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Photoelectrochemical solar to hydrogen conversion is a promising approach to solve energy and environmental problems. One of the paramount challenges to overcome is to achieve high solar to hydrogen efficiency while retaining stable service behavior without photocorrosion of the photoanode. In this study, a hydrogel‐enabled dual‐shielding (FeCoOx/PAAM) strategy is reported to improve efficiency and suppress photocorrosion of photoanode during solar water splitting especially in a high‐intensity illumination. Anodic photocorrosion of BiVO4 photoanodes involves the chemical and physical construction changes under the conditions of light field, electric field, and electrolyte. The utilization of FeCoOx/PAAM on BiVO4 inhibits the improvement of oxygen evolution reaction kinetics, bubble dynamics, and blocking ion dissolution diffusion, which effectively suppresses anodic photocorrosion and simultaneously improves efficiency of BiVO4 photoanode. The improved BiVO4/FeCoOx/PAAM photoanode shows a superior photocurrent density of 19.88 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE, and a high charge separation efficiency of 98% with enhanced stability over 60 h (300 mW cm−2). This study contributes to developing a universal method of photoanode protection to anti‐photocorrosion, facilitating the development of high‐efficiency, high‐stability, and pollution‐free hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the social context of increasing water pollution, we conducted an in-depth study to prepare ZnFe2O4@g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposites by hydrothermal method. The microscopic morphology and structure were analyzed using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis, and other characterization methods. The photo-Fenton activity of the highly concentrated antibiotic tetracycline was tested under visible light irradiation in combination with the presence of H2O2, and the catalytic mechanism was investigated. The results showed that the construction of heterojunction significantly improved the catalytic activity of ZnFe2O4@g-C3N4 catalyst prepared by hydrothermal method. The degradation rate of tetracycline at 40 mg L−1 was 92.6% within 60 min, and the degradation rate was 0.06 min−1, which was nearly six times higher than that of pure ZnFe2O4. The results of free radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance technique indicated that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2−) played important roles in the photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline. Notably, the catalyst maintained a high degradation rate (87.2%) after five cycles. The heterojunction designed in this thesis may provide a promising strategy for achieving maximum light absorption and is authoritative in meeting environmental requirements in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuNb2O6 (CNO), a novel ternary metal oxide, has garnered much attention since it has a modest bandgap and potentially high current density. However, the reported photocurrent density so far is still much lower than the theoretical value. In this study, a CuO/CNO photoelectrode heterojunction was synthesized for the first time by using a solution‐based spray pyrolysis method. The properties of the heterojunction were investigated through various characterization techniques, including Mott‐Schottky analysis, time‐resolved photoluminescence, surface photovoltage analysis, chopper linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The optimized maximum photocurrent density of the CuO/CNO heterojunction was ~0.75 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 2.8 times higher compared to the bare CNO photocathode. The improvement is attributed to the enhanced transport properties of charge carriers and promoted better separation of photo‐generated electrons and holes in the photoelectrode by the heterostructure. By the generation of heterojunctions, this work provides a new foundation for the design and construction of photocathodes with high charge separation efficiencies. This is also useful for future studies on water decomposition using heterojunctions as photoelectrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2), a non-noble metal and one of the families of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), has attracted so much attention in recent years due to its promising photocatalytic properties such as a narrow bandgap, abundant active sites, and suitable Gibb's free energy of hydrogen (H 2) adsorption (∼ −0.08 eV) compared to that of platinum (Pt) with −0.03 eV. Thus, it is expected that the material could be a better substitute for the use of expensive noble metals for H 2 generation via photocatalytic water splitting. Despite the advantages mentioned, the activity of a single MoS 2 in a photocatalytic system is still deficient due to confinement of the active sites to the edges, electron/hole pair recombination, and (in the case of bulk materials) a non-suitable bandgap and poor conductivity. As such, metal and non-metal doping, forming different types of heterojunctions, varying the loading, and the type of sacrificial agent, and utilizing a new approach of tandem catalysis for H 2 generation using MoS 2 are discussed. This review also summarizes the later and recent progress, as well as providing future prospects for further investigation toward improving the activity of MoS 2 -based photocatalysts. • Structural, electronic and optical properties of MoS 2 for photocatalytic application were discussed. • Bottom-up and top-down synthesis approaches of MoS 2 and the most suitable method of prepaation were explained. • Hydrogen production using MoS 2 as main photocatalyst and that of MoS 2 -based materials were also reviewed. • Modification strategies for improved hydrogen production using MoS 2 photocatalyst were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrodeposition process and the subsequent assessment of a novel cuprous oxide photocathode are conducted for solar light-based hydrogen production. The mesh dome photocathode helps facilitate the optimal light harvesting, enabling the efficient collection of the maximum accessible light from the solar simulator. This particular design also ensures that light reaches the remote surfaces of the photocathode through penetrating the mesh structure. The electrodeposition method is then employed to coat cuprous oxide onto the stainless-steel electrode. The subsequent examination of this photocathode occurs within an alkaline solution of potassium dioxide to assess its performance in hydrogen production. The study investigates the impact of the new design of the mesh photocathode on hydrogen generation rates, as well as related efficiencies of energy and exergy, under varying light angles during daylight hours. The present experimental findings reveal that the maximum rates of hydrogen production, achieved at a 45° tilt light and 0.25 M KOH, are 15.38 μg/s and it is 15.83 μg/s for vertical light positions. Furthermore, the highest recorded system exergy and energy efficiencies under vertical light conditions are 2.19% and 3.20%, respectively, compared to 2.14% and 3.12% at applying tilted light. The new photocathode design contributes to a notable 80.3% improvement in hydrogen generation rate at tilted light angles in comparison to vertical light conditions. • A novel PEC Cell Design with a unique photocathode is studied experimentally. • Hydrogen generation rates are estimated for the light of 45° and 90° orientation. • Exergy and energy efficiencies of the photoelectrochemical cell are assessed. • The current hydrogen apparatus accomplishes promising hydrogen generation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, BiMeVOx compounds (where Me: Co, Mo, Ce, Zr) were synthesized and characterized as potential photoelectrochemical materials for solar water splitting, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The analysis confirmed the successful formation of phase BiMeVOx compounds with the desired crystal structure. Among the tested materials, BiCoVOx(800) showed the highest photocurrent density (674 μA cm−2) and HER/OER activity (Tafel slope: HER = 100 mV dec−1 and OER = 75 mV dec−1), followed by BiMoVOx(800), BiCeVOx(800), and BiZrVOx(800). The superior photoelectrochemical performance of BiCoVOx(800) can be attributed to its unique electronic structure and optimized band alignment, which promote efficient charge separation and facilitate the water splitting and hydrogen evolution processes. The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of the synthesized BiMeVOx materials, particularly BiCoVOx, as efficient photoelectrochemical catalysts for water splitting. These results contribute to the advancement of renewable energy technologies and provide valuable insights for the design and development of novel photoactive materials. [Display omitted] • BiMeVOx (Me: Co, Ce, Mo, Zr) catalysts were synthesized for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen energy. • BiCoVOx(800) as a Bifunctional Catalyst for HER and OER. • The BiCoVOx photoanode shows a photocurrent density of Δj = 674 μA cm−2. • Multifunctional BiCoVOx Enhances Water Splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective charge separation and migration pose a critical challenge in the field of solar-driven hydrogen production. In this work, a Z-scheme structured CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction was successfully fabricated through a two-step hydrothermal synthesis method to significantly enhance the efficiency of solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion. Structural characterization revealed that the lattice-matched CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction exhibits an enlarged interfacial contact area, which facilitates the transfer and separation of photogenerated charges. Microscopic analysis indicated that the CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 composite material has a tightly interwoven interface and a morphology resembling small sugar cubes. Photoelectrochemical spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the heterojunction structure effectively enhances visible light absorption and charge separation efficiency, leading to an improvement in photocatalytic activity. Hydrogen production experimental data indicated that the CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalyst prepared with a CuInS2 content of 20 wt% exhibits the highest hydrogen evolution rate, reaching 284.9 μmol·g−1·h−1. Moreover, this photocatalyst maintains robust photocatalytic stability even after three consecutive usage cycles. This study demonstrated that the Z-scheme CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalyst exhibits enhanced hydrogen evolution efficiency, offering an effective structural design for harnessing solar energy to obtain hydrogen fuel. Therefore, this heterojunction photocatalyst is a promising candidate for practical applications in solar hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to valuable chemicals, combining the advantages of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, represents a promising approach toward establishing a carbon‐neutral society and harnessing solar energy. Photoelectrode materials doped with metals and/or nonmetals have shown promise in achieving high CO2 reduction efficiency. Metal or nonmetal doping entails introducing a heteroelement into the semiconductor, thereby modifying the band potentials of the semiconductor through the addition of a defective state. This alteration may improve the charge transfer kinetics of the catalysis. Furthermore, doping aids in creating active CO2 adsorption offers anchoring sites for CO2 molecules and can promote product selectivity. This review aims to provide a concise summary of elemental‐doped photoelectrodes for converting CO2 into fuels through PEC processes. Several key factors affecting the performance of PEC CO2 reduction are discussed, including the interaction of reactants with catalysts, reaction conditions, and the impact of the photoelectrode. Moreover, various PEC CO2 reduction systems are discussed, with a specific focus on enhancing the efficiency of CO2 reduction. Finally, a summary of key considering aspects for further development of the PEC CO2 reduction is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thickness of the photoanode film plays a crucial role in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process, significantly impacting the photoconversion efficiency. The optimal thickness of the photoanode enhances the photocurrent density by making a balance between light absorption and electrolyte mass transfer. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of thickness on the photoelectrochemical performance of the Al2TiO5-based nanocomposite layer as a photoanode under the sunlight simulator. Al2TiO5/TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite was initially synthesized utilizing the citrate sol-gel technique, and after the calcination at 800°C, it was deposited on the fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass slide (FTO) substrate by the doctor blade method in which, several films of various thicknesses can be prepared from a unique paste, by just changing the adhesive tape layers. The Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) technique was utilized to determine the band gap energy value of all specimens, and the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) method was used to investigate the morphology and to determine the thickness of the deposited films. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exhibited the presence of the tialite (Al2TiO5) phase besides the anatase, rutile, and corundum phases. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were utilized to estimate the accessible surface area in specimens. Different photoelectrochemical results were expected to be obtained by the photoanodes with different thicknesses of the Al2TiO5/TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite films. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements revealed that the highest photoconversion efficiency was achievable by the tialite-based sample by the thickness of about 5 µm which was about 20% higher than the obtained value by the thinner or even thicker tialite-based nanocomposite samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), as a potential photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, has garnered significant research attention owing to its favorable attributes, including a suitable bandgap, abundant elemental composition, excellent thermal stability, and non-toxicity. However, the limited efficiency of visible light absorption and poor electrical conductivity of pure g-CN result in low photocurrent density and photocatalytic activity, falling short of meeting the requirements for commercial applications. In contrast, graphitic carbon materials possess high conductivity and stability, appearing to be an excellent candidate for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of g-CN while maintaining its stability. Recently, nitrogen vacancies, surface junction, carbon crystallite introduction, and carbon atom doping methods have been employed to prepare carbon-modified g-CN. The introduced p-electron conjugated system by sp2-hybridized carbon atoms indeed extends the visible light absorption and photocurrent of g-CN, resulting in improved photocatalytic performance. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of carbon-modified g-CN and offer insights into the future prospects of g-CN-based films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven overall water splitting using particulate photocatalysts represents a viable and attractive paradigm to produce H2. To achieve sustainable artificial photosynthesis, considerable effort has been devoted in enhancing the overall efficiency and stability of photocatalysts. More specifically, modifying the photocatalyst surface with suitable cocatalysts can significantly enhance its water‐splitting performance. In this minireview, we describe recent advances with respect to the hybridization strategies in constructing high‐performance cocatalyst/photocatalyst systems. We first discuss the fundamental concepts and principles governing the photocatalytic water splitting and the important role of cocatalysts. Subsequently, we examine the strengths and drawbacks of conventional and emerging cocatalyst loading strategies. Special consideration is given to the structure–activity relationship of cocatalysts to achieve efficient photocatalytic H2 production from pure H2O. Finally, the remaining key challenges and possible future directions in the discovery and further exploration of cocatalyst materials are also discussed. We anticipate this review will provide insights and inspire more research interest in designing high‐performance cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of photoanode is limited by the cascade-dynamic processes, mainly including light absorption, charge separation, and surface reaction. This work adopted a strategy of nanocones modification on FTO substrate (FTO-NC) to enhance light utilization and photoelectrons collection for improved PEC water splitting. Comparative studies showed that FTO-NC enhanced the light scattering, promoting the conversion process of photon to electron/hole and enlarging the effective surface area of BiVO 4 for surface reaction. Meanwhile, cooperative Mo-doping and Co-MOF decoration improved the bulk electron transportation in BiVO 4 , hole migration towards the electrode surface, and accelerated the water oxidation reaction of photogenerated holes. The photocurrent density of FTO-NC/BiVO 4 -Mo/MOFs reached 3.56 mA cm−2, 6.14 times that of pristine BiVO 4. The IPCE of FTO-NC/BiVO 4 -Mo/MOFs photoanode achieve 60% at 1.23 V vs. RHE, demonstrating a significantly enhanced light utilization performance. This work presents new insight into boosting cascade-dynamic processes through collaborative strategies for highly efficient PEC water-splitting. [Display omitted] • FTO-NC had high light scattering effect for increasing light absorption of BiVO 4. • The photocurrent of FTO-NC/BiVO 4 -Mo/MOFs was increased by 6.14 times than FTO-BiVO 4. • FTO-NC/BiVO 4 -Mo/MOFs showed 2.7-times higher η transfer than FTO-BiVO 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for efficient hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting has led to extensive research on catalytic materials. This work focuses on enhancing the catalytic functionality of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by incorporating platinum (Pt) to improve the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Fe-based MOFs mixed with platinum precursors were altered through laser treatment, which caused considerable changes in their structure and catalytic activity in just 3 min. This was achieved without the need for vacuum or an inert atmosphere. Characterization techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements were used to characterize the synthesized materials. The laser-treated Pt–Fe MOF demonstrated outstanding HER performance with 3.5 wt% Pt content, outperforming commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalysts, and exhibiting good stability even after prolonged cycling. These results highlight the potential of laser-treated MOFs for efficient and cost-effective electrochemical hydrogen generation. • The catalytic activity of MOFs incorporating Pt improved for HER. • The laser-treated Pt–Fe MOF contained 3.5 wt% Pt content. • 3 min of short laser irradiation for catalyst anchoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optoelectronic stability of halide perovskite material in hostile conditions such as water is rather limited, preventing them from further industrial deployment. Here, we optimize and perform machine learning analysis on CH3NH3PbI3 materials with additives, solvents and post-treatment molecules using combined experimental and data-driven methods. A champion system consisting of a compatible tertiary molecular combination 'calcein+PbBr2 + DMSO' active at diverse surfaces is identified, delivering a large aqueous photoelectrochemical (PEC) photocurrent of 10-5 A/cm2 and an improved aqueous stability of 92.5%. Subsequently, machine interpretation is provided to decouple the multi-molecule contributions with the assistance of genetic programming (GP) and extra-trees (ET) machine learning models, highlighting the intricate molecular features for the target outputs. The post-hoc density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests the presence of multiple hydrogen bond and anion··π surface interactions to stabilize the interfacial structures. The present 'PEC + GP + ET + DFT' approach is suggested to be an effective approach to design and comprehensively evaluate molecule-modified materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen production, consisting of CdS nanorods and the CoTPPBr4 co-catalyst. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized using a suite of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Additionally, transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to further probe the material's properties. Our findings demonstrate that the CoTPPBr4 co-catalyst significantly enhances the photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency under visible light irradiation. Notably, among the tested photocatalysts, a 12.5% CoTPPBr4/CdS composite exhibited the most superior photocatalytic performance, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 41.3 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.1 times higher than that of pristine CdS. The introduction of CoTPPBr4 effectively facilitates charge transfer within CdS, enhances the separation efficiency of light-induced electron–hole pairs, and boosts the surface H2-evolution kinetics. This research not only introduces a promising photocatalyst for visible light-driven hydrogen production but also provides a way for the development of highly efficient and stable CdS-based hybrid semiconductor nanocomposites suitable for diverse photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 2 S 3 , Bi 2 MoO 6 and TiO 2 composite photoanodes were fabricated using three different preparation routes to improve its photoelectrochemical (PEC) stability. The microstructure of three photoanodes are distinct significantly according to the results of XRD, SEM and TEM. The ordered TiO 2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and thinner Bi 2 MoO 6 sheet crystals in flower-ball structure facilitate carrier transport and suppresses electron-hole recombination efficiently. The results of PEC tests indicate that the photoanode with Bi 2 MoO 6 sheet crystals in flower-ball structure and TiO 2 NRAs shows significant enhancement in PEC performance stability due to its ordered microstructure facilitating carrier transport and transfer and also good adherence of photoanode layer on FTO glass substrate. This photoanode in Bi 2 S 3 quantum dots/Bi 2 MoO 6 @TiO 2 NRAs structure exhibits satisfactory properties, achieving a PEC stability of 86.41% after 48 h. [Display omitted] • Three photoanodes were fabricated in various preparation routes. • PEC performance of three photoanodes were analyzed based on their different Microstructure. • The PEC stability of Bi 2 S 3 QDs/Bi 2 MoO 6 @TiO 2 NRAs photoanode is up to 86.41% after 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we examine effect of the solvent ratio on TiO 2 physical and photoelectrochemical properties utilizing economical hydrothermal process. Sample properties were examined using XRD, SEM, Raman, UV–vis, PL, photocurrent, Mott–Schottky, and EIS measurements. XRD patterns revealed that TiO 2 samples represent a polycrystalline nature with a Tetragonal structure. Peaks at 609, 144, and 443 cm−1 were observed in Raman spectra indicating the production of the TiO 2 rutile phase. SEM images showed that TiO 2 nanorods formed evenly with square top facets and a tetragonal form. UV–vis results displayed an optical absorption edge between 386 and 405 nm which is associated with the band gap of TiO 2 NRs films. The generated TiO 2 NRs films exhibit n-type semiconductor behavior according to the photocurrent measurements. Mott-Schottky experiments indicated that the donor density and flat band potential varied with decreased acid ratio from 1.55 × 1018 to 3.33 × 1018 cm−3 and-0.47 to-0.72 V, respectively. As observed by EIS, the resistivity to charge transfer declined, reaching its lowest level at 5:11 ml, indicating improvement of electrochemical activity and structural properties with decreasing the HCl concentration. Additionally, the fabricated TiO2 NRs films was employed as biosensor for glucose where a fast amperometric response and good operating stability were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing heterostructural photoanodes is attractive for elevating the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance, however, it is a long‐standing challenge to achieve highly efficient interfacial charge transfer. Herein, a CoFe metal‐thiolate framework (CoFe MTF)/Fe2O3 photoanode connected by an interfacial Fe─O─N/S bond is designed to modulate the behavior of charge carriers and improve water oxidation performance. It is disclosed that this interfacial bond functions as a direct charge transfer bridge between shallow trap states of Fe2O3 and CoFe MTF, leading to prolonged carrier recombination lifetimes (85 ns for CoFe MTF/Fe2O3 compared to 37 ns for Fe2O3) and enhanced charge transfer efficiency. Alternatively, a robust interfacial electric field is established in the CoFe MTF/Fe2O3 p–n heterojunction, facilitating efficient charge transfer. As expected, the CoFe MTF/Fe2O3 photoanode exhibits significant enhancement in water oxidation, resulting in a three‐fold increase in photocurrent density compared to pristine Fe2O3. This study highlights the significance of designing interfacially bonded heterostructural photoelectrodes to regulate the transfer characters of charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteroatom doping can tune the band structure of semiconductors and enhance their carrier transfer capacity for improving the performance of photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nevertheless, the introduction of dopants is not always beneficial. In this study, magnesium (Mg) is adopted to dope ZnIn2S4 nanosheet array photoanodes to form a type‐II band structure and reduce bulk recombination, but concurrently introduced deleterious oxygen (O) defects slow down the surface catalytic reaction kinetics. Furthermore, a facile heat treatment strategy is proposed to transform these O defects into Mg─O bonds. First‐principles calculations and electrochemical characterization indicate that the presence of Mg─O bonds provides abundant active sites and efficiently accelerates the surface oxygen evolution reaction by precisely realigning the rate‐determining step from OH* to O* (step 2) to OOH* to O2 (step 4), thereby retarding charge trapping and recombination. As a result, such a photoanode achieves a remarkable performance with a photocurrent as high as 4.91 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, and the onset potential shifts negatively about 340 mV. This work provides a new defect modulation idea for converting detrimental defects to favorable ones, and it can be expected to have wide applications in the fields of energy, catalysis, and optoelectronics, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemistry offers a sustainable synthesis route to value-added fine chemicals but is often constrained by competing electron transfer between the electrode and redox-sensitive functionalities distinct from the target site. Here, we describe an ion-shielding heterogeneous photoelectrocatalysis strategy to impose mass-transfer limitations that invert the thermodynamically determined order of electron transfer. This strategy is showcased to enable decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of sensitive (hetero)arenes by using trifluoroacetate, an inexpensive yet relatively inert trifluoromethyl group (CF3) source. An ion-shielding layer, formed by trifluoroacetate anions electrostatically adsorbed on a positive molybdenum-doped tungsten trioxide (WO3) photoanode, prevents undesired electron transfer between substrates and photogenerated holes. The practicality of the developed method was demonstrated with robust photoanode stability (approximately 380 hours), a good substrate scope, and scaling capability to achieve 100-gram synthesis by using photoelectrochemical flow cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is reported as a key material in photoelectrocatalysis owing to high theoretical efficiency, relatively narrow band gap of 2.4 eV, and favorable conduction band edge position for hydrogen evolution. However, the sluggish hole transport dynamics lead to slow photogenerated charge separation and transport efficiencies, which result in charge recombination due to aggregation. Herein, a novel hole transport layer of copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) with the aim of significantly enhancing the efficiency of charge transport and stability of BiVO4 photoanodes is reported. The introduction of the hole transport layer could provide an appropriate intermediate energy level for photogenerated hole transfer and avoid charge recombination and trapping. After a photoassisted electrodeposition process of NiCoFe‐Bi catalysis, the obtained photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 5.6 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under AM 1.5 G simulated solar radiation, and an applied bias photon to current efficiency of 2.31%. With the CuSCN layer, BiVO4 photoanode presented impressive stable photocurrent during 50 h continuous illumination. Meanwhile, the unbiased tandem device of the NiCoFe‐Bi/CuSCN/BiVO4 photoanode and the Si solar cell exhibit a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 5.75% and excellent stability for 14 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial CO 2 fixation into lactic acid (LA) is an important approach for low-carbon biomanufacturing. Engineering microbes to utilize CO 2 and sugar as co-substrates can create efficient pathways through input of moderate reducing power to drive CO 2 fixation into product. However, to achieve complete conservation of organic carbon, how to engineer the CO 2 -fixing modules compatible with native central metabolism and merge the processes for improving bioproduction of LA is a big challenge. In this study, we designed and constructed a solar formic acid/pentose (SFAP) pathway in Escherichia coli , which enabled CO 2 fixation merging into sugar catabolism to produce LA. In the SFAP pathway, adequate reducing equivalents from formate oxidation drive glucose metabolism shifting from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway. The Rubisco-based CO 2 fixation and sequential reduction of C3 intermediates are conducted to produce LA stoichiometrically. CO 2 fixation theoretically can bring a 20% increase of LA production compared with sole glucose feedstock. This SFAP pathway in the integration of photoelectrochemical cell and an engineered Escherichia coli opens an efficient way for fixing CO 2 into value-added bioproducts. • A Rubisco-based CO 2 -fixing pathway for improving bioproduction of lactic acid. • Adequate NADH drives sugar catabolism merging into the CO 2 -fixing pathway. • CO 2 fixation by integrating photoelectrocatalysis and biosynthesis. • Cofeeding strategy can bring a 20% increase of lactic acid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The use of low-cost and effective cocatalyst is a potential strategy to optimize the effectiveness of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this study, tungsten phosphide (WP) is introduced as a remarkably active cocatalyst to enhance the PEC efficiency of a Bi 2 WO 6 photoanode. The onset potential of Bi 2 WO 6 /WP demonstrates a negative shift, while the photocurrent density demonstrates a significant 5.5-fold increase compared to that of unmodified Bi 2 WO 6 at 1.23 V RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode). The loading of WP cocatalyst facilitates the rapid transfer of holes, increasing the range of visible light absorption, the water adsorption ability as well as promoting the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes via the built-in electric field between Bi 2 WO 6 and WP. This study proposes a strategy to hinder the recombination of electron-hole pairs by using WP cocatalyst as a hole capture agent, improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and enhance the overall photoelectrochemical properties of Bi 2 WO 6 photoanode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, photoelectrodes of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells consisting of azide functionalized reduced graphene oxide (GO‐N3) and quaternary metal chalcogenide (CdZnNiSSe) composites sensitized with metal phthalocyanines (MPc, M: Co, Zn, Ti) are developed and then tested in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3 composite is deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode through a facile electrodeposition technique and ITO/CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3 photoelectrode is constructed. Then, MPcs bearing terminal alkyne groups are connected to RGO‐N3 via the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry) technique to produce ITO/CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3‐MPc structures. Decoration of ITO/CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3 with MPcs is proposed to improve the charge transfer capability of the photoelectrode due to wide light absorption of MPcs from UV toward the IR region of the light spectrum. PECHER responses indicate that among the photoanodes bearing ZnPc, CoPc, and TiOPc, ITO/CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3‐ZnPc electrode exhibits the highest PECHER performance owing to the suitability of band structure of ZnPc. Sensitizing ITO/CdZnNiSSe/RGO‐N3 with ZnPc increases the photocurrent density from 5.0 to 7.3 mA cm−2 at 0.8 V vs. RHE and the applied bias photon to current efficiency (ABPE) enhances from 3.18 % to 3.87 %. This study provides a new approach for increasing the performance of photoanodes via sensitization with MPcs in photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution processes for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising photoanode material for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, whereas its performance is inhibited by detrimental surface states. To solve the problem, herein, a low-cost organic molecule 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) is selected for surface passivation of BiVO4 photoanodes (BVOs), which also provides bonding sites for Co2+ to anchor, resulting in a Co-BTC-BVO photoanode. Owing to its strong coordination with metal ions, BTC not only passivates surface states of BVO, but also provides bonding between BVO and catalytic active sites (Co2+) to form a molecular cocatalyst. Computational study and interfacial charge kinetic investigation reveal that chemical bonding formed at the interface greatly suppresses charge recombination and accelerates charge transfer. The obtained Co-BTC-BVO photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 4.82 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low onset potential of 0.22 VRHE under AM 1.5 G illumination, which ranks among the best photoanodes coupled with Co-based cocatalysts. This work presents a novel selection of passivation layers and emphasizes the significance of interfacial chemical bonding for the construction of efficient photoanodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) fuel cells that enable organic pollutants degradation while generating H2 are regarded as a viable approach in addressing global energy and environmental issues. Herein, an efficient PEC fuel cell is constructed using oxygen vacancy-rich BiVO4 (O[sub V]:BiVO4) as the photoanode and triethanolamine (TEOA) pollutant as the fuel. Under AM 1.5 G, this OV:BiVO4-TEOA PEC fuel cell shows an ultra-high photo-driven current density of 20.40 mA cm--2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which is superior to most reported PEC fuel cells. The Faradic efficiency of H[sub 2] production is about 97.26%, and no CO2 is released in the anode chamber due to the strong CO2 adsorption by excess TEOA. Further integration of a Pt/C cocatalyst coated Si photocathode in the O[sub V]:BiVO4-TEOA PEC fuel cell can achieve bias-free H2 production with a current density of 10.17 mA cm--2. The experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal the importance of the robust complexation between the O[sub V]:BiVO[sub 4] photoanode and TEOA, which ensures thorough conversion of chemical energy in TEOA and high activity of the PEC fuel cell. This work will guide the design of efficient PEC fuel cells for simultaneous pollutant treatment and H2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contradiction between the optical absorption depth and carrier diffusion length has emerged as a significant problem constraining the performance of BiVO4 photoanodes. Fabricating a one-dimensional (1D) structure is considered a promising strategy to address the above problem. However, the synthesis of BiVO4 photoanodes consisting of 1D monoclinic scheelite remains a great challenge. In this study, a 1D molybdenum (Mo) doped BiVO4 photoanode (Mo:1D-BVO) consisting of monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 submicron rods (SMRs) through a phase transition from a 1D tetragonal zircon BiVO4 precursor was successfully prepared. It was found that Mo doping could lower the phase transition barrier from tetragonal zircon to monoclinic scheelite BiVO4. Due to the Mo:1D-BVO photoanode's remarkable light absorption efficiency, efficient carrier separation, and superior conductivity, it yields a photocurrent density of 2.08 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 3.5 times higher than that of pristine BiVO4. Upon the introduction of the co-catalyst, the photocurrent density of Co–Pi/Mo:1D-BVO attains 3.18 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, accompanied by a carrier separation efficiency of 91%. Our study introduces a novel approach for the production of remarkably efficient 1D monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 photoanodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized photoelectrodes may be used as heterogeneous components for fuel-forming reactions in photoelectrochemical cells. There has been increasing interest in developing Earth-abundant cheaper photosensitizers based on first-row transition metals. We describe here the synthesis, characterization, and study of the ground and excited state properties of three Cu(I) complexes bearing ligands with varying electron-accepting capacities and conjugation that may act as photosensitizers for wide bandgap semiconductors. Femtosecond transient absorption studies indicate that the nature of the final excited state is dictated by the extent of conjugation in the electron-accepting ligand, where shorter conjugation leads to the formation of a singly reduced ligand and longer conjugation leads to the formation of a ligandcentered final excited state. These complexes were surface anchored onto nanostructured NiO on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide glass to fabricate photocathodes. It was found that even though the ligands with increasing conjugation have an effect on the formation of the final excited state in solution, all complexes exhibit similar photocurrents upon white light illumination, suggesting that charge transfer to NiO happens in advance of the formation of the final excited state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with a high solar to hydrogen (STH) conversion are in high demand due to the escalating energy crisis and environmental degradation. The STH efficiency is strongly correlated with the charge carrier separation, which can be improved by the inside electric dipole. Herein, the water-splitting capabilities of single-layer (SL) GaInS 3 are explored by employing first-principles calculations. Theoretical outcomes reveal that SL GaInS 3 exhibits a large intrinsic electric dipole and has a thermally stable structure at 300 K. SL GaInS 3 displays a direct bandgap of 1.83 eV, as well as suitable band edges and abundant visible absorption (105 cm−1) for solar-driven water-splitting. The electronic structure and carrier mobility calculations demonstrate the high separation efficiency of charge carriers, which is strongly affirmed by the quite long carrier lifetime of 8.26 ns. The overpotential analysis of charge carriers suggests that the oxygen generation of SL GaInS 3 can be accomplished without a cocatalyst, while hydrogen generation can be completed with the aid of cocatalysts. The STH efficiency of SL GaInS 3 reaches up to 16.8%, apparently surpassing the commercial standard (10%). In brief, the high STH and long carrier lifetime promise the possible application of SL GaInS 3 for solar water splitting. What's more, this work provides straight evidence that 2D photocatalysts with inside dipoles exhibit a long carrier lifetime. • Single-layer GaInS 3 has appropriate and edges and abundant visible absorption for solar water-splitting. • The electronic structure confirms the high charge carrier separation efficiency in single-layer GaInS 3. • The quite long carrier lifetime of 8.26 ns in single-layer GaInS 3 is predicted. • The solar to hydrogen conversion of single-layer GaInS 3 reaches up to 16.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D photoelectrochemical cell was developed with epoxy resin and a working composite electrode produced with a blend of 3D printer commercial conductive filament of polylactic acid biopolymer and carbon black (PLA/CB) mixed with silica/tungsten (VI) oxide (SiO2/WO3) synthesized was used for the determination of imidacloprid in water samples. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid pesticide considered potentially neurotoxic, and investigating its presence in aquatic environments is of great importance. The PLA/CB/SiO2/WO3 sensor was morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Photoelectrochemical performance of the composite sensor was evaluated by chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of light (on) using differential pulse voltammetry in borate buffer solution (0.1 mol L−1, pH 7.0), the modified sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.15–93.70 μmol L−1 and with a limit of detection of 0.04 μmol L−1 to determine imidacloprid. The modified sensor did not present interferences for K+ and Fe3+ ions, carbendazim, glyphosate and thiamethoxam pesticides. Furthermore, the recovery in spiked samples successfully determined the presence of imidacloprid pesticide in tap water and natural river surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-doped TiO2 film electrodes are synthesized via sol–gel technique and physically characterized. The Cu-doped TiO2 film electrodes is sensitized by tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin and applied as a photoanode of a photoelectrochemical biofuel cell (PEBFC). The Cu/TiO2-based PEBFCs show a short-circuit current (Isc) of 75.9 μA, an open-circuit potential (Voc) of 912 mV, a maximum power density (Pmax) of 66.43 μW/cm2 and an overall energy conversion efficiency (η) of 2.16%, respectively. The PEBFCs indicate improved photoelectric performances comparing the TiO2-based PEBFC (Isc: 72.5 μA, Voc: 740 mV, Pmax: 35.34 μW/cm2, η: 1.52%). The Cu/TiO2-based PEBFCs also indicate a higher incident photon-to-collected electron conversion efficiency (IPCE), which is probably due that the doped copper reduces the band gap of a wide-gap TiO2 semiconductor as shown by ab initio band calculation. And the Cu/TiO2-based PEBFC can provide long electron lifetime and decrease electron–hole pair recombination rate, which is responsible for the better performance in the Cu/TiO2-based PEBFC than in the TiO2-based PEBFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: What are the main findings? Doping can improve TCO's electrical conductivity whilst minimizing any significant loss in their optical transmission. Further modification techniques increase the surface energy of TCO, reduce particles and defects, and improve electrical conductivity. What is the implication of the main finding? TCO materials show promise for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of photoelectrochemical devices. Advancements for TCO materials lead to the development of photoelectrochemical conversion technology. Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) are an important technology for converting solar energy, which has experienced rapid development in recent decades. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are also gaining increasing attention due to their crucial role in PEC reactions. This review comprehensively delves into the significance of TCO materials in PEC devices. Starting from an in-depth analysis of various TCO materials, this review discusses the properties, fabrication techniques, and challenges associated with these TCO materials. Next, we highlight several cost-effective, simple, and environmentally friendly methods, such as element doping, plasma treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and carbon nanotube modification, to enhance the transparency and conductivity of TCO materials. Despite significant progress in the development of TCO materials for PEC applications, we at last point out that the future research should focus on enhancing transparency and conductivity, formulating advanced theories to understand structure–property relationships, and integrating multiple modification strategies to further improve the performance of TCO materials in PEC devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiVO 4 photoanode shows severe recombination of photogenerated carriers, which limits its water oxidation performance for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this paper, the surface of BiVO 4 photoanode was modified through the coupling of phosphotungstic acid (H 3 O 40 PW 12 ·xH 2 O, denotes as PWO) with CoOOH to address such drawbacks. At 1.23 V RHE , the photocurrent density of BiVO 4 /PWO/CoOOH photoanode reaches 2.80 mA/cm2, which is 2.59-fold that of bare BiVO 4 photoanode. Moreover, the initial onset potential of BiVO 4 /PWO/CoOOH photoanode is also negatively decreased by 270 mV than that of bare BiVO 4 photoanode. Detailed structural and electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that the decoration of PWO serves as an intermediate layer to promote the transport of holes from BiVO 4 to CoOOH, while the deposition of CoOOH acts as a protective layer as well as cocatalyst to reduce the photocorrosion and improve the PEC activities of BiVO 4. The synergistic coupling of PWO and CoOOH not only makes efficient bulk and surface charge separation, but also takes full advantage of photo-generated holes on the surface, which accelerates water oxidation kinetics, ultimately achieving an improvement in PEC water oxidation. PWO and CoOOH, which widens the range of light absorption and effectively enhances the capacity of light absorption, can therefore induce BiVO 4 to produce more photogenerated charge. Meanwhile, CoOOH facilitates the kinetics of water oxidation. The synergistic effect of PWO and CoOOH improves the PEC performance of BiVO 4. [Display omitted] • BiVO 4 /PWO/CoOOH composite photoanode is reasonably designed and synthesized. • BiVO 4 /PWO/CoOOH photoanode shows excellent stability for PEC. • BiVO 4 /PWO/CoOOH electrode exhibited a high PCD of 2.8 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V RHE. • Synergistic effects of PWO and CoOOH deposition improved the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing high-quality interfaces is critical for improving carrier separation efficiency in heterojunctions. Herein, the WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO ternary heterojunction films was constructed on FTO substrates for the first time through in-situ technique as an effective photoanode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. The CuO nanoparticles loaded WO 3 nanorod with buffer layer CuWO 4 significantly increased the absorption capability of visible light, accelerate charge separation and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. The photocurrent density of WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO heterojunction photoelectrode achieved 2.24 mA∙cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is nearly 5.6 times higher than bare WO 3 photoanode. In addition, the onset potential of WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO heterojunction shifted negatively by 110 mV compared to WO 3. This work indicates that designing high-quality interface heterojunction photoanodes via an atomic shared is an effective strategy for achieve effective photoelectrochemical performance. [Display omitted] • The WO 3 –CuWO 4 –CuO heterojunction photoanode was fabricated by an in situ method. • The photoanode improved light absorption capacity and charge transfer. • The cascaded energy level structure significantly enhanced the PEC performance. • The heterostructure reduced the onset potential and facilitated the evolution of H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopy of shallow donors is a tool to test theoretical models and to reveal properties of semiconductors. In this work we consider intra-shallow impurity transitions by studying a CdTe/(Cd, Mg)Te structure grown by a molecular beam epitaxy in which both a CdTe quantum well and (Cd, Mg)Te barries are uniformly doped with iodine donors. Measurements of a photocurrent (PC) at the far-infrared were carried out at 4.2 K and magnetic fields B up to 7 T with the energy of photons originated from a molecular laser in the range 2.2 meV–12.8 meV. Spectra (a PC signal vs. B, at a constant energy of photons) show lines which position does not depend on the photon energy but shifts with the in-plane electric field. These dependencies, which do not follow a well-established picture of shallow donor magnetospectroscopy in quantum wells, are explained within a model which unifies the role of fluctuations of the electrostatic potential and a magnetic-field induced electron localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric carbon nitrides (CN) have gained significant interest as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). A widely researched approach for synthesizing CN films with controlled optical and photoelectrochemical properties relies on using supramolecular assemblies as the precursors for thermal polymerization over a transparent conductive substrate. However, the formation of supramolecular assemblies is highly dependent on the temperature and solubility in a given solvent, limiting the full potential of this method. Moreover, the intercalation of metal ions is challenging due to the use of polar solvents. Here, this study shows a new way of synthesizing supramolecular assemblies with metal ions using a solvothermal approach. The solvent, monomer composition, salt quantity, reaction temperature, and film thickness are varied in this study. As a result, well‐attached, uniform CN films with good optoelectronic properties are achieved. The synthesized photoactive CN films exhibit very low onset potentials and reach ≈0.13, ≈0.15, and 0.30 ± 0.01 mA cm−2 photocurrents in 0.1 m phosphate buffer (neutral) solution, 0.1 m KOH(aq) (basic) solution, and 0.1 m KOH solution containing 10 vol.% triethanolamine as the hole scavenger, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Application Note, a versatile and reliable measurement system for photoelectrochemical investigations is described which aims to assist scientists in obtaining reproducible photoelectrochemical data of high quality, including the solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) efficiency. Specifically, it addresses the parameters irradiation quality, reaction temperature, and gas measurement. The setup is designed to exclude stray light and uses a solar‐grade mirror to reflect the light of a vertical solar simulator on the electrochemical cell. The light quality in the setup (»AAA«, IEC 60904‐9) is close to the classification of the solar simulator itself. The temperature in the electrochemical cell is controlled with an external Peltier element and can be kept constant in the range of 20–45°C. The influence of reaction temperature on the photocurrent of a WO3 photoanode is demonstrated. The gaseous reaction products are analyzed with a mobile gas chromatograph, using an automated measurement routine with discontinuous sampling from the electrochemical cell. The system is applied to determine the Faraday and STH efficiencies of a copper indium gallium selenide photocathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low electronic conductivity of hematite (α-Fe2O3) limits its best performance in many applications. Though highly reducing conditions induce an intrinsic n-type behavior, reaching extremely low oxygen partial pressure (p O 2) values is not practical. Alternatively, certain dopants provide hematite with excess electrons at practical p O 2 values. This study employs density functional theory with thermodynamic analysis to compute the concentration of electronic defects in hematite as a function of p O 2 , upon doping with 1% of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals. Isothermal Kröger–Vink diagrams at 1100 K are plotted to reveal the charge compensation mechanism controlling the electronic carriers in doped hematite and the maximum attainable p O 2 value, which achieves approximately one electron per dopant. A higher p O 2 value is a metric for an effective donor. Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W are shown to be effective donors, especially Nb, Ta, and W, which achieve a 1:1 electron/dopant ratio around atmospheric pressure and a maximum electron/dopant ratio greater than one. The latter is a new metric introduced in this study to quantify the doping efficacy of a donor. Moreover, our study shows that W, Ta, and Nb co-doping in specific percentages with any of the other investigated dopants ensures the n-type behavior of the co-doped hematite while opening the possibility of improving other properties via the other dopant. The other dopant can be Ni or Co to enhance the surface catalytic properties or Zn to increase the minority hole carriers. Both properties are desirable in applications such as photoelectrochemical cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive species (RS) play a critical role in postoperative complications in the medical application of lasers. From the mechanistic point, the RS arising from laser irradiation are produced from two channels: ionization and dissociation of water in the breakdown plasma, and the violent collapse of the laser-induced cavitation bubble. The latter channel is especially important for nanosecond pulses but poorly understood. In this paper, we conducted a simulation of the chemical reactions coupled with bubble dynamic calculation to quantitatively identify the RS produced in the collapsing bubble. The generation mechanism is explored by the analysis of the reaction pathway. Our calculation shows that while the absolute quantity of the produced RS is small, very high concentrations can be achieved inside the strongly compressed bubble. The initial composition of the bubble recovered from plasma recombination and expansion is found to influence the chemical reactions significantly. Unlike the direct splitting of water molecules in radiolysis and photolysis, the RS productions mainly involve the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the reactions between hydrogen, oxygen, and various free radicals. Furthermore, the produced RS is observed to increase with pulse energy as a result of the larger-sized bubbles and more violent collapses. These findings complement our current knowledge of RS in laser surgery and can be used to develop strategies to mitigate the adverse effects or exploit the associated benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For photoelectrochemical NADH regeneration, an electrode-supported "lipid bilayer membrane" photocathode based on a p-Si semiconductor, an electron transport mediator (OBV2+), and a [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl]+ catalyst was constructed by self-assembly. Mechanistic study shows that OBV2+ can enhance the charge transfer between the semiconductor and catalyst, leading to a significant improvement of the NADH photo-regeneration rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational durability is poorly characterized by traditional (photo)electrocatalyst discovery workflows, creating a barrier to scale‐up and deployment. Corrosion is a prominent degradation mechanism whose thermodynamics depend on the concentration of corrosion products in electrolyte. We present an automated system for characterizing the equilibration of (photo)electrodes with dissolved metals in electrolyte for a given electrode, pH, and electrochemical potential. Automation of electrode selection, electrolyte preparation, and electrolyte aliquoting enables rapid identification of self‐passivating electrodes and estimation of the equilibrium dissolved metals concentrations. The technique is demonstrated for metal oxide photoanodes in alkaline electrolyte, where BiVO4 is found to continually corrode, in agreement the literature. An amorphous Ni−Sb−O photoanode is found to passivate with a Ni‐rich coating on the order of 1 monolayer with less than 1 μM total dissolved metals in electrolyte, demonstrating its suitability for durable photoelectrochemical operation. The automation and throughput of the instrument are designed for incorporation in accelerated electrocatalyst discovery workflows so that durability can be considered on equal footing with activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has emerged as a promising method for optimizing catalysts to improve their efficacy in various applications. The distinctive characteristics of PLD-produced materials, including robust mechanical properties, stoichiometry variation, simple composite formation, and temperature-dependent phase variation, lend themselves well to a broad spectrum of uses. Despite these advantages, the potential of PLD in water splitting remains largely unexplored, with limited literature available on the topic. In light of this, the present review paper aims to provide detailed insights into utilizing PLD for designing catalysts for water-splitting applications. In this review, the process of fabricating thin films using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique is explained in detail, along with the benefits of using PLD for electrocatalytic applications. The selection of appropriate materials, substrates, and electrolytes is also discussed. Additionally, the review delves into the investigation of various electrocatalytic reactions using different electrocatalysts in different mediums, such as acidic, alkaline, and neutral mediums. Finally, the review explores using PLD to fabricate bi-functional electrodes by tuning the electrocatalyst. Furthermore, this article summarizes various methods to enhance the performance of the electrocatalyst. These methods include stoichiometry variation engineering, effect of substrate temperature, phase-dependent activity, repetition rate variation, vacancy engineering, designing surface reconstruction strategic-based film, structural and phase variation technique, substrate to target distance variation for improved activity, defect engineering, morphology, and temperature-dependent bi-functional electrocatalytic activity. Additionally, the article proposes future perspectives for the fabrication and design of electrodes using the PLD technique for commercial purposes. • PLD fabrication of thin film-based electrodes for electrocatalysis is summarized. • The selection of target materials for electrocatalysis is discussed. • Different strategies for enhanced electrocatalysis are highlighted. • The advantages of PLD-fabricated electrodes are discussed. • Current obstacles and the future direction of PLD fabrication are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we unveil a groundbreaking approach, incorporating dopants and engineering heterojunctions, to craft an exceptional g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode through a two-step process of methanolic dispersion spin-coating followed by electrodeposition (ED) method. The PEC cells utilizing the g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 heterojunction photoanode outperform both the g-C 3 N 4 /BiVO 4 and standalone BiVO 4 , with the g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 achieving a notably enhanced photocurrent density of 0.45 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This signifies a substantial improvement over the photocurrent densities of 0.32 mA cm−2 and 0.21 mA cm−2 attained by the g-C 3 N 4 /BiVO 4 and BiVO 4 photoanodes, respectively. Exhibiting a distinctive dual-nanostructure morphology, the deposited g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoelectrode constructs a 'spongy' and 'needle-like' nanoflower architecture, ultimately converging into a densely packed agglomerate. The incorporation of Oxygen and about 5.8% Th4+- doping not only induces noteworthy photostability but also amplifies charge transfer efficiency while concurrently mitigating charge recombination within the g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode, achieved through the creation of defects, as elucidated in XPS and Raman analyses. Our in-depth exploration highlights the exceptional performance and photostability of the g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode, establishing it as an auspicious candidate for applications in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. • The g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode was successfully undergo through doping and engineering heterojunctions. • The Th4+ and O− modified g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 , altering elemental composition by doping oxygen atom in XPS analysis. • The g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoelectrode displays dual-nanostructure with 'spongy' and 'needle-like' nanoflower morphology. • PL analysis revealed g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode with significantly reduced energetic separation in electron-hole pairs. • The g-C 3 N 4 /ThO 2 @BiVO 4 photoanode achieved over 200% increase, reaching ∼0.21 mA cm−2 to 0.45 mA cm−2 at 1.23 vs. RHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate design of bifunctional electrocatalysts with overall water splitting is essential for manufacturing hydrogen. Herein, we successfully synthesized FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS electrocatalyst by phosphorylation and heterostructure construction strategies. The multicomponent substances form a heterogeneous structure, optimizing the electronic configuration and making the substance more stable, and the synergy between the components also accelerates the electron transport. The synergistic interaction between the multi-component substances optimizes the electronic configuration and makes the catalyst more stable. The three-dimensional (3D) core-shell structure has strong electronic interactions at the heterogeneous interfaces, which accelerates the charge diffusion and conduction. Based on the above, the FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS catalyst exhibits outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance that demonstrates overpotentials of 67.5 and 229.8 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER. Furthermore, a cell voltage of only 1.51 V is demanded to reach 10 mA cm−2 with FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS (±) for overall water splitting. After 80 h of continuous operation, the catalytic performance of the FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS (±) system did not show any significant degradation. [Display omitted] • The multicomponent FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS core-shell composite is synthesized. • The influence of different deposited substances NiS, CoS and CoNiS on the electrochemical properties is investigated. • The FeNiP-NiMoO x @CoNiS exhibits excellent HER and OER catalytic properties. • The heterogeneous interfaces promote the reaction kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of electrochemical cells capable of oxidizing organic matter with the concomitant formation of H 2 , this report explores the use of P –TiO 2 and TiO 2 photoanodes paired with CuP cathodes in photoelectrolytic cells. Electrochemical assistance to photocatalysis was required to achieve p -nitrophenol (PNP) oxidation without accumulation of intermediates, while the charge balance is completed with the production of H 2 at the cathode. In relation to P –TiO 2 and TiO 2 photoanodes, the inverse balance between electron transfer and recombination has been demonstrated by photocurrent and photoluminescence measurements. The incorporation of P in TiO 2 (P/Ti ratio 1 %) favors photocatalysis by reducing recombination processes: P –TiO 2 defines a higher photocurrent and lower photoluminescence than TiO 2 , in addition to photocatalytically oxidizing p -nitrophenol more quickly. In relation to CuP cathodes, the Tafel analysis shows that the performance of different CuP cathodes in the production of H 2 is superior to that of Cu, which in turn depends on the conditions established in the electrocrystallization. In the operation of the photoelectrolytic cell, it has been observed that the production of H 2 using the CuP cathode with a P/Cu ratio of 5 % is higher. Furthermore, better cell performance has been achieved by using P –TiO 2 instead of TiO 2 as the photoanode. These results highlight the importance of optimizing electrochemical conditions to improve efficiency and yield in hydrogen production by photoelectrolysis. [Display omitted] • P –TiO 2 boosts p -nitrophenol oxidation/mineralization rate. • CuP cathodes enhance H 2 production. • Conditions for dual function photoelectrolysis have been demonstrated. • Experimental physicochemistry to evaluate promising clean energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Selective photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol to high value‐added chemicals offers an economical and sustainable approach to transform renewable feedstock as well as store green energy at the same time. In this work, we synthesized monoclinic WO3 nanosheets with exposed (002) facets, which could selectively oxidize glycerol to glyceric acid (GLYA) with a photocurrent density of 1.7 mA cm−2, a 73 % GLYA selectivity and a 39 % GLYA Faradaic efficiency at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2). Compared to (200) facets exposed WO3, a combination of experiments and theoretical calculations indicates that the superior performance of selective glycerol oxidation mainly originates from the better charge separation and prolonged carrier lifetime resulted from the plenty of surface trapping states, lower energy barrier of the glycerol‐to‐GLYA reaction pathway, more abundant active sites and stronger oxidative ability of photogenerated holes on the (002) facets exposed WO3. Our findings show great potential to significantly contribute to the sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes via designing high performance photoelectrochemical cell via facet engineering for renewable feedstock transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details a liquid-phase exfoliation method for synthesizing SnSe2 nanosheets and the fabrication of a Photoelectrochemical-type photodetector (PEC-PD) using an electrophoretic technique. The scanning electron microscope was employed to analyze the surface topography of the grown film. The synthesized SnSe2 nanosheets exhibit a hexagonal crystal structure with an A1g vibrational mode. The photoresponse properties of the SnSe2 film-based PEC photodetector were investigated under various colored lights, revealing a peak responsivity of 1359.60 nA/W under 100 mW/cm2 power intensity of white light with self-bias at room temperature. This study represents a significant stride in advancing photoelectrochemical cells and optoelectronics for sustainable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-hydrogen is considered a "key player" in the energy market for the upcoming decades. Among currently available hydrogen (H2) production processes, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has one of the lowest environmental impacts. However, it still presents prohibitively high production costs compared to more mature technologies, such as steam methane reforming. Therefore, the competitiveness of PEC water splitting must rely on its environmental and functional advantages, which are strongly linked to the reactor design, to the intrinsic properties of its components, and to their successful upscaling. This review gives special attention to the engineering aspects and categorizes PEC devices into four main types, according to the configuration of electrodes and strategies for gas separation: wired back-to-back, wireless back-to-back, wired side-by-side, and wired separated electrode membrane-free. Independently of the device architecture, the use of concentrated sunlight was found to be mandatory for achieving competitive green-H2 production. Additionally, feasible strategies for upscaling the key components of PEC devices, especially photoelectrodes, are urgently needed. In a pragmatic context, the way to move forward is to accept that PEC devices will operate close to their thermodynamic limits at large-scale, which requires a solid convergence between academics and industry. Research efforts must be redirected to: (i) build and demonstrate modular devices with a low-cost and highly recyclable embodiment; (ii) optimize thermal and power management; (iii) reduce ohmic losses; (iv) enhance the chemical stability towards a thousand hours; (v) couple solar concentrators with PEC devices; (vi) boost PEC-H2 production through the use of organic compounds; and (vii) reach consensual standardized methods for evaluating PEC devices, at both environmental and techno-economic levels. If these targets are not met in the next few years, the feasibility of PEC-H2 production and its acceptance by industry and by the general public will be seriously compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1D FeS–FeS2@TiO2 heterojunctions were developed to investigate the photoexcited charge separation and transportation to active sites for improved photocatalytic properties. Morphological, optical, and spectroscopic studies on the photoanodes demonstrated excellent interfacial interaction, homogeneity, and wide solar light sequestering. Photoelectrochemical studies optimized the sensitizer loading of the 10-FeS–FeS2@TiO2 heterojunction that possesses the highest photocurrent of 1.74 mA cm−2 as compared to pure TiO2 NTs with a photocurrent of 0.30 mA cm−2 at 0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl (1.23 V RHE) under a light intensity of 100 mW cm−2. Also, 10-FeS–FeS2@TiO2 NTs showed an excellent charge carrier donor density (ND) of 3.86 × 1017 cm−3 and consequently the least electron–hole (e−/h+) pair recombination was observed. Redox shuttling of FeS–FeS2 with high surface area TiO2 NTs resulted in excellent electron–hole pair charge separation and transportation via the optimized loading and uniformity of the sensitizer. The current strategy has paved the way for the development of efficient photocatalysts for enhanced photoexcited charge separation and transportation during photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectric catalysis is a green and efficient way to degrade pollutants, which has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Among them, Bi2WO3 has been proved to have excellent photocatalytic oxidation activity on its {001} facets. In this study, {001}-oriented facets with high exposure were successfully integrated into Bi2WO6 nanoplate arrays (Bi2WO6 NAs) to create a photoelectrode. This structure was grown in situ on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. To promote photogenerated carrier separation efficiency and reduce agglomeration of Bi2WO6 photocatalysts, the electrochemical deposition of NiFe–layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) and Ti3C2 (MXene) were introduced in this research to synergistically catalyze pollutant degradation. Morphology, spectral characterization, and electrochemical analysis jointly confirmed that the outstanding performance of hole capture behavior with LDH and electron conduction properties with MXene were the main reasons for the improvement in catalytic activity of the photoelectrode. Taking bisphenol A (BPA) as the model pollutant, the rate constant k of the NiFe-LDH/Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 NAs photoelectrode reaches 0.00196 min−1 under photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) conditions, which is 4.5 times that of the pure Bi2WO6 NAs photoelectrode. This work provides a new way to improve the reaction kinetics of the PEC degradation of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]