Search

Canine osteoarthritis (OA), along with hip dysplasia (DSC) and elbow dysplasia (CDC) are diseases commonly found in veterinary practice in pet animals. Due to the fact that these conditions persist throughout life, it degenerates rather than improve, so it is extremely important that these dogs be treated in osteoarticular algia in dogs. OA is also one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders in humans that has become a medical and financial problem. Moreover, an even bigger problem is treating people suffering from the side effects that appear as a consequence of pain therapy in OA. As a result, recommendations have been made to use more natural agents in modifying the effects of the disease in the management of human OA pain, to the detriment of much more commonly used non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To this end, we are also investigating in college to find less harmful drugs and treatments to replace the long-term administration of NSAIDs or regenerative injections with corticosteroids, which today are still the best treatment options used, although they are not ideal because of the risk of side effects. This bibliographic report wishes to bring some valuable information to those interested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The majority of tuberculous infections are pulmonary. Extra-pumlonary TB (EPTB) occur in 15–20%, with foot and ankle TB accounting for 0.1% to 0.3% of EPTB cases. • A lack of early diagnosis and delay in the initiation of chemotherapy leads to worst outcomes and development of multi drug resistant TB (MDR TB). • Foot and ankle TB management is multidisciplinary including infectious disease physicians, orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists. Abstract Foot osteoarticular tuberculosis is uncommon. Late diagnosis and sub-optimal management can lead to significant morbidity, deformity and even death. Preservation of life, limb and function can be achieved with prompt diagnosis and treatment. In 1882, Robert Koch published his discovery of mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and showed the disease was infectious rather than inherited. Over two centuries later, TB remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Whilst in 90% of cases TB infects the respiratory system, in 10% it is extrapulmonary and can infect the skeletal, nervous, lymphatic and genitourinary systems. The spine is the most frequently affected site in the musculoskeletal system and this is known as Pott's disease. The foot and ankle is affected in only 0.13% cases of extrapulmonary TB. A high index of suspicion is thus required. This infrequency in incidence, heterogeneity of its presentation along with the difficulty in early diagnosis often causes significant delays in its treatment and hence results in a considerable disability. The medical treatment is well established but the role of surgery, its usefulness and its correct timing remain controversial. The main diagnostic issues include imaging being non-specific. Plain radiographs remain the first line imaging modality. MRI and CT scans provide greater detail and capture the disease at an earlier stage. Microbiological testing has low sensitivity and specificity becasue TB lesions are paucibacillary. Bone biopsy is of significant diagnostic value as it not only allows histological examination to detect granulomas but enables sensitivity and resistance testing of anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT). Issues relating to treatment include timing, duration, combination of chemotherapy and the challenge of multi drug resistant tuberculosis MDR-TB. The selection and timing of appropriate surgical techniques and optimal duration of follow-up are further points to consider. In this article we aim to review the literature on diagnosis and treatment of foot and ankle TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarticular Tuberculosis (TB) of wrist joint is a rare, often misdiagnosed form of site affected by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection that can lead to severe disability and morbidity. This review aims to summarize the current literature on the diagnosis and management of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection of the wrist joint. A comprehensive search strategy using the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases from 1967 to 2022, excluding single case reports and correspondence articles. The keywords used for the search included ' Mycobacterium tuberculosis' 'osteoarticular' and 'wrist'. Clinical presentation, demographic details, complementary investigations undertaken, trends, and complications of different management interventions were recorded to generate this review. Osteoarticular Tuberculosis (TB) of the wrist joint accounts for fewer than 1% of all skeletal TB cases across a spectrum of age ranges. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represents an excellent modality to reveal the extent of the disease at an early stage of the condition. Synovial fluid analysis has been recommended for microbiological diagnosis. Treatment options include anti-tubercular therapy (ATT), incision and drainage, debridement, synovectomy, and arthrodesis. Early diagnosis and treatment of wrist tuberculosis is crucial for achieving good functional outcomes in patients with this uncommon condition. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and GeneXpert technology for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) have improved diagnostic accuracy in detecting MTB DNA and rifampicin resistance. Anti-Tubercular Therapy (ATT) regime remains a foundation pillar in the overall management of these patients with focused surgical interventions leading to improved clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), typically found in children, is a rare single or multisystem disorder with a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations. Unusual presentations of LCH are occasionally encountered and it may be difficult to distinguish LCH from an infection or a benign or malignant tumor. Results: A 35-year-old female presented with pain in her back and left buttock, malaise, and weight loss, with a duration of several months. Her laboratory test results were within the normal ranges except for the levels of acute phase reactants, which were elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography revealed a unilateral destructive sacroiliac lesion, and multiple vertebral lesions with adjacent discal involvement and extensive soft tissue extensions. She was initially misdiagnosed with multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis. An open biopsy and joint curettage was performed. Histopathological examination showed that she had LCH. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of LCH associated with a destructive unilateral sacroiliac lesion, discal involvement, and involvement of the adjacent vertebrae, in an adult patient; the LCH mimicked osteoarticular tuberculosis. Disease onset in adulthood is rare, and this can potentially delay diagnosis. Familiarity with the imaging features of unusual LCH manifestations is necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

This study sought to assess clinical characteristics and differences in outcomes between children with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) osteomyelitis or septic arthritis and whether initial antibiotic regimen affects patient outcomes. We analyzed records of children ages 15 days to 18 years admitted between 2009 and 2016 to two tertiary children’s hospitals who were diagnosed with an osteoarticular infection and had a microorganism identified. A total of 584 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 365 (62.5%) had a microbiological diagnosis. MSSA was the most common pathogen identified (45.5%), followed by MRSA (31.2%). Compared to MSSA, patients with MRSA had a higher initial C-reactive protein and longer hospitalization. Patients whose initial antibiotic regimens included vancomycin had a longer hospitalization than those initiated on clindamycin without vancomycin, even after removing sicker patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. While MRSA was associated with increased severity of osteoarticular infections compared to MSSA, the incidence of MRSA has been declining at our institution. Patients with longer lengths of stay were more likely to be on vancomycin. Clindamycin should be considered in the initial antibiotic regimen for osteomyelitis and septic arthritis with ongoing surveillance of local microbiology and outcomes.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of tuberculosis is high in populations from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Tuberculosis has been shown to have susceptibility gene. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to bone and joint tuberculosis in Guangxi Zhuang populations. METHODS: Totally 125 patients with bone and joint tuberculosis admitted in the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities and 150 healthy subjects were selected. The gene polymorphism of IL-23R (rs10489628G/A, rs10489629T/C, rs10889675A/C, rs10889677C/T, rs7530511C/A) was analyzed by PCR amplification technique and DNA sequencing method. The genotypes and frequency distribution of alleles were compared between the tuberculosis and control groups. The relationship between IL-23R gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to bone and joint tuberculersis was discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The frequency of C allele of IL-23R rs10489629 T/C in the tuberculosis group was 29.2%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (21.3%) (P < 0.05). The frequency of A allele of IL-23R rs10889675 C/A in the tuberculosis group was 26.0%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (18.0%). The frequency of CA genotype of IL-23R rs10889675 C/A in the tuberculosis group was 37.6%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (25.3%) (P < 0.05). The frequency of GTCAC haplotype in the bone and joint tuberculosis group was 69.6% which was lower than that in the control group (77.3%). The frequency of ACACC haplotype in the bone and joint tuberculosis group was 26.0% which was higher than that in control group (17.7%). In summary, the gene polymorphism of IL-23R rs10489629T/C and rs10889675C/A may be related to the susceptibility of bone and joint tuberculosis in Guangxi Zhuang populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy with a long duration and adequate dosing is the mainstay for treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB). However, it is difficult for systemic administration to reach adequate local drug concentrations and achieve effective treatment. Herein, a hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold implant combined with a drug-releasing system was designed to achieve in situ and long-term anti-TB drug release and highly efficient therapeutic activity in vitro and in vivo . The clinical anti-TB drugs hydrophilic isoniazid (INH) and hydrophobic rifampicin (RFP) were molecularly dispersed into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through immersion-curing techniques and were steadily adhered onto the surfaces of HA scaffolds (HA-drug@PVA). The HA-drug@PVA scaffolds showed a long-term, sustained drug release profile and killed proliferating Mycobacterium in vitro . In vivo experimental results revealed that the HA-drug@PVA scaffolds provided over 10- and 100-fold higher concentrations in muscles and bones, respectively, as well as a much lower concentration (<0.025) in blood. Furthermore, the HA-drug@PVA scaffold implanted in an osteoarticular TB rabbit model showed obvious bone regeneration and fusion due to the inhibition of TB-associated inflammatory changes. The excellent therapeutic effects indicate that in situ implant materials combined with a long-term drug release system are promising for the treatment of osteoarticular TB and other osteoarticular infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cycloserine with low hepatotoxicity exhibits no cross-resistance with the existing anti-tuberculosis drugs, and has been commonly used for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, its oral administration or injection leads to a certain degree of neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVE: To prepare poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-cycloserine sustained-release microspheres which are expected to reduce the neurotoxicity and adverse reactions, and maintain the drug concentration in the bone tuberculosis region for a long time, and to observe the in vitro drug release of the microspheres. METHODS: Double emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to prepare PLGA-cycloserine microspheres that were bonded into sponge implant by Bletilla striata polysaccharide extract. Then, morphology, particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro performance of the microspheres were observed. The drug loading, burst release, appearance and dispersion of the microspheres were observed at 0, 1, 2 months after the microspheres were placed in room temperature (25 °C), high temperature (60 °C) and high humidity (93%), respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The PLGA-cycloserine microspheres that were round and spherical presented with the mean particle size of (143±38) μm, the drug loading of 38.38% and the encapsulation efficiency of 67.54%. No burst release occurred, and the cumulative release of drug within 50 days was 65.62%. After being stored at room temperature, high temperature and high humidity for 1 and 2 months, the microspheres were intact in the appearance and morphology, and showed insignificant changes in drug loading and burst release. To conclude, the time of degradation and the release of drug accord with the biological requirements of bone restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to summarize the manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of childhood brucellosis in non-epidemic areas of China. A retrospective review of 16 admitted children patients with brucella's disease who were diagnosed of brucellosis during the period from 2011 to 2016 was performed. Diagnostic criteria, clinical presentations, and outcomes were recorded. The most common symptom was fever. Osteoarticular involvement was found in 50% of the patients. They were infected by contacting with infected animals or consuming of unpasteurized milk or meat of sheep or goats, also. Standard agglutination test was positive in all patients and blood culture in 10 (62.5%) patients as well as medulloculture in 3 (18.8%) patients were positive. A combination of antibiotic treatment with rifampin plus cotrimoxazole showed good response and all clinical manifestations improved. Brucellosis is misdiagnosed frequently and should be considered in the differential diagnosis when patients do not respond to standard treatment. Blood culture, together with brucella serology test, is important and helpful in the diagnosis. MRI is a good method in differentiating those with symptoms of arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The myriad presentation of osteoarticular brucellosis make the patient seek the help of general practitioners, orthopaedic and rheumatology specialists. Moreover, the lack of disease-specific symptomatology is the leading cause of the delay in diagnosing osteoarticular brucellosis. Given the increasing number of spinal brucellosis cases across the country, no literature is presented on the systematic management of spinal brucellosis. However, with our experience, we formulated a classification for managing spinal brucellosis. A single-centred prospective observational study was conducted with 25 confirmed cases of spinal brucellosis. Patients were analysed and graded clinically, serologically, and radiologically and were managed with antibiotics for 10–12 weeks, and if necessary, stabilisation and fusion were done based on the treatment classification devised. All patients were followed up to ensure disease clearance at serial follow-up with relevant investigations. The mean age of the study participants was 52.16 ± 12.53 years. According to spondylodiscitis severity code (SSC) grading, four patients belong to grades 1, 12 to grade 2 and 9 to grade 3 at presentation. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.02), c-reactive protein (p < 0.001), Brucella agglutination titers (p < 0.001), and radiological outcomes improved statistically by six months. The treatment duration was individualised according to the patient's response to the treatment, with a mean time of 11.42 ± 2.66 weeks. The mean follow-up period was 14.42 ± 8 months. High index of suspicion of patients from endemic regions, proper clinical assessment, serological evaluation, radiological assessment, appropriate decision-making (medical/surgical) in treatment, and regular follow-up were the key to successful comprehensive management of spinal brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute osteoarticular infections are common in children and rarely complicated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This complication can cause significant morbidity and may even be fatal. Herein we report a ten year girl with deep vein thrombosis of left femoral vein who presented initially with septic arthritis of left knee and osteomyelitis of left femur. She required prolonged hospital admission and was managed with surgical debridement, antibiotics and anticoagulation. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-1, 52-55 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i1.9675

Joint replacement is very common and undertaken in most hospitals in one form or another. Tissue engineering of connective tissues generally, and joints in particular, is becoming more common. With increased usage, these techniques generate iatrogenic morbidity. The diagnosis and exclusion of iatrogenic disease is an increasingly important area of pathologists' working lives. This article discusses the disorders that can arise in association with joint replacement and tissue engineering of joints and describes a relatively new disease (Adverse Reaction to Metal Debris [ARMD]) the first of what may become many new disorders associated with the new therapeutics covered in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old woman presented to our outpatient department with complaints of pain and swelling in bilateral infrapatellar regions and a discharging sinus in the right knee over the duration of one year. Radiographs showed lytic regions in bilateral patellae. Samples sent from material curetted from sinus yielded no organism but histopathology reported granulomatous inflammation. Following a fresh magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan that revealed the infrapatellar pad of fat communicating with the patellar lesions, an exploration and evacuation was done. Material sent revealed epithelioid cell granulomas with caseous necrosis consistent with tuberculosis (TB). The patient was put on first line anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) and has responded favourably with healing of sinus and patellar lesions. Bilateral infrapatellar bursitis is not rare. However patellar TB as a cause for OMIT is not a common diagnosis. A bilateral patellar involvement has not been reported in literature to the best of our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculous osteomyelitis affecting long bones is a rare form of tuberculosis. Among infants born in endemic region, often it is difficult to diagnose owing to its subtle clinical features. Here, a case of tuberculous osteomyelitis affecting the distal radial metaphysis is reported, presenting as a cystic lesion in a nine-month-old male infant. Open biopsy with curettage was performed followed by filling of the cavity with synthetic bone substitute (beta tricalcium phosphate granules). The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination and demonstration of acid fast bacilli. Further treatment with anti-tubercular drugs led to clinical and radiological improvement. This case report highlights the importance of keeping tuberculosis as a differential diagnosis while dealing with cases with similar presentation in an endemic region.

Morganella morganii is a member of Enterobacteriaceae family, whose natural habitat is the human gastrointestinal tract. It rarely causes infection alone and is generally encountered in immunosuppressed patients. Osteoarticular pathologies are not commonly observed with Morganella morganii and infections by it have high mortality rate. Biofilm colonization is a causative factor behind the chronicity and/or refractoriness of certain infections. Biofilms colonize on inert medical devices, prosthesis, fibrosed tissues, sinus tracts as well as dead bones as in case of chronic osteomyelitis. Morganella morganii is not a common pathogen to produce biofilm. In this case report, we present a 56-year-old male patient with chronic osteomyelitis of right proximal tibia caused by biofilm producing strain of Morganella morganii, following trauma.

OBJETIVO: apresentar a casuística cirúrgica no tratamento da tuberculose vertebral e comparar os resultados com a literatura atual. MÉTODOS: foi realizada a análise retrospectiva dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento da espondilite tuberculosa. Foram estudados o tipo de cirurgia realizada, o estado neurológico e o grau de cifose antes da cirurgia e ao final de 12 meses. O Estado neurológico foi definido pela escala de Frankel modificada. A deformidade cifótica foi medida pelo método de Cobb. Foram identificados 23 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de tuberculose vertebral. Foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico 13 dos 23 pacientes. Três pacientes foram excluídos e dez pacientes participaram do estudo. RESULTADOS: a maioria dos pacientes foi submetida à descompressão, artrodese anterior e posterior por via combinada ou posterior com instrumentação. Seis dos dez pacientes apresentavam déficit neurológico ao diagnóstico, sendo duas crianças que apresentavam a lesão denominada de Mal de Pott à admissão. Três pacientes apresentaram recuperação completa da função motora dos membros inferiores. Um paciente apresentou piora do déficit neurológico após a cirurgia devido à resistência bacteriana ao uso de quatro drogas diferentes e à meningite tuberculosa. Em relação às medidas da cifose angular e regional no início e ao final do seguimento, constatou-se que a média da cifose angular no início foi de 26,7º (0º a 90º) e de 21,2º (0º a 50º) ao final do seguimento. A média da cifose regional no início foi de 24,10º (-27º a +60º) e de 21º (-33º a +65º) ao final do seguimento. Houve uma redução da média de cifose angular e regional de 5,7º e 3,1º, respectivamente. Não se observou progressão significativa da cifose em nenhum dos pacientes operados. CONCLUSÃO: o tratamento cirúrgico da espondilite tuberculosa nesta série de casos foi eficaz na prevenção da progressão da cifose avaliada em um período mínimo de 12 meses. O déficit neurológico relacionado à tuberculose vertebral foi mais grave nas crianças.OBJETIVO: presentar la casuística quirúrgica en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis vertebral y comparar los resultados con la literatura actual. MÉTODOS: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a la cirugía para el tratamiento de la espondilitis tuberculosa. Fueron estudiados el tipo de cirugía realizada, el estado neurológico y el grado de la cifosis antes de la cirugía y al final de 12 meses. El estado neurológico fue definido por la escala de Frankel modificada. La deformidad cifótica fue medida por el método de Cobb. Fueron identificados 23 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de tuberculosis vertebral. Fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico 13 de los 23 pacientes. Tres pacientes fueron excluidos y diez pacientes participaron del estudio. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de los pacientes fueron sometidos a la descompresión, artrodesis anterior y posterior por vía combinada o posterior con instrumentación. Seis de los diez pacientes presentaban un déficit neurológico al momento del diagnóstico, siendo que dos niños presentaban la lesión denominada de Mal de Pott en el momento de la admisión. Tres pacientes presentaron recuperación completa de la función motora de los miembros inferiores. Un paciente empeoró su déficit neurológico después de la cirugía debido a la resistencia bacteriana por el uso de cuatro fármacos diferentes y a la meningitis tuberculosa. En relación a las medidas de la cifosis angular y regional en el inicio y al final del seguimiento, se constató que el promedio de la cifosis angular al inicio fue de 26.7º (0º a 90º) y de 21.2º (0º a 50º), al final del tratamiento. El promedio de la cifosis regional al inicio fue de 24.10º (-27º a +60º) y de 21º (-33º a +65º) al final del seguimiento. Hubo una reducción del promedio de la cifosis angular y regional de 5.7º y 3.1º, respectivamente. No fue observada progresión significativa de la cifosis en ninguno de los pacientes operados. CONCLUSIÓN: el tratamiento quirúrgico de la espondilitis tuberculosa en esta serie de casos fue eficaz en la prevención de la progresión de la cifosis evaluada en un periodo mínimo de 12 meses. El déficit neurológico relacionado a la tuberculosis vertebral fue más grave en los niños.OBJECTIVE: to present our experience on the surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis and to compare our data to the recent literature. METHODS: a retrospective evaluation of patients who underwent surgical procedure to treat the disease was done. We analyzed the type of surgery, neurological status and angle of kyphosis before the surgery and after twelve months. The neurological status was determined by the Frankel scale modified by ASIA. The kyphotic deformity was measured using the Cobb method. We identified 23 patients with confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine. Thirteen individuals in this group were operated. Three patients were excluded and ten participated in the study. RESULTS: most of the patients underwent decompression, anterior and/or posterior fusion by combined or posterior approach. Six patients presented neurological deficit at the time of diagnosis. Two of these six were children and presented with Pott's disease on admission. Three patients presented complete recovery of the motor function of their legs. One patient had neurological status aggravated after the surgery due to bacterial resistance at the administration of four different drugs and to tuberculous meningitis. Regarding to the kyphosis, the mean focal kyphotic angle in the beginning of the follow up was 26,7º (0º to 90º) and 21,2º (0º to 50º) at the end of the study. The mean regional kyphotic angle was 24,10º (-27º to +60º) in the beginning and 21º(-33º to +65º) at the end of the follow-up. There was a decrease of the mean focal and regional kyphosis of 5,7º and 3,1º, respectively. We did not observe important kyphotic angle increase in any operated patient at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment was efficient to prevent kyphosis progression. The neurological deficit associated with spinal tuberculosis was critical in children.

A patient of 41 years of age presented with insidious onset atraumatic swelling arising from medial end of right clavicle with apparently normal radiograph. Initial computed tomography ascribed it to benign bony pathology requiring no specific treatment but patient did not respond to symptomatic management. FNAC done elsewhere was inconclusive, with no bacteria on Gram’s staining and negative bacterial culture and AFB smear examinations. Patient had possible exposure to tuberculosis and Mantoux skin test done which showed significant induration. Possible differential diagnoses related to clavicle including infective, neoplastic, rheumatological, degenerative and idiopathic conditions considered. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed focal periosteal reaction with marrow signal changes with sparing of sternoclavicular joint. Correlation between patient’s history, clinical findings and investigations done and diagnosis of isolated clavicle tuberculosis was made. Patient showed good response to anti-tubercular chemotherapy. Repeat MRI showed resolution of initial imaging findings. At the end of 2 years patient was completely symptom free.

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), typically found in children, is a rare single or multisystem disorder with a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations. Unusual presentations of LCH are occasionally encountered and it may be difficult to distinguish LCH from an infection or a benign or malignant tumor. Results: A 35-year-old female presented with pain in her back and left buttock, malaise, and weight loss, with a duration of several months. Her laboratory test results were within the normal ranges except for the levels of acute phase reactants, which were elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography revealed a unilateral destructive sacroiliac lesion, and multiple vertebral lesions with adjacent discal involvement and extensive soft tissue extensions. She was initially misdiagnosed with multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis. An open biopsy and joint curettage was performed. Histopathological examination showed that she had LCH. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of LCH associated with a destructive unilateral sacroiliac lesion, discal involvement, and involvement of the adjacent vertebrae, in an adult patient; the LCH mimicked osteoarticular tuberculosis. Disease onset in adulthood is rare, and this can potentially delay diagnosis. Familiarity with the imaging features of unusual LCH manifestations is necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualizaciones en Osteología is the property of Asociacion Argentina de Osteologia y Metabolismo Mineral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Inadvertent contamination of osteochondral (OC) autografts during harvesting and preparation can lead to significant complications and can cause the operating team to weigh the infection risk after reimplantation against discarding the OC fragment. The most commonly reported contamination mechanism is the accidental dropping of an OC fragment; however, associated contamination levels remain unclear. The rate and level of contamination during standard harvesting and preparation are also unknown. Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the rate and level of bacterial contamination of OC autografts during harvesting and preparation compared with those of accidently dropped autografts. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Under sterile conditions, 138 fresh OC specimens were harvested and retrieved from 23 primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Six OC fragments were retrieved from each TKA: 3 were used as controls, and 3 were dropped onto the operating room floor. Each specimen was incubated to allow for aerobic and anaerobic growth, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram was calculated. Results: Contamination rates (positive cultures) for the control and dropped groups were 29% (n = 20/69) and 42% (n = 29/69), respectively. The difference in the contamination rate between groups was not statistically significant (P = .109). The most common organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus (40%) in the control group and Staphylococcus epidermidis (24.1%) and Bacillus species (20.7%) in the dropped group. The contamination level (CFUs/g) for both groups was low. The median (range) CFUs/g among the contaminated specimens in the dropped and control groups were 27 (1-120) and 3 (1-15), respectively (P < .0001). Conclusion: A relatively high rate of OC autograft contamination can be expected during harvesting and preparation (29%) or after accidentally dropping a specimen (42%). Although the types of organisms isolated differed between specimens contaminated during harvesting and preparation and dropped specimens, the quantification of the autograft contamination level revealed a very low CFUs/g in both cases. Clinical Relevance: The intraoperative autograft contamination level is very low. Hence, in cases of grafts with a known contamination incident, saving and reimplanting them after proper decontamination is recommended over discarding them or using an allograft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the promising applications of PLGA based particles, studies examining the fate and consequences of these particles after intra-articular administration in the joint are scanty. This study was carried out to evaluate the neutrality of the unloaded delivery system on different articular cell types. To facilitate tracking, we have thus developed a fluorescent core of particles, combined to a hyaluronate shell for cell recognition. Methods: Fluorescence pictures were taken at time intervals to assess the internalization and the corresponding inflammatory response was monitored by RT-qPCR and biochemical measurements. After NPs pre-treatment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured into chondrogenic, adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation media, to investigate if NPs exposure interferes with differentiation ability. Finally, intra-articular injections were performed in healthy rat knees and joint's structure analysed by histological studies. Results: Particles were detected in cytoplasm 8 h after exposure. Internalization led to a slight and reversible increase of inflammatory markers, but lower than in inflammatory conditions. We have confirmed particles exposure minimal neutrality on MSCs pluripotency. Histological exams of joint after intra-articular injections do not demonstrate any side effects of NPs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that such a delivery platform is well tolerated locally and could be used to deliver active molecules to the joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiresistance in staphylococci constitutes a major challenge for the antimicrobial chemotherapy of invasive infections such as bacteraemia or bone and joint infections (BJIs). A nationwide prospective study was performed to detect antimicrobial resistance trends among staphylococci causing invasive infections. Between October 2011 and February 2012, 367 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 695 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were collected from 37 French hospitals, mainly from bacteraemia (59.9%) and osteoarticular infections (29.0%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution, and specific screening and confirmation tests were performed to detect heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA). Staphylococcal isolates exhibiting a linezolid MIC > 4 mg/L were further characterised to determinate their clonal relationships and the mechanism of resistance. MRSA exhibited additional resistances, including levofloxacin (82% associated resistance), gentamicin (13.6%), fusidic acid (13.6%) and rifampicin (6.5%), compromising oral step-down therapy in BJIs. Only two hVISA strains (0.5%) were identified. Among the CoNS, mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis (506/695; 72.8%), resistance to first- and second-line agents was more common. Linezolid resistance was identified in 10 CoNS (1.4%). The most frequent linezolid resistance mechanism was the G2576T mutation in 23S rDNA (9/10). For the first time in France, the cfr gene was found in five related sequence type 2 (ST2) S. epidermidis from two different hospitals, in association with ribosomal RNA and L3 ribosomal protein mutations. These national data must be considered when selecting empirical treatment for invasive staphylococcal infections. Moreover, the emergence and spread of linezolid-resistant CoNS carrying the cfr gene is of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allograft transplantation is a biologic reconstruction option for massive bone defects after resection of bone sarcomas. This type of reconstruction not only restores bone stock but it also allows us to reconstruct the joint anatomically. These factors are a major concern, especially in a young and active population. We are describing indications, surgical techniques, pearls and pitfalls, and outcomes of proximal humeral osteoarticular allografts, done at present time in our institution. We found that allograft fractures and articular complications, as epiphyseal resorption and subchondral fracture, are the main complications observed in proximal humerus osteoarticular allograft reconstructions. Nevertheless, only fractures need a reconstruction revision. Joint complications may adversely affect the limb function, but for this reason, an allograft revision is rarely performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a male patient with echinococcosis of hip. This disease is uncommon (2% of the total cases of echinococcosis). The diagnosis was established by biopsy of the hip joint, and serological tests Arch V and Western blot. In addition we discuss the physiopathology, clinical manifestation and treatment of echinococcosis. (Rev Med Hered 2002; 13: 109-113).

Background: Osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon form of extrapulmonary TB. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, common sites, and drug resistance profiles of osteoarticular TB infections occurring in southwest China., Methods: A total of 3,254 cases of patients clinically diagnosed with osteoarticular TB infections between 2013 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Drug sensitivity testing was performed using the microporous plate ratio method. Chi-squared analysis was used to analyze the rates of and trends in mycobacterial isolates., Results: Of the 3,254 patients, 1,968 (60.5%) were men and boys, and 1,286 (39.5%) were women and girls; patients' ages ranged from 1 to 91 years, with an average of 42 ± 19.3 years. In terms of disease, 2,261 (69.5%) had spinal TB, mainly thoracic (815, 36%) or lumbar (1,080, 48%); joint TB was found in 874 cases (26.9%), mainly occurring in the knee (263, 30%) or hip (227, 26%); and both spinal and joint TB were observed in 119 cases (3.7%). Drug susceptibility tests were performed on 241 isolated strains of MTB; 70 strains (29.0%) were resistant to at least one drug, and MDR-TB and XDR-TB were observed in 7.1 and 1.2% of strains, respectively., Conclusions: In southwest China over this period, osteoarticular TB mainly affected middle-aged and young men with poor nutritional status. Patients from ethnic minority areas also accounted for a large proportion of cases. Spinal TB is prone to occur in the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and joint TB is prone to occur in the lower limb joints. Additionally, there has been an increasing trend in the number of TB cases over the past 9 years, and drug resistance has also increased., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wang, An, Yang, Liao and Jian.)

Objective To describe magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) findings in musculoskeletal paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM). Methods Retrospective case series study after IRB approval. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed in consensus the MRI findings of 11 patients with microbiologically and/or pathologically proven osteoarticular PCM. The MRI evaluation included discrimination of abnormalities in joints, bones and soft tissues. Results Mean age of patients was 29 years (10-55 years), eight men and three women. Musculoskeletal involvement was the only or the primary presentation of the disease in seven patients (63%). Osteomyelitis was the most common presentation, with seven cases (63%). Primary arthritis was found in one patient (9%). Isolated extra-articular soft tissue PCM was found in three patients: myositis (2) and subcutaneous infection (1). All cases showed regions with signal intensity higher than or similar to the signal of muscle on T1-weighted images. Penumbra sign was present in five cases (45%). T2-weighted images showed reactive soft tissue oedema in eight cases (72%). Post-gadolinium images showed peripheral (8/9) or heterogeneous (1/9) enhancement. Synovial enhancement was present in all cases of joint involvement (6/6). Lipomatosis arborescens was documented in one case of chronic knee involvement. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first case series describing MRI findings of musculoskeletal PCM. Musculoskeletal involvement was the primary presentation of the disease in most cases, and therefore, neoplasms were initially in the differential diagnosis. Osteomyelitis was the most common presentation, often with secondary involvement of joint and or soft tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in human and is beings considered one of the greatest public health problems in the world, due to an increase in life expectancy of the population. It is a disease that, like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout, is related to several factors, among them, with nutrition. This article is a literature review about the importance of diet in the prevention and treatment of osteoarticular chronic diseases, in which we highlight the nutritional recommendations regarding macronutrients and approaches the important role of antioxidant foods, calcium and Vitamin D in bone's health. A balanced and proper diet with daily emphasis on fresh fruits and vegetables, dairy products in skimmed form, including olive oil and oilseeds, may assist in proper weight maintenance and bring antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for the prevention and treatment in osteoarticular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our objectives were to evaluate the diagnostic utility of serum and synovial fluid concentration of adenosine deaminase, interlukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-γ in patients of osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB) and define a cutoff limit of these markers in the serum and local fluid for its diagnosis. Methods: One hundred twenty-two serum and local fluid samples collected from clinically suspected patients of osteoarticular TB were screened for adenosine deaminase (ADA) and cytokines along with microscopy, culture, and histopathological examination. Results: After exclusion of 39 patients, in whom exact diagnosis could not be confirmed, remaining 83 patients were divided into two groups, TB ( n = 53) and non-TB ( n = 30). We found a statistically significant difference in the levels of serum and fluid ADA, and also in serum levels of TNF-α, between the two groups. The difference in the ratio of serum (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/IL-6) and fluid (ADA/IFN-γ) was also found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Local fluid ADA, along with serum ADA, and TNF-α levels can be useful biochemical markers for the diagnosis of osteoarticular TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB), an uncommon form of extrapulmonary TB, is a universal mimicker and thus represents a potential differential diagnosis of any osteolytic lesion. The present study describes a case of multifocal osteoarticular TB in an immunocompetent young man who presented with swelling and extremity pain. The patient underwent plain radiography, bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging. A diagnosis was ultimately made based on the pathology results from his second left toe. The patient responded well to anti-TB medication. The radiological findings of multifocal osteoarticular TB are described in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multifocal osteoarticular TB symmetrically affecting all the extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patient of 41 years of age presented with insidious onset atraumatic swelling arising from medial end of right clavicle with apparently normal radiograph. Initial computed tomography ascribed it to benign bony pathology requiring no specific treatment but patient did not respond to symptomatic management. FNAC done elsewhere was inconclusive, with no bacteria on Gram's staining and negative bacterial culture and AFB smear examinations. Patient had possible exposure to tuberculosis and Mantoux skin test done which showed significant induration. Possible differential diagnoses related to clavicle including infective, neoplastic, rheumatological, degenerative and idiopathic conditions considered. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed focal periosteal reaction with marrow signal changes with sparing of sternoclavicular joint. Correlation between patient's history, clinical findings and investigations done and diagnosis of isolated clavicle tuberculosis was made. Patient showed good response to anti-tubercular chemotherapy. Repeat MRI showed resolution of initial imaging findings. At the end of 2 years patient was completely symptom free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate musculoskeletal involvement in paracoccidioidomycosis at computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Development of a retrospective study based on a review of radiologic and pathologic reports in the institution database. Patients with histopathologically confirmed musculoskeletal paracoccidioidomycosis and submitted to computed tomography were included in the present study. The imaging findings were consensually described by two radiologists. In order to avoid bias in the analysis, one patient with uncountable bone lesions was excluded from the study. Results: A total of seven patients were included in the present study. A total of 18 bone lesions were counted. The study group consisted of 7 patients. A total number of 18 bone lesions were counted. Osteoarticular lesions were the first manifestation of the disease in four patients (57.14%). Bone lesions were multiple in 42.85% of patients. Appendicular and axial skeleton were affected in 85.71% and 42.85% of cases, respectively. Bone involvement was characterized by well-demarcated osteolytic lesions. Marginal osteosclerosis was identified in 72.22% of the lesions, while lamellar periosteal reaction and soft tissue component were present in 5.55% of them. One patient showed multiple small lesions with bone sequestra. Conclusion: Paracoccidioidomycosis can be included in the differential diagnosis of either single or multiple osteolytic lesions in young patients even in the absence of a previous diagnosis of pulmonary or visceral paracoccidioidomycosis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Osteoarticular infections (OAIs) constitute serious paediatric conditions that may cause severe complications. Identifying the causative organism is one of the mainstays of the care process, since its detection will confirm the diagnosis, enable adjustments to antibiotic therapy and thus optimize outcomes. Two bacteria account for the majority of OAIs before 16 years of age: Staphylococcus aureus is known for affecting the older child, whereas Kingella kingae affects infants and children younger than 4 years old. We aimed to better define clinical characteristic and biological criteria for prompt diagnosis and discrimination between these two OAI. Materials and methods: We retrospectively studied 335 children, gathering 100 K. kingae and 116 S. aureus bacteriologically proven OAIs. Age, gender, temperature at admission, involved bone or joint, and laboratory data including bacterial cultures were collected for analysis. Comparisons between patients with OAI due to K. kingae and those with OAI due to S. aureus were performed using the Mann−Whitney and Kruskal−Wallis tests. Six cut-off discrimination criteria (age, admission’s T°, WBC, CRP, ESR and platelet count) were defined, and their respective ability to differentiate between OAI patients due to K. kingae versus those with S. aureus was assessed by nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Univariate analysis demonstrated significant differences between the two populations for age of patients, temperature at admission, CRP, ESR, WBC, and platelet count. AUC assessed by ROC curves demonstrated an exquisite ability to discriminate between the two populations for age of the patients; whereas AUC for CRP (0.79), temperature at admission (0.76), and platelet count (0.76) indicated a fair accuracy to discriminate between the two populations. Accuracy to discriminate between the two subgroups of patients was considered as poor for WBC (AUC = 0.62), and failed for ESR (AUC = 0.58). On the basis of our results, the best model to predict K. kingae OAI included of the following cut-offs for each parameter: age < 43 months, temperature at admission < 37.9 °C, CRP < 32.5 mg/L, and platelet count > 361,500/mm3. Conclusions: OAI caused by K. kingae affects primarily infants and toddlers aged less than 4 years, whereas most of the children with OAI due to MSSA were aged 4 years and more. Considering our experience on the ground, only three variables were very suggestive of an OAI caused by K. kingae, i.e., age of less than 4 years, platelet count > 400,000, and a CRP level below 32.5 mg/L, whereas WBC and ESR were relatively of limited use in clinical practice.

The treatment paradigm for osteoarticular infections (OAIs) has changed drastically over the past 80 years, from the advent of penicillin to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Before these drugs, surgery was the only available treatment for OAIs; today, antibiotic therapy is considered the primary response to them. As a result, surgical treatment of OAIs is thus far more rarely indicated, sometimes even considered outdated and obsolete. However, long experience has taught us that many OAI contexts can still benefit from surgical management, constituting an essential complement to medical treatment. The present article seeks to contextualize this discussion by providing a chronological review of the surgical treatments used in cases of OAI and describing the quality of evidence supporting their rehabilitation in well-established situations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 De Marco, Vazquez, Gavira, Ramadani, Steiger, Dayer and Ceroni.)

Objective To analyze the clinical features of patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis. Method This retrospective study included a cohort of 68 osteoarticular tuberculosis patients hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2013 to December 2020.Results The patients included 42(61.8%)males and 26(38.2%)females,with a median age of 56 years.Tuberculosis pathogen was detected in 39(57.4%)patients,and 29(42.6%)patients were diagnosed by clinical manifestations.The median time from onset to diagnosis was 4 months.The most common manifestations were pain and dysfunction(86.8%),followed by fever(47.1%),weight loss(36.8%),and night sweats(13.2%).Concomitant active tuberculosis in other organs was observed in 27(39.7%)patients.Unifocal and multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis occurred in 51(75.0%)patients and 17(25.0%)patients,respectively,which mainly attacked thoracic and lumbar spines.Tuberculosis T cell test was positive in 92.7% patients.All the bone biopsies revealed epithelioid granuloma with/without necrosis,with 75.0% positive for mycobacterial DNA,55.1% positive for mycobacterial culture,and 20% positive for acid-fast staining.The risk of developing multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis in the patients with weight loss was 5.333 times( P =0.013)that of the patients with stable weight.Conclusions The diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis is difficult and tuberculosis T cell test is an effective means.Bone biopsy is the key to diagnosis,and the PCR of mycobacterial DNA shows the highest positive derection rate.Multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis is not rare,especially in the patients with weight loss.Thus,a comprehensive imaging evaluation is recommended to avoid missed diagnosis.

Background: Osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB) represents 1–5% of all cases of tuberculous disease and 10–18% of extra pulmonary involvement. Signs and symptoms are frequently nonspecific making the disease difficult to diagnose. This study was conducted to find out the trend of various osteoarticular TB. Methods: It was a hospital based descriptive study Results Of the total 118 were studied , maximum were in the age group of between 21-30 years .Males were higher 58 % (68) than females 42.37 %( 50). Maximum cases were from Rural background 73% (87). Hindus were maximum 87.28 %( 103) cases followed by Muslims 12 %( 14) . According to site of the joint various Regions/Joints were involved, most common osteotuberculr site was Spine 75.57% (88) followed by Hip12.71% (15), least common site observed in our study was shoulder joints . Other associated medical conditions were also observed like Psoas abscess in 6.8% (8), paraplegia/paresis in 11.84% (14) and Pleural Effusion in 5.93% (7) cases. Around 16.10% (19) cases underwent surgeries, 4.23% (5) cases confirmed by biopsy. After conducting this study we learnt that many time we unable to reach firm diagnosis of bony problem or not responding to usual treatment in that time very high chance patients may have osteoarticular tuberculosis. Conclusion: TB spine is the comments site of osteoarticular tuberculosis, so developing country like India any person walk in the department with history of spinal problems always to be consider TB one of the cause.

Objectives It is still unknown whether altered vitamin D levels observed with osteoarticular tuberculosis change during treatment in a child or modify the disease course. To find a possible answer to the above query, we investigated serial serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in children suffering from osteoarticular tuberculosis treated with multidrug antitubercular drugs. Methods The prospective study enrolled 19 untreated immunocompetent children with an established diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis. None of the patients were offered any therapeutic vitamin D supplementation at initiation or during the treatment. The patients were followed for response to multidrug antitubercular therapy (DOTS) at 2 months interval. Mean values of vitamin D were calculated at 0, 2, and 6 months and statistically compared. The following laboratory references for defining the vitamin D status were used: <30 nmol/L = deficiency; 30–75 nmol/L = insufficiency; >75 nmol/L = sufficiency. Results All the patients responded to antitubercular therapy. Out of the enrolled children, 73.67% had low vitamin D levels at initial presentation. There was no statistically significant difference in vitamin D levels in affected children at either 0–2 ( p = 0.452), 2–6 ( p = 0.240), or 0–6 months ( p = 0.854) following antitubercular treatment. Although the mean vitamin D levels were higher in male patients when compared to female patients at all times, there was no statistically significant difference in vitamin D levels during treatment stages in either sex. Conclusions Vitamin D levels were low at initiation of treatment and did not significantly improve during multidrug antitubercular treatment. Further, tuberculosis healed well with antitubercular therapy despite persistence of low serum levels of vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]