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The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fill-in-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge, however, its usage is limited by the manual effort and guesswork required to write suitable prompts. To address this, we develop AutoPrompt, an automated method to create prompts for a diverse set of tasks, based on a gradient-guided search. Using AutoPrompt, we show that masked language models (MLMs) have an inherent capability to perform sentiment analysis and natural language inference without additional parameters or finetuning, sometimes achieving performance on par with recent state-of-the-art supervised models. We also show that our prompts elicit more accurate factual knowledge from MLMs than the manually created prompts on the LAMA benchmark, and that MLMs can be used as relation extractors more effectively than supervised relation extraction models. These results demonstrate that automatically generated prompts are a viable parameter-free alternative to existing probing methods, and as pretrained LMs become more sophisticated and capable, potentially a replacement for finetuning., v2: Fixed error in Figure 2

Specific features of visual objects innately draw approach responses in animals, and provide natural signals of potential reward. However, visual sampling behaviours and the detection of salient, rewarding stimuli are context and behavioural state-dependent and it remains unclear how visual perception and orienting responses change with specific expectations. To start to address this question, we employed a virtual stimulus orienting paradigm based on prey capture to quantify the conditional expression of visual stimulus-evoked innate approaches in freely moving mice. We found that specific combinations of stimulus features selectively evoked innate approach or freezing responses when stimuli were unexpected. We discovered that prey capture experience, and therefore the expectation of prey in the environment, selectively modified approach frequency, as well as altered those visual features that evoked approach. Thus, we found that mice exhibit robust and selective orienting responses to parameterized visual stimuli that can be robustly and specifically modified via natural experience. This work provides critical insight into how natural appetitive behaviours are driven by both specific features of visual motion and internal states that alter stimulus salience.

Romanian is a Romance language and it is not a widely spoken language. Twenty seven universities out of over eighty public and private universities in Romania offer the preparatory year for learning Romanian for foreign citizens. The present article focuses on methods of using English as a tool in teaching Romanian language for foreign students. It also provides recent theoretical literature and practice in the area of teaching methodology and approaches the issues arising while teaching Romanian language, using traditional methods: the direct method, grammar-translation, audio-lingual, the structural approach, total physical response, communicative language teaching, the silent way, community language learning, immersion, task-based language learning, the natural approach, the lexical syllabus, just to mention few of them suggested by Dave Willis.

In many practical situations, we need to make a group decision that takes into account preferences of all the participants. Ideally, we should elicit, from each participant, a full information about his/her preferences, but such elicitation is usually too time-consuming to be practical. Instead, we only elicit, from each participant, his/her ranking of different alternatives. One of the semi-heuristic methods for decision making under such information is Borda count, when for each alternative and each participant, we count how many alternatives are worse, and then select the alternatives for which the sum of these numbers is the largest. In this paper, we explain the empirical success of the Borda count technique by showing that this method naturally follows from the maximum entropy approach—a natural approach to decision making under uncertainty.

Specific features of visual objects innately draw orienting and approach responses in animals, and provide natural signals of potential reward. In addition, the rapid refinement of innate approach responses enhances the ability of an animal to effectively and conditionally forage, capture prey or initiate a rewarding social experience. However, the neural mechanisms underlying how the brain encodes naturally appetitive stimuli and conditionally transforms stimuli into approach behavior remain unclear. As a first step towards this goal, we have developed a behavioral assay to quantify innate, visually-evoked approach behaviors in freely moving mice presented with simple, computer generated stimuli of varying sizes and speeds in the lower visual field. We found that specific combinations of stimulus features selectively evoked innate approach versus freezing behavioral responses. Surprisingly, we also discovered that prey capture experience selectively modified a range of visually-guided appetitive behaviors, including increasing the probability of approach and pursuit of moving stimuli, as well as altering those visual features that evoked approach. These findings will enable the use of sophisticated genetic strategies to uncover novel neural mechanisms underlying predictive coding, innate behavioral choice, and flexible, state-dependent processing of stimuli in the mouse visual system. Highlights Novel stimuli with specific visual features reliably elicit an approach in C57BL/6J mice. Introduction of motion to stimuli makes freezing the most probable behavioral response. Spontaneous behavioral responses are tuned to size, speed and visual field location. Prey capture experience selectively refines natural, visually-evoked approach behaviors.

Predicting the properties of a material from the arrangement of its atoms is a fundamental goal in materials science. While machine learning has emerged in recent years as a new paradigm to provide rapid predictions of materials properties, their practical utility is limited by the scarcity of high-fidelity data. Here, we develop multi-fidelity graph networks as a universal approach to achieve accurate predictions of materials properties with small data sizes. As a proof of concept, we show that the inclusion of low-fidelity Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof band gaps greatly enhances the resolution of latent structural features in materials graphs, leading to a 22-45\% decrease in the mean absolute errors of experimental band gap predictions. We further demonstrate that learned elemental embeddings in materials graph networks provide a natural approach to model disorder in materials, addressing a fundamental gap in the computational prediction of materials properties.

Preface -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER: THE BRAIN AS BACKGROUND -- Right Brain/Left Brain -- The Theory of Leslie Hart -- CHAPTER 2: THE CONTRIBUTION OF LOZANOV -- The Mental Reserve Capacities -- The Limiting Social Suggestive Norms -- The Key Principles of Suggestology -- The Rok of Suggestion -- The Anti-Suggestive Barriers -- Lozanov's Means of Suggestion -- Authority -- A Childlike State -- Pseudopassiviiy -- Doubleplaneness -- Peripheral Stimuli -- Lozanov'sSuggestopedia -- The Means of Lozanov's Suggeslopedia -- CHAPTER 3: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION! -- LANGUAGE LEARNING -- The Pioneering Work of Krashen, Asher and Terrell -- The Work of Stephen Krashen -- Krashen's Five Hypotheses -- Two Successful Models for Second Language Acquisition -- The Total Physical Response Approach (TPR) -- The Natural Approach -- CHAPTER 4: THE ACT MODEL OF ACCELERATIVE, FULL-SPECTRUM LEARNING -- Overview -- Bridging Conscious and Subconscious Elements -- The Role of Suggestion -- The Role of the Physical Environment -- The Role of the Teacher -- CHAPTER 5: SOME "HOW-TO'S" OF SUGGESTION -- Meditation and/or Centering Techniques -- Visualization Techniques -- Rapport-Building Techniques -- Acknowledging Eyes -- Voice Intonation -- Body Presence -- Entrainment: Our Intimate Dance of Communication -- How WeDress -- CHAPTER 6: THE EVOCATIVE POWER OF WORDS Speaking to the Whole Person -- Words as Catalysts -- Words for Seeing and Hearing and Feeling -- The Use of Metaphors -- A Guided Fantasy Recalling a Positive Learning Experience -- TempoinGuidingFantasies -- Degree of Directiveness -- Embedded Suggestions -- Embedding Direct Suggestions -- Anchonng -- The Stoiy as Metaphor -- Commentary -- Pacing -- Leading -- Positively Suggestive Language and Images -- Positive Inter-Personal Relations and Group Interaction -- Renewed Doubt and Challenge -- Future Pacing -- Name Symbolin -- CHAPTER 7: GET11NG STARTED RIGHT -- Crucial First Impressions -- Before the Course Begins -- The First Day of Class -- TheRoom -- General Arrangement -- Purposeful Use of Visual and Peripheral Stimuli -- Student Sealing -- First Contact -- Non-Verbal Messages -- Opening Welcome -- Grades and Dispelling Fear of Failure -- Invitation into a New Language -- Invitation to Play: Assuming aFanlasy Identity -- Language through Actions: An Initial Semi-Silent Period -- CHAPTER 8: THE ACT TEXT -- Main Features -- Commcreial Texts -- Supplementary Materials for Grammar and Practice -- CHAPTER 9: MUSIC AND THE PRESENTATION OF MATERIAL -- The Role of Music -- Background Music before Class and during Breaks -- Background Support for Guided Fantasies and Relaxations -- Songs: Folksongs, Popular Songs, Classical Art Songs, and Fol.kdances -- General Background Music: To Use or Not to Use -- The Presentation of New Material: Musical, Relaxed. Global and Multi-Modal -- The Global Prelude -- The Concert Presentations -- The First or Active Concert -- 'The Second orPassive Concert -- CHAFFER 10: THE ACTIVATION PHASES -- Retrieving and Using What Is Learned -- Activation Is More Than Speech Production -- Setting the Stage for Easy Activation -- Puppets and Rapport -- Primary Activation Activities -- Whole Group Choral Echo/Antics -- Role Reading in Diads or Triads -- Individual or Small Group Role Reading -- Ccwnprehension Check -- Secondary Activation Activities -- Appealtothelmagtnauo -- Using Props -- Singing. Miming and Dancing -- Drama*izations -- Games -- The Accelerative Snowball Effect -- CHAPTER 11: ERROR CORRECTION, GRAMMAR ANDHOMEWORK -- Error Correction -- TheRole of Grammar -- Homework -- CHAFFER 12: DOCUMENTED RESULTS I -- The ACT Courses at the University ol Massacbusetts at Boston -- ACT German Courses at the University of Massachusetts at Boston -- ACT German: Level I -- Students -- ClassForrnat -- Method -- Physical Setting -- Instructional Materials -- Credits -- Grades -- Requirements -- EvaluationandTesting -- Video Taping and Outside Observers -- The Students Own Post-Course Evaluations -- Testing -- Conclusions -- ACT German: Level II -- Rationale -- Level 2 Objectives -- Students -- Class Format and Facilities -- Melhod -- Materials -- Credits, Grades and Requirements -- Evaluation, Testing, and Results -- Standardized Testing -- Video Taped Drama Peiformance -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 13: THE ACT APPROACH FOR THE US. ARMY -- A Documented Experiment -- Background -- Purpose -- Objectives -- Description of Course -- Student Selection -- Language Background -- Tablel -- Disparity in Linguistic Background -- Pre-Testing -- Course Format -- Course Materials -- The Instructional Environment -- Physical Setting -- Psychological Setting and Psychological Means -- First Contact -- Guiding the Emerging Group Dynamics -- First Day of Class -- Establishing Rapport -- Integrating the Total Physical Response Approach (TPR) -- The Use of Music -- Activation Techniques: From Skits to Formal Briefings -- ATypicalDayinCbss -- The Snowball Effect of Success -- CourseEvaluation -- Procedures and Tests -- The Defense Language Proficiency Test (DLPT) -- A Special Task Oral Eram (STO) -- Scoring -- Listening and Reading -- Speaking -- ResultsandDiscussion -- Table 2 -- Discussion -- DLPT Listening Comprehension -- DLPT Reading -- STO Listening -- STO Speaking -- Other -- Comparing the Experimental Course with Regular Devens Geniian Courses -- Comparing the Achievement of Course Objectives -- Table3 -- Comparing DLPT Scores -- Table 4 -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 14: TESTING -- Some Personal Thoughts on Its Use and Abuse -- Testing to Demonstrate Course Effectiveness -- Other Ways of Knowing about Course Effectiveness -- Testing and Homework to Produce Grades -- An Expenment with More Homework and Tests -- Some Concluding Thoughts on Our Obsession with Testing -- APPENDICES -- Appendix 1: ACT Text Exceipt -- Appendix 2: Activation Ideas -- Appendix 3: ACTFL Provisional Proficiency Guidelines -- Appendix 4: Defense Language Institute (DLI) Skill Level Descriptions -- REFERENCES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.

As voice-based assistants such as Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant become ubiquitous, users increasingly expect to maintain natural and informative conversations with such systems. However, for an open-domain conversational system to be coherent and engaging, it must be able to maintain the user's interest for extended periods, without sounding boring or annoying. In this paper, we investigate one natural approach to this problem, of modulating response prosody, i.e., changing the pitch and cadence of the response to indicate delight, sadness or other common emotions, as well as using pre-recorded interjections. Intuitively, this approach should improve the naturalness of the conversation, but attempts to quantify the effects of prosodic modulation on user satisfaction and engagement remain challenging. To accomplish this, we report results obtained from a large-scale empirical study that measures the effects of prosodic modulation on user behavior and engagement across multiple conversation domains, both immediately after each turn, and at the overall conversation level. Our results indicate that the prosody modulation significantly increases both immediate and overall user satisfaction. However, since the effects vary across different domains, we verify that prosody modulations do not substitute for coherent, informative content of the responses. Together, our results provide useful tools and insights for improving the naturalness of responses in conversational systems., Published in CHIIR 2020, 4 pages

Modern mispronunciation detection and diagnosis systems have seen significant gains in accuracy due to the introduction of deep learning. However, these systems have not been evaluated for the ability to be run in real-time, an important factor in applications that provide rapid feedback. In particular, the state-of-the-art uses bi-directional recurrent networks, where a uni-directional network may be more appropriate. Teacher-student learning is a natural approach to use to improve a uni-directional model, but when using a CTC objective, this is limited by poor alignment of outputs to evidence. We address this limitation by trying two loss terms for improving the alignments of our models. One loss is an "alignment loss" term that encourages outputs only when features do not resemble silence. The other loss term uses a uni-directional model as teacher model to align the bi-directional model. Our proposed model uses these aligned bi-directional models as teacher models. Experiments on the CSLU kids' corpus show that these changes decrease the latency of the outputs, and improve the detection rates, with a trade-off between these goals., 6 pages + 1 page for references, accepted at ASRU 2019

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) can be used to automatically generate holistic scores with reliability comparable to human scoring. In addition, AES systems can provide formative feedback to learners, typically at the essay level. In contrast, we are interested in providing feedback specialized to the content of the essay, and specifically for the content areas required by the rubric. A key objective is that the feedback should be localized alongside the relevant essay text. An important step in this process is determining where in the essay the rubric designated points and topics are discussed. A natural approach to this task is to train a classifier using manually annotated data; however, collecting such data is extremely resource intensive. Instead, we propose a method to predict these annotation spans without requiring any labeled annotation data. Our approach is to consider AES as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) task. We show that such models can both predict content scores and localize content by leveraging their sentence-level score predictions. This capability arises despite never having access to annotation training data. Implications are discussed for improving formative feedback and explainable AES models.

Distributional equation is an important tool in the characterization theory because many characteristic properties of distributions can be transferred to such equations. Using a novel and natural approach, we retreat a remarkable distributional equation whose corresponding functional equation in terms of Laplace-Stieltjes transform is of the Poincare type. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equation to have a unique distributional solution with finite variance are provided. This complements the previous results which involve at most the mean of the distributional solution. Besides, more general distributional (or functional) equations are investigated as well., Comment: 25 pages

In the United States, typically since the 1970s, among the instructors dedicated to the teaching of a Second Language (L2) there is a great dilemma that may be caused by an apparent pedagogical confusion about the term competence and the teaching of grammatical rules. Cognitive approach has been feasible and current alternative for teaching a second language. However, literature in the field shows that teaching a foreign language is much more complex aspect than a simple choice. Also, it has been perceived that the student's purpose is not only using the language in regular basis of communicating but also in academic and professional settings. Second language learners must distinguish between acquiring a language and learning it. RESUMEN En los Estados Unidos, tipicamente desde la decada de los 70’s, los instructores que se enfrentan al dilema sobre que metodo es mas conveniente para la ensenanza de una segunda lenguas. La aparente causa puede ser la confusion pedagogica sobre el termino de competencia y la ensenanza de las reglas gramaticales. Los instructores han recurrido al metodo cognitivo por figurar este como la alternativa viable e inmediata para tal proposito. Sin embargo, la literatura especializada muestra que el tema sobre los metodos de instruccion de lenguas extranjeras resulta ser un problema mas complejo que el de una simple eleccion, particularmente cuando se percibe que el proposito del estudiante no es sino solo lograr el manejo de un idioma extranjero para la comunicacion en todos los ambitos y para cuestiones academicas y profesional, lo que involucra distinguir entre adquirir una lengua y aprenderla

The quadratic equation is a central topic in high school algebra. It provides the simplest generalisation of the familiar linear equation, and finding its roots introduces students to a non-trivial problem that requires the application of new techniques, such as completing the square and/or factorisation into linear factors involving the roots. It also introduces the student to the phenomenon of repeated roots, which opens the door to a discussion of multiplicities of roots. Furthermore, it naturally exposes the student to the case where the equation has no real roots, a phenomenon that could also be used to introduce the student to complex numbers.

The need for speaking mastery in English has been dramatically increasing because of the confirmed position of English as a language for international communication. Unfortunately, most of students get less of appreciation in classroom speaking activities. Therefore, to establish a natural approach where students could develop L2 fluency more effectively than what has occurred inside the classroom, the researchers tried Pair Taping (PT) in their Speaking Class. A number of studies have indicated that using PT facilitate students’ fluency and confidence (Washburn & Christianson: 1996, Kubo: 2009, Kluge & Taylor: 2000, and Nguyen: 2012). This current study attempted at answering the questions related to: 1) the potential benefit of PT upon the students’ speaking fluency, 2) the students’ perspectives on their English speaking performance, and 3) the students’ attitudes toward PT. The findings revealed that pair taping could be conducive to promote students’ speaking fluency along with developing their knowledge of language. It also advances our understanding of how pair taping makes contribution to foreign language learning and provide useful insight to teachers, lecturers or course designers in designing speaking course. The implementation of this study was found to be helpful in building up students’ speaking skills by offering innovative learning experience to students.

This research aimed to know-how is the effectiveness of using Natural Approach to improve students’ interaction ability. Students should have an ability to build interaction in order to actualize the function of language as device communication which occurs within classroom activity and create an interactive teaching and learning process so it must be considered to be improved. This study employed a collaborative classroom action research design where the writer and collaborator work together in conducting this study. The subject of this research was the 25 students of XI IPA 1 at SMAN 4 Pinrang in the academic year 2018-2019. This study was carried out in two cycles which conducted in three meetings for each cycle by taking classroom action research phases i.e. planning, action, observation, and reflection. This study was descriptive qualitative research which used observation checklist, interview, and questionnaire as instruments of collecting data. The result after analyzing data qualitatively showed that (1) by using Natural Approach, students could participate in performing instructions and conveying responses during teaching and learning process. (2) They were active in giving feedback, answering questions, moreover, doing interaction within classroom activity. (3) Every class activity of each Comprehension (Pre-production), Early Production, and Speech Emergence stages in the two cycles encouraged them to involve actively in the teaching and learning process. Those descriptions indicate the effectiveness of using Natural Approach to improve students’ interaction ability.

This study is appointed to report the English teacher’s understanding of teaching productive skills through Neuro-Linguistics Programming. Neuro-Linguistics Programming as one of the approach in teaching English as a foreign language, with focusing on the brain anatomy, and it can stimulate student’s creative thinking, language uses, and motivation. Productive skills are need to be fostered by the students in learning English as a foreign language, because writing, and speaking are the most essential language skills. This research is uses qualitative descriptive method, with triangulation model in doing validity and reliability data. There are some steps applied in this research; Planning, observation, interviews, giving questionnaire, and the last is data analysis. The researcher focuses on the English lecturers who have taught English more than 2 years as subjects of the research. 7 questions in close - ended answer (yes/no answer) are given and 5 questions in short answer interview are implemented to gain the data regarding to lecturer’s understanding in NLP concept for teaching productive skills. 23 English Lecturers both male and female are to be the subjects of the research. From the data analysis, the result shows that almost of English lecturers know the NLP approach in teaching language, and they always give brain storming as a part of NLP concepts.

In this column, the definition of transformational research is explored followed by a discussion of mixed methods as the preferred process for those who conduct such studies. Finally, there is consideration of why transformational research may be useful and a natural approach for the specific concerns of the profession of nursing.

Nowadays, recognition of emotion from the speech signal is the wide spreading research topic since the speech signal is the quickest and natural approach to communicate with humans. A number of investigations has been progressed related to this topic. With the knowledge of many investigated model, this paper intends to recognize the emotions from the speech signal in a precise manner. To accomplish this, we intend to propose an adaptive learning architecture for the artificial neural network to learn the multimodal fusion of speech features. It results in a hybrid PSO-FF algorithm, which combines the features of both the PSO and FF towards training the network. The performance of the proposed recognition model is analyzed by comparing it with the conventional methods in correspondence with varied performance measures like Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, FPR, FNR, NPV, FDR, F1Score and MCC. Finally, the experimental analysis revealed that the proposed modal is 10.85% better than the conventional modals with respect to the accuracy for both the Marathi database and Benchmark database.

The article discusses the issues concerning native language acquisition and its influence on learning foreign languages. The article author presents theories defining the strategies of native language acquisition as well as their biological, social and communicative bases. He also discusses the difference between first and second language acquisition. Being aware of such a difference enables a teacher to design an efficient study programme.

Attempts to use evolutionary ideas in finance have often neglected mathematical population genetics. Population genetics provides a natural approach to certain problems in finance that involve the relative wealth that accrues to competing investment strategies. In our model, competing investment strategies differ only in their allocation to a risky asset versus a riskless asset. Here we use results from the population genetics of natural selection to find the investment strategy that maximizes the expected increase in relative wealth. Though we focus on single-period analysis, some of our key findings are reminiscent of those from the growth optimal portfolio literature, e.g., the Kelly criterion.

Philosophers like G.H. von Wright and D. Makinson have pointed to serious challenges regarding the foundations of deontic logic. In this paper, I suggest that to deal successfully with these challenges a reconsideration of the research program of the discipline is useful. Some problems that have troubled this particular field of logical study for decades may disappear or appear more tractable if we view them from the perspective of a language game introduced by D. Lewis involving three characters: the Master, the Slave and the Kibitzer. The adoption of this perspective opens a natural approach to a new layout of the domain of deontic studies. I propose dividing deontic logic into six sub-areas which are distinguished (i) by their focus on the different idioms typical of the individual players, (ii) by conceiving the language game as either being static or as dynamic and (iii) by the aims of the logical inquiry. What kind of insights the proposed perspective provides is illustrated by an analysis of the so-called Ross paradox—a problem that has troubled deontic logic since its origins and, though it was many times pronounced solved, still keeps coming back ‘alive and kicking’.

In this paper, we propose and investigate an alternate approach to pseudo-likelihood model selection in the generalized linear mixed modeling framework. The problem with the natural approach to the computation of pseudo-likelihood model selection criteria is that the pseudo-data vary for each candidate model, leading to criteria based on fundamentally different goodness-of-fit statistics, rendering them incomparable. We propose a technique that circumvents this problem. This new approach can be implemented using a SAS macro that obtains and applies the pseudo-data from the full model to fitting candidate models based on all possible subsets of predictor variables. We justify the propriety of the resulting pseudo-likelihood selection criteria through an extensive study designed as a factorial experiment. We then illustrate this new method in a modeling application pertaining to bullying in public schools. The data set for the application is taken from three waves of the Iowa Youth Survey.

We analyze a natural approach to the regularity of solutions of problems related to some anisotropic Laplacian operators, and a subsequent extension of the usual De Giorgi classes, by investigating the relation of the functions in such classes with the weak solutions to some anisotropic elliptic equations as well as with the quasi-minima of the corresponding functionals with anisotropic polynomial growth.

Nowadays, recognition of emotion from the speech signal is the wide spreading research topic since the speech signal is the quickest and natural approach to communicate with humans. A number of investigations have been progressed related to this topic. With the knowledge of many investigated model, this paper intends to recognize the emotions from the speech signal in a precise manner. To accomplish this, we intend to propose an adaptive learning architecture for the artificial neural network to learn the multimodal fusion of speech features. It results in a hybrid PSO-FF algorithm, which combines the features of both the PSO and FF towards training the network. The performance of the proposed recognition model has been analyzed by comparing it with the conventional methods in correspondence with varied performance measures like Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, FPR, FNR, NPV, FDR, F1Score and MCC. Finally, the experimental analysis revealed that the proposed modal is 10.85% better than the conventional modals with respect to the accuracy for both the Marathi database and Benchmark database.

International audience; When one wants to draw non-trivial inferences from an inconsistent belief base, a very natural approach is to take advantage of the maximal consistent subsets of the base. But few inference relations from maximal consistent subsets exist. In this paper we point out new inference relations based on selection of some maximal consistent subsets, leading thus to inference relations with a stronger inferential power. The selection process must obey some principles to ensure that it leads to an inference relation which is rational. We define a general class of monotonic selection relations for comparing maximal consistent subsets and show that it corresponds to the class of rational inference relations.

The menopausal transition, or perimenopause, is characterized by menstrual irregularities, vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances, mood symptoms, and urogenital tract atrophy. These changes can also affect the quality of life and one’s self-esteem. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is considered the best option to achieve therapeutic relief of different menopausal symptoms but is usually restricted to moderate or severe symptoms. Moreover, many women refuse HRT for a variety of reasons concerning the fear of cancer and other adverse effects. According to these considerations, new topics are emerging: Dissatisfaction with drug costs and conventional healthcare, desire for personalized medicines, and the public perception that “natural is good”. In this context, nonhormonal therapies are mostly evolving, and it is not unusual that women often request a “natural” approach for their symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate nonhormonal therapies that have been identified to reduce the menopausal symptoms.

Students learning a second language commonly confront insurmountable obstacles in the language acquisition process, due to the ineffectiveness of traditional, grammar-first methods. This creates detrimental effects on the learner and his or her self-esteem. Existing literature contains information about problems created by traditional approaches, the effectiveness of a natural approach and key elements necessary to establish it. The purpose of this study is to examine the failings of traditional methods and to review some important natural ways that remedy these failings, yet have their own shortcomings. This study reports efforts to improve natural approaches through on-going research at La Catalina Natural Language School that elaborates on a Holistic Model, i.e., one that considers the individual as whole by productively integrating their mind, body, and emotions. Holistic Model Accelerating Second Language Acquisition 8 AUTHOR’S NOTE The work in this thesis is a synthesis of the research conducted at La Catalina Natural Language School (LCNLS) by Julie Catton and Victor Amezcua from 2003-2006. When reporting out findings, the author will often us “we” which refers to the joint work of Catton and Amezcua at LCNLS. As the Holistic Model continues to be piloted and developed at LCNLS, those wishing to contact the author for the latest information on its development may do so through e-mail at la_catalina@hotmail.com or by mail at: Julie Catton 3370 Fish Lake Rd. Butte Falls, OR 97522 For more information about LCNLS methodology and programs, the reader may view its website at www.lacatalinaschool.com. Holistic Model Accelerating Second Language Acquisition 9 CHAPTER

Bu çalışma, Prof. Dr. Stephen Krashen ve Tracy Terrell'in Doğal Yaklaşım'la ilgili yazdıkları The Natural Approach adlı eseri ve Prof. Dr. Stephen Krashen'in Ankara Kara Harp Okulu ve İstanbul Kuleli Askeri Lisesinde verdiği seminer notlarını temel alan betimsel bir araştırmadır. Bu çalışma, dil öğretiminde mevcut olan Yaklaşım ve Metotların karşılaştırılması ve bu yaklaşımlardan biri olan; Doğal Yaklaşımın tanıtılmasını; ayrıca bir sorun haline gelen yabancı dil öğrenimine yeni bakış açısı kazandırabilecek hususlarda önerileri kapsamaktadır. İlk bölümde kısa bir giriş yapıldıktan sonra araştırmanın problem durumu, amacı, önemi, varsayımları, sınırlıkları anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, Doğal Yaklaşımla ilgili yayınlanmış araştırmalara değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde Dil ve Dilin Ortaya Çıkışı, Anadil, Çocuklarda Dil Gelişim Basamaklarının Kavramları, Dil ve İletişim, Dil ve Kültür, Bir Dili Bilmenin Önemi, Yabancı Dil Eğitimi Kavramı, Yabancı Dil Öğretiminde Dil ve Kültür, Tarihte Yabancı Dil Öğretimi, Yabancı Dil Öğrenmedeki Güçlükler, Avrupa Diller için Ortak Başvuru Metni, Dil Edinimine İlişkin Başlıca Kuramlar ve Yöntemlere değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Doğal Yaklaşım ve Doğal Yaklaşımda Kullanılan Teknikler ayrıntılı bir biçimde işlenmiştir. Bölüm beşte alan taraması ve yapılan araştırma için uygulanan yöntem anlatılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde ise Doğal Yaklaşım ile yabancı dil öğrenimi arasında ilişkiye dair tartışma ve değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. 2015 yılında Fransa'nın Agen kentinde katıldığım bir Work-Shop çalışmasında hazırlanmış Doğal Yaklaşımda bir TPRS örneği (Fransızca-Türkçe), ve Kara Harp Okulunda Prof. Dr. Stephen Krashen tarafından 17 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde yapılan seminer çevirisi Ekler kısmında gösterilmiştir. This is a descriptive study based on Professor Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell's The Natural Approach and the seminar notes given by Professor Stephen Krashen at the Military Academy in Ankara, and at Kuleli Military High School in Istanbul. This study is a comparison of the approaches and methods available in language teaching and introduction of the Natural Approach as one of these approaches, and it also includes suggestions on issues that may open new perspectives to foreign language learning which has become a problem. In the first chapter, after a brief introduction, the problem, purpose, importance, assumptions and limitations of the research are explained. In the second chapter, there is given a literature review on the Natural Approach. In the third chapter Language and Emergence of Language, Native Language, Concepts of Language Developmental Stages in Children, Language and Communication, Language and Culture, Teaching of Foreign Language in the History, Difficulties in Foreign Language Learning, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, main theories and approaches on language acquisition were discussed. In the fourth chapter the Natural Approach and the techniques applied in the Approach were discussed in detail. In the fifth chapter, the method was introduced. In the conclusion part, however, discussions on the relation between the Natural Approach and language acquisition and final remarks and evaluations were presented. A TPRS sample in a Natural Approach class (French-Turkish), which was prepared in 2015 in Agen, France and translation of seminar given on 17th May, 2011 by Professor Stephen Krashen were presented in the Appendix. 149

This study examines teaching material on basic level especially textboo that focusing on communication in Japanese education. This study aims to compare two teaching materials that focus on communication competency. This research is a comparative qualitative study. The main data are the textbook of “Marugoto A1” and “J Bridge for Beginner Vol. 1”. These two textbooks are for students who learn L2 for a nonnative speaker. These two books were analysed from the point of view of teaching material analysis. We analysed the flow of learning contents and the composition of the textbook through teaching material analysis by Yoshioka (2016) theory. The results show that two subject textbooks used the same topic syllabus approach at the same basic level. This syllabus is a syllabus mainly suitable for learners in basic to intermediate levels. However, since both the textbook`s main purpose is on actual communication, it is possible that they use topic syllabus even at the first stage of beginner level.

This chapter provides a brief history of workforce planning and outlines why system dynamics provides a natural approach to the major challenges of such planning. It describes three modelling projects as what we describe as ‘classical’ workforce planning problems. The first model involved developing a new profession from scratch. The second model involved establishing a trainer workforce from existing employees to train new (students) recruits and the third the development of strategies for maintaining a workforce of paediatricians in the light of the implementation of the European Working Time Directive. The common theme of these models is that the workforce is represented as a stock-flow chain linking the states of training and categories of staff. Further, they account for the classical dynamic issues of planning in the face of complexities arising from recruitment and training delays, meeting targets for staff in posts and coping with drop outs, leaving and retirement flows.

Automated reasoning is becoming crucial for information systems. Building one uniform decision support system has become too complicated. The natural approach is to divide the task and combine the results from different subsystems into one uniform answer. It is the basic idea behind the system approach, where one solution is a composition of multiple subsystems. In this paper, the main emphasis is on establishing the theoretical framework that combines various reasoning methods into a collective system. The system’s formal abstraction uses graph theory and provides a discussion on possible aggregation function definitions. The proposed framework is a tool for building and testing specific approaches rather than the solution itself.

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Dynamic systems are becoming steadily more important with the profusion of mobile and distributed computing devices. Coincidentally incremental computation is a natural approach to deal with ongoing changes. We explore incremental computation in the parameterized complexity setting and show that incrementalization leads to non-trivial complexity classifications. Interestingly, some incremental versions of hard problems become tractable, while others remain hard. Moreover tractability or intractability is not a simple function of the problem’s static complexity, every level of the W-hierarchy exhibits complete problems with both tractable and intractable incrementalizations. For problems that are already tractable in their static form, we also show that incrementalization can lead to interesting algorithms, improving upon the trivial approach of using the static algorithm at each step.

There are various approaches and methods to teach English language in the second language context.Teachers of this language apply different methods convenient or suitable for the learners’ specific...

The old idea of internal uniform regularity of empirical data is discussed within the framework of category theory. A new concept and technique of statistical analysis is being introduced. It is independent on and fully compatible with the classical probabilistic approach. The absence of the model in the natural approach to statistics eliminates the model error and allows to use it in all areas with poor models. The existing error is fully determined by incompleteness of the data. It is always uniformly small by the construction of the data extension.

Bayes’ Theorem is gaining acceptance in hydrology, but it is still far from standard practice to cast hydrologic analyses in a Bayesian context—especially in the realm of hydrologic practice. Three short discussions are presented to encourage more complete adoption of a Bayesian approach. The first, aimed at a stakeholder audience, seeks to explain that an informal Bayesian analysis is the default approach that we all take to any decision made under uncertainty. The second, aimed at a general hydrologist audience, seeks to establish multi-model approaches as the natural choice for Bayesian hydrologic analysis. The goal of this discussion is to provide a bridge from the stakeholder’s natural approach to a more formal, quantitative Bayesian analysis. The third discussion is targeted to a more advanced hydrologist audience, suggesting that some elements of hydrologic practice do not yet reflect a Bayesian philosophy. In particular, an example is given that puts Bayes Theory to work to identify optimal observation sets before data are collected.

The demand for a highly flexible and adaptable industrial infrastructure has gained importance due to increasing product variability, small batch sizes and the need for cost-effective production. Moving from fixed production lines towards mobile manipulation with the possibility for fast and easy reprogramming could provide a solution for these challenges. The ambitious goal of completely programming robot systems without a single line of code is being addressed in this work. More specifically, we present an efficient and natural approach for programming sensitive mobile manipulators through hand guidance using a force torque-sensor that is mounted close to the end effector. The proposed control strategy is explained in detail and results of conducted laboratory tests are presented.

This study aimed at investigating teachers’ perceptions about natural approach in teaching English for young learners and its implementation in public primary schools in Gianyar Regency, particularly on teachers’ perceptions on natural approach in teaching English for young learners, how the English teachers implement naturalistic values in teaching English as a foreign language in Gianyar regency, and teachers’ perceptions about naturalistic values for young learners related to the strategies in teaching English as a foreign language in classroom. The subjects of the study were 3 English teachers in 3 different public elementary schools in Gianyar Regency. The research design of the study was mixed methods. This study used three instruments: observation sheets, questionnaires, and interviews. The observation sheet was used to find out how teachers implemented the naturalistic values in teaching English for young learners. The questionnaire was used to find out teachers’ perceptions on natural approach and the interview was used to find out how teachers’ perceptions related to their strategies in teaching English for young learners in their classrooms. This study showed that the relation between teachers’ perceptions and the implementation found that there were few results indicated inconsistency between both of them. The data were also supported by the result of interviews.

Traffic splitting is essential for load balancing over multiple servers, middleboxes, and paths. Often the target traffic distribution is not uniform (e.g., due to heterogeneous servers or path capacities). A natural approach is to implement traffic split in existing rule matching tables in commodity switches. In this paper we suggest an analytical study of such an approach. To do that, we relate the description of distributions in switches to signed representations of positive integers. We suggest an optimal algorithm that minimizes the number of rules needed to represent a weighted traffic distribution. Since switches often have limited rule-table space, the target distribution cannot always be exactly achieved. Accordingly, we also develop a solution that, given a restricted number of rules, finds a distribution that can be implemented within the limited space. To select among different solutions, we describe metrics for quantifying the accuracy of an approximation. We demonstrate the efficiency of the solutions through extensive experiments.

Consider the task of verifying that a given quantum device, designed to produce a particular entangled state, does indeed produce that state. One natural approach would be to characterise the output state by quantum state tomography; or alternatively to perform some kind of Bell test, tailored to the state of interest. We show here that neither approach is optimal amongst local verification strategies for two qubit states. We find the optimal strategy in this case and show that quadratically fewer total measurements are needed to verify to within a given fidelity than in published results for quantum state tomography, Bell test, or fidelity estimation protocols. We also give efficient verification protocols for any stabilizer state. Additionally, we show that requiring that the strategy be constructed from local, non-adaptive and non-collective measurements only incurs a constant-factor penalty over a strategy without these restrictions., Comment: Document includes supplemental material. Main paper: 5 pages, 2 figs; supplemental material: 16 pages, 2 figs