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Suboptimal nutrient quality/quantity during complementary feeding (CF) can impact negatively on infants’ healthy growth, even with adequate energy intake. CF must supplement at best human milk (HM) or formulas, which show nutritional differences. Considering this, a differentiated CF is probably advisable to correctly satisfy the different nutritional needs. To assess whether current needs at 6–24 months of age can still be met by one single CF scheme or different schemes are needed for breastfed vs. formula/cow’s milk (CM) fed infants, protein, iron and calcium intakes were assessed from daily menus using the same type and amount of solid food, leaving same amounts of HM and follow-up formula at 9 and again 18 months of age, when unmodified CM was added. Depending on the child’s age, calcium- and iron-fortified cereals or common retail foods were used. The single feeding scheme keeps protein intake low but higher than recommended, in HM-fed children while in formula/CM-fed ones, it achieves much higher protein intakes. Iron Population Recommended Intake (PRI) and calcium Adequate Intakes (AI) are met at the two ages only when a formula is used, otherwise, calcium-fortified cereals are needed. ESPGHAN statements on the futility of proposing different CF schemes according to the milk type fed do not allow to fully meet the nutritional recommendations issued by major Agencies/Organizations/Societies for all children of these age groups.

Human need balanced nutrition to grow up. It contained various nutrients namely energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Data from the Ministry of Health, the proportion of overweight in adults above 18 years old on 2018 amounted to 13%, while data from Basic Health Research mentions that adults with nutritional deficiencies amounted to 12.6%. This shows that many adults do not pay attention to the food with balanced nutrition that can lead to obesity and nutritional deficiencies. To prevent this, it can be done by eating healthy food that contains enough calories. Someone needs different calories according to the age, height, weight, gender and physical activity. To optimize the level of calory that being consumed daily, we use Genetic Algorithm to obtain more menus with higher calory, the menu will be divided into breakfast, lunch, and dinner, in accordance to the recommended nutritional needs. From this study using Genetic Algorithms, there is an average increase in the number of calories by 88 kcal, from 1037 kcal to 1123 kcal, and there is one chromosome that satisfies the recommended calorie requirement, which is 1,849 kcal.

Despite recent advances, the causes of and effective therapies for pediatric chronic cholestatic diseases remain elusive, and many patients progress to liver failure and need liver transplantation. Malnutrition is a common complication in these patients and is a well-recognized, tremendous challenge for the clinician. We undertook a narrative review of both recent and relevant older literature, published during the last 20 years, for studies linking nutrition to pediatric chronic cholestasis. The collected data confirm that malnutrition and failure to thrive are associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality, and they also affect the outcomes of liver transplantation, including long-term survival. Malnutrition in children with chronic liver disease is multifactorial and with multiple potential nutritional deficiencies. To improve life expectancy and the quality of life, patients require careful assessments and appropriate management of their nutritional statuses by multidisciplinary teams, which can identify and/or prevent specific deficiencies and initiate appropriate interventions. Solutions available for the clinical management of these children in general, as well as those directed to specific etiologies, are summarized. We particularly focus on fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and malnutrition due to fat malabsorption. Supplemental feeding, including medium-chain triglycerides, essential fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and the extra calories needed to overcome the consequences of anorexia and high energy requirements, is reviewed. Future studies should address the need for further improving commercially available and nutritionally complete infant milk formulae for the dietary management of this fragile category of patients. The aid of a specialist dietitian, educational training regarding nutritional guidelines for stakeholders, and improving family nutritional health literacy appear essential.

International audience; In France, the evolution of dietary pattern relative to sustainability and global health remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to assess dietary changes during 1998-2015 through three generic metrics potentially related to sustainability. Food consumption data were collected from three French National Individual Study of Food Consumption surveys (INCA) for children (0-17 years) and adults (18-79 years) representative of the French population. The consumed foods were converted into plant (metric 1) and non-ultra-processed (UPF, metric 2) calories, and analyzed in meeting dietary recommended intakes (metric 3). French children and adults consumed high levels of animal and UPF calories, and nutrient deficiencies were observed in adults from the 2015 survey, e.g., fiber, EPA, DHA, magnesium, retinol, and vitamin C. In children, UPF daily calories increased from 42.8 to 45.5% and decreased in adults from 39.2 to 35.0%. In children and adults, diet revegetation was observed. While the level of physical activity decreased, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence increased in French adults. The French dietary pattern is not sustainable for global health unless public health policy is reinforced, with at least a twofold decrease in animal and UPF calories and improved food diversity.

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is USDA’s third-largest food assistance program. The program provides supplemental foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding support, and healthcare referrals at no charge to low-income and nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women, as well as infants and children up to age 5.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar as evidências científicas que reportem o período de início da nutrição enteral na população pediátrica vítima de queimadura e seus achados. Métodos: Revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos clínicos randomizados comparando nutrição enteral precoce e nutrição enteral tardia em indivíduos de 1 mês de idade a 18 anos com queimaduras. As bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library foram acessadas utilizando os termos "burns", "fires", "child nutrition disorders", "nutritional support" e termos relacionados. Resultados: Três artigos foram identificados, sendo incluídos 781 pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de mortalidade entre os grupos precoce e tardio (RC = 0,72; IC95% 0,46 - 1,15; p = 0,17). Pacientes que receberam nutrição enteral precoce tiveram o tempo de internação reduzido em 3,69 dias (diferença média = -3,69; IC95% -4,11 - -3,27; p < 0,00001). Houve maior incidência de diarreia e vômito, além de diminuição da permeabilidade intestinal no grupo precoce. Esse grupo também apresentou concentração maior de insulina sérica e relação insulina/glucagon, além de menor déficit calórico e perda ponderal em comparação com o grupo controle. Conclusão: As análises das diferentes variáveis intragrupos sugerem a importância de iniciar o suporte nutricional de forma precoce. A necessidade de estudos robustos com maior impacto científico é importante, considerando o número de casos de queimaduras em pacientes pediátricos. ABSTRACT Objective: To review the scientific evidence regarding the initiation of enteral nutrition in the pediatric burn population. Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing early enteral nutrition and late enteral nutrition in individuals aged 1 month to 18 years with burns. The MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the terms "burns", "fires", "child nutrition disorders", "nutritional support" and related terms. Results: Three articles that included a total of 781 patients were identified. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate between the early and late groups (OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.46 - 1.15, p = 0.17). Patients who received early enteral nutrition had a 3.69-day reduction in the length of hospital stay (mean difference = -3.69, 95%CI = -4.11 - -3.27, p < 0.00001). There was a higher incidence of diarrhea and vomiting and decreased intestinal permeability in the early group. This group also presented higher a serum insulin concentration and insulin/glucagon ratio as well as lower caloric deficit and weight loss when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Analysis of the different intragroup variables suggests the importance of starting nutritional support early. Considering the number of pediatric burn patients, there is a need for robust studies with greater scientific impact.

Prema svojim željama i ciljevima svaka žena bira vrstu i intenzitet treninga kako bi postigla određeni rezultat iz razloga kao što su zdravlje ili fizički izgled. Uz plan treninga žene koje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću moraju imati i program prehrane jer hrana treba zadovoljiti nutritivne potrebe žene tijekom treninga i oporavka mišića. Odnosno, hrana treba osigurati dovoljno energije i zadovoljiti potrebe svih nutrijenata. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati imaju li žene koje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću zdrave prehrambene navike te uvidjeti povezanost s prehrambenim navikama njihove djece kroz anketni upitnik. Na odabir hrane uvelike utječu prehrambene navike samih roditelja, najviše majki, a poznato je da su upravo roditelji uzori svojoj djeci. Žene koje su sudjelovale u anketom upitniku polaznice su sportskog centra u Osijeku. Kroz upitnik je proučavana svjesnost i znanje žena o pravilnoj prehrani. Uz istražene zdravstvene dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti, sve veći broj istraživanja ukazuje na psihološke, društvene, ekonomske i ekološke dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti. No nije dovoljno razvijena svijest ljudi oko dobrobiti koje pruža bavljenje tjelesnom aktivnošću koja je uvelike povezana s prehranom kako bi konačan rezultat bio pozitivan. Ranijim istraživanjem je utvrđena veza između tjelesne aktivnosti i prehrane, osobe koje više vježbaju unose manje masnu hranu i unose više mikronutrijenata. Većina ispitanica razumije značaj koji pravilna prehrana ima za zdravlje, ali nedovoljno znanje uzrokuje neadekvatan način prehrane. Svaka osoba treba svakodnevno voditi brigu o prehrani te u budućnosti treba ulagati velike napore kako bi se promijenile navike istih s ciljem postizanja pozitivnog utjecaja na zdravlje i kvalitetnije izvedbe vježbi. According to their wishes and goals, each woman chooses the type and intensity of the training to achieve a particular result for reasons such as health or physical appearance. In addition to the women's physical activity training program, they must have a nutrition program because they need to meet the nutritional needs during training and muscle recovery. That is, food should provide enough energy and meet the needs of all nutrients. The aim of this paper is to examine whether women are engaged in physical activity of healthy eating habits through a questionnaire survey. As far as the diet of children is concerned with food choices, they are largely affected by the nutritional habits of their parents, the most mothers, and it is well known that the parents are role models to their children. The women who participated in the questionnaire survey are participants of the sports centre in Osijek. Through the questionnaire, the woman's awareness and knowledge of proper nutrition was studied. Along with the well-researched health benefits of physical activity, an increasing number of researches point to the psychological, social, economic and ecological benefits of physical activity. However, people's awareness of well-being provided by physical activity that is largely related to nutrition is not well-developed so that the final outcome is positive. Earlier research has established a link between physical activity and nutrition, persons who exercise more intake less fatty foods and intake more micronutrients. Most respondents understand the importance that proper nutrition has for health, but inadequate knowledge causes inadequate diet. Everyone should take care of the diet every day, and in the future, great efforts must be made to change their habits in order to achieve a positive impact on health and better performance exercises.

Purpose of review: Any critical care therapy requires individual adaptation, despite standardization of the concepts supporting them. Among these therapies, nutrition care has been repeatedly shown to influence clinical outcome. Individualized feeding is the next needed step towards optimal global critical care. Recent findings: Both underfeeding and overfeeding generate complications and should be prevented. The long forgotten endogenous energy production, maximal during the first 3 to 4 days, should be integrated in the nutrition plan, through a slow progression of feeding, as full feeding may result in early overfeeding. Accurate and repeated indirect calorimetry is becoming possible thanks to the recent development of a reliable, easy to use and affordable indirect calorimeter. The optimal timing of the prescription of the measured energy expenditure values as goal remains to be determined. Optimal protein prescription remains difficult as no clinically available tool has yet been identified reflecting the body needs. Summary: Although energy expenditure can now be measured, we miss indicators of early endogenous energy production and of protein needs. A pragmatic ramping up of extrinsic energy provision by nutrition support reduces the risk of overfeeding-related adverse effects.

To review the scientific evidence regarding the initiation of enteral nutrition in the pediatric burn population.This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing early enteral nutrition and late enteral nutrition in individuals aged 1 month to 18 years with burns. The MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the terms "burns", "fires", "child nutrition disorders", "nutritional support" and related terms.Three articles that included a total of 781 patients were identified. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate between the early and late groups (OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.46 - 1.15, p = 0.17). Patients who received early enteral nutrition had a 3.69-day reduction in the length of hospital stay (mean difference = -3.69, 95%CI = -4.11 - -3.27, p0.00001). There was a higher incidence of diarrhea and vomiting and decreased intestinal permeability in the early group. This group also presented higher a serum insulin concentration and insulin/glucagon ratio as well as lower caloric deficit and weight loss when compared to the control group.Analysis of the different intragroup variables suggests the importance of starting nutritional support early. Considering the number of pediatric burn patients, there is a need for robust studies with greater scientific impact.Revisar as evidências científicas que reportem o período de início da nutrição enteral na população pediátrica vítima de queimadura e seus achados.Revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos clínicos randomizados comparando nutrição enteral precoce e nutrição enteral tardia em indivíduos de 1 mês de idade a 18 anos com queimaduras. As bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library foram acessadas utilizando os termos "burns", "fires", "child nutrition disorders", "nutritional support" e termos relacionados.Três artigos foram identificados, sendo incluídos 781 pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de mortalidade entre os grupos precoce e tardio (RC = 0,72; IC95% 0,46 - 1,15; p = 0,17). Pacientes que receberam nutrição enteral precoce tiveram o tempo de internação reduzido em 3,69 dias (diferença média = -3,69; IC95% -4,11 - -3,27; p0,00001). Houve maior incidência de diarreia e vômito, além de diminuição da permeabilidade intestinal no grupo precoce. Esse grupo também apresentou concentração maior de insulina sérica e relação insulina/glucagon, além de menor déficit calórico e perda ponderal em comparação com o grupo controle.As análises das diferentes variáveis intragrupos sugerem a importância de iniciar o suporte nutricional de forma precoce. A necessidade de estudos robustos com maior impacto científico é importante, considerando o número de casos de queimaduras em pacientes pediátricos.

A nutrição na lactação é de extrema importância e relaciona-se não só com o lactente mas também com a mãe, no caso do aleitamento materno. Com o presente trabalho procurou-se abordar a amamentação como a forma mais adequada para alimentar os lactentes durante os primeiros meses da sua vida e também as formulações comerciais aplicáveis quando esta forma de alimentação não é possível. Foram ainda abordadas as necessidades nutricionais do lactente e da mãe que amamenta, bem como a gradual introdução de alimentos sólidos como complemento da alimentação com leite. Da pesquisa elaborada foi possível verificar que a principal conclusão se centra em torno da amamentação materna, tida como a alimentação ideal para o lactente durante os seus primeiros 6 meses de vida, já que fornece todos os nutrientes de que este necessita, posição esta defendida pela OMS, a UNICEF e o Ministério da Saúde. Verificou-se que os benefícios da amamentação são tão importantes para o bebé como para a mãe, sob o ponto de vista da saúde de ambos. Porém, os benefícios da amamentação não se esgotam aí, já que esta constitui sem dúvida um meio de fortalecer o vínculo entre mãe e filho. Nutrition for new-borns is of extreme importance and is related not only with the baby but also with the mother, in case of breastfeeding. The present work sought to address breastfeeding as the best way to feed infants during the first months of their life and even commercial formulations applicable when this form of feeding is not possible. We also discussed the nutritional needs of the infant and mother, as well as the gradual introduction of solid foods to supplement the diet with milk. By elaborating this research we found that the main conclusion is centred on breastfeeding, considered ideal for infants feeding during their first 6 months of life, as it provides all the nutrients it needs, this position advocated by WHO, UNICEF and the Ministry of Health. It was still found that the benefits of breastfeeding are so important for the baby as for the mother, from the point of view of the health of both. However, the benefits of breastfeeding do not end there, as this is certainly a way to strengthen the bond between mother and child. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin E on the concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum and its supply to the newborn. Method: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 99 healthy adult pregnant women; of these, 39 were assigned to the control group and 60 to the supplemented group. After an overnight fast, 5 mL of blood and 2 mL of colostrum were collected. After the first sampling (0 h milk), the supplemented group received 400 IU of supplementary vitamin E. Another 2 mL milk aliquot was collected in both groups 24 h after supplementation (24 h milk). The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The α-tocopherol content provided by colostrum was calculated by considering a daily intake of 396 mL of milk and comparing the resulting value to the recommended daily intake for infants aged 0-6 months (4 mg/day). Results: The initial mean concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum was 1509.3 ± 793.7 µg/dL in the control group and 1452.9 ± 808.6 µg/dL in the supplemented group. After 24 h, the mean α-tocopherol concentration was 1650.6 ± 968.7 µg/dL in the control group (p > 0.05) and 2346.9 ± 1203.2 µg/dL in the supplemented group (p < 0.001), increasing the vitamin E supply to the newborn to 9.3 mg/day. Initially, 18 women in the supplemented group provided colostrum α-tocopherol contents below 4 mg/day; after supplementation only six continued to provide less than the recommended amount. Conclusion: Maternal vitamin E supplementation increases the supply of the vitamin to the infant by providing more than twice the Recommended Daily Intake. Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação materna com vitamina E sobre a concentração de α-tocoferol no colostro e o fornecimento dessa para o recém-nascido. Método: O estudo clínico randomizado foi feito com 99 parturientes adultas e saudáveis, 39 alocadas no grupo controle e 60 no grupo suplementado. Após jejum noturno, foram coletados 5 mL de sangue e 2 mL de colostro das parturientes. Após a primeira coleta (leite 0 h), o grupo suplementado recebeu suplementação com 400 UI de vitamina E. Foi feita nova coleta de 2 mL de colostro, em ambos os grupos, 24 h após a suplementação (leite 24 h). As amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A quantidade de α-tocoferol fornecida pelo colostro foi considerada para uma ingestão diária de 396 mL de leite e comparada com a ingestão diária recomendada para crianças de 0 a 6 meses (4 mg/dia). Resultados: A concentração média inicial de α-tocoferol no colostro foi de 1.509,3 ± 793,7 µg/dL no grupo controle e 1.452,9 ± 808,6 µg/dL no grupo suplementado. Após 24 horas a concentração média de α-tocoferol no grupo controle foi de 1.650,6 ± 968,7 µg/dL (p > 0,05) e de 2.346,9 ± 1203,2 µg/dL (p < 0,001) no grupo suplementado. Aumentou-se assim a oferta de vitamina E para o recém-nascido para 9,3 mg/dia. Inicialmente 18 mulheres do grupo suplementado forneciam valores inferiores a 4 mg/dia de α-tocoferol em seu colostro, após suplementação apenas seis continuaram a fornecer quantidade inferior ao recomendado. Conclusão: A suplementação materna com vitamina E promove o aumento do fornecimento da vitamina para o recém-nascido e fornece mais do que o dobro da ingestão diária recomendada.

This technical report describes a case study on policy for adaptation to climate change delivered to DG-CLIMA. It is aimed at exploring climate change adaptation scenarios as well as concrete actions to increase climatic resilience in a small European island: Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain), the largest and most populated of the seven islands of the Canaries. The effects of climatic and non-climatic hazards on local population health and ecosystems are reviewed, such as heatwaves, air pollution and the atmospheric dust which comes from the Saharan dessert. The potential combination or overlapping effects of these hazards are also explored. According to the literature reviewed, heatwaves, air pollution, and Saharan dust events have been producing negative effects on the population, in terms of both morbidity and mortality, as well as the environment, such as forest fires related impacts. In terms of health impacts, elderly and people with chronic diseases are those more vulnerable to the previous hazards. As a consequence of both population ageing and the expected increasing extreme weather events, vulnerability is believed to worsen. There are currently a certain number of policies at both the Canary Islands scale and at Tenerife scale that, either directly or indirectly, might deal with the multiple hazards analysed here. However, most of these policies have neither been specifically developed to increase the resilience against heatwaves, Saharan dust events, and air pollution, nor to deal with their potential interactions. Therefore, their possible capability need to be explored along with other potential adaptation options. In order to do so, a participatory integrated assessment is proposed based on three steps: a first one intended to define the issue under analysis and frame the problematique of adaptation to climate change in Tenerife by means of in-depth interviews and a questionnaire; a second step envisioned to explore scenarios to increase the island resilience as well as concrete actions to reduce the vulnerability to heatwaves, Saharan dust intrusion, and air pollution, by means of focus group sessions; and a last step projected to build the scenarios for resilience (this third phase will be carried out in a later stage). For this purpose, different participatory techniques have been applied, such as questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group sessions, involving local key stakeholders as well as citizens and lay people. One of the findings of the analysis is that there is a lack of institutions in charge of climate change policy issues. According to most of the participants, the Islands need an institutional structure in charge of mainstreaming climate change policy into private and public institutions. A second finding indicates that an integrated climate change risk management plan is also needed as well as the investment in high-resolution regional climatic models. The following part of this study will be devoted to build scenarios for Tenerife. As it emerged from the present study, local citizens are not only concerned about adaptation to climate change, but also about how to be more resilient against external shocks, including extreme weather events as a consequence of climate change. Thus, those scenarios, still to be built, will propose paths that Tenerife may walk through from current times to 2040 in order to increase its resilience. These scenarios would concentrate on energy, agriculture, and food dependency, as well as other driving forces that might affect Tenerife’s resilience Este informe técnico describe un estudio de caso sobre la política de adaptación al cambio climático entregado a la DG-CLIMA. Su objetivo es explorar los escenarios de adaptación al cambio climático así como las acciones concretas para aumentar la resistencia climática en una pequeña isla europea: Tenerife, Islas Canarias (España), la mayor y más poblada de las siete islas de las Canarias. Se revisan los efectos de los peligros climáticos y no climáticos sobre la salud de la población local y los ecosistemas, como las olas de calor, la contaminación del aire y el polvo atmosférico procedente del desierto del Sahara. También se exploran los posibles efectos combinados o superpuestos de estos peligros. De acuerdo con la literatura revisada, las olas de calor, la contaminación del aire y el polvo sahariano han estado produciendo efectos negativos en la población, tanto en términos de morbilidad como de mortalidad, así como en el medio ambiente, tales como los impactos relacionados con los incendios forestales. En cuanto a los impactos sobre la salud, los ancianos y las personas con enfermedades crónicas son los más vulnerables a los peligros anteriores. Como consecuencia tanto del envejecimiento de la población como del aumento previsto de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, se cree que la vulnerabilidad empeorará. Actualmente existe un cierto número de políticas tanto a escala de las Islas Canarias como a escala de Tenerife que, directa o indirectamente, podrían abordar las múltiples amenazas aquí analizadas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estas políticas no se han desarrollado específicamente para aumentar la resiliencia frente a las olas de calor, los fenómenos de polvo sahariano y la contaminación atmosférica, ni para hacer frente a sus posibles interacciones. Por lo tanto, su posible capacidad debe ser explorada junto con otras opciones potenciales de adaptación. Para ello, se propone una evaluación participativa integrada basada en tres pasos: uno primero destinado a definir la cuestión analizada y enmarcar la problemática de la adaptación al cambio climático en Tenerife mediante entrevistas en profundidad y un cuestionario; un segundo paso previsto para explorar los escenarios para aumentar la resiliencia de la isla, así como acciones concretas para reducir la vulnerabilidad a las olas de calor, la intrusión de polvo sahariano y la contaminación atmosférica, mediante sesiones de grupos focales; y un último paso previsto para construir los escenarios de resiliencia (esta tercera fase se llevará a cabo en una etapa posterior). Para ello se han aplicado diferentes técnicas participativas, como cuestionarios, entrevistas en profundidad y sesiones de grupos focales, con la participación de los principales interesados locales, así como de ciudadanos y laicos. Una de las conclusiones del análisis es que hay una falta de instituciones a cargo de los temas de políticas de cambio climático. Según la mayoría de los participantes, las Islas necesitan una estructura institucional encargada de la incorporación de la política sobre el cambio climático en las instituciones públicas y privadas. Una segunda conclusión indica que también se necesita un plan de gestión integrada de los riesgos del cambio climático, así como la inversión en modelos climáticos regionales de alta resolución. La siguiente parte de este estudio estará dedicada a la construcción de escenarios para Tenerife. Tal y como se desprende del presente estudio, los ciudadanos locales no sólo están preocupados por la adaptación al cambio climático, sino también por la forma de ser más resistentes a los impactos externos, incluidos los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos como consecuencia del cambio climático. Así, estos escenarios, aún por construir, propondrán caminos que Tenerife podrá recorrer desde la época actual hasta el año 2040 para aumentar su resiliencia. Estos escenarios se concentrarían en la energía, la agricultura y la dependencia alimentaria, así como en otras fuerzas motrices que podrían afectar a la resiliencia de Tenerife.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los niveles de proteína bruta y energía metabolizable sobre las características de calidad del huevo de codornices japonesas. Fueron utilizados 864 huevos de codornices, procedentes de un ensayo con diseño experimental completamente al azar, en arreglo factorial 4x4, cuatro niveles de energía metabolizable, (2750, 2850, 2950 y 3050 kcal EM/kg) y cuatro niveles de proteína bruta, PB (17.5, 19.0, 20.5 y 22.0%) con tres repeticiones. Fueron tomadas seis muestras de tres huevos por unidad experimental a intervalos de cuatro semanas. Los niveles de proteína y de energía no influyeron las variables estudiadas (P>0.05). En conclusión dietas con niveles de 17.5 hasta 22% de PB y 2750 hasta 3050 kcalEM/kg energía no afectan las características de calidad del huevo. This work was aimed at evaluating the effect of raw protein and metabolisable energy levels on characteristics regarding Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) egg quality. A completely randomised experimental design involved using 864 quail eggs in a trial having a 4x4 factorial arrangement, four levels of metabolisable energy (2,750, 2,850, 2,950 and 3,050 kcal EM/kg) and four levels of raw protein (RP) (17.5, 19.0, 20.5 and 22.0%) with three repeats. Six samples of three eggs per experimental unit were taken at four-weekly intervals. Protein and energy levels did not influence the variables studied here (p>0.05). Diets having 17.5% to 22% RP and 2,750 to 3,050 kcal EM/kg energy levels thus did not affect egg quality characteristics. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável sobre as características da qualidade de ovo de codornas japonesas. Foram utilizados 864 ovos de codorna, a partir de um estudo realizado em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x4, quatro níveis de energia metabolizável (2750, 2850, 2950 e 3050 kcal EM/kg) e quatro níveis de proteína bruta, PB (17,5; 19,0; 20,5; e 22,0%), com três repetições. Seis amostras foram retiradas de três ovos por unidade experimental, com intervalos de quatro semanas. Os níveis de proteína e de energia não influenciaram as variáveis estudadas (P> 0,05). Em conclusão dietas contendo 17,5-22% de PB e 2750-3050 kcalEM/kg de energia não afetam as características de qualidade dos ovos.

Hrana je neophodna za održavanje svih funkcija organizma a pravilna prehrana djece je izuzetno važna zbog ubrzanog rasta i razvoja, odnosno povećane potrebe za energijom i hranjivim tvarima. Prehrambene navike se stvaraju u djetinjstvu, a djeca koja se u ranoj dobi nauče jesti vode, povrće i cjelovite žitarice imaju manji rizik obolijevanja od srčanih bolesti, dijabetesa tipa II, karcinoma i drugih bolesti povezanih s pretilošću. Prehrana koja je nedostatna ili nepravilna može nepovoljno utjecati na rast i razvoj, no s druge strane, prekomjerno uzimanje hrane te nepravilan omjer prehrambenih tvari mogu utjecati na stvaranje pretilosti te pridonijeti pojavi niza kroničnih bolesti u kasnijoj životnoj dobi. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati prehrambene i životne navike djece predškolske dobi na području grada Našica i okolice te utvrditi u kojoj je mjeri prehrana djece u skladu sa smjernicama zdrave prehrane. Istraživanje je provedeno u obliku kratkog anketnog upitnika na ukupno 179 djece predškolske dobi, koji je podijeljen roditeljima u vrtićima. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da djeca predškolske dobi imaju zadovoljavajuće prehrambene navike i hrane se raznoliko, iako je relativno nizak unos voća i povrća. Također, rezultati su pokazali da većina djece brzu hranu i gazirana pića konzumiraju vrlo rijetko. Food is necessary for maintaining physiological needs of the organism and the proper nutrition of children important because accelerated growth and development of children and increased energy needs and nutritional substances. Eating habits are formed in childhood, and children who are at an early age learn to eat fruits, vegetables, whole grains and similar have a lower risk of heart diseases, diabetes type II, cancer and other diseases associated with obesity. A diet that is deficient or improper can adversely affect the growth and development, but on the other side, evereating and incorrect ratio of nutrients could contribute to the obesity and appears of many chronic diseases later in life. Objective of this study was to investigate dietary habits and lifestyle of preschool children in the city of Našice and surrounding, and the extend to which children's nutrition in accordance with the guidelines of healthy eating. Research was conducted in the form of short questionnaire at 179 preschool children, which is divided parents in kindergarten. The results showed that preschool children have a satisfactory eating habits and are feed a varied, although relatively low intake of fruits and vegetables several times a day, despite recommendations of the 5 a day. Also, the results showed that most children junk foods and fizzy drinks consumed very rarely.

The high prevalence of hospital protein-energy malnutrition is associated with several factors, including implemented dietary conducts. Most hospitalized patients receive oral diets as their only source of nutrition. Study objectives were to evaluate the consumption of oral diets, the presence of reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake, and the evolution of the nutritional status of adult patients admitted to the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC-UFU). It was also objective of the study, analyze the general oral diet (GOD) served to inpatients in HC-UFU. The study was prospective, observational and descriptive for the inpatients, and prospective, descriptive, with semi-quantitative/qualitative approach for the food of the hospital GOD. Patients were included in the first 48 hours of hospitalization and maintained in follow-up throughout the period of hospital stay in the internal medicine ward. The supply, intake, minimum and adjusted energy needs (MEN; AEN) and minimum and adjusted protein needs (MPN; APN), and the reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake were assessed daily using the 24h Food Record form. The nutritional status of patients was assessed by anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). GOD was evaluated during 28 consecutive days, it was performed the weighing of each food served in the styrofoam lunch boxes of the lunch (n=3/day) and dinner (n=3/day) of the four implemented menus. The food options served in snacks (breakfast, afternoon snack and dinner) were not heavy because the portions are standard and known. Tables of nutritional composition were used to calculate the total energy value (TEV) and the energy distribution of macronutrients (percentage) of the food meals served daily, as well as to quantify the portions of foods from different food groups. Twenty-three patients who did not have a classification of malnutrition in the first 48 hours of hospitalization (SGA A) were included in the study, it corresponded to 204 days of follow-up. The supplied oral diets were sufficient to meet the AEN in 148 days (72.5%) and the APN in 80 days (39.2%). Dietary intake was insufficient to meet the AEN in 100 days (49%) and the APN in 156 days (76%). The mean intake of energy and/or protein was lower than the MEN and MPN for 7 patients (30.4%) and smaller than the AEN and APN for 21 patients (91.3%). A large number of reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake (n=1193) were reported, of which 1119 (93.8%) was present in food records of days in which food intake was below that adjusted need. The most common reasons were \"fasting\" (27.1%), \"lack of appetite\" (18.1%), \"satiety\" (13.4%) and \"sensory characteristics of food\" (9.1%). At the end of the follow-up period, one patient changed the classification of nutritional status of AGS A to AGS B, and 16 patients (69.6%) showed loss of body weight (-1.4±1.2kg). Negative associations were observed for \"difference between total energy intake and AEN\" and the number of \"reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake\" (  =-0.7268; p-value

The study covered a wide range of topics, making data collection especially challenging. Key informants were sometimes new to their posts and were unable to provide details on specific programs, policies, or coverage rates. Few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean mainstream into their crisis and emergency plans protection of the nutritional status of mothers and children in the first 1,000 days of life. All countries should reinforce the promotion and protection of breastfeeding in emergencies, notably by providing an enabling space for mothers to safely breastfeed their children and by managing the provision of artificial milk formula. It is concerning that during emergencies most countries provide powdered artificial formula instead of ready-to-use artificial milk formula to infants that cannot breastfeed, greatly increasing the risks of illnesses and malnutrition as a result of inappropriate dilution and unsafe water. All countries need to reinforce their monitoring and evaluation systems, including surveillance of food and nutrition insecurity. While most countries have some form of monitoring system, few of those systems are computerized, which impairs timely and informed decision making. Systematic evaluations of emergency and crisis response are seldom performed. A number of countries would benefit from updating their nutrition policy and protocols based on the latest available evidence. Of particular importance are updates to the prevention and treatment of micronutrient deficiencies with micronutrient powders; treatment of acute malnutrition, notably with the use of ready-to-use supplements; and efficient treatment of diarrhea through the use of oral rehydration solution and zinc. Most countries will benefit from adapting the food and water rations given in emergencies to the specific nutritional needs of pregnant and lactating women and children

This section describes the priority nutrition interventions and cross-cutting approaches that are essential to promote and protect the nutritional status of mothers and children as well as a country's human capital in the short-, medium-, and long-terms. The main thrust of the guidance is that: (1) policies give special attention to the critical 'window of opportunity' represented by the first 1,000 days of life; (2) policies are aligned with the latest international recommendations in nutrition; (3) policies and interventions of key sectors are coordinated to provide synergy of action; and (4) resources allocated for disaster prevention and emergency management are invested in the most cost-effective way. Monitoring is a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information to better understand how well a program is operating against expected outputs and to allow remedial intervention to correct failures. Situation monitoring measures the change or lack of change, in a condition or a set of conditions and includes monitoring of the wider context. Performance monitoring, on the other hand, measures progress in achieving specific results in relation to an implementation plan. Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment that attempts to determine the worth or significance of an intervention, strategy, or policy. It is used to appraise the effectiveness of an intervention to determine if it meets its goals, to estimate its results or impact, and to identify its costs vs. its benefits. Promote optimal breastfeeding practices. Provide all pregnant women with daily iron-folic acid supplements for at least six months. Provide deforming treatment to pregnant women, preschool-aged children, and school-aged children in areas where hookworms or soil-transmitted helminthes are prevalent. Establish strong links between agricultural, food security, social protection and nutrition policies that can be used to inform a robust communication program regarding maternal diet and critical infant and young child feeding practices. Support diversified agricultural production to increase availability of nutrient-dense foods, particularly those of animal sources.

The nutrition cluster is a very important entity to coordinate actions during emergencies. It is important that the nutrition cluster know in advance which institutions work where and what kind of inputs are pre-positioned. Risk management plans need to be ready at the local level in advance of emergencies. Although emergencies occur every year in Guatemala, the emergency response often fails to incorporate the management of malnutrition among its priority actions. Community programs, like AIN-C (a community- based child care program - atencion integral a la ninez comunitaria), can be an efficient mechanism to protect young children's nutrition and provide an important channel for the government or other assistance agencies to funnel support to communities in need during a period of crisis or emergency. This is because community workers know the families and those who are most vulnerable; they are willing to be called upon to help their community; and they can provide educational support to families to ensure rapid recovery among young children. Community-based growth promotion programs such as AIN-C can be strengthened and scaled up, and they are a good investment, in the aftermath of an emergency or during a time of economic crisis, to swiftly deliver services to affected families. Community agents can carry important information to the community and can distribute food, nutrition and health supplements such as micronutrient powders and oral rehydration salts for young children, as well as hygiene and water purification products. Community kitchens are an efficient approach to reduce hunger among the poor during times of high economic stress. They provide a social safety net and can have a nutrition effect when carefully planned. Community kitchens adjust to the labor market and general economic conditions; hence targeting of the poor and most in need through community kitchens is self-selective. The kitchens can expand and shrink as participants continually assess the trade-off between unpaid work in exchange for free or inexpensive meals and the pursuit of opportunities in the labor market.

Direct cash transfers for vulnerable elderly and disabled populations have been provided by the Ministry of Social Welfare (Kementerian Sosial, Kemensos) since 2006; a similar cash transfer for at-risk youth was inaugurated in 2009. The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) pro-poor development initiatives, international agreements and domestic laws and regulations, and considerable experience delivering more general social assistance programs led to the creation of cash transfers for these historically neglected and difficult-to-reach groups. These programs Jaminan Sosial Lanjut Usia (JSLU), Jaminan Sosial Paca Berat (JSPACA), and program Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak (PKSA) for the elderly, disabled, and youth respectively transfer cash directly to beneficiaries. They account for increasing shares of the Kemensos overall budget, but subsidies directed to care and rehabilitation facilities as well as direct provision of institutional care still account for a noticeable portion of the Kemensos budget for these groups. Program support operations socialization and outreach; allocation, targeting and prioritization; monitoring and evaluation; and complaints and grievances have very small budgets and depend crucially on cooperation and enthusiasm from local governments and facilitators. A full range of safeguarding activities is spelled out in program guidelines but these have not been institutionalized at the local implementation level. There is variation in the content, methods, frequency, completion rates, and outcomes in all safeguarding activities, and no easy-to-use reporting process that would ensure information from implementation level reaches the central funding and policy agency, Kemensos. The note summarizes quantitative and qualitative evidence in order to build a sound foundation for evaluating the cash transfer programs JSLU, JSPACA, and PKSA provided by Kemensos. The evidence on which the evaluation is based here is composed primarily of first-hand observation of the programs in operation. Where possible information collected from administrative records, including monitoring and evaluation reports, and from Kemensos itself, is summarized. Design features, efficiency and effectiveness of program implementation and operation, and impacts (intended or not) the program produces for beneficiaries are all analyzed in as much detail as possible. Current policy planning within Kemensos assumes expansion of these programs in the coming years, so an evaluation of the programs' features is relevant for Indonesian policymakers and stakeholders.

This toolkit is the first of its kind to provide information on promoting and protecting the nutritional status of mothers and children in crises and emergencies. Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to major crises and emergencies. This toolkit aims to improve the resilience of the most vulnerable in times of intensified nutritional needs, most notably pregnant and lactating mothers as well as children less than two years of age. Its principal objective is to offer countries, when faced with the transition from stable times into and out of crisis, clear guidance on how to safeguard the nutritional status of mothers and children during times of stability, crisis, and emergency. The principal objective of this toolkit is to offer clear guidance, in a single-source compilation, that will assist countries in safeguarding the nutritional status of mothers and children during times of stability, crisis, and emergency. It aims to inform changes in countries' policies and practices and to guide their attempts to deal with persistently high prevalence rates of malnutrition among their poorest, least educated, and indigenous populations. This toolkit has been crafted so that it can be readily used by non-nutrition specialists.

Introduction: Balance between the essential nutritive substances is important for a person to maintain health. The surgical patient can be stricken with conditions, which have a negative impact on this balance and can lead to malnutrition. Working as a nurse it is important to identify patients that are malnourished or is in the risk zone of malnourishment since 30 % of all patients in hospitals are malnourished. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the compliance to the guidelines for nutritional assessment and parenteral nutrition on a surgical ward. Also whether the nutritional treatment/-support was reported to the next caregivers if the patient was malnourished or was in the risk zone of malnourishment at the time of discharge. Method: 80 patients enrolled on the ward in the beginning of year 2011 were included. Audit of patient records was made according to the hospital guidelines for nutrition and parenteral nutrition and followed a study specific protocol. Results: The examination of the case records showed that the guidelines for nutrition were partly complied with. Nutritional treatment/-support was reported to the next caregivers when needed. Compliance to the guidelines for parenteral nutrition was deficient. Conclusion: The guidelines for nutritional assessment and parenteral nutrition are not used adequately. Introduktion: En stadig balans mellan de livsviktiga näringsämnena krävs för att en person ska kunna hålla sig frisk och för att kroppen ska fungera. Den kirurgiska patienten kan drabbas av tillstånd som har en negativ inverkan på denna balans och kan riskera att drabbas av malnutrition. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska identifiera de patienter som är malnutrierade eller är i riskzonen för att drabbas av malnutrition då 30 % av alla patienter som vårdas på sjukhus är malnutrierade. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om de riktlinjer som finns för nutritionsbedömning och parenteral nutrition följs på en kirurgisk vårdavdelning samt om nutritionsbehandlingen/-stödet rapporteras vidare till nästa vårdform då en malnutrierad patient/riskpatient för malnutrition skrivs ut. Metod: 70 patienter som var inskrivna på den aktuella avdelningen i början av år 2011 inkluderades i studien. En journalgranskning gjordes utifrån ett journalgranskningsprotokoll, där innehållet utgick från de nutritionsriktlinjer som finns för verksamhetsområdet för kirurgi samt riktlinjerna för parenteral nutrition. Resultat: Journalgranskningen visade att de riktlinjer som finns för nutrition följs till viss del. Vad gäller rapportering av nutritionsbehandling/-stöd till nästa vårdgivarform görs detta då det är aktuellt. Följsamheten till riktlinjerna för parenteral nutrition var det som var mest bristfälligt. Slutsats: Riktlinjerna för nutritionsbedömning och parenteral nutrition följs inte i den utsträckning som det borde.

Although Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the worst nutrition indicators in the world, nutrition remains a low priority on the policy agendas of many African governments. This despite the fact that proven interventions are known and available and that investment in them is considered a cost-effective strategy for poverty reduction. This case study is one in a series seeking to understand (1) what keeps African governments from committing fully to reducing malnutrition, and (2) what is required for full commitment. It documents how the Ghanaian government has addressed the issue of malnutrition since Independence, examines what political and institutional factors have prevented full commitment, and identifies what conditions have moved the nutrition agenda forward at different points in time. The primary objective of this study as well as the series as a whole is to help African governments, development partners, and nutrition and health practitioners identify, understand and address the political and institutional obstacles preventing sustainable progress in nutrition.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico This study was made by conducting two experiments, with the objectives of evaluate the effect of different supplement quantities on intake, nutritional characteristics, efficiency on microbial synthesis, productivity, carcass characteristics, body composition and nutritional need of energy and protein in grazing steers, during the period of transition between rainy and dry season. In experiment 1 were used four Zebu-Dutch steers, not castrated, with initial average weight of 250 kg, fistulated in esophagus, rumen and abomasum. The offered supplement was formed by cotton meal 38% CP, triturated corn grain, mineral mixture and urea. The offered quantities were expressed in % of the body weight (% BW) and constituted the following treatments: reference (without supplement); 0,33 % BW; 0,66 % BW and 1 % BW. Was verified quadratic effect (P0,10) in relation to the supplement quantity. Linear increases (P0,10) in any of the treatments considering its digestibility. Linear increase (P0,10) by supplement quantities in relation to any of analyzed contrasts, presenting average value of 13,4 g CPmic/100 g TDN. Were verified effect of the supplementation (P0,10) of supplement quantities on carcass productivity in relation to BW and in relation to EBW. However, was verified effect of supplementation (P0,10) in relation to carcass length (CCA), neither in relation to the productivity of carcass commercial beefs, though. Muscle, fat and carcass ether extract percentage were not influenced by supplementation when were compared animals from reference group to animals from supplemented group. The carcass physics and the chemical composition were not altered (P0,10) pelas quantidades de suplemento, tanto quando foi estimada pelos derivados de purinas quanto determinada pelas bases purinas, sendo os valores médios de 13,68 e 13,20 g PBmic/100 g NDT, respectivamente. No experimento 2 utilizaram-se 22 bovinos anelorados não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 320 kg e idade de 18 meses. Três animais foram abatidos ao início do experimento para servirem como referência para as estimativas do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e da composição corporal inicial dos animais mantidos no experimento. Dos animais restantes, três foram designados ao grupo-mantença, com tempo de pastejo restrito a duas horas diárias, de forma a limitar o consumo de energia ao nível de mantença. Os demais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: mistura mineral (MM), 1 kg, 2 kg e 3 kg de suplemento ao dia. O suplemento oferecido teve composição semelhante ao descrito anteriormente. Os animais do tratamento-controle apresentaram maiores (P0,10) entre os tratamentos quanto à sua digestibilidade. Aumento linear (P0,10) pelas quantidades de suplemento para nenhum dos contrastes analisados, apresentando valor médio de 13,4 g PBmic/100 g NDT. Verificou-se efeito da suplementação (P0,10) dos níveis de suplementação sobre o rendimento da carcaça em relação ao PC e ao PCVZ. Contudo, verificou-se efeito da suplementação (P0,10) para o comprimento da carcaça (CCA). Não foi verificado efeito (P>0,10) da suplementação sobre os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais da carcaça. As porcentagens de músculo, gordura e EE da carcaça foram influenciadas (P0,10), quando foram comparadas as diferentes quantidades de suplemento. A relação obtida para a estimativa do PCVZ a partir do PC foi: PCVZ = PV*0,9078. Para a conversão das exigências de ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ) para exigências de ganho de peso corporal (GPC), utilizou-se o fator 0,9246 obtido pelos dados experimentais. As exigências líquidas de energia e proteína apresentaram, respectivamente, aumento e redução com o aumento do PC dos animais. Para um bovino com 400 kg de PC e GPCVZ de 1 kg/dia, as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína foram estimadas em 3,86 Mcal e 113,20 g, respectivamente. As exigências de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foram de 85 kcal/kg PCVZ0,75. As exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença foram estimadas em 130,08 kcal/kg PCVZ0,75, com uma eficiência de utilização de 24,60% para ganho (kg). A suplementação aumenta o consumo de matéria seca e de energia, promovendo, em consequência, aumento do ganho de peso dos animais. O consumo de suplemento influencia as principais características da carcaça, no entanto, não interfere no rendimento dos cortes nem da carcaça como um todo.

In Chile, the availability of poultry manure has recently increased as a result of expanding poultry production. The application of this organic waste on agricultural land is desirable since it not only helps recycle nutrients but also solves the problem of its disposal. A two year field study was undertaken to compare the effects of poultry litter (PL) and traditional mineral fertilizer on the growth of silage maize (Zea mays L.). The effects of adding mean annual PL rates of 10, 15 and 20 Mg haE-1, with and without mineral fertilizer, were compared with those of two rates of conventional mineral fertilizer and a control treatment (no fertilizer). Crop yield showed a positive response to the fertilized treatments and fluctuated between 26.30 and 37.13 Mg haE-1; values for the controls ranged between 17.12 and 23.80 Mg haE-1. The yield averages obtained with the PL treatments were 13.85 and 9.05 Mg haE-1 higher than the controls in the first and second year respectively. Nutrient uptake was similar with the PL and conventional fertilizer treatments. The mean of apparent efficiency of N recovery (AENR) for the PL treatments was higher than that of conventional fertilizer treatments, suggesting PL to be an appropriate N supply that suffers only small N losses. The highest AENR was obtained with the lowest PL dose, indicating this to be the most appropriate rate. In conclusion, PL is an efficient alternative to conventional mineral fertilizers for silage maize production. La disponibilidad de estiércol o cama de broiler (CB) en Chile ha aumentado, como resultado del incremento en la producción de carne de ave. La utilización de este residuo orgánico en la actividad agrícola es beneficiosa, contribuyendo al reciclaje de nutrientes y disminuyendo su acumulación en zonas de producción. Para comparar el efecto de la aplicación de CB y fertilizantes convencionales sobre la producción de maíz para ensilaje, se realizó un experimento de campo durante dos años consecutivos. Se comparó el efecto de la aplicación de CB en dosis de 10, 15 y 20 Mg haE-1, incluyendo en algunos casos la aplicación de nitrógeno, con la utilización de dos dosis de fertilizantes convencionales y un control sin fertilización. El rendimiento mostró una respuesta positiva a la fertilización, fluctuando entre 26,30 y 37,13 Mg haE-1; en tanto que en el control fluctuó entre 17,12 y 23,80 Mg haE-1. El rendimiento medio obtenido con la CB fue 13,85 y 9,05 Mg haE-1 mayor que el control sin fertilización para el primer y segundo año, respectivamente. La absorción de nutrientes fue similar entre los tratamientos con CB o fertilizantes convencionales. La eficiencia de recuperación aparente de N (AENR) media para los tratamientos con CB fue mayor que la obtenida con fertilización convencional, lo cual sugiere un suministro adecuado y bajo riesgo de pérdidas de N desde la CB. La mayor AENR se obtuvo con el uso de CB en baja dosis, resultando la más adecuada para este experimento. En conclusión, el uso de CB es una alternativa eficiente al uso de fertilizantes convencionales en el cultivo de maíz para ensilaje.

Lately, the variety of health -related research conducted in Estonia and elsewhere in the world, has been increased. The proportion of studies about right nutrition has increased especially, which shows that people are more aware and considered about the important link between diet and health. The aim of the research was to find out how young people evaluate their eating habits, what is their expertise in this field and what are the wishes and suggestions from them in relation to the nutrition information. In quantitative research for data collections were used surveys. The sample consisted of 131 young peole, aged 7-26 years.Young people eat mostly unhealthy. This is primarily due to bad habits, which is related to the fast-paced lifestyle. It can be said that the youth nutrition knowledge is good, but implementation in practice is poor.