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Se presenta un nuevo registro de distribución de Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani, 1848) en el Estado de Quintana Roo, y se proporciona información adicional acerca de su distribución en México.

Introducción: La identificación de las especies de mosquitos es una de las principales actividades del Programa de Vigilancia y Control de Aedes aegypti (L) y Aedes albopictus (S). Objetivo. Actualizar conocimientos sobre la diversidad de especies de culícidos relacionándolo con el riesgo entomoepidemiológico en La Habana con énfasis en arbovirosis y malaria. Métodos: Se analizaron las bases de datos del laboratorio de entomología sobre la identificación de especies de mosquitos en la Habana del año 2000 al año 2018. Resultados: Se registra la presencia de una nueva especie para Cuba: Culex (C) coronator. Se identificó en cuatro municipios en diferentes sitios de cría asociada a Culex nigripalpus y Anopheles albimanus. Cx. coronator se considera un vector potencial de arbovirosis ya que se ha encontrado infectado naturalmente con varias encefalitis y el virus del Nilo occidental. El reporte de especies de la provincia fue de 49 que representa el 70 % del total de especies (70) presentes en Cuba. Se registraron cinco de las seis especies del género Anopheles registradas para Cuba. An. albimanus principal vector de malaria se registró en todos los municipios durante todo el año, es de destacar su presencia en 21 depósitos artificiales en los patios y en dados y pocetas de cemento asociados a las construcciones. Se propone por primera vez una estratificación de riesgo entomológico de malaria para la Habana. Conclusiones. Se destaca el riesgo entomoepidemiológico presente en la provincia debido a la presencia de 11 especies vectoras de arbovirosis, malaria y enfermedades zoonóticas.

We evaluated nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for Zika virus on whole-blood specimens compared with NAAT on serum and urine specimens among asymptomatic pregnant women during the 2015-2016 Puerto Rico Zika outbreak. Using NAAT, more infections were detected in serum and urine than in whole blood specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that pigs seroconvert after experimental exposure to Zika virus and are potential sentinels. We demonstrate that pigs are also susceptible to natural Zika virus infection, shown by the presence of antibodies in domestic pigs in Yucatan, Mexico. Zika virus RNA was detected in 5 species of mosquitoes collected inside pigpens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ardeola is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Ornitologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Entomología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

BackgroundThe impact of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) on reducing malaria incidence is shown mainly through data collection from health facilities. Routine evaluation of long-term epidemiological and entomological dynamics is currently unavailable. In Kenya, new policies supporting the provision of free ITNs were implemented nationwide in June 2006. To evaluate the impacts of ITNs on malaria transmission, we conducted monthly surveys in three sentinel sites with different transmission intensities in western Kenya from 2002 to 2010.Methods and FindingsLongitudinal samplings of malaria parasite prevalence in asymptomatic school children and vector abundance in randomly selected houses were undertaken monthly from February 2002. ITN ownership and usage surveys were conducted annually from 2004 to 2010. Asymptomatic malaria parasite prevalence and vector abundances gradually decreased in all three sites from 2002 to 2006, and parasite prevalence reached its lowest level from late 2006 to early 2007. The abundance of the major malaria vectors, Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae, increased about 5–10 folds in all study sites after 2007. However, the resurgence of vectors was highly variable between sites and species. By 2010, asymptomatic parasite prevalence in Kombewa had resurged to levels recorded in 2004/2005, but the resurgence was smaller in magnitude in the other sites. Household ITN ownership was at 50–70% in 2009, but the functional and effective bed net coverage in the population was estimated at 40.3%, 49.4% and 28.2% in 2010 in Iguhu, Kombewa, and Marani, respectively.ConclusionThe resurgence in parasite prevalence and malaria vectors has been observed in two out of three sentinel sites in western Kenya despite a high ownership of ITNs. The likely factors contributing to malaria resurgence include reduced efficacy of ITNs, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and lack of proper use of ITNs. These factors should be targeted to avoid further resurgence of malaria transmission.

Transposon-mediated transformation was used to produce Anopheles stephensi that express single-chain antibodies (scFvs) designed to target the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The scFvs, m1C3, m4B7, and m2A10, are derived from mouse monoclonal antibodies that inhibit either ookinete invasion of the midgut or sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. The scFvs that target the parasite surface, m4B7 and m2A10, were fused to an Anopheles gambiae antimicrobial peptide, Cecropin A. Previously-characterized Anopheles cis-acting DNA regulatory elements were included in the transgenes to coordinate scFv production with parasite development. Gene amplification and immunoblot analyses showed promoter-specific increases in transgene expression in blood-fed females. Transgenic mosquito lines expressing each of the scFv genes had significantly lower infection levels than controls when challenged with P. falciparum.

Background: Malaria vector intervention and control programs require reliable and accurate information about vector abundance and their seasonal distribution. The availability of reliable information on the spatial and temporal productivity of larval vector habitats can improve targeting of larval control interventions and our understanding of local malaria transmission and epidemics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in the western Kenyan highlands, the aerial sampler and the emergence trap. Methods: The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up for sixty days in each season in three habitat types: drainage ditches, natural swamps, and abandoned goldmines. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up in eleven places in each habitat type. The success of each in estimating habitat productivity was assessed according to method, habitat type, and season. The effect of other factors including algae cover, grass cover, habitat depth and width, and habitat water volume on species productivity was analysed using stepwise logistic regression Results: Habitat productivity estimates obtained by the two sampling methods differed significantly for all species except for An. implexus. For for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus, aerial samplers performed better, 21.5 and 14.6 folds, than emergence trap respectively, while the emergence trap was shown to be more efficient for culicine species. Seasonality had a significant influence on the productivity of all species monitored. Dry season was most productive season. Overall, drainage ditches had significantly higher productivity in all seasons compared to other habitat types. Algae cover, debris, chlorophyll-a, and habitat depth and size had significant influence with respect to species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the aerial sampler is the better of the two methods for estimating the productivity of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in the western Kenya highlands and possibly other malaria endemic parts of Africa. This method has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring malaria vector populations and for control program design, and provides useful means for determining the most suitable sites for targeted

Arthropods constitute a phylum that corresponds to about 75% of the planet's species, and within that order, there is the Class of insects, mainly those belonging to the Order Diptera, which correspond to more than 150 thousand species already describer in the world. The simulids, inserted in the suborder Nematocera with a wide geographical distribution, are organisms that have medical-veterinary importance, as they transmit pathogens, such as worms of the genus Mansonella and Onchocerca, which affect both humans and animals. The simulids are animals that have a remarkable environmental importance, where due to the increase in the concentration of organic matter in rivers and the contribution of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste, they allow these insects to be considered as bioindicator of environmental quality. Phylogenetically, simulids are an important group at the base of the Diptera, which correspond to mosquitões and flies, whose evolutionary aspects have bee little studied. Since Diptera's embryonic development studies are mostly restricted to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, studies on the developmental biology of simulids are important to understand fundamental evolutionary aspects of the group's evolution. In this article we will discuss the importance of studying the neglected aspects of this numerous Order of insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zika virus is a member of the family of Flaviviridae, which is primarily spread to humans by mosquito bites. It has been linked to microcephaly in neonates, and as such, it poses a significant risk to human pregnancy. Zika virus infection is also implicated in other severe neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. There is currently no vaccine available to treat Zika virus disease, and as such, it represents a serious challenge to public health. Antigenic similarities between Zika and dengue can suggest artificially high infection rates of Zika within specific population groups. Here, we review recent literature and provide an update on the status of the Zika outbreak, including a description of available medical countermeasure options and current diagnosis methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many mosquitoes are of great medical and veterinary importance because they transmit numerous pathogens which cause diseases in animals and humans; thus, knowing their taxonomy and distribution is pivotal for implementing the correct control strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of mosquito species and their distribution in La Comarca Lagunera in the state of Durango, Mexico. Method: Adult mosquitoes were collected at different resting sites in four municipalities between August and November 2018 using Insectzookas. Aquatic habitats were also sampled for immature stages. Adult specimens were killed using lethal chambers with triethylamine vapors; while larvae and pupae were stored in individual tubes to obtain the adult stages and associated exuviae. All material was transported to the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Parasitology Department of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna (UAAAN-UL) for mounting and taxonomical identification. Species were identified using taxonomic keys for the region. Results: In total, 689 mosquito specimens (286 males and 403 females) were collected belonging to 15 species, among them Anopheles franciscanus McCracken, Culex erythrothorax Dyar, and Toxorhynchites moctezuma (Dyar and Knab) are new records for Durango State. The most abundant species was Cx. quinquefasciatus Say with 364 (56.2%) specimens, followed by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (21.3%) and Ae. vexans (Meigen) (7.7%). Conclusion: 13 out of 15 species collected are associated with the transmission of an arbovirus of relevant medical or veterinary importance in Mexico. There are now 38 species recorded for Durango. The information in this study is directly relevant for the Health Ministry in Durango State for the control of vector borne diseases in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a comprehensive larval sampling of culicid mosquitoes carried out in 2018 in different representative wetlands of the province of Albacete are presented. A total of 15 species were collected and identified. Eleven of these species have been recorded for first time in the study area, namely: Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles claviger, Anopheles petragnani, Culex theileri, Culex impudicus, Culiseta subochrea, Culex territans, Culex hortensis, Culiseta annulata, Culex modestus y Culex mimeticus. Main aspects related to sanitary interest of some of the collected species are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to shed light on the mosquitoes that transmit pathogen of Elephantiasis in terms of general characteristics, life cycle and medical and veterinary importance as the genus Culex is one of the most common species for transmitting the disease. It also sheds light on elephantiasis, which is one of the endemic tropical diseases (its symptoms, causes, spread, sick cause, infection, prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The struggle to control insect-borne diseases can lead to make rash decisions. For instance, the controversial method of planting of Crotalaria spp. to attract predatory dragonflies can be used to control insect vectors of dengue fever and several other medically significant insect-borne diseases. Nevertheless, there is no scientific support for this assumption. Despite the lack of evidence, in Brazil, there remains a multitude of online articles and grey literature sources still promote Crotalaria planting as a means to prevent dengue fever. Here we discuss the reasons why Odonata would not be attracted by Crotalaria and, therefore, it cannot not be considered as an efficient method for vector control. Finally, the best practice to avoid the spread of insect-borne diseases in the tropics is to avoid the accumulation of standing water in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria cases on the highlands west of Mount Kenya have been noticed since 10 20 years ago. It was not clear whether these cases were introduced from the nearby lowland or resulted from local transmission because of no record of vector mosquitoes on the highlands. Determination of presence and abundance of malaria vector is vital for effective control and epidemic risk assessment of malaria among both local residents and tourists. Methods: A survey on 31 aquatic sites for the malaria-vector mosquitoes was carried out along the primary road on the highlands around Mount Kenya and the nearby Mwea lowland during April 13 to June 28, 2005. Anopheline larvae were collected and reared into adults for morphological and molecular species identification. In addition, 31 families at three locations of the highlands were surveyed using a questionnaire about their history of malaria cases during the past five to 20 years. Results: Specimens of Anopheles arabiensis were molecularly identified in Karatina and Naro Moru on the highlands at elevations of 1,720-1,921 m above sea level. This species was also the only malaria vector found in the Mwea lowland. Malaria cases were recorded in the two highland locations in the past 10 years with a trend of increasing. Conclusion: Local malaria transmission on the Mount Kenya highlands is possible due to the presence of An. arabiensis. Land use pattern and land cover might be the key factors affecting the vector population dynamics and the highland malaria transmission in the region.

Understanding and predicting mosquito population dynamics is crucial for gaining insight into the abundance of arthropod disease vectors and for the design of effective vector control strategies. In this work, a climate-conditioned Markov chain (CMC) model was developed and applied for the first time to predict the dynamics of vectors of important medical diseases. Temporal changes in mosquito population profiles were generated to simulate the probabilities of a high population impact. The simulated transition probabilities of the mosquito populations achieved from the trained model are very near to the observed data transitions that have been used to parameterize and validate the model. Thus, the CMC model satisfactorily describes the temporal evolution of the mosquito population process. In general, our numerical results, when temperature is considered as the driver of change, indicate that it is more likely for the population system to move into a state of high population level when the former is a state of a lower population level than the opposite. Field data on frequencies of successive mosquito population levels, which were not used for the data inferred MC modeling, were assembled to obtain an empirical intensity transition matrix and the frequencies observed. Our findings match to a certain degree the empirical results in which the probabilities follow analogous patterns while no significant differences were observed between the transition matrices of the CMC model and the validation data (ChiSq = 14.58013, df = 24, p = 0.9324451). The proposed modeling approach is a valuable eco-epidemiological study. Moreover, compared to traditional Markov chains, the benefit of the current CMC model is that it takes into account the stochastic conditional properties of ecological-related climate variables. The current modeling approach could save costs and time in establishing vector eradication programs and mosquito surveillance programs.

Specimens from a patient of the 2000 Israel West Nile virus epidemic were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Products corresponding to E, NS3, and NS5 sequences were amplified from cerebellar but not from cortical samples. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a closer relationship of this isolate to 1996 Romanian and 1999 Russian than to 1998-99 Israeli or 1999 New York isolates.

Abstract. This study describes ecological data obtained in a rural area in the State of Mato Grosso, including the insects belonging to the family Culicidae, especially those framed as potential vectors of tropical diseases. In 2015, we collected adult mosquitoes in fragments of forest in a rural area located in Mato Grosso Central West of Brazil. We captured 18,256 mosquitoes of the sub-families Culicinae and Anophelinae and have identified 34 species belonging to 12 genera: Aedes (1 species), Anopheles (8 species), Coquillettidia (1 species), Haemagogus (1 species), Culex (5 species), Psorophora (5 species), Ochlerotatus (4 species), Deinocerites (1 species), Mansonia (4 species), Sabethes (2 species), Limatus (1 species), Wyeomyia (1 species). The family Culicidae presented high richness and abundance, established by diversity indexes (Margalef α =3.26; Shannon H' = 2.09; Simpson D = 0.19) with dominance of the species Anopheles (Nyssorhyncus) darlingi Root (89.8%). This species has considerable epidemiological value, considered the main vector of malaria in Mato Grosso. Many species of mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and domestic animals, transmitting pathogens including viruses (arboviruses), filaria worms (helminths) and protozoa. Composição de espécies e distribuição da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) e sua importância para doenças transmitidas por vetores em uma área rural do centro-ocidental - Mato Grosso, Brasil Resumo. Este estudo descreve dados ecológicos de uma área rural do Estado de Mato Grosso e dos insetos da família Culicidae especialmente aqueles enquadrados como vetores potenciais de doenças tropicais. Em 2015, coletamos mosquitos adultos em fragmentos de floresta em localidades de áreas rurais no Mato Grosso região Centro Oeste do Brasil. Foram capturados 18.256 exemplares alados de mosquitos das subfamílias Culicinae e Anophelinae e identificadas 34 espécies pertencentes a 12 gêneros: Aedes (1 espécie), Anopheles (8 espécies), Coquillettidia (1 espécie), Haemagogus (1 espécie), Culex (5 espécies), Psorophora (5 espécies), Ochlerotatus (4 espécies), Deinocerites (1 espécie), Mansonia (4 espécies), Sabethes (2 espécies), Limatus (1 espécie), Wyeomyia (1 espécie). A família Culicidae apresentou alta riqueza e abundância, estabelecida por índices de diversidade (Margalef α = 3.26, Shannon H' = 2.09, Simpson D = 0.19) com predominância da espécie Anopheles (Nyssorhyncus)darlingi Root (89.8%). Esta espécie tem considerável valor epidemiológico, sendo considerada o principal vetor de malária em Mato Grosso. Muitas espécies de mosquitos são vetores de patógenos que causam doenças em humanos e animais domésticos, transmitindo patógenos incluindo vírus (arboviroses), filárias (helmintos) e protozoários.

Los repelentes son aquellos que nos defienden de insectos, principalmente de los mosquitos. Es necesario protegerse de sus picaduras, razón por la cual, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo general la elaboración de un repelente a base del zumo extraído de frutas cítricas y verificar, por medio de la observación directa en campo, sobre su efectividad para mantener alejado de la piel humana mosquitos, bajo diferentes condiciones. En los ensayos de laboratorio se pesaron 252g de cáscaras de naranja y se colocaron en maceración por 5 días en una solución de 325mL de alcohol comercial. Datos preliminares obtenidos, indican de que sí es factible la elaboración de repelentes a base del zumo extraído de la cáscara de frutas cítricas y que el mismo presenta una acción repulsiva hacia los mosquitos en las condiciones estudiadas, sin embargo se hace necesario profundizar en futuras investigaciones.

En República Dominicana, las campañas de concientización encaminadas a informar, sensibilizar y movilizar a las comunidades en la eliminación de los riesgos asociados a la presencia de enfermedades vehiculadas por mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) se desarrollan, fundamentalmente, durante los períodos epidémicos, careciendo de sostenibilidad en el tiempo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar el programa educativo «Sácale los pies al mosquito» para la prevención y el control de enfermedades vehiculadas por mosquitos en Jarabacoa, municipio ubicado en la Cordillera Central. El programa consta de cuatro fases: diagnóstico, planeación, ejecución y evaluación. En la fase de diagnóstico se aplicó una encuesta CAP a 17 centros educativos de enseñanza media, para un total de 639 encuestados. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se desarrollaron charlas educativas y talleres dirigidos a satisfacer las necesidades de aprendizaje identificadas y fomentar la participación consciente y sostenible de los escolares en las acciones de prevención y control, tanto en el entorno escolar como comunitario. Conjuntamente, se creó un sitio web como espacio de divulgación científica sobre las temáticas abordadas. Los resultados obtenidos, a partir de la implementación del programa educativo, han aportado elementos claves para promover la participación de las comunidades en la prevención y control de esta problemática, así como garantizar la sostenibilidad de las acciones desarrolladas.

In order to identify the species of Culicidae in intra and peridomiciliary environments in the city of Lages, SC, to determine the frequency of species in these environments and to study the seasonal variation of Culicidae, monthly, winged insects were captured by automatic light trap and aspitation and immature forms by f fine meshed nets and siphoning, in ten residences (five in downtown and five in a neighborhood) from March 2006 to August 2008. A total of 657 adult mosquitoes of the species Culex quinquefasciatus and one of Ochlerotatus scapularis; 268 larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus, four of Stegomyia albopictus (= Aedes albopictus) and 14 Oc. Fluviatilis; 81 pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and four of Oc. fluviatilis. There was a predominance of the Cx. quinquefasciatus, with higher population density, generally from December to April, influenced mainly by the higher temperatures at that time of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este texto descreve a realização de atividades educativas com crianças, jovens e adultos de escolas públicas do município de Viçosa, Alagoas, sobre as principais formas de controle e prevenção de doenças transmitidas por vetores biológicos, com um foco maior em dengue e leishmanioses. Inicialmente, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico com moradores locais para investigar o nível de conhecimento da população sobre o assunto abordado. A partir da análise dos resultados, a equipe desenvolveu e apresentou palestras e fôlderes sobre as doenças e suas principais formas de prevenção. Foram exibidas, ainda, animações educativas de consulta pública de acordo com a faixa etária dos participantes, sendo divididas para o público infantil e o de jovens/adultos. Pode-se notar, ao final das apresentações, a interação dos participantes com os temas explanados por meio de questionamentos e esclarecimentos orais sobre as doenças apresentadas.

The 2018 West Nile Virus (WNV) season in Europe was characterized by an extremely high infection rate and an exceptionally higher burden when compared to previous seasons. Overall, there was a 10.9-fold increase in incidence in Italy, with 577 human cases, 230 WNV neuroinvasive diseases (WNNV) and 42 WNV-attributed deaths. Methods: in this paper we retrospectively reported the neurological presentation of 7 patients admitted to University Hospital of Udine with a diagnosis of WNNV, especially focusing on two patients who presented with atypical severe brain stem involvement. Conclusions: the atypical features of some of these forms highlight the necessity to stay vigilant and suspect the diagnosis when confronted with neurological symptoms. We strongly encourage clinicians to consider WNNV in patients presenting with unexplained neurological symptoms in mild climate-areas at risk.

O surgimento de várias doenças como dengue, chikungunya e zika evidenciam um grave problema social no que tange a saúde pública, acarretando ao poder público e sociedade em geral enormes desafios para seu controle. Nessa perspectiva, a arquitetura e a saúde; de forma inter, multi e transdisciplinar, evidenciam diversas possibilidades de melhoria na qualidade de vida, preocupando-se com a percepção e satisfação dos usuários, e propiciando a elaboração de propostas centradas no indivíduo e/ou no coletivo. Assim, o telhado verde surge como alternativa sustentável capaz de proporcionar inúmeras vantagens ambientais e biológicas. Metodologicamente o artigo estrutura-se através de um levantamento bibliográfico desenvolvido com base em material já elaborado, de maneira a conseguir uma maior compreensão e aprofundamento sobre a temática em foco. Então, a presente investigação teórica objetiva refletir e propor a utilização de telhados verdes como forma de reduzir o número de criadouros do mosquito Aedes aegypti no espaço urbano.

The toxicity and knockdown effect of Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their mixed formulation on Periplaneta Americana (L.), Blattella germanica (L.), Supella longipalpa, Culex pipiens, Anopheles stephensi and Musca domestica were evaluated in a series of laboratory experiments. In all bioassay five different doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10%) were used by filter paper (cm2) and aerosol (cm3) bioassay methods, all essential oils was toxic to cockroaches, mosquitos and housefly species the lowest and the highest LC50 belong to mixed formulation on B. germanica (LC50 6.1) and E. globulus on P. americana (LC50 27.7) respectively. In continuous exposure experiments, Mortality (LT50) values for cockroaches ranged from 1403.3 min with 0.625% E. globulus (for P. americana) to 2.2 min with 10% mixed formulation for A. stephensi. The KT50 values ranged from 0.1 to 1090.8 min for 10% and 0.625 for mixed formulation and R. officinalis respectively. The mortality after 24 h for mixed formulation was 100% but for single essential oils ranged from 81.5 to 98.3 for P. americana treated with R. officinalis and A. stephensi treated with E. globulus respectively. Studies on persistence of essential oils on impregnated paper revealed that it has more adulticidal activity for longer period at low storage temperature. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oil showed 14 and 16 peaks for E. globules and R. officinalis respectively. α-Pinene (39.8%), 1, 8-Cineole (13.2%), Camphene (9.1%) and Borneol (3.7%) were present in major amounts for R. officinalis and 1,8-Cineole (31.4%), α-Pinene (15.3%), d-Limonene (9.7%) and α-Terpinolen (5.3%) were present in major amounts for E. globulus respectively. Our results showed that two surveyed essential oils has compatible with synergistic effect on various insect species, furthermore it is useful for applying as integrated pest management tool for studied insects management, especially in situations in which conventional insecticides would be inappropriate.

Currently, West-Nile virus (WNV) is spreading worldwide to colder regions due to climate change. Human mortality and morbidity are prevalent and steadily increasing, associated with costs to public health systems. Therefore, the question of the impact of scientific engagement arises. What trends, barriers, and incentives for research related to global burdens are important in this context? To answer these questions, this study provides detailed insights into the publication patterns of WNV research and interprets them using several parameters, such as absolute and relative publication indices and socioeconomic and epidemiological characteristics. It is shown that national interests combined with regional outbreaks significantly influence publication intensity. Thus, a correlation between national publication volume and the number of WNV cases was observed. In contrast to most life science topics, the scientific interest in WNV significantly decreased after 2006. The USA, as the main actor in WNV research, is at the centre of international networking. Recently, European countries are also getting involved according to their new-emerging outbreaks. The results demonstrate national interest in research activities with a lack of globally focused approaches that are urgently needed to better understand and assess the distribution and characteristics of WNV.

A total of 194 specimens were collected (160 larvae, 34 pupae) representing 6 species from 4 genera (Aedes aegypti, Ae. scapularis, Culex coronator, Cx. nigripalpus, Haemagogus anastasionis, and Limatus durhamii). In the study, a total of 18 larvae of Li. durhamii (9.28%) were collected in natural and artificial breeding sites in the municipalities of Campeche (3), Escárcega (6), Hecelchakán (6), and Tenabo (3). We report here the first collection record of Li. durhamii for the state of Campeche in southern Mexico. Further studies are necessary to investigate the geographic distribution of Li. durhamii throughout the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of non-conventional insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi to control adult mosquitoes is increasing; however, the current methods are designed to evaluate the insecticidal action of the active ingredient. We describe the bioassay method to evaluate the effect of non-conventional insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi to control mosquitoes using the Potter tower. Twenty d after application, entomopathogenic fungi produced a proportion of mortality of 0.49 to 0.82, while non-conventional insecticides produced 100% mortality from 15 min after application. Our results showed that this bioassay could provide basic information on the effect of different non-conventional insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi on adult mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)