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This investigation aims to study the effect of replacing 100% of fine and coarse aggregates with heavyweight aggregates and adding nano titanium (NT) and nano silica (NS) on shielding against radiation and on the mechanical and transport properties of heavyweight high‐strength concrete (HWHSC). In this study, 20 mixes were prepared that included the use of hematite and steel slag (SS) aggregate with NS or NT used as additions to mixes by the ratio 1% and 3% from cement weight. To study the effect of the total replacement of aggregates and the addition of nanomaterials (NMs) on the properties of HWHSC, to study engineering properties the slump, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity were applied. Density, chloride permeability, sorptivity coefficient, water permeability, and microstructure tests were also performed. To study the efficiency of shielding against radiation, linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, mean‐free path, half‐value layer, and tenth‐value layer of different gamma‐ray sources of radiation 137Cs 662 (keV) and 60Co 1332 (keV) were applied. The results showed that the 100% SS and hematite replacement as coarse and fine aggregates with 3% (NS or NT) achieved the best mechanical and transport properties compared to other mixtures. While the highest density of the string containing hematite and SS was achieved with 3% of NT, with a density of 3384 kg/m3. The highest compressive strength of more than 116 MPa was achieved for the included mixture of 3% NS. The highest attenuation of gamma‐ray radiation was achieved with the application of hematite and SS aggregates with 3% of NT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on developing the production of ultra-high-performance lightweight concrete (UHPLC) by combining pumice with an air-entraining agent. Air-entraining agents of aluminum powder (AP) and lightcrete (LC) were added in amounts of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% by weight of cement to create air bubbles. Crushed pumice has also been used as a partial sand replacement in proportions of 25% and 50% by volume, with or without the addition of AP or LC. To investigate the fresh, mechanical, and microstructural properties, seventeen UHPLC combinations were constructed. A slump flow diameter test was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of fresh UHPLC, and mechanical properties were evaluated by completing dry density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and dry shrinkage tests. The effect of high temperatures of 20, 400, 600, and 800 °C on compressive strength was also investigated. The microstructure characteristics were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The research concluded that high-performance concrete with a compressive strength of 127.6 MPa and a dry density of 1970 kg/m3 could be produced after a 28-day age test. This was accomplished by including 0.1% LC by weight of cement and 25% pumice as a partial substitute for sand. The mixture with 50% pumice as a partial replacement for sand and the addition of 0.5% LC of the cement weight exhibited the least loss in compressive strength when subjected to high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core samples extraction is one of the main processes before routine core analyses. This process consumes time and chemical solvent so, it is necessary to find new techniques and materials to increase the efficiency of extraction method with less time and chemical consumption. The objective of this research project is to use the microwave and nanoparticle-assisted technologies in the extraction of oil in rock samples. The samples of carbonate reservoir rocks used in this research. Microwave heating can be a powerful tool for thermal treatments because many benefits can be achieved as proven by previous research. However, an increase in the efficiency of the nanoparticles assisted microwaves has been demonstrated in the extraction by adding the nano silica with different weight ratios to the solvent used in the experiments and exposing samples to the microwave effect under different powers then comparing the results with that of samples treated with microwave only. The experiments showed that the adding 0.1 wt % of nano silica reduced cleaning time to approximately 70% less than cleaning by using the microwave technique without nano silica; that can refer to the high efficiency of nano silica assistance in rock extraction; Furthermore, the application of multicriteria analysis has been used in the real case and shows that the most important criteria for cleaning efficiency were process control, rock properties and chemical consumption respectively. Also, it was found that the assisted microwave extractor using the toluene solvent—nano silica as a cleaning agent has priority over the other technique for cleaning plug samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐compacting concrete (SCC) is a type of flowable, high‐strength and high‐performance concrete in the construction field, which can flow and compact under its own weight. The damage of concrete is often caused by internal microstructural defects. Nano silica (NS) has excellent pozzolanic properties, and with an appropriate content of NS as auxiliary cementing material, it can promote the generation of C‐S‐H gels in addition to serve as internal filler, thus improves the micro‐scale defects in concrete. This paper extracts data from studies published over the last decade which focus on the application of NS in SCC and discusses the similarities and differences between the studies. Ultimately, a systematic review of the physical and chemical characteristics of NS, and the effect of NS on the workability, mechanical and durability properties of SCC is presented. Based on the review, the most common NS content is 0%–6%, where the negative effect of 0%–6% NS on the workability of SCC can be controlled by increasing the dosage of superplasticizer. The NS content of 2%–3% is optimum for improving the mechanical strength and the ability of SCC to resist water permeability, corrosion, acid and sulfate attacks, elevated temperature as well as shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) are known as green and nature-friendly concretes. In the current research, GPC based on Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) was used with 0-2% Polyolefin Fibers (POFs) and 0-8% Nano Silica (NS) to improve its structure. After curing the specimens under dry conditions at a temperature of 60 °C in an oven, then subjected to permeability test, water absorption test and Uultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test at the ages of 7, 28 and 90 days. On the other hand, NS reduced the amount of water absorption and water permeability in concrete by 24 and 44%, this is due to the property of filling the pores with NS. Moreover, by conducting the ultrasonic, XRay Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests, a microstructure investigation was carried out on the concrete samples. In addition to their overlapping with each other, the results indicate the GPC superiority over the regular concrete. Besides, it demonstrated the positive influence of NS addition on the UPV and microstructural properties concretes against the heating treatment at the age of 90 days. Heat caused a drop in the results by destroying the concrete microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological pottery extracted from Tell Rawd Iskander in Ismailia is dated back to the New Kingdom. Different examinations and analyses were conducted, such as stereomicroscope examination, polarized microscope, microbiological examination, scanning electron microscope equipped with X-ray energy dispersion unit (SEM / EDX), and X-ray diffraction. The research identified a technological process proving that the clay used in archaeological pottery was Nile clay. Tempers were sand, pottery powder, limestone powder "calcite, dolomite", and burnt straw. The forming technique was the potter wheel technique. Surface treatment is a slip layer and red wash. The burning atmosphere inside the kiln was oxidizing for the first and second pottery objects, and it was reduced for the third pottery shard. The pottery texture was fine to coarse fabric. Furthermore, the research paper proved that pottery artifacts were subjected to various damage processes resulting from different environmental factors. Most damage manifestations were surface deformation by soil sediments, iron stains, soot, and fungal growth. Pottery objects also suffered from crystallization of salts "chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates", cracking, fracture, weakness, gaps, peeling, separation of grains, and breaking. The archaeological pottery in Tell Rawd Iskander in Ismailia was treated. Hairbrushes removed free fragile sediments. Various metal scalpels cleaned firmly attached sediments. Furthermore, clay deposits were removed by a mixture of distilled water, acetone, and ethyl alcohol in a ratio of 1:1:1. EDTA cleaned lime deposits, whereas mora poultice extracted carbonate and gypsum salts. Fungal infections were treated by nano silver oxide (0.5 %). Strengthening archaeological pottery was carried out using nano-silica (0.5%); it was applied by the spraying method. Paralloid B 82 (50%) was used in assembling pottery shards. Replacement was conducted by a mixture of micro-ballon and pottery powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual nature of asphalt binder necessitates improvements to mitigate rutting and fatigue since it performs as an elastic material under the regime of rapid loading or cold temperatures and as a viscous fluid at elevated temperatures. The present investigation assesses the effectiveness of Nano Alumina (NA), Nano Silica (NS), and Nano Titanium Dioxide (NT) at weight percentages of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% in asphalt cement to enhance both asphalt binder and mixture performance. Binder evaluations include tests for consistency, thermal susceptibility, aging, and workability, while mixture assessments focus on Marshall properties, moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue characteristics. NS notably improves binder viscosity by about 138% and reduces penetration by approximately 40.8% at 8% nanomaterial (NM) content, significantly boosting hardness and consistency. NS also enhances Marshall stability and decreases air voids, increasing the mix’s durability. For moisture resistance, NS at 8% NM content elevates the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) to 91.0%, substantially surpassing the 80% standard. Similarly, NA and NT also show improved TSR values at 8% NM content, with 88.0% and 84.1%, respectively. Additionally, NS, NA, and NT reduce permanent deformation by 82%, 69%, and 64% at 10,000 cycles at 8% NM content, illustrating their effectiveness in mitigating pavement distress. Notably, while higher NM content generally results in better performance across most tests, the optimal NM content for fatigue resistance is 4% for NS and 6% for both NA and NT, reflecting their peak performance against various types of pavement distresses. These results highlight the significant advantages of nanoparticles in improving asphalt’s mechanical properties, workability, stability, and durability. The study recommends further field validation to confirm these laboratory findings and ensure that enhancements translate into tangible improvements in real-world pavement performance and longevity.

Nanoparticles are one of the effective methodologies implemented in concrete technology. The main objective of this research is to study the influence of nano alumina with different percentage variations ranging from 1% to 3% along with the incorporation of PVA fibers. From the mechanical properties test, the optimum dosage was determined to further study the durability behavior. This research work also investigates the hybridization of two nanoparticles such as nano silica (NS) and nano alumina (NA). The results show that the increasing quantity of NA reduces the compressive strength of the mortar due to agglomeration (cluster of particles), which results in a greater molecular attraction force. From the test results, it is concluded that the optimum dosage has been attained with an addition of 2% NA with 0.3% PVA. The compression strength test results at 14 days and 28 days reveal that the addition of NA tends the mineral admixture to react at early ages in the hydration process, which produces a new chemical compound to fill the pores. The rapid chloride penetration (RCPT) test results at 28 days significantly improved with the incorporation of nanoparticles due to their effective size and chemical reaction towards the other compounds. The test results from the hybridization of nanoparticles showed that the compressive strength was significantly enhanced compared to that of the control mortar and mortar with NA. They are effective up to certain limits beyond that addition, and the workability was reduced. Amongst all mixtures, the maximum compression strength has been attained for the mix with the addition of NA 0.5% and NS 2.5% comparatively. The microstructural properties of mortar were also studied through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the incorporation of nanoparticles in the mortar matrix turns homogeneous with fewer pores and greater amount of hydration compounds; thereby, pore refinement has improved the hydration compounds remarkably.

Nano silica (NS) has been found to have a positive impact on enhancing the microporous structure of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). However, there is a lack of effective methods to accurately characterize the regulatory improvement mechanism of NS on the pore structure of UHPC. In this study, our objective is to investigate the influence of NS on various characteristic parameters of the pore structure in UHPC, including porosity, average pore size, box fractal dimension, and multifractal spectral parameters. To analyze these effects, we employ a combination of X- CT image processing techniques and fractal theory. Furthermore, we conducted regression analysis using linear functions to explore the correlation between these parameters and the 28d compressive strength of UHPC. The experimental results demonstrate that NS promotes the refinement of matrix pore size, leading to a denser microstructure of the matrix. Fractal analysis revealed that the pore structure of NS-modified UHPC exhibited favorable fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension and multiple fractal parameters provided complementary insights into the pore structure of NS-modified UHPC from different perspectives. The fractal dimension described the global information, indicating that NS improved matrix defects and reduced the complexity of the pore structure. On the other hand, the multiple fractal parameters supplemented local information, highlighting how the increase in micropores contributed to the heterogeneity of the pore structure. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that the developed mathematical model has a good fit with the 28d compressive strength of UHPC.

Geopolymerization in concrete production is a sustainable approach that utilizes industrial waste materials in conjunction with alkaline activators, such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative, addressing the pressing concern of CO2 emissions associated with conventional cement manufacturing. However, GPC often exhibits suboptimal ambient-cured strength, necessitating the incorporation of nanomaterials to enhance its mechanical properties. This study delves into the investigation of diverse nanomaterial ratios and their profound impact on GPC properties. The research explores the application of engineering-favored additives, including nano-silica, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, to bolster GPC attributes on a global scale. Notably, nanomaterial-modified GPC surpasses the strength of conventionally heat-cured GPC. In-depth microstructural and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses shed light on the intricate nature of nanomaterial-infused GPC, offering a comprehensive understanding of this pioneering composite. This paper serves as an extensive analysis of nanomaterial integration in GPC, unraveling its effects on the material’s characteristics and presenting valuable insights for future application. Incorporating nanomaterials in GPC yields impressive strength gains even under ambient curing conditions, overcoming the limitations of heat curing. Nano material infusion leads to improved concrete densification, reducing sorptivity and water absorption (%) of GPC. Durability against acidic conditions is enhanced by approximately 2–2.5% after the incorporation of nanomaterials in GPC.

ABSTRACTThe structural behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) retrofitted reinforced concrete beam in addition with Nano admixtures (NA) was experimentally investigated and analysed. Globally, a large number of structures are subjected to unanticipated damages and deterioration. To renovate such buildings to serviceable state, repairing and retrofitting of damaged structures is the viable and economical option. This investigation aims to improve the resistance to flexure for reinforced beam by enhancing the mechanical properties concrete with the addition of various combinations of Nano admixtures (NA) as Nano silica (NS) and Nano clay (NC) and retrofitting the same. The void filling property of Nano admixtures produced a dense concrete with minimum voids in the concrete mass and improved the mechanical properties. To analyse the influence of Nano admixture, SEM analysis was done and the micro structure of the concrete mix was studied and analysed the microstructural features of the concrete. The structural mechanism of beams before and after wrapped with two layers of GFRP sheets was experimentally verified by this study.

AbstractWarm mix asphalt (WMA) has gained significant interest recently as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). WMA is produced at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is an ongoing need to improve the durability of WMA to satisfy the expanding demands of modern road infrastructure. Nanomaterials that possess unique characteristics of high surface area and reactivity could serve as promising additives for improving the performance of WMA. This research aims to investigate the effect of four nanomaterial types on the Marshall properties and durability of warm mix asphalt (WMA). These types are; nano silica[Formula: see text], nano carbonate calcium [Formula: see text]nano clay[Formula: see text], and nanoplatelets [Formula: see text]. For each type of Nanomaterial, three contents are tried as follows; [Formula: see text](1%, 3%, and 5%), [Formula: see text](2%, 4%, and 6%), [Formula: see text](3%, 5%, and 7%), and [Formula: see text](2%, 4%, and 6%) by weight of asphalt cement. Following the Marshall mix design method, the optimum asphalt cement content is determined; thereafter the optimum dosage for each nanomaterial is obtained based on the highest Marshall stability value. The durability of the control mix (no nanomaterial) and modified mixtures have been compared based on moisture damage, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation. These properties are evaluated using indirect tensile strength[Formula: see text] and uniaxial repeated load tests. The findings of this research emphasize the potential of nanomaterials to improve the Marshall properties and the durability of WMA significantly. Also, the results showed that using nanomaterials to construct asphalt concrete surface course extended the service life of pavement structures. Compared to CM, modifying asphalt concrete by one of the nanomaterials, NC, NS, NCC, and NP, improved the design life by 59.6, 43.1, 24.4, and 12.2%, respectively. However, the improvement rate for each property depends on the nanomaterial dosage and type. Therefore, this work provides a basis for producing more durable and sustainable paving mixtures using nanomaterials to offer better resistance to distress.

Modified cement mortar plays a major role in enhancing the properties of conventional cement mortar such as strength, durability, better adhesion, reduce porosity and shrinkage and improve workability. Certain modifiers, like industrial by-products, can be incorporated into mortars to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact. The main aim of this study is to develop Super Absorbent Polymer Modified cement mortars with Nano Silica/GGBS. In this study, conventional cement mortar blended with Nano Silica and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as one combination then GGBS and SAP blended mortar as another combination was examined to mitigate the negative impact of SAP. Ternary Blended cement mortars prepared with various SAP dosages of 0.25% of cement and 0.5% of cement. Nano-Silica is an additive used in the range of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of the weight of cement. A combination containing GGBS and SAP, GGBS is a replacement for cement in the range of 15%, 30%, and 45% to the weight of cement. The combined effect of altering SAP and Nano-silica/GGBS composition on the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties were studied using experimental investigation. Peak improvement in the compressive strength of the control mix of 6.52% is noted in the mix combination that contains 0.25% SAP and 15% GGBS replacement. The durability test revealed that the weight loss minimized by 19.58% and strength loss minimized by 36.17% due to acid attack is noted in the combination of GGBS and SAP. Weight loss minimized by 36.17% and strength loss minimized by 22.71% due to sulphate attack is noted in a mix containing GGBS. From experimental investigation, 30% & 45% GGBS replacement in place of cement had no significant improvement in mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties compared to 15% GGBS replacement, which optimum obtained in this study to alleviate the negative consequence of SAP when used as an internal curing agent.

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3-methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol (MPBP) was synthesized by adding N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine, 4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzaldehyde and ammonium acetate in the presence of ethanol and nano silica at 80 °C. Newly synthesized benzimidazole was characterized by proton NMR, carbon NMR, LC-Mass spectral studies and elemental analysis. Nickel alloys play a major role in fields like automobiles and ship building owing to their stability in Acid, Base and Saline environments. CNT's are having high stability against corrosion. So it has been planned to prepare 3-methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol-functionalized carbon nanotubes for corrosion-inhibiting barrier layer on nickel alloy surfaces. The evidence of corrosion inhibition efficiency of 3-methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol-functionalized carbon nanotubes coated on nickel alloys was confirmed by FTIR spectral studies (essence of spectra need to include). The nature of inhibition of corrosion was determined using electrochemical methods. 3-methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) phenol functionalized CNTs displayed excellent corrosion inhibition on the nickel alloy surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nano particles were synthesized from rice husk by alkali treatment followed by calcination. The nano particles were characterized with the aid of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). The eri silk / wool union fabric was coated with the nano silica by hydrothermal method for achieving hydrophobic surface. The SEM and XRD results inferred that the synthesized silica nano particles are spherical and amorphous in nature. SEM, Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the existence of nano silica on the fabric. The nano silica treatment resulted in the enhancement of water contact angle upto 145○. The results are further confirmed by spray test and water absorbency analysis. The nano silica treated fabric possessed good fastness to dry cleaning and washing. The highest contact angle of 145○ was observed with the treatment of union fabric with 7.5% nano silica. The AAS results showed 667 ppm of silica on the fabric. The physico-mechanical properties of the silica treated fabric differed marginally from the untreated fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical modification methods of nano-silica and the chemical modification methods including amine compound modification, silane coupling agent modification, alcohol lipid modification, grafted polymer modification, in situ modification, etc. are reviewed, and finally the advantages and disadvantages of these nano-silica modification methods are discussed and evaluated, focusing on the discussion of the modified nano-silica in oil and gas fields・ Applications and mechanisms for reducing oil-water interfacial tension and changing rock surface wettability. The advantages and disadvantages of modified nano-silica in enhanced oil recovery are summarized, and its development trend is prospected, which provides reference and suggestions for further research on modified nano-silica enhanced oil recovery technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional materials may only be suitable for some applications, owing to their limited specific properties. On the other hand, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites can be very useful in a variety of applications. Cissus quadrangularis stem fibers (CQSF) reinforced with epoxy polymers exhibit impressive mechanical properties. Incorporating nano-silica further enhanced the tensile and flexural properties, with the maximum tensile strength reaching 118.18 MPa and a flexural strength of 132.66 MPa when 2 wt% nano silica is used. The maximum impact strength is achieved at 1.5 wt% nano silica incorporation and the hardness increase gradually with increasing nano silica content, reaching its maximum value at 2 wt%. The degradation temperature started at 320 °C, and the char yield increased with nano silica incorporation. An amorphous peak at 18.64° was identified, and the water absorption rate changed with the filler content. The acoustic properties and sound absorption coefficient of the CQSF nanocomposite containing 2 wt% SiO2 can be improved compared to neat CQSF/Epoxy (CQSF/E) in the low to high-frequency ranges. The fracture mechanism was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, all countries in the world use ordinary Portland cement concrete for the construction purpose; this ordinary Portland cement (OPC) gives good mechanical properties and durability to the buildings. The binder cement and the filler aggregate are the ingredients widely used in the process of concrete. Natural resources are used to extract both filler and binder elements. In India, the fast-growing sectors like infrastructure, smart cities development, and real estate consume concrete in large quantity. Also, India is the second largest cement manufacturer in the world. The need of cement is increasing day to day, even though the country is manufacturing the cement more than the required demand. In an average, the cement manufacturing industries produce 6% of CO2; for example, if industries produce 1 tonne of cement, they also emit 1 tonne of CO2. This brings us environment changes and produces more pollution to the country. To handle this situation, after many research, geopolymer concrete has been developed. Geopolymer concrete (GC) is all about mixing of source materials to the alkaline solution. Fly ash (FA) that is collected from the power plant is used in GC. The FA-based GC gives more strength when compared to the normal OPC concrete. Under ambient and steam curing, the compression, flexural strength, and tensile strength of FAGC and steel-reinforced geopolymer (SFGC) were tested and results were compared with normal concrete. FAGC mix proportions were studied under different ratios for sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with 10 M. When compared with normal cement, the strength given by FAGC achieved good strength under ambient temperature. FAGC was further tested for the acid, sulfate, water absorption, and sorptivity test and compared with OPC concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mordenite's excellent physical and chemical qualities set it apart from other zeolites with similar applications in industry. Mordenite is frequently produced through hydrothermal processing with TEA+ cations. The best template agent is TEA+ cations, despite the fact that they may lead to a variety of problems, such as the release of toxicity, the high cost of production, the contamination of wastewater, and environmental damage. So, it's important to develop a mordenite synthesis technique that doesn't need an organic template or a cheap template. The mordenite-type zeolites were prepared using sand from the western part of Iraq (Ar-Rutbah). Silica was extracted from Iraqi sand as a silica source and sodium aluminate as a source of alumina Al by using the SOL-GEL method through the hydrothermal technique at temperatures ranging from 23 to 27 °C over a period of 7 days. Analyses such as XRD, BET surface area AFM, FT-IR, and FE-SEM were performed on the sample. The average particle size was 31.9 nm, and the BET surface area was 202.487. XRF detected the ratio of silica to alumina (Si/Al = 4.55), and the exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions through ionic exchange is 100%. The micrograph clearly reveals a tiny portion of the crystal band with a flaky habit, while FE-SEM images of synthesized H-MOR show that plates form the majority of the crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, waste nitrile rubber (NBR) was radio-chemo-mechanically devulcanized and used as oil/seawater separator. Pure and surface modified silica nanoparticles were applied to the new and recycled NBR compounds at different contents (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 wt%). The surface modification of nanoparticles was performed using triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) at different concentrations (i.e. 1, 5 and 10X). The rheological/mechanical properties and water/oil contact angles (WCA/OCA) of the new and recycled NBR based nanocomposites were evaluated. The results showed that using modified silica nanoparticles (at 5 wt% loading content) caused increment in the WCA from 89.89 and 95.3° to 151.56 and 153.3° and decrease in the OCA from 73.39 and 71.3° to 14.1 and 11.1° for new and recycled NBRs, respectively. It was also found that durability of sorbent against oil absorption–desorption cycles declined using the recycled rubber instead of new NBR compound (i.e. from 1000 to 700 cycles), but the oil absorption capacity enhanced (i.e. from 2.2 to 2.4 g/g). The oil separation efficiencies (OSE) of the modified nanocomposites were more than 99%. It was shown that using modified nanoparticles in RNBR caused 50% decrement in the Payne effect and 33% enhancement in the chemical/physical bonds, respectively.

Today, with advances, researchers are looking for a way to prevent human and financial damage from collisions. In this research, the energy absorption of nanocomposite structures with different percentages of clay and nan osilica nanoparticles along with diethylene triamine has been investigated using epoxy resin polymer and nanoparticles. And the samples under compressive axial loading have absorbed different amounts of energy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the different effects of nanomaterials and different percentages. The design of this experiment has been done by Design-Expert software with a parametric study and Box Behnken Design (BBD). The range of changes in nanomaterials was 0-0.4 % and also diethylene triamine with weight percentages of 1, 3, and 5 % was used. The results show that the materials used in the study had a positive effect on energy absorption and the failure of the structure and the sample with weight percentages of 0.4% nano clay, 0.4% nano-silica, and 3% diethylenetriamine is the most optimal energy absorption mode. Has had a special.

High-performance ternary mixed nano-concrete has been extensively utilized in high-rise structures due to its desirable strength, durability, and thermal insulation ability. Additionally, nano-concrete usage is the most current area of research in concrete components. This research investigates the compressive strength, flexural behavior, and micro-structure behavior of nano-SiO2 concrete specimens. This study also evaluates the strength development of mixes combining binary and ternary combinations of agricultural by-products (rice husk ash, corncob ash, and bagasse ash) and industrial by-products (fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and metakaolin). The cost-efficiency, energy-efficiency, and eco-efficiency of ternary blended nano-concrete with various additives were considered when evaluating their sustainability capabilities. This study aims to improve sustainable high-performance concrete without overutilizing or underutilizing additives. Based on the findings, nano-SiO2 concrete can achieve greater compressive strength ranges of 51 to 70 MPa with binary and ternary admixtures. Furthermore, ternary nano-SiO2 concrete performs more sustainably than other mixes regarding cost-effectiveness, energy use, and CO2 emissions, as do mixes made of sugarcane bagasse ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag.

The special particle grading properties of silt lead to the strong water sensitivity and low soil strength of silt sites, many of which are severely damaged and urgently need to be repaired. This article takes the powder soil from a certain burial site area in Xizhu Village, Luoyang as the research object, which is improved by adding nanosilica and potassium methylsilicate. The modified soil is studied through mechanical and waterproof performance tests, and the mechanism of action of the modified material is analyzed through SEM and XRD. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties and waterproof properties of the composite modified soil were improved when the nanosilica content was 2% and the potassium methylsilicate content was 0.5%; the durability of the composite modified soil is improved, making this the optimum ratio. The mechanical properties and water resistance of the silty soil were significantly improved by adding the appropriate amount of nanosilica and potassium methylsilicate. Nanosilica can be evenly dispersed in the soil matrix, absorb a small amount of water to form a gel state, fill the pores in the silt aggregates, and improve soil compactness. In addition, nanosilica aggregates can attach to the surface of the soil particles and extend from the particle surface to the particle edge. By increasing the contact between soil particles and increasing the particle size, the mechanical properties of the modified soil are improved. When potassium methylsilicate solution is added to the soil, it reacts with water and carbon dioxide, decomposes into methylsilicate, and quickly generates a polymethylsiloxane film to cover the surface of soil particles, forming a waterproof film on the surface and thereby improving the waterproof performance of modified soil. Our research results can provide a reference for the restoration and protection of silty and silt-like sites. The next step is to apply the composite modified soil in engineering restoration through field tests in order to study the repairing ability of composite modified soil and its actual protective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate the effect of high filler loadings of SiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) epoxy hybrid composites. The compression molding process was used to create the composite. To achieve the aforementioned goals, the blends were made using 25% PALF and varied weight proportions (3 wt%, 6 wt%, and 9 wt%) of SiO2 nanoparticles. Tensile, bending, impact, interlaminar shear, shoreline D hardness, and dynamic mechanical analysis were all evaluated. SEM was used to examine the morphology of the materials, and an FTIR spectrometer was used to look for the presence of organic chemicals in fiber-reinforced composite materials. The findings show that adding 25% PALF fiber and 6% SiO2 nanoparticles (D-type) to the epoxy polymer improved the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites. Even the high filler content of SiO2 (E-type) reveals the highest mechanical strength compared to the A and B types. It can be attributed to the improved interaction and homogeneous dispersion of the fillers and epoxy polymers. Moreover, the water uptake parameters of all samples were studied. The findings showed that the inclusion of reinforcements boosts the water uptake of the composite significantly. The initial deterioration rate of the SiO2-incorporated hybrids is almost the same, at about 400 °C, which is considerably greater than that of the beginning breakdown temperatures of PALF (300 °C), according to the thermography results. Due to that, the inorganic SiO2-filled PALF-reinforced polymer composites have increased degradability and generate less environmental pollution, and these biocomposites have demonstrated application in the construction, packaging, furnishings, automobile, and biotechnological domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) containing considerable heavy metals is classified as a hazardous waste. Alkali-activated technology can effectively improve the environmental safety of MSWIFA. Due to the low silica content of MSWIFA, the addition of nano silica (NS) solves the problem to enhance the ability of solidification/stabilization (S/S) and maximize the utilization of MSWIFA. NS/MSWIFA solidified body was prepared by alkali-activated technology in this work. The mechanical and environmental properties of NS/MSWIFA solidified body with various dosages (0–3 wt%). NS were characterized by compressive strength, leaching concentration, and chemical speciation distribution of heavy metals. A comparative study of MSWIFA and solidified bodies for exploring S/S mechanisms was investigated using XRD, FTIR, TG/DTG, NMR, and SEM/EDS tests. The results showed that the leaching concentration of Pb in MSWIFA based on different leaching methods was 23.54 mg/L and 31.7 mg/L, 19.6 times higher than the standard of hazardous waste landfill and 126.8 times higher than the standard of landfill site of municipal solid waste, respectively. The total amount of Zn and Pb was 4739 mg/kg and 2451 mg/kg, respectively, exceeding other heavy metals by 1–2 orders of magnitude. When the addition of NS was 2 wt% and 3 wt%, the compressive strength and the leaching concentration of heavy metals in solidified bodies reached the highest and the lowest, respectively. Comparative analysis indicated that adding NS promoted heavy metals in MSWIFA to be converted into a stable state, and increased hydration product C-(A)-S-H gels formation, making the structure denser. On a broader perspective, NS/MSWIFA solidified body was developed as a low-carbon and environment-friendly binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flake micaceous iron oxide (MIO) pigment is a natural flake pigment, together with nano silica (NS) used to increase mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of coatings based on epoxy resin Epotec YD011X75 cured with Domide G5022. MIO and NS were dispersed into epoxy resin Epotec YD011X75 by mechanical stirring combined with ultrasonic vibration. The structural morphology of the materials was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Functional groups in epoxy/curing agent/MIO polymers analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal property of the material is evaluated by Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC). Epoxy coatings with flake micaceous oxide iron, nano silica, phosphate zinc pigment (P), talc filler powder (T), additives, and solvents are prepared by grinding and mechanical stirring. The mechanical properties of epoxy coatings were evaluated by standards for epoxy coatings. The anti-corrosion properties of the coatings on steel were evaluated by the salt fog spray method and electrochemical method. The research results have fabricated two formulations of epoxy coatings based on epoxy resin Epotec YD011X75 with the most appropriate mass ratio of YD011X75/(MIO/P/T) is 40/60 (wt/wt); of which one does not have nano silica (epoxy coating MIO2); one with 1 wt% nano silica (epoxy coating MIO5). The thermal stability of epoxy coating MIO5 is better than epoxy coating MIO2. The decomposition temperature of 50 wt% of epoxy coatings MIO5 and MIO2 is 528.34°C and 470.53°C. The formed epoxy coatings achieve the physical chemistry properties, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance properties of steel for epoxy coatings, in which the epoxy coating MIO5 is better than the epoxy coating MIO2. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the strength of geopolymer mortars produced with alkali-activated trachytic tuff (TT) with nano silica (NS) added was investigated by curing in different environments. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ) combined alkali activator, which is not widely used, was used to activate the mortars. Geopolymers can be obtained from alumino silicate and industrial waste based materials to contribute to environmentally friendly production. The trachytic tuff used in the study is a material of volcanic origin containing abundant alumino silicate and has a lower alkaline-activated property compared to industrial wastes. For this reason, geopolymer mortars were synthesized in a 96-hour curing environment at 80°C by examining the detailed literature. Sulfate and acid attacks are the most important chemical problems affecting the service life of building materials. In this context, the samples with 1.0% nano silica additive, which showed the best performance in geopolymer mortars, whose mechanical behavior was examined in 5% sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions along with pH changes for 360 days; pH values are in the range of 13.2-11.8, 11.6-8.5, 3.5-2.6; bending strength of 12.25, 11.50, 7.41 MPa; compressive strength of 66.12, 50.63, 40.82 MPa; was found to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) has gained significant interest recently as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA). WMA is produced at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is an ongoing need to improve the durability of WMA to satisfy the expanding demands of modern road infrastructure. Nanomaterials that possess unique characteristics of high surface area and reactivity could serve as promising additives for improving the performance of WMA. This research aims to investigate the effect of four nanomaterial types on the Marshall properties and durability of warm mix asphalt (WMA). These types are; nano silica $\left({{\rm{NS}}} \right)$ N S , nano carbonate calcium $\left({{\rm{NCC}}} \right),{\rm{ }}$ N C C , nano clay $\left({{\rm{NC}}} \right)$ N C , and nanoplatelets $\left({{\rm{NP}}} \right)$ N P . For each type of Nanomaterial, three contents are tried as follows; ${\rm{NS}}$ N S (1%, 3%, and 5%), ${\rm{NCC}}$ N C C (2%, 4%, and 6%), ${\rm{NC}}$ N C (3%, 5%, and 7%), and ${\rm{NP }}$ N P (2%, 4%, and 6%) by weight of asphalt cement. Following the Marshall mix design method, the optimum asphalt cement content is determined; thereafter the optimum dosage for each nanomaterial is obtained based on the highest Marshall stability value. The durability of the control mix (no nanomaterial) and modified mixtures have been compared based on moisture damage, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation. These properties are evaluated using indirect tensile strength $\left({{\rm{ITS}}} \right)$ I T S and uniaxial repeated load tests. The findings of this research emphasize the potential of nanomaterials to improve the Marshall properties and the durability of WMA significantly. Also, the results showed that using nanomaterials to construct asphalt concrete surface course extended the service life of pavement structures. Compared to CM, modifying asphalt concrete by one of the nanomaterials, NC, NS, NCC, and NP, improved the design life by 59.6, 43.1, 24.4, and 12.2%, respectively. However, the improvement rate for each property depends on the nanomaterial dosage and type. Therefore, this work provides a basis for producing more durable and sustainable paving mixtures using nanomaterials to offer better resistance to distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nano silica (50 mL L−1) and melatonin (75 µM) individually or in combination in foliar applications on the morphophysiological, biochemical and yield properties of pea plants under salinity stress conditions was evaluated. Salt stress caused a remarkable decrease in the growth and yield characteristics; for example, the plant dry weight, plant height, number of flowers plant−1, number of pods plant−1, weight of 100 green seeds and protein concentration in the pea plants during both seasons were decreased compared with the control. Similarly, their physiobiochemical characteristics were negatively affected; chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the relative water content (RWC) were significantly reduced in the stressed pea plants. However, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide, the electrolyte leakage (EL%), super oxide and the antioxidant components (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and total phenolic compounds) were significantly increased when the plants were under salt stress compared with the control plants. On the other hand, the foliar application of nano silica and melatonin individually or in combination enhanced the physiobiochemical characteristics, morphological characteristics and yield of the stressed pea plants. The best treatment was the combination treatment (nano silica + melatonin), which caused significant increases in the plant dry weight, plant height, number of flowers and pods plant−1, weight of 100 green seeds, protein concentration, chlorophyll concentrations and RWC in the stressed pea plants. Additionally, the combination treatment significantly decreased the EL%, MDA, O2⋅− and H2O2 and adjusted the upregulation of the antioxidant enzymes, proline and total phenolic compounds in the stressed plants compared with the stressed untreated pea plants. Generally, it can be suggested that the co-application of nano silica (50 mL L−1) + melatonin (75 µM) plays a positive role in alleviating the adverse impacts of salinity on pea plants by modifying the plant metabolism and regulating the antioxidant defense system as well as scavenging reactive oxygen species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly vinyl acetate (PVAC) adhesive is one of the most important adhesives in wood and furniture manufacturing industry, which has many advantages such as low cost, environment friendliness and non-toxicity. However, it has some disadvantages such as low water resistance and poor boning strength. In this study, the effect of nano silica (NS) on the properties of poly vinyl acetate adhesive was investigated. The adhesive formulation with different NS contents (2, 3 and 4%) was mixed with PVAC. The structure of the prepared adhesive samples was studied by FT-IR and XRD. In order to make joints, maple wood (Acer cappadocicum) was used. Two standards of D882 and ASTM D905 were used for tensile and shear measurements, respectively. Results showed that adding NS to PVAC improved the tensile strength of films. For example, the tensile strength of prepared films was increased by 30% after adding 4% of NS. Moreover, shear strength test showed that NS up to 3% can improve PVAC bond strength. Viscosity measrements showed that increasing the weight of NS up to 3% to PVAC glue initially decreased in the viscosity and then increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the rheology and mechanical properties and durability of concrete, which at the same time has properties of three types of self-compacting concrete (SCC), fiber-reinforced and ultra-high performance. This concrete contains pozzolans, garnet and basalt aggregates, and steel fiber. The purpose of this research is feasibility construction fiber-reinforced ultra-high performance self-compacting concrete (UHPSCC) of durable. Therefore, the required tests on this concrete have been carried out in two steps. The first step is the importance of rheology properties of self-compacting concrete, containing the tests of fresh concrete including slump flow, V-funnel test, and L-box test. The second step involves tests related to the determination of hardened concrete properties divided into two parts. The first part corresponds to the mech­anical properties test, including compressive strength, and the second part pertains to durability tests (surface water absorption, surface electrical resistivity and RCMT) and microstructural test, including Scanning Electron Microscopy. The above tests show that this type of concrete has rheology properties in the acceptable range EFNARC, ultra-high compressive strength, negligible surface water absorption, minimal chlorine ion migration coefficient, and very high-level electrical resistance has this type of concrete in the ultra-high concrete cluster.

Cement materials have been commonly used in the building and construction industries. However, the process of cement manufacture has long been connected with high consumption of energy and adverse environmental impacts. In this study, in order to produce innovative green cement material that consumes lower energy, resources and is more eco-friendly, industrial waste by-product fly ash cenosphere (FAC) has been utilized as lightweight aggregate to replace cement by 73.3 %. Most research regarding lightweight cement materials with FAC has mainly paid attention to the influence of FAC and the reinforcement via fibre materials, but very few studies have been devoted to the incorporation of nano additives. Therefore, 0.05 %, 0.15 %, 0.45 % of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 0.2 %, and 1.0 % of nano silica (NS) were used to modify lightweight cement composite (LWCC). Experiments including flexural strength test, compressive strength test, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to evaluate the mechanical behaviours and the hydration process of the produced LWCC. Based on the experimental outcomes, incorporating CNTs and NS can effectively contribute to enhancing both flexural and compressive strength, and facilitate cement hydration reaction.

Sorbitol was employed as the grafting agent to modify nano-silica by the hyperbranched reaction. The obtained carrier was further used to prepare immobilized 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), which was successfully applied to produce vitamin E succinate. Two crucial steps were systematically investigated during the preparation of hyperbranched loaded DMAP: the epoxy-alcohol addition and N-alkylation reactions. For the epoxy-alcohol addition reaction, the maximum hydroxyl content reached 8.89 mmol/g when the molar ratio of sorbitol to epoxide was 2.5:1, the reaction temperature was 55 °C, the stirring rate was 500 rpm, and the reaction time was 8 h. In the N-alkylation reaction, when the reaction time was 20 h, the reaction temperature was 130 °C, the molar ratio of MAP to K$_{2}$CO$_{3}$ was 1:1.5, the KI to MAP molar ratio was 1:1 and the stirring rate was 600 rpm, the highest loading of DMAP reached 5.17 mmol/g. The catalytic performance of the loaded DMAP with different branching levels was evaluated by the acetylation reaction. The highest catalytic activity was observed in the hyperbranched catalyst, which reached 24.97 mmol/h${\cdot }$g. Moreover, the stability of the prepared immobilized DMAP was significantly enhanced. After being used for ten batches, 94.9% of the catalytic activity retention rate was obtained.

The effect of nano SiO2silica and nano TiO2 on the dyeing of cotton fabric with madder dye was studied. The metal nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method from respective precursors. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of cotton with madder. The effect of nanoparticles on the color values, fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties was studied. The characterization of the nanoparticles and the dyed fabric was studied using various analytical techniques. The dye was characterized by FTIR and phytochemical analysis. The post dyeing results inferred that there is a considerable improvement in the dye uptake and fastness properties of the dyed fabric after introducing metal nanoparticles. The SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of SiO2 and TiO2nanoparticles on the fabric surface. The physico-mechanical properties of the fabric were found intact after dyeing.

The present work addresses conducting an experimental comparison between different types and dosages of fibers and nanomaterials in compressive tests and the cost of mixes for high-strength concrete (HSC). This study investigated the materials used in the construction sector in Egypt. The experimental work was carried out to select the optimum percentage of each type of the used nanomaterials, and fibers to achieve the highest compressive strength and low cost. In this work, nineteen concrete mixes were prepared. Nano silica (NS) and nano clay (NC) were used at 0, 1, 2, and 3 % by weight of cement. Also, nano- fumed silica (FS) was used at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 %, while silica fume (SF) was used at 10 % by weight of cement. Each type of corrugated round steel fiber (STF), and polypropylene fibers (PPF) were used at 0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 % by concrete volume. The results indicated that the compressive strength of the HSC increases as the percentage of adding nano-fumed silica increases up to 3 % and the economic feasibility of nano-fumed silica in concrete is better than in other nanomaterials such as nano silica and nano clay. Also, using 1 % steel fiber in HSC increases concrete strength significantly compared to conventional concrete without considerably increasing the cost.

An archaeological stone block dating back to the era of new kingdom and displayed in the exhibition hall in Al Qantara East, registered with No. 930 and as a result of its display an inappropriate display as a result of the use of natural lighting in the display, represented by sunlight through windows open day and night. The danger of these daily changes between the degrees of night and day lies on the course of one day and then throughout the seasons leads to the expansion and contraction of the rocks and then weakening their cohesion and fragmentation. This is indeed the current situation of this block displayed in the hall, in addition to the fading of colors, as well as the use of a high-viscosity restoration material in the reinforcement that led to the attraction of dust and dirt and its adhesion to the surface. The color faded as a result of the lack of lighting control inside the exhibition hall, the remnants of the existing colors were blurred as a result of applying a reinforcement material with a high viscosity, which led to the attraction of dust and dirt, and then blurring the colors on the inscription. Examinations and analyzes were carried out on the block, and the results of the examination with a polarized microscope showed that it is of primitive limestone, which contains fossils and microorganisms,

The efficient and sustainable development of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin has higher technical requirements for reservoir acidizing alteration technology. However, the acidification effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs was hampered by the drawbacks such as uncontrollable acidification rate of the reservoir, the large friction resistance, and the great acid filtration. A novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent CTG-1 is prepared based on nano-silica and combined with amide compounds. The influence of different factors on the acid filtration performance and heat- and shear-resistant capacity of carbonate rock reservoirs were analyzed, and then the mechanism of nano-silica gelling agent for acid filtration reduction in carbonate rock reservoirs is revealed. The research results showed that the filtration resistance of acid solution decreases slightly with the increase in the content of nano-silica gelling agent and reservoir pressure. The viscosity, fluid loss coefficient, and friction-reducing rate are as high as 25 mPa s, 2.4 × 10−2 m3 min1/2, and 71%, respectively, showing significantly better result than that of commonly used commercial gelling agents. The development of nano-silica gelling agent provides a reliable reference for effectively improving the acidification and stimulation effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs.

When grout is used to penetrate voids and cracks in soils and rock layers, easy and effective pumping of the grouts is vital, especially for grouting works during geotechnical improvements. For this reason, improving the rheological parameters of cement-based grouts and increasing their fluidity are important for effective grouting injection. In this study, an experimental investigation and analysis using artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to discover how nano silica (n-SiO2) together with fly ash affects the rheological behaviour of cement-based grouts. The effects of nano silica (n-SiO2) additions at different contents by mass (0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on the plastic viscosity and yield stress values of cement-based grouts incorporating fly ash as a mineral additive at different amounts (0% – as a control, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) were investigated. Using the experimental data obtained, a feed-forward (FF) back-propagation (BP) multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict the plastic viscosity and yield stress of cement-based grouts with nano silica nanoparticle additives. The ANN model developed can predict the plastic viscosity and yield stress values of cement-based grouts containing nano silica nanoparticle-doped fly ash with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat-cured geopolymers outperform OPC-based concretes in mechanical and durability properties. However, ambient curing conditions cause fly ash-based geopolymer composites to set slowly and have low strength, becoming brittle and porous. Most conventional building method needs concrete to cure at room temperature. These restrictions prevent the extensive use of geopolymer as an OPC binder substitute in structural applications. To uplift the mechanical and physical properties of geopolymer with ambient curing conditions most researchers added binary binders and a high amount of activators. The use of alkaline activators beyond the limit is uneconomical and gives a negative impact on the strength. To avoid these complications, researchers have started incorporating nanomaterials in the binder. Nanomaterials accelerate the reaction between the chemicals within geopolymers and act as filler material. These two properties of nanomaterials make them a better option for geopolymers to increase their conventional properties in cured-in-situ conditions. This study compares and discusses the hardened properties of ordinary geopolymer composites made from different industrial by-products with other geocomposites incorporating nanomaterials like nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-clay, nano-TiO2, carbon nanotubes, and nano-graphene. Studies suggest that the initial measures for improving the hardened properties of geocomposites are; activator precursors of high a aluminate-to-silicate ratio, medium molarity close to 8 M, and a sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio close to 2, that yield a compressive strength in the range 35-69 MPa. Nanoparticle incorporation further improved the compressive strength to the range of 25–35 MPa without the need for adding a higher amount of activator solutions. With the addition of 2% nano-silica, nano-alumina, and nano-clay by weight of the binder, the compressive and flexural strength of geopolymer concrete increased by 46.26% & 91.85%, 25.31% and 35.25%, and 46.54% and 48.29%, respectively. Thus, the use of nanomaterials is beneficial, as it imposes no side effect on geocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]