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In recent times, the use and development of small-scale ( 10 kW) ORC systems has received an increasing interest. However, the operational characteristics of small-scale high-expansion ratio ORC turbines are not yet well understood. In this study, a small-scale high-temperature ORC was investigated experimentally. The studied system has a high-speed turbogenerator including a supersonic radial turbine, a permanent magnet generator and a Barske-type feed pump assembled on a single shaft. Siloxane MDM is used as the working fluid. The turbogenerator performance was studied under different operating conditions and the experimental results were compared against the results obtained from the numerical ORC cycle model for validating the numerical results. The turbine was analyzed to have the mechanical power output close to the system design value and a maximum electric power output of 6 kW was measured. The turbogenerator was capable to be operated at the targeted rotational speed range of 12 000 rpm to 31 000 rpm. Thus, the technical potential of using high rotational speed and supersonic turbomachinery in small-scale and high expansion ratio ORC applications was confirmed. The results highlights the importance of reducing turbogenerator losses and internal power consumption to reach higher power outputs in the future. Post-print / Final draft

Waste heat recovery plays an important role in energy source management. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) can be used to recover low-temperature waste heat. In the present work a sample power plant waste heat was used to operate an ORC. First, two pure working fluids were selected based on their merits. Four possible thermodynamic models were considered in the analysis. They were defined based on where the condenser and evaporator temperatures are located. Four main thermal parameters, evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, degree of superheat and pinch point temperature difference were taken as key parameters. Levelized energy cost values and exergy efficiency were calculated as the optimization criteria. To optimize exergy and economic aspects of the system, Strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm II (SPEA II) was implemented. The Pareto frontier solutions were ordered and chose by TOPSIS. Model 3 outperformed all other models. After evaluating exergy efficiency by mixture mass fraction, R245fa[0.6]/Pentane[0.4] selected as the most efficient working fluid. Finally, every component&rsquo, s role in determining the levelized energy cost and the exergy efficiency and were discussed. The turbine, condenser and evaporator were found as the costliest components.

Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) are often based on the utilization of special dry or isentropic fluids, namely substances with a vertical or positive slope of the saturated steam curve.Several heat transfer correlations for boiling process are available in literature.However, only a few of them are specifically developed and validated for the case of the organic fluids. Such correlations are tested and extrapolated by means of suitable experimental devices and with a specific organic fluid, presenting non-negligible percentage error variations when compared with experimental results concerning different organic fluids.This paper investigates the impact of the overall heat transfer coefficient evaluated by means of different correlations available in literature on the main output parameters of an Organic Rankine Cycles, using a zero-dimensional numerical model.Two case studies are investigated, both of them powered by medium-enthalpy geothermal source which provides a constant thermal load. The first case study concerns a 1.20 MWel ORC, powered by geofluid at 160 °C and 7.00 bar and using n-pentane. The second ORC case study is supposed to provide 8.00 kWel and to be powered by geofluid available at 95.0 °C and 3.00 bar and using R245fa, in agreement with the results available in literature. Both of the models are developed and simulated in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) environment. Keywords: Heat transfer correlations, Organic Rankine Cycle, Geothermal, Numerical model, Organic fluids, Shell&Tube heat exchanger

The present work deals with the thermodynamic analysis of a solar-powered triple combined power cycle to generate emission-free power. The triple combined cycle comprises one topping cycle as Brayt...

In this paper, thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses, and also optimization of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) were performed. The system was adapted to an existing solid waste power plant with a 5.66 MW installed power capacity in order to produce additional power from the exhaust gas. The actual operating data of the plant were utilized during all stages of the analyses. The originality of this paper is based on the analysis of the possibility of the energy conversion of an exhaust gas with a temperature of 566 & #x000B0;C into the electricity by utilizing an ORC system in the concept of waste-to-energy. Four different working fluids: toluene, octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM), octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and n-decane were considered and analyzed for the current system. This is also another novelty of this study due to lack of such a study, in the open literature, that deals with an ORC utilized for a typical municipal solid waste power plant. According to the thermoeconomic analyses, toluene was found to be the optimum working fluid with the maximum power output of 584.6 kW and the exergy efficiency of 15.69%. The optimization of the cycle was performed by using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm method (NSGA-II) in MATLAB software environment. The optimization results were compared and the deviations of the net power output and the total cost rate were evaluated as & #x2212;5.89%, & #x2212;3.51 & #x00024;/h for toluene; 0.96%, & #x2212;3.60 & #x00024;/h for MDM; 8.45%, & #x2212;2.04 & #x00024;/h for D4 and 2.00%, & #x2212;5.54 & #x00024;/h for n-decane, respectively. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Despite the vast number of works investigating price transmission (PT) processes in diverse agrifood markets, very little has been said about quality‐differentiated products. In this paper, we compare the conventional and organic fluid milk sectors in Italy to better understand the economic organization and functioning of one of the most important agrifoods in Italy. Using a unique dataset featuring processor and retail (scanner) prices for the two types of milk, we estimate Momentum‐Threshold Autoregressive models to account for asymmetric price movements in both sectors, but the PT results are eventually symmetric. The Vector Error Correction Model estimations and Impulse Response Functions analysis provide significant insights into the differences between the two markets. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q110, C590] info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

This research performs an analytical simulation of a novel solar-driven combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system based on a dual organic Rankine cycle (DORC) using heat transport fluids of water and Copper (II) oxide (CuO)/water nanofluid. The major design parameters are encompassed to evaluate the monthly thermodynamic efficiencies, total product cost and environmental impact (EI) rates of the system for four selected organic fluid groups, namely R134a-R245fa, R1234yf-R245fa, R1234ze-R236fa and R423A-R236fa. According to results, a considerable positive influence is observed in the energy and exergy efficiencies within 16.71% and 24.34%, respectively for R1234yf-R245fa in November. The lowest EI rate is achieved by 1.2% for R1234ze-R236fa in April as turbine 1 inlet pressure increases and the highest decrement in EI rate is calculated within 2.48% for R1234yf-R245fa in September with an increase in turbine 2 back pressure. In addition, two well-known decision making techniques comprising LINAMP and TOPSIS are applied to identify the ultimate optimal performance of the system among the solutions gained from the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) approach. Referring to the optimization results, the maximum improvement in the exergy efficiency and product cost can be obtained within 33.49% through the LINMAP method and 23.67% through the TOPSIS procedure, respectively and the highest improvement in the EI rate is calculated by about 22.7% with 0.01788 nanoparticle volume fraction for R134a-R245fa through the LINMAP method.

A microstrip highly sensitive differential sensor for complex permittivity characterization of urine samples was designed, fabricated and tested. The sensing area contains two pairs of open-stub resonators, and the working frequency of the unloaded sensor is 1.25 GHz. The sensor is easily implemented on an affordable substrate FR-4 Epoxy with a thickness of 1.6 mm. A Teflon beaker is mounted on the sensor without affecting the measurements. Numerically, liquid mixtures of water and urine at different percentages were introduced to the proposed sensor to evaluate the frequency variation. The percentage of water content in the mixture varied from 0% (100% urine) to 100% (0% urine) with a step of 3.226%, thus giving 32 data groups of the simulated results. Experimentally, the mixtures of: 0% urine (100% water), 20% urine (80% water), 33% urine (66% water), 50% urine (50% water), 66% urine (33% water), and 100% urine (0% water) were considered for validation. The complex permittivity of the considered samples was evaluated using a nonlinear least square curve fitting in MATLAB in order to realize a sensing sensitivity of about 3%.

In OTEC low vaporization temperature organic fluid used as the working fluid. So to obtain an efficacious output, the selection of working fluid must be accurate. It’s entirely depends upon the pro...

Organski Rankineov ciklus je varijacija Rankineovog ciklusa u kojem se kao radni medij umjesto vode koristi lakoisparljivi organski fluid. Kako su u tom slučaju za isparavanje dovoljne relativno niske temperature ovakva tehnologija omogućava iskorištavanje energije niskotemperaturnih izvora poput otpadne topline, geotermalne energije, sunčeve energije, te energije biomase. Ta toplina se pretvara u rad koji se uglavnom koristi za dobivanje električne energije. U ovom završnom radu se iznose neke najčešće upotrebe ORC-a, kriteriji koje radna tvar mora zadovoljavati, ukratko je opisano nekoliko tvari koji su našli svoju praktičnu primjenu uz jednostavni proračun iskoristivosti procesa za dana radne uvjete. Organic Rankine cycle is a variation of Rankine cycle where organic fluid with low evaporation temperature is used instead of water. Thus, enabling the use of low-temperature energy source, this sort of technology makes it possible to yield useful energy from low-temperature heat source like waste heat recovery, geothermal energy, solar energy and biomass. The heat is converted to work which is the most likely used for generating the electricity. In this final thesis are stated some of the most common application of ORC technology, criteria that each organic fluid must meet, some of the most commonly used compounds, as well as the simple calculation of their efficiency under stated working conditions.

The aim of this work the analysis of compact branched heat exchangers, by measuring thermal efficiency and the pressure drop in several experimental tests. Three different heat exchanger configuration have been considered. In the first device, the constant efflux velocity, in the internal channels, was imposed. The second exchanger was realized by imposing constant the value of the Reynolds number. The last device was created according to the instructions of the constructal theory. All three exchangers are aluminum made. In addition, in order to have a more detailed knowledge of the phenomenon and to identify what are the parameters that govern heat transfer, an organic fluid has been used and tested. In our case R1234 organic fluid. It was therefore necessary to realize an appropriate test bench for the use of the organic fluid. Once realized, several tests were conducted. Finally in order to be able to indicate which configuration results the optimal one, the Prandtl and Nusselt numbers were obtained and compared.

This study examines Chinese consumers’ acceptance and price willingness to pay for organic fluid milk. We used questionnaire data gathered in 2014 to analyze the impact of price and milk knowledge, as well as consumer age, gender, education and income on organic milk choice. The results indicate that: 1) young females with a strong educational background have shown the strongest consumption desire for organic milk; 2) those who shop for the family tend to support organic milk and are willing to pay more for the milk; 3) shoppers with more disposable income are willing to pay a premium price for organic milk.

In this study, a novel organic fluid-filled regenerative heat exchanger used heat recovery ventilation (OHeX-HRV) system was designed. Five organic-based fluids (R11, R123, R245fa, n-Pentane and Isopentane) were selected by considering operating conditions. Indoor air exit temperature, outdoor air inlet temperature and recovered heat by regenerative heat exchanger were analysed depending on varying airspeeds ( V air = 1,2,3 m/s) and outdoor environment temperatures (0–40 °C). As a result of the study, it was observed that recovered heat decreased as the outdoor environment temperature approaches from 0 °C to comfort temperature of indoor environment (24 °C). In contrast, the amount of heat recovered increased as the outdoor environment temperature diverges from indoor comfort temperature. The amount of recovered energy increased directly related to increasing airspeed thanks to increasing air mass flow. Among selected working fluids, n-Pentane (10.812 kJ/kg) and Isopentane (10.716 kJ/kg) used OHeX-HRV system resulted in the highest energy recovery per unit air mass. From n-Pentane used OHeX-HRV system, hourly energy recovery was calculated as 426.22 kJ/h when airspeed was 3 m/s. After comprehensive analyses, it was concluded that n-Pentane which has also superiority in terms of safety and environmental impact showed the best heat recovering performance when used in proposed OHeX-HRV system.

The paper considers the problem of studying heat transfer inside the pipes of an evaporator of an organic Rankine cycle unit during boiling of an organic heat transfer fluid. Recently, the organic Rankine cycle units are increasingly used in various industries for the utilization of low-grade heat of various processing units. One of the main elements of these units is the evaporator in which vaporization takes place. The evaporator is a concurrent boiler. One of the problems in the design of concurrent boilers is the lack of knowledge of heat transfer during the process of boiling fluid. This paper presents a study of the heat transfer process inside a concurrent boiler. This study is carried out by creating a model of boiling organic fluid in the pipes of a concurrent boiler. The boiling model was implemented in the Ansys fluent software package. Using this model, the values of the heat transfer coefficient were obtained at each point of the evaporator pipe under consideration. After obtaining the values, the dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the length of the pipe was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that starting from the point of 0.6 m, the heat transfer coefficient sharply decreases by 3.5 times. The value of the heat transfer coefficient after the decrease section is at the level of 125 W/m2K over the entire length of the pipe. Thus, it was determined that under given initial conditions, with a pipe length of more than 1 m, heat transfer ceases to be effective.

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are crucial and widely used components in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. Heat exchanger arranged forms, namely, the organic fluid flows either inside or outside the tubes, substantially affect the purchased cost and exergy loss of heat exchangers; and thereby considerably influencing the system thermo-economic performance. Based on various heat exchanger arranged forms, the thermo-economic performance of ORC systems may differ remarkably and even result in opposite conclusions, such as in selecting optimal working fluids and ratios of component purchased cost. However, no published studies have focused on this specific issue. Influence degree exerted by the heat exchanger arranged form on the thermo-economic performance of ORC system remains unclear. Selection guidelines for the optimal arranged forms also need to be developed. This study analyzed the effects of heat exchanger arranged forms on the thermo-economic performance of subcritical ORC systems with shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Three common heat exchanger arranged forms were studied. Heat source temperatures are 100–200 °C, and five hydrocarbons are working fluids. Results show that the heat exchanger arranged forms substantially affect the specific investment cost (SIC) of ORC system, and the largest difference in SIC reaches 14.7% among various arranged forms. The optimal working fluid and system parameters, and ratios of component purchased costs also differ remarkably. Optimal heat exchanger arranged form depends on the working fluid and heat source temperature. This study provides the optimal heat exchanger arranged forms for five hydrocarbons at heat source temperatures of 100–200 °C.

Significant amount of energy is wasted in engine systems as waste heat. In this study, the use of supercritical Brayton cycles for recovering exhaust gas heat of large-scale engines is investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate the electricity production potential with different operational conditions and working fluids, and to identify the main design parameters affecting the cycle power production. The studied process configurations are the simple recuperated cycle and intercooled recuperated cycle. As the performance of the studied cycle is sensitive on the turbomachinery design and efficiencies, the design of the process turbine and compressor were included in the analysis. Cycles operating with CO2 and ethane resulted in the highest performances in both the simple and intercooled cycle configurations, while the lowest cycle performances were simulated with ethylene and R116. 18.3 MW engine was selected as the case engine and maximum electric power output of 1.76 MW was simulated by using a low compressor inlet temperature, intercooling, and high turbine inlet pressure. It was concluded that working fluid and the cycle operational parameters have significant influence not only on the thermodynamic cycle design, but also highly affects the optimal rotational speed and geometry of the turbomachines. Post-print / Final draft

Spirotetramat (Movento®) is a systemic insecticide that is used to control scale insects on kiwifruit. The use of protectant copper sprays on kiwifruit has become increasingly common due to the bacterial disease Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. This study investigated the interaction of copper with spirotetramat and how it influenced the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat within the plant. Movento® 100SC sprays should not be tank- mixed with copper sprays because the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat is likely to be compromised. These negative effects were minimised when an organosilicone/organic fluid blend adjuvant (Du-Wett®) was included in the tank mix. Pre-and post spray applications of copper, at least 1 week either side of spirotetramat applications, are unlikely to significantly affect the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat, and thus have any effect on its activity. There were no marked differences between two commercial copper formulations, in their effects on spirotetramat uptake but minor differences in translocation were observed.

Each organic fluid is characterized by thermal decomposition above a specific temperature called the thermal stability limit. The correct evaluation of this limit is extremely important to avoid massive cracking phenomena which can cause the fouling of heat exchangers' surfaces, material erosion, and changes of fluid thermodynamic properties. After a brief discussion about the mutual correlation between the chemical structure and the thermal stability of working fluids, a review of the main experimental data available is worked out. Finally, experimental apparatus and a useful methodology to determine temperature limits for the working fluids is presented and discussed.

Рассматривается вопрос разработки принципов моделирования турбинных ступеней с органическим рабочим телом для их исследования на экспериментальных стендах с использованием в качестве рабочего тела сжатого воздуха. Представлена информация о моделировании с помощью численных методов программного пакета ANSYS органической паровой турбины мощностью 280 кВт, где в качестве рабочего тела используется гексаметидисилоксан. Проанализированы четыре модельных режима работы натурной турбинной ступени при частичных нагрузках, на которых выдерживались критерии подобия натурной и модельной ступеней с минимальными отклонениями. На воздушном экспериментальном стенде выполнено исследование модели органической паровой турбины на выбранных режимах, показавшее совпадение интегральных характеристик модельной и натурной турбинных ступеней на модельных режимах с расхожде нием до 3 %. Полученные результаты позволяют в дальнейшем, при создании органических паровых турбин, после подтверждения моделирования органического рабочего тела численным методом проводить экспериментальные исследования воздушных моделей турбинных ступеней на имеющихся экспериментальных стендах. Дальнейшие исследования могут быть направлены на изучение образования вихревых и срывных зон на модельных режимах турбинных ступеней с использованием пятиканальных зондов и метода PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry)., This article considers the development of principles of modeling Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine stages for subsequent test rig studies with air as the working fluid. The article contains information about modeling a 280-kW ORC turbine stage with a hexametildisiloxane working fluid. The modeling process was carried out in the ANSYS software package. Four modeled regimes of the ORC turbine’s fractional load were calculated with minimum deviation of similarity criteria of the ORC and its air model turbine stages. A physical study of the air model of the ORC turbine was performed next at the test rig with air as a working fluid. The research showed that the integral characteristics of numerical calculation of the ORC turbine and its air model turbine have a deviation up to 3%. The obtained results allow to carry out experimental studies of air models of turbine stages on available test rigs when manufacturing ORC turbines in the future further if numerical calculation shows that organic working fluid simulation is possible. Further research can be aimed at studying the formation of vortex and stall zones at modeled regimes using five-channel probes and the PIV method (Particle Image Velocimetry).

The goal of this research is to study a cogeneration plant for combined heat &amp, power (CHP) production that utilises the low-temperature waste energy in the power plant of a Suezmax-size oil tanker for all heating and electricity requirements during navigation. After considering various configurations, a standard propulsion engine operating at maximum efficiency and a CHP Plant with R245fa fluid using a supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is selected. All the ship heat requirements can be covered by energy of organic fluid after expansion in the turbine, except feeder-booster heating. Hence, an additional quantity of working fluid may be heated using an after Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) directed to the feeder-booster module. An analysis of the obtained results shows that the steam turbine plant does not yield significant fuel savings. However, a CHP plant with R245fa fluid using supercritical ORC meets all of the demands for electrical energy and heat while burning only a small amount of additional fuel in HRSG at the main engine off-design operation.

Solar thermoelectric, even for small sizes, is continuing to garner more attention, by virtue of maturation of small size organic Rankine cycle generators, and of small size absorption chiller even if cost and reliability are still not optimal. Indeed, solar thermal power technology improvement would consent to stimulate an ambit already present in Europe and Italy with a well-known tradition and established leadership and efforts focused on a single solar technology would bring to positive effects concerning controllable electric and thermal energy uses. In this context, the present work tries to summarize the possible cycles and fluids that can be applied in a small solar thermal power plant. Despite a plethora of simulated and experimental cycles and fluids, the simplest cycle using near isentropic fluids seems to be the best choice for a small ORC-based CHP system, even if particular attention has to be done to all the sizing parameters (electricity, heating and cooling demand; area and type of solar collector; flow and temperature of the thermal carrier; flow, temperature and pressure of the working fluid; storage volumes; etc.). Indeed, efficiency and reliability of the reported systems are very different, but, it seems that global efficiency of even more than 10% and global cost of even less than 10,000 €/kW can be obtained even at size of few kW if adequate systems are constructed and managed.

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as an emerging technology for power generation through heat recovering from different thermal sources, based on the use of organic fluids as working medium. This paper presents a numerical study to assess the relevance: i) of the thermodynamic cycle, ii) of the main design parameters and iii) of the working fluid, on the achievable performance. The ORC performance is here calculated in terms of six different thermodynamic indexes, offering comprehensive information, namely: cycle efficiency, specific work, recovery efficiency, turbine volumetric expansion ratio, ORC fluid-to-hot source mass flow ratio and heat exchangers size parameter. In the framework of a systematic investigation approach, various possible modifications to the simple ORC plant layout are here analyzed and compared, in order to improve the ORC recovery performance; arrangements such as recuperation, superheated cycle, supercritical conditions, regenerative cycle and their combinations are taken into account. The investigation is carried out by means of an in-house developed calculation tool, based on a thermodynamic property database of the considered fluids, including aromatics, siloxanes, refrigerants and hydrocarbons. A comprehensive parametric analysis of these cycles at different hot source temperature and different evaporation pressure values is carried out. The objectives of this investigation are to provide useful guidelines to select the ORC configuration, the most appropriate fluid and to define the operating parameters, depending on the specific application. Thermodynamic results are also related with sizing of ORC components and thus can be used for economic assessment of the different ORC design alternatives.

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with subcritical pressures using the waste heat recovered from a low-temperature source was analyzed using an original assumption: to impose the hot source temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger. This hypothesis leads to a variation of the pinch-point, when the working fluid pressure varies. For the numerical computation, a waste heat source with an inlet temperature of 150 °C and an outlet temperature of 60 °C was considered. The energetic performances of ORC were analyzed for three organic fluid types: R123, R124, and R134a.

Both the increase in the cost of energy during the past decades and many environmental problems caused by fossil fuel consumption lead that energy savings have been of great importance. In internal combustion engine (ICE) the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat through combustion. By some of the thermodynamic cycles, part of heat energy is converted into useful mechanical work. The remaining heat energy is realised into the environment as the waste heat generated from exhaust gas and cooling water. So, ICE typically has a thermodynamic efficiency in the range of 20 to 50%. On the other hand, there is proven, commercially available technology to convert part of the waste heat into electricity. This is Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), used since several decades in geothermal power plants. Applications of this technology for waste heat recovery are rather premature. The exhaust gases have a temperature in the range 300 oC – 400 oC and thus are very suitable as heat source for an ORC system. Also the jacket cooling water, with temperatures between 80 oC – 90 oC, also can be integrated in ORC system. On this manner the total efficiency of the combined system (ICE and ORC) can be substantially improved. In this paper, energy analysis with aim to improve the recovery of the waste heat of an ICE with Organic Rankine Bottoming Cycle (ORBC) is presented. Considering characteristics of the waste heat of exhaust gas and cooling water, a combined cycle for waste heat recovery of ICE is proposed. The thermodynamic analysis show that in case biogas ICE of 555 kW power a 9.2% increase in the overall power and 3.7% increase in the overall thermodynamic efficiency can be achieved with respect to the engine with no bottoming with ORC. In this paper, special attention is paid to the design of micro- turbine for ORC. It is the innovative axial, action and multistage turbine of effictive power of 57 kW. By using the analytical method a new (non-standard) profiles for stator and rotor blades are designed. The convex and concave sides of the profiles are designed by a polynomials of the fifth degree. Because of achieving high isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the aerodynamic characteristics of the new designed profiles are improved by optimizing their geometry on the basis of numerical modelling of flow in the stator and rotor cascades.

Refrigeration systems consume a relevant amount of electrical power worldwide. For this reason, in the last decades, several energy saving techniques have been proposed to reduce the power demand of such plants. The present paper deals with the development of an innovative internal power recovery system for industrial cryogenic cooling plants. Such an innovative system consists in a Compressor-Expander Group (CEG) for internal power recovery. In particular, the paper is focused on the development of the CEG compressor, which has to pre-compress the refrigerant main flow before the fluid enters the main compressor. The machine has been re-designed, modifying a centrifugal compressor for automotive turbocharging. To verify the performance and suggest improvements, a numerical fluid dynamic model has been set up and the commercial Ansys-CFX software has been utilized to perform steady-state 3D simulations. Expected performance of the secondary compressor are presented and discussed in this paper.

WOS: 000377354500007, An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is set up to recover waste heat from the flue gas of a reheat furnace. The calculations show that, under the same conditions, the gross power production, energy and exergy efficiencies are 490.63 kW, 16.62% and 35.64% for ORC with cyclohexane and 457.83 kW, 17.08% and 31.96% for ORC with toluene, respectively. After the comparison of working fluids, the ORC with cyclohexane was optimised at different turbine inlet pressures (from 26 bar to 38 bar) and turbine inlet temperatures (from 260 degrees C to 320 degrees C). The best performance of the cycle is obtained at the turbine inlet pressure of 38 bar and turbine inlet temperature of 280 degrees C. The gross power production, energy and exergy efficiencies were evaluated as 527.67 kW, 17.65% and 37.37%, respectively, for optimised ORC with cyclohexane.

Waste energy recovery (WER) is a suitable solution to improve the fuel utilization of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) by producing an eco-friendly electrical power from an energy source currently wasted. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology has been developed in the past few years to generate electric power from medium temperature (500 K – 800 K) ICE wasted thermal sources. Working fluid selection represents the first step in the design of an ORC. At the state of the art, authors where not able to select a single optimal organic fluid. This is mainly because of the different thermodynamic conditions of the heat sources which offer wasted thermal energy. This paper proposes a procedure for the ORC system preliminary working fluid selection, which takes into consideration thermodynamics and design parameters of the system components. The study is applied to WER systems specifically designed as bottoming cycles to ICE for transport applications. However, the method is quite general and makes the model easily adaptable to different heat sources. A steady state thermodynamic model of the system is developed via the software MATLAB. A wide variety of organic fluids (OF), such as R245fa, Solkatherm (SES36) and hexane have been investigated to identify the candidate which offers the best recovery opportunity. Regeneration is also included in this work. Results show that recover thermal energy in the regenerator is an essential method to improve power recovery when applying ORC to WER systems. The effect of superheating on the system power output has been investigated as well. It is capable to increase the cycle power output only when coupled with regeneration. The paper shows that the addition of a bottoming ORC to the ICE is convenient both in terms of recovered electric power (up to 14% of the engine nameplate power) and heat source utilization rate (up to 11 % heat source conversion into electricity). In addition, it is shown that water offers lower performance with respect to organic fluids when considering single stage radial expanders.

A contamination of soft drinks in sealed bottles by organic solvents is reported: closed bottles full of soft drinks were accidentally placed on a cardboard soaked with thinner and the organic fluid subsequently fissured the bottom of the bottles and penetrated into the soft drinks without any apparent leakage of the soft drinks. Experiments were carried out to simulate the process: the penetration of different organic solvents into soft drinks through the bottom of closed bottles was tested. The penetration occurred only when the closed bottles contained carbonated soft drinks (CSD), indicating that inner pressure is a necessary condition for the fissuring of the bottles. This paper discusses environmental stress cracking of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by organic solvents and migration of chemicals to CSD. Experiments were conducted to determine the conditions in which PET can be permeable to poisoning organic products.

This report describes the analytical techniques used to characterize the organic fluid components of certain magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) which had been subjected to durability testing. Samples of MRF subjected to 540 and 108 h of service in a MRF fan clutch on a test stand were characterized along with neat and unused materials for comparison. The results indicated a surprising lack of oxidation of the poly-α-olefin (PAO) with only a small decrease in the molecular weight of one of the oligomers of the mixture. An increased amount of olefinic bonds was detected in the used fluid which suggests a mechanism for some of the chemical changes observed in the material.

Power systems based on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology have been recognized as one of the most promising solutions in converting low- and medium-temperature heat into electricity. In this paper, experimental results of the utilization of charge air heat by means of ORC are presented. The experimental setup consists of a 1.6 MWe diesel engine and an ORC process utilizing charge air heat in which the turbine-generator has been replaced with an expansion valve. Thus, no mechanical or electrical power was extracted from the system and the primary focus of the experiments was to study the performance of the evaporator acting as a charge air cooler. The studied working fluids were R245fa and isopentane. The test runs were carried out at full engine load and at engine part loads. In addition, transient tests were carried out. Based on the measured values the ORC utilizing charge air heat was evaluated to be capable to increase the power output of the test engine by 2%.

A prototype reactor for heterogeneous hydrodynamic coagulation of emulsions was developed and tested. The efficiency of coagulation of water emulsions of some organic liquids was studied in relation to process conditions.

ArF immersion lithography using a high-refractive-index fluid (HIF) is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for hp38nm or below. We have developed JSR HIL-001 and HIL-002 as new immersion fluids, the refractive index and transmittance of which are 1.64, >98%/mm and 1.65, >99%/mm (193.4nm, 23&deg:C), respectively. Using HIL-001 immersion and a two-beam interferometric exposure tool, hp30nm imaging has been demonstrated. However, despite the remarkable advances of recent HIF research, there is still a lot of issue about whether an organic fluid can be used in immersion lithography, since optical and photochemical behaviors of organic fluids at ArF wavelength have not been well understood so far. Besides, cost and disposal issues will be encountered when the organic immersion fluid is substituted for water. In this paper, we will address such problems by reporting our updated results on research of JSR HILs.

Stable organic fluid containing silver nanoparticles modified by extractant Cyanex 301 (di‐(2, 4, 4‐trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid) has been prepared directly in alkane by the solvent extraction‐reduction method. Ag+ is extracted into alkane by Cyanex 301, then the obtained Ag+‐Cyanex 301 complex is reduced with solid sodium borohydride to obtain the organic fluids containing Ag nanoparticles. The organic fluids are so stable that the nanoparticles do not precipitate at room temperature for more than two months when the concentration of Ag nanoparticles is about 0.10 mol L−1. The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD, TEM, IR, UV‐Vis, and TG‐DTG, showing that Ag nanoparticles are well modified by the extractant. The obtained Ag nanoparticles can be dispersed well in organic solvent again, and the new fluids are very stable in air. The loading concentrations decrease with increase of solvent polarity.

The motility outcomes of boar semen frozen with newly developed freezing techniques using a new unique freezing technology (UFT) compared with traditional liquid nitrogen methodology were investigated with the intent of improving current fertility outcomes using semen. The UFT is an electronically controlled cooling chamber that houses an organic fluid bath that can be maintained at temperatures below 0 degrees C without solidifying to freeze samples. Four ejaculates from four different boars were collected for this trial. Samples were handled consistently during the pre- and post-freeze processing. From each ejaculate, samples were separated into eight cryopreservation treatment groups, six UFT variations and two control liquid nitrogen groups, immediately before freezing, in replicates of two. After the initial cryopreservation was complete, all samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 48 h. Post-thaw motilities and original motility return percentages were assessed on a random, individual-sample basis. After the initial evaluations, samples from two boars were recollected and frozen using the UFT for breeding purposes. Four sows were bred with the UFT frozen semen to confirm fertility capability. When assessing the individual UFT techniques, all of six UFT techniques had improved post-thaw motilities. However, treatments F (micro = 29%, return micro = 37%) and J (micro = 27%, return micro = 34%) showed the highest statistical improvement for post-thaw (p < 0.05) and original motility percent returns (p < 0.05) when compared with either the control cryo-tube (micro = 15%, return micro = 19%) or straw groups (micro = 12%, return micro = 16%). The UFT semen had a 50% conception rate, with an average of seven piglets from the sows that farrowed. Our preliminary data suggest a higher motility return with a slower pre-freeze phase below the freezing point before the acceleration to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The preliminary data suggest that the UFT could be utilized as a potential cryopreservation option for boar semen.