tobacco exposure factors as outlined in our companion paper.

Introduced and allopatric populations of brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were sampled in Slovenia for stable isotope analysis to assess dietary niche shifts through ontogeny and estimate the propensity for cannibalism. Both S. trutta and O. mykiss are cannibals, with higher average relative contribution of conspecific assimilated energy for S. trutta (27·9%) compared with O. mykiss (7·7%). The smallest cannibal was 166 mm in the S. trutta population and 247 mm in the O. mykiss population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In larval culture, long light photoperiod regimes are used to maximize ingestion rates by increasing the accessibility to prey and therefore enhancing larval growth. Intermittent feeding could provide a viable alternative to the commonly used continuous feeding regimes that aim to improve larval growth and survival. In this study, we investigate the effect of alternating light/darkness regimes with intermittent feeding on the growth and survival of piscivorous larvae of two Scombrid species: Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) and Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758) . First we tested if the manipulation of a light regime generated intermittent feeding by analyzing the larval stomach content. Then, we conducted two laboratory experiments to identify the best alternating light regime that maximized larval growth and survival by comparing the results to those obtained using continuous light regimes. The manipulation of light was optimized to provide intermittent feeding opportunities for the larvae, since we discovered a clear interruption of feeding in darkness. An increase in specific ingestion throughout the day was observed in all experiments, reaching a maximum peak late in the day. Bluefin tuna larval growth rates were similar despite different alternating conditions whereas the bonito larvae grew best when provided with light at three hour intervals. In both species, growth under alternating light conditions was similar to the 15 hours continuous light treatment. No differences between the alternating and the continuous light treatments were observed in terms of their survival. Our results suggest that alternating light/feeding periods may have a beneficial effect on ingestion rates; possibly because feeding is less satiation-limited, metabolic costs are lower; or food digestion is more efficient under these conditions. Changes in the light regime, that result in pulse feeding, can thus be an optimal strategy to increase growth at no apparent survival cost in bonito or bluefin tuna larval cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the establishment of trophic ecomorphology in living crocodylians can contribute to estimating feeding habits of extinct large aquatic reptiles, assessment of ecomorphological traits other than the snout shape has scarcely been conducted in crocodylians. Here, I tested the validity of the proposed trophic ecomorphological traits in crocodylians by examining the correlation between those traits and the snout shape (an established trophic ecomorphology), using 10 non-alligatoroid crocodylian species with a wide range of snout shape. I then compared the ontogenetic scaling of trophic ecomorphology to discuss its adaptive and taxonomic significance. The results demonstrated that degree of heterodonty, tooth spacing, size of supratemporal fenestra (STF), ventral extension of pterygoid flange and length of lower jaw symphysis are significantly correlated with snout shape by both non-phylogenetic and phylogenetic regression analyses. Gavialis gangeticus falls outside of 95% prediction intervals for the relationships of some traits and the snout shape, suggesting that piscivorous specialization involves the deviation from the typical transformation axis of skull characters. The comparative snout shape ontogeny revealed a universal trend of snout widening through growth in the sampled crocodylians, implying the existence of a shared size-dependent biomechanical constraint in non-alligatoroid crocodylians. Growth patterns of other traits indicated that G. gangeticus shows atypical trends for degree of heterodonty, size of STF, and symphysis length, whereas the same trends are shared for tooth spacing and ventral extension of pterygoid flange among non-alligatoroid crocodylians. These suggest that some characters are ontogenetically labile in response to prey preference shifts through growth, but other characters are in keeping with the conserved biomechanics among non-alligatoroid crocodylians. Some important taxonomic characters such as the occlusal pattern are likely correlated with ontogeny and trophic ecomorphology rather than are constrained by phylogenetic relationships, and careful reassessment of such characters might be necessary for better reconstructing the morphological phylogeny of crocodylians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species in genus Myotis exhibit a pattern of cranial variation associated with insectivorous, facultative piscivorous, and truly piscivorous diets, which has not been studied in a phylogenetic context. Variation in landmark configurations of five cranial structures in 22 Myotis species was analyzed with phylogenetic methods to infer evolution of shape. Our goals were to detect changes in cranial morphology and to correlate these with concerted changes among diets. A reference phylogeny was estimated using a combined data matrix with previously available Cyt-b and RAG2 sequences and our five configurations of landmarks. We included the insectivorous Kerivoula papillosa Temminck, 1840, Noctilio leporinus Linnaeus, 1758 (piscivorous), and N. albiventris Desmarest, 1818 (insectivorous) as out-groups. The optimization of five landmark configurations on the combined phylogeny shows no evidence of convergent shape changes among species with similar piscivorous diets. Our findings document that facultative piscivory does not imply the same particular morphotype. In four cranial features, there is small shape change between estimated ancestral shapes and seven observed descendant shapes for the piscivorous species. Only the mandible shows major changes from insectivorous ancestors to facultative piscivorous or piscivorous Myotis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the preservation of the poorly mineralized skeleton of sharks and the preservation of stomach contents are rarely observed in the fossil record. Here we report on a partial skeleton of a lamniform shark, including portions of the visceral arches and the anterior segment of the vertebral column, collected from the late Miocene beds of the Pisco Formation exposed at Cerro Yesera (Ica Desert, South Peru). Based on the morphology of the preserved teeth, this specimen was determined as a juvenile of the extinct lamnid species Cosmopolitodus hastalis. The shark skeleton includes remains of fish (featuring a pilchard determined as Sardinops sp. cf. S. sagax) in the abdominal region. These fish remains are interpreted herein as the fossilized stomach contents of the shark. For the first time, piscivory is demonstrated in a juvenile individual of Cosmopolitodus hastalis. This result is consistent with the current knowledge about the feeding habits of immature individuals of extant lamniform shark species (including Carcharodon carcharias and Isurus oxyrinchus). Our report further outlines the fundamental role of schooling pilchards in the late Miocene trophic chains of the highly productive coastal waters off present South Peru. Moreover, the find of this well preserved shark skeleton strengthens the qualification of the Pisco Formation as a Fossil-Lagerstätte, and emphasizes the role of early mineralization processes in cases of exceptional preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the north and central coast of Rio de Janeiro State (22°25'S-23°00'S), southeastern Brazil, the Guiana Dolphin Sotalia guianensis forages on neritic prey, mainly fish. From the analysis of the dolphin's stomach contents and the identification of partially digested prey, it was verified that the most frequent prey species were young specimens of Trichiurus lepturus. Comparing our results with previous studies on the feeding habits of Guiana Dolphin in the same region, we noticed the maintenance of its feeding preferences during more than two decades, indicating little or no change in the use of prey by this top predator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is one of several economically-important species of salmon found in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The first months at sea are believed to be the most critical for salmon survival, with the highest rate of mortality occurring during this period. In the present study, we examined interannual diet composition and body condition trends for late-summer subyearling Chinook salmon caught off Oregon and Washington from 1998 to 2012. Interannual variability was observed in juvenile salmon diet composition by weight of prey consumed. Juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon were mainly piscivorous, with northern anchovy ( Engraulis mordax) being especially important, making up half the diet by weight in some years. Annual diets clustered into two groups, primarily defined by their proportion of invertebrate prey (14% versus 39% on average). Diet composition was found to influence adult returns, with salmon from high-invertebrate years returning in significantly larger numbers 2-3 yrs later. However, years that had high adult returns had overall lower stomach fullness and poorer body condition as juveniles, a counterintuitive result potentially driven by the enhanced survival of less fit individuals in better ocean conditions (top-down effect). Ocean conditions in years with a higher percentage of invertebrates in salmon diets were significantly cooler from May to August, and bottom-up processes may have led to a fall plankton community with a larger proportion of invertebrates. Our results suggest that the plankton community assemblage during this first fall may be critical in predicting adult returns of Chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish diet studies contribute to understanding resource partitioning and community trophic structure. The present paper characterizes the diet of gpeixe-cachorroh species Acestrorhynchus britskii and A. lacustris in Sobradinho reservoir, Bahia State, Brazil. Bimonthly samples (November 2006 to July 2008) were taken in the lotic, transition and lentic stretches of the reservoir, using gillnets overnight. A total of 899 A. britskii and 476 A. lacustris stomachs were analyzed, 70% of which were empty. Their content indicated the species are predominantly piscivorous, with 18 prey fish species identified. However, each prey occurred in a single month, except for Anchoviella vaillanti, recorded in 80% of months for A. bristski, andTetragonopterus chalceus in 25% for A. lacustris. The species presented high food overlap (Că = 0.992), owing to the occurrence of Actinopterygii (bits) and Actinopterygii in all months. Regarding prey fish alone, a differentiated intake and lower food overlap was detected, in the flood (Că = 0.427) and drought (Că = 0.172) seasons, in the lotic (Că = 0.434), transition (Că = 0.089) and lentic (Că = 0) stretches, and in overall overlap (Că = 0.236). The spatial and seasonal differences in the intake of different prey fish by both species suggest an opportunistic feeding habit and a competition reduction mechanism for food resources.Estudos sobre a dieta de peixes contribuem para o entendimento dapartilha de recursos e da estrutura trofica da comunidade. O presente trabalho caracteriza a dieta dos peixes-cachorro Acestrorhynchus britskii e A. lacustris no reservatorio de Sobradinho, Estado da Bahia. Coletas bimestrais noturnas (Novembro/2006 a Julho/2008) foram efetuadas nos trechos lotico, transicao e lentico do reservatorio, empregando redes de espera. Foram analisados 899 estomagos de A. britskii e 476 de A. lacustris, aproximadamente 70% dos quais se encontravam vazios. Seu conteudo evidenciou tratar-se de especies predominantemente piscivoras, com 18 peixes-presa identificados. Entretanto, cada presa ocorreu num unico mes, exceto Anchoviella vaillanti, registrada em 80% dos meses para A. bristski e Tetragonopterus chalceus em 25% deles para A. lacustris. As especies apresentaram elevada sobreposicao alimentar (Că = 0,992), pela ocorrencia de Actinopterygii (partes) e Actinopterygii nao-identificado em todos os meses. Entretanto, considerando apenas os peixespresa, foi observado consumo diferenciado e menor sobreposicao alimentar, nos periodos de cheia (Că = 0,427) e seca (Că = 0,172), nos trechos lotico (Că = 0,434), de transicao (Că = 0,089) e lentico (Că = 0), e na sobreposicao geral (Că = 0,236). A diferenca espacial e sazonal no consumo de peixes-presa distintos pelas duas especies sugere habito alimentar oportunista e mecanismo dereducao da competicao pelos recursos alimentares.

La presencia de salmón Chinook asilvestrado se ha reportado en Chile desde 1995 con un aumento de la frecuencia de las corridas hacia ríos patagónicos y el consecuente asentamiento temporal de poblaciones juveniles. Con el fin de comprender las implicancias ecológicas de la presencia de estas nuevas poblaciones de juveniles de Chinook en ríos y lagos patagónicos, estudiamos la dieta, condición y edad de individuos de 4 cuencas del sur de Chile (río Puelo, Blanco, Aysén y Futaleufú). Para ello analizamos 104 individuos, 67 provenientes de lagos y 37 provenientes de sistemas fluviales. Algunos juveniles capturados en las cuencas de Aysén (río Aysén) y Futaleufú (lago Yelcho) presentaron edades mayores a 1 año, los cuales corresponden a poblaciones "stream type". Por el contrario, en las cuencas del Blanco, Puelo y Futaleufú (sistemas fluviales) se encontraron juveniles únicamente de edad 0+. Individuos de ambas edades sólo coexistieron en el lago Yelcho. Los individuos de edad 1+ presentaron altos factores de condición y dietas piscívoras, basada en galáxidos nativos. Los individuos menores a 1 año presentaron factores de condición inferiores y una dieta basada principalmente en insectos de origen alóctono. Entre los individuos de edad 0+, sólo aquéllos mayores a 8,5 cm de largo total presentaron peces en sus estómagos. Concluimos que los juveniles de Chinook ingresan a los sistemas patagónicos como depredadores a partir del año de edad, aun cuando si alcanzan tallas mayores a 8,5 cm antes del año también se comportan como ictiófagos. En todos los casos, los peces presa correspondieron a peces nativos. Ello implica una nueva interacción negativa para la fauna íctica nativa patagónica, mediada por el tamaño de los peces introducidos, la cual se manifiesta tanto en depredación como eventualmente por competencia por organismos alóctonos, los cuales son una fuente importante de energía en sistemas oligotróficos como los patagónicos.The presence of feral Chinook salmon has been reported in Chile since 1995, since when it has been reported an increase in the frequency of runs into rivers of Patagonia and the consequent temporary settlement of juvenile populations. In order to understand the ecological significance of the presence of these new populations of juvenile Chinook in rivers and lakes, we analyze the diet, condition and age of individuals present in four basins of southern Chile (Puelo, Blanco, Aysen and River basins). We analyzed 104 individuals, 67 from 37 from lakes and river systems. Some juveniles caught in the Aysén watershed (river Aysén) and (lake Yelcho) had ages greater than 1 year, which correspond to "stream type" populations. By contrast, in the basins of Blanco, Puelo and Futaleufú (river systems) only age 0 + individuals were found. Juveniles of both ages coexisted only in lake Yelcho. The individuals of age 1 + showed high condition factors and piscivorous diets, based in native Galaxids. Individuals of less than 1 year showed lower condition factors and diets based mainly on insects of allochthonous origin. Among individuals of age 0 +, only those greater than 8.5 cm in total length had fish in their stomachs. We conclude that age 1 juvenile Chinook enter Patagonian systems as piscivore predators, and if they reach sizes greater than 8.5 cm before the completion of the first year they also behave as piscivores. In all cases, prey fish were composed of native fish. This suggests a new negative interaction for the native fish fauna of Patagonia, mediated by the size of exotic fish, such as predation, and possibly also competition for allochthonous organisms, which are an important source of energy in oligotrophic systems as the Patagonian.

The morphological identification of fish samples can be difficult, for example, when dealing with eggs, larvae, tissue samples, or dietary samples of piscivores. Hard parts such as otoliths, chewing pads, pharyngeal bones or scales can enable morphological identification if present. However, species-specific identification is often not possible, especially in species-rich groups like the cyprinids. Here, we present a two-step multiplex PCR system, tailored for rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular detection of Central European fish species. It is composed of six assays, covers 79 fish and lamprey species, and enables the identification of 31 species, six genera, two families, two orders, and two fish family clusters. This novel approach is tailored for samples with bad DNA quality and has been successfully applied to identify fish prey in feces of the Eurasian otter, the Common Kingfisher, as well as feces and regurgitated pellets of cormorants. More than 4,000 dietary samples of the latter were collected within a two-year field study in the Alpine foreland. These samples have already been analyzed cost-effectively with the presented approach thus generating a detailed picture of cormorant diet in relation to fish phenology. The high sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex PCR system makes it also suitable for applications outside the field of trophic ecology such as the identification of juvenile fish, environmental monitoring, or environmental DNA studies.

Torrent Sculpin ( Cottus rhotheus) can play an important role in riverine ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest, but factors that influence their feeding ecology are not well understood. To better understand how environmental conditions may influence the diet of Torrent Sculpin in the Cedar River, Washington, we collected diet information from fish across seasons and habitats. Numerically, aquatic insects were usually the dominant prey type for each size class in each sampling effort. Overall, Torrent Sculpin prey on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates but can also take advantage of other prey types, such as fry of Sockeye Salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka), juvenile Chinook Salmon ( O. tshawytscha), and eggs of Largescale Suckers ( Catostomus macrocheilus), when these prey become abundant. In February and March, predation on Sockeye Salmon fry was substantially higher in large, deep pools (>2.5-m depth) than in either riffles or slow-water secondary habitats. Besides fry of Sockeye Salmon, the only salmonid observed in the diet of Torrent Sculpin was juvenile Chinook Salmon. Sculpin ( Cottus spp.) were an important prey type of Torrent Sculpin ≥100 mm total length (TL) in each sampling effort. This was especially evident during the summer when sculpin represented over 90% of the diet by weight of Torrent Sculpin ≥100 mm TL. Feeding strategy plots demonstrated that Torrent Sculpin exhibit an opportunistic feeding strategy for large-bodied prey (for example, fish, oligochaetes, and large plecopterans) and a more generalized feeding strategy for small-bodied prey (chironomids and small-bodied ephemeropterans). Prey size, abundance, and activity are likely important factors influencing prey selection in Torrent Sculpin. Because of their size, abundance, wide range in habitat use, and breadth of diet, Torrent Sculpin are an important species in the Cedar River food web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life-history tradeoffs between energy investments in reproduction versus somatic growth may be highly important for fish populations suffering from food limitations. This study addresses life-history tradeoffs in a stunted Arctic charr population from a subarctic lake sampled annually over a 12-year period. The vast majority of charr matured early, grew slowly toward average adult sizes of 13-14 cm, and had a short longevity with few fish reaching ages older than 6 years. Some gender differences in life-history strategies related to sexual maturation were revealed, likely due to energetic constraints from high cost of egg production. Some charr followed a highly different growth trajectory, growing rapidly and attaining lengths >40 cm. These fast-growing individuals matured later and reached higher ages than the stunted fish. Hence, there was a distinct tradeoff between early versus late sexual maturation, the former strategy resulting in short generation time enhancing the survival up to first spawning and the latter being related to a dietary shift to cannibalism resulting in increased growth and body size, and reproduction at a postponed maturation age. This dual pattern was sustained over the 12-year study period, apparently reflecting two contrasting stable strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarctic populations of brown trout ( Salmo trutta) are often heavily infected with cestodes of the genus Diphyllobothrium, assumedly because of their piscivorous behaviour. This study explores possible associations between availability of fish prey and Diphyllobothrium spp. infections in lacustrine trout populations. Trout in (i) allopatry (group T); (ii) sympatry with Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) (group TC); and (iii) sympatry with charr and three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) (group TCS) were contrasted. Mean abundance and intensity of Diphyllobothrium spp. were higher in group TCS compared to groups TC and T. Prevalence, however, was similarly higher in groups TCS and TC compared to group T. Zero-altered negative binomial modelling identified the lowest probability of infection in group T and similar probabilities of infection in groups TC and TCS, whereas the highest intensity was predicted in group TCS. The most infected trout were from the group co-occurring with stickleback ( TCS), possibly due to a higher availability of fish prey. In conclusion, our study demonstrates elevated Diphyllobothrium spp. infections in lacustrine trout populations where fish prey are available and suggests that highly available and easily caught stickleback prey may play a key role in the transmission of Diphyllobothrium spp. parasite larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piscivory by birds can be significant, particularly on fish in small streams and during seasonal low flow when available cover from predators can be limited. Yet, how varying amounts of cover may change the extent of predation mortality from avian predators on fish is not clear. We evaluated size-selective survival of coastal cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) in replicated semi-natural stream sections. These sections provided high (0.01 m2 of cover per m2 of stream) or low (0.002 m2 of cover per m2 of stream) levels of instream cover available to trout and were closed to emigration. Each fish was individually tagged, allowing us to track retention of individuals during the course of the 36-day experiment, which we attributed to survival from predators, because fish had no other way to leave the streams. Although other avian predators may have been active in our system and not detected, the only predator observed was the belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon, which is known to prey heavily on fish. In both treatments, trout >20.4 cm were not preyed upon indicating an increased ability to prey upon on smaller individuals. Increased availability of cover improved survival of trout by 12% in high relative to low cover stream sections. Trout also survived better in stream sections with greater shade, a factor we could not control in our system. Collectively, these findings indicate that instream cover and shade from avian predators can play an important role in driving survival of fish in small streams or during periods of low flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food habits of Melanogrammus aeglefinus were explored and contrasted across multiple north-eastern and north-western Atlantic Ocean ecosystems, using databases that span multiple decades. The results show that among all ecosystems, echinoderms are a consistent part of M. aeglefinus diet, but patterns emerge regarding where and when M. aeglefinus primarily eat fishes v. echinoderms. Melanogrammus aeglefinus does not regularly exhibit the increase in piscivory with ontogeny that other gadoids often show, and in several ecosystems there is a lower occurrence of piscivory. There is an apparent inverse relationship between the consumption of fishes and echinoderms in M. aeglefinus over time, where certain years show high levels of one prey item and low levels of the other. This apparent binary choice can be viewed as part of a gradient of prey options, contingent upon a suite of factors external to M. aeglefinus dynamics. The energetic consequences of this prey choice are discussed, noting that in some instances it may not be a choice at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between cranial morphology and diet has long been investigated in bats. Bats of the genus Myotis include insectivorous, facultatively piscivorous, and piscivorous species. We tested the hypothesis that facultatively piscivorous (five Myotis species) and piscivorous species ( M. vivesi) present cranial morphological and functional changes with respect to insectivorous taxa (16 Myotis species). Cranial shapes in skull and mandible modules were described with four geometric landmark configurations in these dietary groups. Gape capacity was measured with the stretch factors for temporal and masseter muscles. Geometric configurations from two skull and two mandible shapes were analyzed to detect differences in cranial morphology in relation to diet. Differences in cranial morphology were found between piscivorous and insectivorous species involving the mandibular process where masticatory muscles are attached. Linear regression analysis of Procrustes distances and gape capacity showed that the shape of the mandibular process region was highly correlated with the stretch factor of the masseter muscle in piscivorous and facultatively piscivorous species. These results suggest differences in cranial morphology and performance among diets but the hypothesis of gradual changes in cranial shape among diets was only accepted for the mandible and not for the skull. Myotis vivesi appears to improve mechanical advantage of masticatory muscles at lower gapes, presumably allowing more efficient chewing of slippery prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized carnivory is relatively uncommon across mammals, and bats constitute one of the few groups in which this diet has evolved multiple times. While size and morphological adaptations for carnivory have been identified in other taxa, it is unclear what phenotypic traits characterize the relatively recent evolution of carnivory in bats. To address this gap, we apply geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative analyses to elucidate which characters are associated with ecological divergence of carnivorous bats from insectivorous ancestors, and if there is morphological convergence among independent origins of carnivory within bats, and with other carnivorous mammals.We find that carnivorous bats are larger and converged to occupy a subset of the insectivorous morphospace, characterized by skull shapes that enhance bite force at relatively wide gapes. Piscivorous bats are morphologically distinct, with cranial shapes that enable high bite force at narrow gapes, which is necessary for processing fish prey. All animal-eating species exhibit positive allometry in rostrum elongation with respect to skull size, which could allow larger bats to take relatively larger prey. The skull shapes of carnivorous bats share similarities with generalized carnivorans, but tend to be more suited for increased bite force production at the expense of gape, when compared with specialized carnivorans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trophic positions of top predators can provide useful information for estimating the length of food chains and for assessing the impacts of invasive species or the bioaccumulation of harmful compounds. In aquatic ecosystems, large carnivorous fishes may change their trophic positions ontogenetically. We used stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to test the hypothesis that the trophic positions of largemouth bass, top predators in Lake Izunuma, Japan, would increase with total length (TL) as a result of ontogenetic shifts in diet. Results from a stable isotope analysis in R mixing model indicated that largemouth bass <100 mm TL fed mostly on zooplankton and small omnivorous fishes, while individuals from 100 to 199 mm TL size class relied more heavily on small omnivorous fishes. Red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were a major food source for largemouth bass ≥200 mm TL. However, the trophic positions of largemouth bass did not increase with the dietary shift from zooplanktivory to piscivory, and actually decreased when larger fish shifted towards feeding on red swamp crayfish. In Lake Izunuma, the trophic positions of small omnivorous fishes and red swamp crayfish were not higher than those of zooplankton. This explains why the largest largemouth bass occupied lower trophic positions than smaller individuals. Our results suggest that the body size of carnivorous fishes should be taken into consideration when using their trophic positions as top predators to evaluate aquatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet analysis is an important aspect when investigating the ecology of fish-eating animals and essential for assessing their functional role in food webs across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The identification of fish remains in dietary samples, however, can be time-consuming and unsatisfying using conventional morphological analysis of prey remains. Here, we present a two-step multiplex PCR system, comprised of six assays, allowing for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of fish DNA in dietary samples. This approach encompasses 78 fish and lamprey species native to Central European freshwaters and enables the identification of 31 species, six genera, two families, two orders and two fish family clusters. All targeted taxa were successfully amplified from 25 template molecules, and each assay was specific when tested against a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates inhabiting aquatic environments. The applicability of the multiplex PCR system was evaluated in a feeding trial, wherein it outperformed morphological prey analysis regarding species-specific prey identification in faeces of Eurasian otters. Additionally, a wide spectrum of fish species was detected in field-collected faecal samples and regurgitated pellets of Common Kingfishers and Great Cormorants, demonstrating the broad applicability of the approach. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR system provides an efficient, easy to use and cost-effective tool for assessing the trophic ecology of piscivores in Central Europe. Furthermore, the multiplex PCRs and the primers described therein will be applicable wherever DNA of the targeted fish species needs to be detected at high sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many species of marine fish use coastal lagoons during early stages of their life cycles due to the protection provided by their turbid waters and complex structure of the environment, such as mangroves and mudflats, and the availability of food derived from the high productivity of these sites. In this study, we analyzed the diet of six species of juvenile marine fishes that use a karstic lagoon system in the northwest portion of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Through stomach contents analysis we determined the trophic differences among Caranx latus, Oligoplites saurus, Trachinotus falcatus, Synodus foetens, Lutjanus griseus, and Strongylura notata. C. latus, O. saurus, S. foetens, and S. notate, which are ichthyophagous species (>80% by number). L. griseus feeds mainly on crustaceans (>55%) and fish (35%), while T. falcatus feeds on mollusks (>50% bivalves, >35% gastropods). The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed differences in the diet of all species. Cluster analysis, based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix revealed three groups; one characterized by the ichthyophagous guild (S. notata, S. foetens, C. latus, and O. saurus), other group formed by the crustacean consumers (L. griseus), and the third, composed by the mollusk feeder (T. falcatus). Species of the ichthyophagous guild showed overlap in their diets, which under conditions of low prey abundance may trigger competition, hence affecting juvenile stages of these marine species that use coastal lagoons to feed and grow. Keywords: juvenile fish, stomach contents, diet breadth, piscivory, trophic overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The venomous fish-hunting cone snails (Conus) comprise eight distinct lineages evolved from ancestors that preyed on worms. In this article, we attempt to reconstruct events resulting in this shift in food resource by closely examining patterns of behavior, biochemical agents (toxins) that facilitate prey capture and the combinations of toxins present in extant species. The first sections introduce three different hunting behaviors associated with piscivory: 'taser-and-tether', 'net-engulfment' and 'strike-and-stalk'. The first two fish-hunting behaviors are clearly associated with distinct groups of venom components, called cabals, which act in concert to modify the behavior of prey in a specific manner. Derived fish-hunting behavior clearly also correlates with physical features of the radular tooth, the device that injects these biochemical components. Mapping behavior, biochemical components and radular tooth features onto phylogenetic trees shows that fish-hunting behavior emerged at least twice during evolution. The system presented here may be one of the best examples where diversity in structure, physiology and molecular features were initially driven by particular pathways selected through behavior. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Winnipeg has the second largest commercial walleye ( Sander vitreus ) fishery in North America. The lake has experienced and will continue to undergo comprehensive changes such as eutrophication, invasion of non-indigenous aquatic species, and climate change. The North and South Basins of the lake differ in many ways, e.g. mean water depth and temperature, turbidity, and fish community. The study objectives were to establish a baseline for diet of walleye and sauger ( Sander canadensis ) in Lake Winnipeg, to determine whether the diets currently differ between basins and among seasons, and to investigate whether the non-indigenous rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) contributes substantially to their diet. Walleye and sauger diets in the South Basin had more diverse species composition, whereas in the North Basin, the diet consisted almost entirely of the introduced rainbow smelt (as well as troutperch ( Percopsis omiscomaycus ) for sauger). Some seasonal variation was also documented and found to be attributable to the emergence of young-of-year fish and mayfly larvae. The predominant incorporation of the abundant and large rainbow smelt in the diets of walleye and sauger in the North Basin may lead to increased growth and condition of fish in this basin. These data provide a baseline for comparison in future investigations of walleye and sauger diets as changes occur in the food web of the lake with invasion of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) and spiny water fleas ( Bythotrephes longimanus ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the cannibalistic behaviour of juvenile barramundi Lates calcarifer and examined the relationship between prey size selection and energy gain of cannibals. Prey handling time and capture success by cannibals were used to estimate the ratio of energy gain to energy cost in prey selection. Cannibals selected smaller prey despite its capability of ingesting larger prey individuals. In behavioural analysis, prey handling time significantly increased with prey size, but it was not significantly affected by cannibal size. Conversely, capture success significantly decreased with the increase of both prey and cannibal sizes. The profitability indices showed that the smaller prey provides the most energy return for cannibals of all size classes. These results indicate that L. calcarifer cannibals select smaller prey for more profitable return. The behavioural analysis, however, indicates that L. calcarifer cannibals attack prey of all size at a similar rate but ingest smaller prey more often, suggesting that prey size selection is passively orientated rather than at the predator's choice. The increase of prey escape ability and morphological constraint contribute to the reduction of intracohort cannibalism as fish grow larger. This study contributes to the understanding of intracohort cannibalism and development of strategies to reduce fish cannibalistic mortalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduced fishes may have major impacts on community structure and ecosystem function due to competitive and predatory interactions with native species. For example, introduced lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) has been shown to replace native salmonids and induce major trophic cascades in some North American lakes, but few studies have investigated trophic interactions between lake trout and closely related native Arctic charr ( S. alpinus) outside the natural distribution of the former species. We used stomach content and stable isotope analyses to investigate trophic interactions between introduced lake trout and native Arctic charr in large subarctic Lake Inarijärvi in northern Finland. Both salmonids had predominantly piscivorous diets at >280 mm total length and were mainly caught from the deep profundal zone. However, lake trout had a more generalist diet and showed higher reliance on littoral prey fish than Arctic charr, whose diet consisted mainly of pelagic planktivorous coregonids. According to length at age and condition data, lake trout showed slightly faster growth but lower condition than Arctic charr. The results indicate that introduced lake trout may to some extent compete with and prey upon native Arctic charr, but currently have only a minor if any impact on native fishes and food web structure in Inarijärvi. Future monitoring is essential to observe potential changes in trophic interactions between lake trout and Arctic charr in Inarijärvi, as well as in other European lakes where the two salmonids currently coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of predators in species invasion will depend on their interactions with their own predators and competitors. The present study examined whether the predation of piscivorous fish among other piscivorous fish could be an active mechanism in species invasion. The diet of eleven piscivorous fish found in the upper Paraná River basin was analyzed during eight years. Seven of the fish species were native to the river basin, and four were invasive species. The diet composition of the studied species did not differ from each other, and a high value of niche overlap was found among invasive species with native species. Invasive species consumed higher amounts of piscivorous species, mainly Hoplias sp. 1 and C. kelberi. Salminus brasiliensis was the only native species with high values of predation over piscivorous fish. There were no significant differences between the consumption of piscivorous fish and their abundance. Overall, the consumption of piscivorous fish by invasive species can act as a mechanism for their success and maintenance in a new environment. Piscivorous invaders radically change the composition of their new environment more than other trophic levels; therefore, we recommend special care with the introduction of piscivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored potential negative effects of exotic brown trout ( Salmo trutta) on native sculpin ( Cottus sp.) on the Logan River, Utah, USA by (i) examining factors most strongly correlated with sculpin abundance (e.g., abiotic conditions or piscivory?), (ii) contrasting the extent of brown trout predation on sculpin with that by native cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) and (iii) estimating the number of sculpin consumed by brown trout along an elevational gradient using bioenergetics. Abundance of sculpin across reaches showed a strong ( r ≥ 0.40) and significant ( P < 0.05) correlation with physical variables describing width (positive) and gradient (negative), but not with abundance of piscivorous brown trout or cutthroat trout. In mainstem reaches containing sculpin, we found fish in 0% of age-1, 10% of age-2 and 33% of age-3 and older brown trout diets. Approximately 81% of fish consumed by brown trout were sculpin. Despite a similar length-gape relationship for native cutthroat trout, we found only two fish (one sculpin and one unknown) in the diets of native cutthroat trout similar in size to age-3 brown trout. Based on bioenergetics, we estimate that an average large (> 260 mm) brown trout consumes as many as 34 sculpin per year. Nevertheless, results suggest that sculpin abundance in this system is controlled by abiotic factors and not brown trout predation. Additional research is needed to better understand how piscivory influences brown trout invasion success, including in-stream experiments exploring trophic dynamics and interactions between brown trout and native prey under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In subarctic lake systems, fish species like brown trout are often important predators, and their niche performance is a key characteristic for understanding trophic interactions and food web functioning at upper trophic levels. Here, we studied summer habitat use and stomach contents of brown trout under both allopatric and sympatric conditions in six subarctic lakes to reveal its trophic role, and population- and individual-level niche plasticity. In allopatry, brown trout mainly used the littoral habitat, but also less commonly used the pelagic zone. In sympatry with stickleback, there was always a considerable habitat overlap between the two species. In contrast, sympatric populations of brown trout and Arctic charr generally revealed a distinct habitat segregation. In the sympatric systems, in general, there was a distinct resource partitioning between the trout and charr, whereas the observed diet overlap between trout and stickleback was much larger. Trout modified their individual dietary specialisation between the littoral and pelagic zone, always being lower in the pelagic. Piscivorous behaviour of trout was only found in sympatric systems, possibly contributing to a competitive advantage of trout over charr and stickleback. Hence, the trophic level of trout was strongly related to the fish community composition, with a higher trophic level in sympatric systems where piscivorous behaviour was frequent. These changes in the trophic level of trout linked with the observed food resource partitioning might be an important mechanism in the ecosystem functioning of subarctic lakes to allow coexistence among sympatric-living fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prey size selectivity in piscivorous fish larvae is important to both aquaculture and fisheries science, but laboratory experiments are few. We analyzed selective foraging in Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae (Thunnus thynnus) using two larval fish prey species. The experiments revealed that selective foraging of prey sizes differed among bluefin tuna predator sizes (15–25 mm SL) and prey species, bonito (Sarda sarda) and seabream (Sparus aurata). The observed pattern suggest a general preference for small bonito prey larvae but large seabream prey. Thus, prey size alone is not the only trait responsible for size selectivity in piscivorous fish larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fast growth plays an important role in survival processes during the early life stages of both field-captured and hatchery-reared Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. Marked growth variations in hatchery-reared tuna larvae are frequently observed even for the same age and within the same rearing tank after the onset of the piscivory. We hypothesized that these small growth variations in the growth of tuna larvae at the onset of piscivory lead subsequently to large growth variations and tested the hypothesis using three size groups (large, intermediate and small) of hatchery-reared fish by nitrogen stable isotope and otolith analyses. Stable isotope analysis revealed that the large group rapidly utilized prey fish larvae, but the smaller groups depended more on rotifers as the main prey item relative to the large group. The otolith radius from the core to the increment corresponding to the first feeding on yolk-sac larvae was compared among the three size groups. The results revealed that the large group had larger otolith radii than the small and intermediate groups. Our findings suggest that small growth variations apparent during the early larval stage of tuna could induce further large growth variations in the late-larval and juvenile stages through differences in the initial ability to utilize piscivory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of ontogenetic niche shifts on community structure and dynamics are underexplored, despite the occurrence of such shifts in the majority of animal species. We studied the form of niche shifts in a predator that exhibits multiple ontogenetic niche shifts, and analyzed how this life history complexity affects the size-structured predator-prey dynamics in the system. The predator represents either an ontogenetic generalist, exhibiting a partial shift to prédation (in which case an alternative resource is also available) or an ontogenetic specialist, exhibiting a complete shift (in which case the predator depends entirely on prédation). We showed two effects on community dynamics from accounting for a complete niche shift to prédation: (1) occurrence of alternative stable community states (coexistence and a prey-oniy community state) and (2) occurrence of deterministic extinction following initially successful invasion (predators can invade an equilibrium with only prey, but are bound to go extinct after a few generations). Both phenomena are due to the match or mismatch in the timing of predators and suitably sized prey and the growth trajectory of the predator, which is plastic, due to the population feedback on available resources. In the case of persistence without invasion (alternative stable community states), slow growth during the pre-piscivorous life stage is necessary to stay in tune with the prey cycle; in the case of extinction following invasion, slow growth through the pre-piscivorous life stage causes the predator to reach the completely piscivorous stage when there is no prey available to feed upon. Somatic growth rates are directly coupled to food availability, which, in turn, is the result of density-dependent feedbacks in the system. Since they primarily determine these density-dependent feedbacks, the ontogenetic niche shifts in predator life history structure the community to a major extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diet of Nile Perch (8.0–121.0 cm total length [TL]) from the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria was quantified through stomach content analysis of specimens collected from experimental catches and fish factory samples. A total of 7824 stomachs (5602 from experimental fishing and 2222 from factory samples) were examined, of which 34.8% contained food. Fish from the experimental catches were smaller (8.0–41.6 cm TL) and had a higher diversity of prey dominated by unidentifiable fish prey, haplochromine cichlids,Rastrineobola argentea, Odonata andCaridina nilotica, while larger fish (30.0–121.0 cm TL) from the factory samples had a predominance of fish remains and haplochromine cichlids. Nile Perch that had a high proportion of fish prey (versus invertebrates) in their stomachs showed a larger size for a given age, and were in a better condition (K = 1.24) than those that had primarily invertebrates (K = 1.10) in their stomachs. Nile Perch exhibited a much smaller size (15 cm versus 30 cm TL) at shift to piscivory in comparison to Nile Perch examined in earlier studies, when haplochromines were rare in Lake Victoria. The recovery of haplochromine cichlids coincident with declining Nile Perch densities illustrates the importance of developing sustainable management options that can define a proper balance between fishing mortality and Nile Perch predation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]