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This article explores the impact of chronic consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on social interaction and motor function in adult Swiss albino mice. The study found that long-term administration of MSG at various doses reduced social interaction time in the mice, indicating potential anxiogenic effects. However, motor function was not impaired. The study suggests that further research is necessary to fully understand the potential impact of MSG on anxiety in humans. Additionally, the study found that there was no significant difference in social interaction between different time intervals or doses of MSG, but all MSG-treated groups showed lower social interaction compared to the baseline at 3 months of treatment. The study suggests that MSG may induce anxiety-like behavior in mice, but larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Komagataella phaffii (a.k.a. Pichia pastoris) harbors a glutamate utilization pathway in which synthesis of glutamate dehydrogenase 2 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is induced by glutamate. Glutamate-inducible synthesis of these enzymes is regulated by Rtg1p, a cytosolic, basic helix-loop-helix protein. Here, we report food-grade monosodium glutamate (MSG)-inducible recombinant protein production from K. phaffii PEPCK promoter (PPEPCK) using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 virus (RBD) as model proteins. Results: PPEPCK-RBD/GFP expression cassette was integrated at two different sites in the genome to improve recombinant protein yield from PPEPCK. The traditional, methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX1) was used as the benchmark. Initial studies carried out with MSG as the inducer resulted in low recombinant protein yield. A new strategy employing MSG/ethanol mixed feeding improved biomass generation as well as recombinant protein yield. Cell density of 100–120 A600 units/ml was achieved after 72 h of induction in shake flask cultivations, resulting in recombinant protein yield from PPEPCK that is comparable or even higher than that from PAOX1. Conclusions: We have designed an induction medium for recombinant protein production from K. phaffii PPEPCK in shake flask cultivations. It consists of 1.0% yeast extract, 2.0% peptone, 0.17% yeast nitrogen base with ammonium sulfate, 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 6.0), 0.4 mg/L biotin, 2.0% MSG, and 2% ethanol. Substitution of ammonium sulphate with 0.5% urea is optional. Carbon source was replenished every 24 h during 72 h induction period. Under these conditions, GFP and RBD yields from PPEPCK equaled and even surpassed those from PAOX1. Compared to the traditional methanol-inducible expression system, the inducers of glutamate-inducible expression system are non-toxic and their metabolism does not generate toxic metabolites such as formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. This study sets the stage for MSG-inducible, industrial scale recombinant protein production from K. phaffii PPEPCK in bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biohydrogen production through photofermentation has gained significant attention as it provides a sustainable solution for clean energy supply and addresses wastewater concerns by utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFA) which are produced in dark fermentation. In this study, response surface methodology via a Face-centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) was employed to optimize buffer solution pH, ferric citrate concentration, sodium glutamate concentration to maximize biohydrogen production by Rhodobacter sp. MAY2 with mixed VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) as substrates. Results showed that the concentrations of ferric citrate, sodium glutamate, and buffer solution pH positively impact the biohydrogen production of Rhodobacter sp. MAY2. The optimal conditions were shown to be 0.36 mM ferric citrate, 11 mM sodium glutamate, and buffer solution of pH 7. The predicted hydrogen production potential (HPP) at these conditions (661.1 mL/L) was within 2 % of the actual HPP (647.7 mL/L). Kinetic parameters using the modified Gompertz equation showed that the predicted values for maximum potential cumulative H 2 production (P), maximum hydrogen production rate (R m), and lag time (λ) are comparable to those reported in literature. Overall, the study highlighted the potential of a local isolate, Rhodobacter sp. MAY2, for biohydrogen production and the suitable fermentation conditions for its growth. • Optimized pH, ferric citrate, and sodium glutamate enhanced Rhodobacter sp. MAY2 biohydrogen production. • Buffer pH, ferric citrate, and sodium glutamate significantly influenced biohydrogen yield. • Rhodobacter sp. MAY2 exhibited high substrate consumption efficiency for volatile fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Changes induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) can negatively impact milk production and secretion, among other adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MSG consumption on receptor gene expression and quantification of hormones and receptors, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers and other lactogenic parameters in lactating animals. Twenty-four female Wistar rats, nine weeks of age, were randomly assigned to four groups, each containing six rats, at parturition. The rats in groups II, III, and IV were given varying doses of monosodium glutamate (MSG); while, group I was given distilled water and served as the control. The experimental period lasted two (2) weeks. Results: The groups administered with MSG showed a significant decrease in mammary PRLR gene expression (p < 0.05), as well as a marked reduction (p < 0.05) in mammary PRLR, OXT receptor, AQP-3, brain antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT), and pituitary SOD compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in reactive oxygen species levels in the serum and mammary gland homogenates, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, and elevated (p < 0.05) brain and pituitary MDA levels in the MSG-administered groups compared to the control group. Daily milk yields were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the MSG-administered groups between days 10 and 14 of lactation. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that prolonged consumption of MSG could interfere with lactation-associated functions via increased ROS production, reduced antioxidants, decreased AQP-3, mammary prolactin and oxytocin receptors, and prolactin receptor mRNA in lactating Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most widely used food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been linked to immunopathology. Conversely, quercetin (Q), a naturally occurring flavonoid has been demonstrated to have immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine if quercetin can mitigate the deleterious effects of MSG on immune cells, and the possible involvement of TLR, if any. Methods and Results: This study was conducted on Q, to determine how it affects the inflammatory response triggered by MSG in primary cultured thymocytes and splenocytes from rats (n = 5). Q shielded cells by augmenting cell survival and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase leakage during MSG treatment. It decreased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression and release by hindering NF-kB activation and by inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, Q prevented NLRP3 activation, lowered IL-1β production, and promoted an anti-inflammatory response by increasing IL-10 production. Q reduced MSG-induced cellular stress and inflammation by acting as an agonist for PPAR-γ and LXRα, preventing NF-kB activation, and lowering MMP-9 production via increasing TIMP-1. Additionally, Q neutralized free radicals, elevated intracellular antioxidants, and impeded RIPK3, which is involved in inflammation induced by oxidative stress, TNF-α, and TLR agonists in MSG-treated cells. Furthermore, it also modulated TYK2 and the JAK/STAT pathway, which exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusions: MSG exposure is associated with immune cell dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and Q modulates TLR to inhibit NF-kB and JAK/STAT pathways, providing therapeutic potential. Further research is warranted to understand Q's downstream effects and explore its potential clinical applications in inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intermittent fasting (IF) is a recent dietary regimen that has beneficial health effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of intermittent fasting on the nephrotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were used; divided into three groups: group I (the control group), group II (the MSG group), and group III (the MSG group with IF regimen). Kidney function tests and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ɑ) were measured. Tissue malondialdehyde(MDA) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities were measured. Histological examination of the kidney tissues using the light and electron microscopes and morphometric analyses were performed. Results: Serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were highly elevated in group II and moderately increased in group III. Serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-ɑ were elevated in group II and group III. Tissue MDA level was increased and SOD and CAT activities were decreased. There were distortion of kidney structure, increased collagen deposition, and enhanced apoptosis. In group III, there were improvement in the kidney function and histological structure. Conclusions: Our data suggested that intermittent fasting partially prevented the nephrotoxicity of MSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to compare and analyze the nutritional value of different protein feed materials. Ten kinds of protein feeds (soybean meal, palm meal, cottonseed meal, monosodium glutamate meal, sesame cake meal, sunflower meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, peony seed meal, beer grains, and soybean residue) were collected from beef cattle farms with three replicates for each feed. The carbohydrate composition, protein composition, amino acid composition, and predicted em-value indexes were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the CHO content of soybean residue was the highest (73.78%), followed by peony seed meal (66.76%) and palm meal (65.89%). The NSC content of monosodium glutamate residue and soybean meal was higher, while the CC content was lower. The CP content of monosodium glutamate residue, soybean meal, sesame cake, and cottonseed meal was higher than 50%, significantly higher than other materials (P<0.05). The PA content and PB1 content of monosodium glutamate residue and peony seed meal were significantly higher than other materials (P<0.05). The EAA and Lys contentrations of soybean meal, monosodium glutamate residue, and cottonseed meal were higher than other materials (P<0.05). The TDN content of corn alcohol grains, monosodium glutamate residue, peony seed meal, and sesame cake meal was higher than 80%. NEg and NEL showed the same trend as TDN. The study indicates that the nutritional content of different protein feed materials is significantly different. Considering the protein components and energy value, the nutritional value of monosodium glutamate residue, cottonseed meal, and sesame cake are equivalent to that of soybean meal, and they have obvious advantages to replacing soybean meal in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemotherapy‐induced adverse effects are an unresolved nightmare. In preclinical studies in rats, the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) improved some of the side effects caused by cisplatin, but its effects in other models of chemotherapy‐treated animals are not well known. The aim of this study was to test if MSG may improve some of the adverse effects induced by vincristine in rats. Methods: Young male Wistar rats were exposed or not to MSG (4 g L−1) in drinking water from week 0 till 1 week after treatment (week 3). Rats received two cycles of five daily intraperitoneal (ip) injections (Monday to Friday, weeks 1 and 2) of either saline (2 mL kg−1) or vincristine (0.1 mg kg−1). Gastrointestinal motility was measured in vivo by radiological methods after the first and tenth ip administrations. On week 3, the threshold for mechanical somatic and colorectal sensitivity was recorded using Von Frey filaments applied to the paws and an intracolonic balloon, respectively. Finally, samples of the terminal ileum and distal colon were histologically evaluated in sections. Key Results: Vincristine reduced body weight gain, food intake, and upper gastrointestinal transit, caused somatic (but not visceral) hypersensitivity and increased the thickness of the submucosal and muscle layers of the small intestine. In vincristine‐treated animals, MSG partially prevented gastrointestinal dysmotility and reduced visceral sensitivity but did not improve structural alterations of the small intestine. Conclusions & Inferences: MSG could be used as an adjuvant to conventional treatments to improve some gastrointestinal dysfunctions caused by chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to assess the effect of Tetracarpidium conophorum nut extracts on body weight and organ/tissue weight in monosodium glutamate obesity-induced in Wistar rats. With the global obesity epidemic lacking an effective cure, this investigation holds significance. Twenty-five Wistar rats (15 males and 10 females) were utilized, housed in well-ventilated cages at a 3:2 female-to-male ratio Monosodium glutamate was induced in pups using intraperitoneal monosodium glutamate injections from postnatal days 2 through 10. Normal controls received saline, and all experimental animals were raised on standard rat chow until reaching a weight of ≥150g. The study encompassed five groups, each consisting of 7 animals. Groups IV, V, and VI were treated with Tetracarpidium conophorum nut extracts: ethanol whole extract (EWE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), and ethanol residue (ER), respectively. Group III, the standard control was given 5.14g/kg of Orlistat reconstituted in normal saline. Experimental animals of groups I and II served as the normal and obese controls, respectively. After a six-week treatment period, the animals were euthanized for organ harvesting. Results indicated varying weight changes among treatment groups compared to controls. The EWE-treated group displayed a notable decrease in weight (-1.40 ± 8.42) compared to the obese control (8.29 ± 8.29). Similarly, EAE-treated animals exhibited weight reduction (-6.90 ± 12.29), as did the ER-treated group (-0.10 ± 12.22). Evidently, EWE treatment induced the most substantial weight loss. Tetracarpidium conophorum nut extracts demonstrated potential in alleviating obesity-related weight gain in the rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavour enhancer. A daily intake of MSG at high dosage (2000–4000 mg/kg body weight) is reported to be toxic to humans and experimental animals. The present study aims to investigate the toxic effect of oral administration of MSG at low concentrations (30 and 100 mg/kg body weight) by evaluating biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in blood; expression of neuroinflammatory gene and histopathological changes in brain on male Wistar rats. The administration of MSG significantly increases serum level of fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and decrease level of high-density lipoprotein. Significant low level of FRAP, GSH, SOD, CAT and higher level of MDA, PCO, AOPP, PMRS, NO, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α confirms substantial oxidative stress followed by inflammation after 100 mg MSG treatment. RT-PCR figure shows significant expression of neuroinflammatory gene IL-6 and TNF-α and histopathological examination revealed severe neurodegeneration in hippocampus (CA1 and CA3) and cerebral cortex region of brain at 100 mg MSG treatment. Our result provides evidence that MSG administration at 30 mg does not impose toxicity, however at 100 mg/kg body weight, which is considered a low dose, there is significant toxic effects and may be detrimental to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621) is a flavor‐enhancing food additive used widely in the food preparation industry and consumed regularly. It is considered that long‐term consumption of MSG causes metabolic syndrome and obesity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, in which insulin secreted from pancreatic β cells is inadequate for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Rats were application 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) solution intraperitoneally and a diabetes model was created. For this purpose, freshly prepared STZ was injected into the peritoneum. Tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐6, and IL‐1β levels in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups were found to be significantly increased in inflammation parameters measured on the 28th day of administration when compared to the Control Group (p < 0.001). Also, although malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly decreased in the STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, although glucose levels increased significantly in STZ and STZ + MSG at the end of the 28th day (p < 0.01), insulin levels decreased in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control groups (p < 0.01). As a result, it was found that STZ and MSG application significantly increased cytokine production, increased MDA, which is an oxidant parameter in pancreatic tissue, and decreased antioxidants (GSH and SOD) when compared to the control groups. It was also found that MSG disrupted the normal histological structure in pancreatic cells, and the damage was much more in both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic areas in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the STZ and MSG groups. It was considered that with the increased use of MSG, the susceptibility to DM might increase along with tissue damage significantly in diabetic groups, therefore, MSG must be used in a limited and controlled manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate is a food additive that gives sweetness, sourness, bitterness, and saltiness tastes together. In the present study, a simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectrophotometer detector method was developed for the determination of monosodium glutamate in both dried and moist food samples. This method was carried out on different eleven food samples including potato chips, soups, and vegetable concentrates from the local market in Jordan. The approach was based on the derivatization step of MSG with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. A good chromatographic separation is obtained by using a 5-micro meter particle size octadecyl column and one-to-one methanol: water mixture as mobile phase. The results in the calibration curve were linear with a correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9533. The tested food samples contained various MSG contents (the highest content was in the Mexicana chips sample 353 ± 7 ppm). The contents of monosodium glutamate in most investigated food samples were between 170 and 350 ppm. These contents are allowed according to the general standards of the codex Alimentarius Commission for food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, occurring mostly in individuals with chronic liver disease, but biomarkers for therapeutic diagnosis and prognosis are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of the common food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) and tannic acid (TA), a phenolic compound, on the key molecular actors responsible for HCC development. Methods Eight HCC‐related public microarray datasets (GSE84005, GSE14520, GSE25097, GSE57958, GSE22058, GSE84402, GSE54238, and GSE36376) were extracted from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). To make sense of the identified biological data and to identify hub genes, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and enrichment analysis were performed. The mRNA expression profiles of the identified hub genes, expression changes in different stages of HCC, and their prognostic significances in HCC were determined using GEPIA, UALCAN, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter databases, respectively. Finally, mRNA expression changes of identified hub genes in the liver tissues of rats treated with MSG and TA were measured by the quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) method. Results Two up‐regulated (AURKA and CCNB2) and two down‐regulated (F9 and CYP2E1) genes were identified between the HCC tumor and adjacent non‐tumor liver tissue samples. qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of up‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development increased significantly in rat liver tissues exposed to MSG, while this increase was remarkably suppressed by TA treatment. It was observed that the mRNA expressions of down‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development decreased markedly in the presence of MSG, while this decrease was alleviated with TA. Conclusion Our results provide new insights into pivotal molecular candidates that should be focused on in future in vivo and in vitro HCC research. Moreover, MSG may play a crucial role in HCC development and progression and TA may be used as a favorable restorative agent in HCC.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive commonly consumed as a flavor enhancer. It has been a target of research due to toxicological effects. The aim of this study is to histologically assess the effect of maternal administration of monosodium glutamate on placental development in Wistar rat using appropriate standard methods after establishing pregnancy in animals with regular cyclicity by pairing them overnight with sexually active males in the ratio 2:1 and placentae harvested for histological studies. Histological studies of the placenta when treated with MSG showed there was varying alterations in the histomorphology of the placental ranging from degenerative changes in glycogen cell island in junctional zone of (gestational day )GD 15, mild congestion of sinusoid in labyrinth zone of GD 17, dilated and congested fetal capillary of labyrinth zone in GD 19, vacuolar degeneration of glycogen cell island in junctional zone of GD 17, dilated and congested spiral artery in junctional zone of GD19, dilated sinusoid in labyrinth zone of GD 19. In conclusion, this study shows that there is evidence of placental toxicity following maternal consumption of monosodium glutamate in Wistar rats. Further studies are recommended to assess the mechanism of MSG-induced placental toxicity, as well the effects of MSG-induced placental toxicity on the overall development of the fetus.

Background & objectives: Pink salt and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are two typical food additives used in cooking to enhance flavour. However, excessive use of them has been associated to a variety of metabolic problems, including weight gain and hyperglycemia. The current study aimed to assess the metabolic changes caused by submaximal dosages of MSG and pink salt in experimental rats. Methods: Twenty-four 120–150 g Wister rats of both sexes were divided into three groups: control, pink salt-treated (0.8 g/kg daily for three weeks), and MSG-treated (3.6 g/kg daily for three weeks). The body weight, amount of food and water consumed, and blood glucose levels of animals were measured and recorded as indicators of their metabolic changes. Furthermore, after salt treatments at intervals such as week 1, week 2, and week 3, the survival rate and general toxicity manifestations were determined. The results were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA, with p

The article discusses the link of food additives to psychiatric disorders. Topics covered include the triggering of anxiety and depression by excessive use of food additives and the negative effects of emulsifiers and flavoring agents on mental health. Also noted are studies showing the potential link of reduced artificial sweetener intake and lower stress levels, and the reduction of perceived stress and improvement of cognitive function via the preservative sodium benzoate.

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Apis dorsata honey on the histopathological changes of the kidney in mice exposed to monosodium glutamate. This study used 25 male mice as the experimental animal which were divided into five groups with five replication, respectively i.e. (C-) was administered basal diet, (C+) was administered 4 mg/g BW MSG, (T1) was administered A. dorsata honey of 53.82 mg/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW, (T2) was administered A. dorsata honey of 107.64 mg/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW, and (T3) was administered A. dorsata honey of 161.46 g/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW. All treatments were carried out orally for 52 days. This study was observed tubular epithelial hydropic degeneration, epithelial necrosis, and glomerular necrosis. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test. As a result, for the epithelial and glomerular necrosis variables, the T3 group showed significant results when compared with C+, T1, and T2 groups. Moreover, T3 was not significantly different from the C- group. It can be concluded that A. dorsata honey in T3 group could protect mice kidneys from the damaging effect of MSG.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a sodium salt derived from glutamic acid, is widely used in commercial food products to improve taste, quality, and preservation. However, its consumption may have detrimental effects on male reproductive function. Nevertheless, plant extracts, such as Lepidium meyenii (Maca), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), Spirulina platensis (Spirulina), and Tribulus arabica (Tribulus), may ameliorate these adverse effects. To this effect, the phytochemical properties of Lepidium meyenii, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Spirulina platensis, and Tribulus arabica were assessed, and their potential impact on MSG-induced impairment of reproductive parameters was examined. The phytochemical composition (steroids, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids) of the plants was profiled through spectrophotometry and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups at random: a control group receiving distilled water, and five experimental groups (MSG, Maca, Fenugreek, Spirulina, and Tribulus) receiving 900 mg/kg/day of MSG dissolved in water for 45 days. Subsequently, the animals in the experimental groups were administered 500 mg/kg/day of the respective plant extract via oral gavage for an additional 35 days, while the MSG group continued to receive water only. Following the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed, and their reproductive tract organs were collected, weighed, and subjected to further analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of diverse bioactive elements in the plant extracts, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Exposure to MSG negatively impacted total and progressive sperm motility, which was ameliorated by Lepidium meyenii treatment. Sperm morphology showed no significant differences among groups. Treatment of the phytochemical agents diminished histomorphometric alternations of the testicular length, germinal epithelium height, and number of cells in seminiferous tubules, which were caused by the initial administration of MSG. Testosterone and LH levels were reduced in the MSG group but improved in extract-treated groups. The study suggests Lepidium meyenii as a potential remedy for reproductive dysfunction. However, further investigation into its mechanisms and human safety and efficacy is warranted.

Oxide copper minerals are commonly extracted via acidic leaching, using acids such as H2SO4, HCl, or HNO3. These strong acids are the most widely used because of their high dissolution kinetics. However, their main concern is the high acid consumption because copper oxide deposits contain large amounts of acid-consuming gangue. This paper proposes using an alternative aqueous alkaline monosodium glutamate (MSG) system to leach copper oxide minerals. Tenorite (CuO) was used as the copper oxide mineral under study. The influence of process variables (such as temperature and glutamate concentration) and kinetics of this system on copper leaching from tenorite were studied. The results showed that temperature has a significant effect on copper dissolution rates. Increased temperature from 15 °C to 60 °C enhanced the copper extraction from 9.1% to 97.7% after 2 h. Leaching kinetics were analyzed using the shrinking core model (SCM) under various conditions, indicating that the leaching rate presented a mixed control. This method, however, fails to describe leaching for broad particle sizes due to its requirement for single-sized solid grains. This study demonstrated that a large particle size distribution in tenorite supported a successful extension of the SCM for leaching it from mixed glutamate solutions. The activation energy for the 15–60 °C temperature range was calculated to be 102.6 kJ/mol for the chemical control.

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of L-arginine (L-A) on cognitive hypofunctions induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). Thirty-six male albino Wistar rats 10 weeks old (180 to 200g) were divided into 4 groups: Group I: received distilled water, group II received L-arginine (L-A) 500 mg/kg, group III received 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate (MSG), group IV received L-arginine 500 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate by oral gavage for 10 days. Cognitive performance was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests. The relative brain weight of experimental rats was recorded. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain homogenate as oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and dopamine (DA) levels were estimated. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry to serotonin (S-2A) receptors and caspase-3 were performed. Results revealed that MSG can cause a decline in cognitive functions as evidenced by NOR and y-maze tests. Besides, it has a neurotoxic effect as evidenced by increasing MDA level and GPx activity, decreasing SOD and CAT activities, reduced DA level, histopathological alteration in the brain, decreased S-2A receptors, and increased apoptosis as demonstrated by promoted caspase-3. Treatment with L-A 500 mg/Kg BW ameliorated the neurophysiological effects of MSG through improving memory, decreasing MDA level, GPx activity, increasing SOD and CAT activities, increasing DA level, improving histoarchitecture of the brain, improving S-2A receptors and decreasing apoptosis ameliorating caspase-3 protein in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a worldwide food flavour enhancer commonly used by the food industry. This feed additive may cause male infertility. Nigella sativa seeds (NSS) is a widely used in herbal medicine as it has many biological benefits and could provide a solution. This work was designed to investigate the histological effects of NSS on rats ingesting MSG. To achieve this aim, adult male albino rats (2-3 months old) were randomly and equally assigned into three experimental groups. For a period of 21 days, control group received no treatment, MSG group received MSG as 30 g/kg feed, and MSG + NSS group received MSG as 30 g/kg feed and NSS as 30 g/kg feed. Seminal vesicle histopathology in MSG group showed mild seminal vesiculitis with degeneration of smooth muscle fibers in tunica muscularis. In addition, there was an increase in the amount of connective tissue and apoptotic cells count. Periodic Acid Schiff stain indicated irregular and interrupted epithelial basement membranes. Glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and caspase-3 immuno-expressions increased in MSG group. It was found that there was an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and dendritic cells in MSG group. However, treatment with NSS ameliorated these disturbances. NSS mitigated MSG-induced seminal vesicle damage by its histoprotective, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2017 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendation of an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg glutamic acid/kg bw/day did not take into consideration the primary energy sources during infancy, including infant formulas. In the present study, we determined total daily intakes of glutamic acid in a contemporary cohort of healthy infants who were fed either cow milk formula (CMF) or extensive protein hydrolysate formula (EHF); the formulas differed substantially in glutamic acid content. The infants (n = 141) were randomized to be fed either CMF or EHF. Dietary intakes were determined from weighed bottle methods and/or prospective diet records, and body weights were measured on 14 occasions from 0.5 to 12.5 months. Secondary data analysis determined the glutamic acid content of the diet over time. The trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ as NCT01700205, 3 October 2012. Glutamic acid intake from formula and other foods was significantly higher in infants fed EHF when compared to CMF. As glutamic acid intake from formula decreased, intake from other nutritional sources steadily increased from 5.5 months. Regardless of formula type, every infant exceeded the ADI of 30 mg/kg bw/day from 0.5 to 12.5 months. Conclusion: Given that the ADI recommendation was not based on actual intake data of primary energy sources during infancy, the present findings on the growing child's ingestion of glutamic acid from infant formula and the complementary diet may be of interest when developing future guidelines and communications to parents, clinical care providers, and policy makers. What is Known: • The 2017 re-evaluation of the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates and the recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw/d by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) did not include actual intake data of the primary energy sources during infancy. What is New: • During the first year, glutamic acid intake from infant formula and other food sources exceeded the ADI of 30 mg/kg bw/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used synthetic additive for enhancing food flavor. Excessive use of MSG can cause cytotoxic effects, which disrupt the balance of oxidative stress and free radicals in the body, particularly in the human digestive system. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a plant with red petals renowned for its abundance of beneficial compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants that function as free radical antidotes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of administering roselle tea and determine the optimal dose for restoring the digestive organs of MSG-induced mice (Mus musculus). The research employed a completely randomized design with a random sampling method. A total of 25 mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (K-) that received 0.3 mL of distilled water, a positive control group (K+) given 4 mg/g bw of MSG, and three treatment groups (P1, P2, and P3) administered with 4 mg/g bw of MSG along with varying doses of roselle tea (2.6 mg/g bw, 3.9 mg/g bw, and 5.2 mg/g bw, respectively). The treatment was orally administered via gavage for 30 days. The stomach, duodenum, and liver underwent histopathological examination using the paraffin method and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The observed parameters in the stomach and duodenum included necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, villous erosion, and epithelial desquamation. Meanwhile, the parameters examined in the hepatic organs were necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cell degeneration. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to assess the normal distribution and homogeneity of the data. If the data exhibited a normal distribution, Duncan's post-hoc test was conducted. The results revealed significant differences among the groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the administration of roselle tea effectively recovered the histological damage in the stomach, duodenum, and liver of MSGinduced mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate in monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is widely used in the food industry, has an important role in major brain functions such as memory, learning, synapse formation, and stabilization. However, extensive use of MSG has been linked with neurotoxicity. Therefore, in addition to clarifying the underlying mechanisms of MSG-induced neurotoxicity, it is also important to determine safe agents that can diminish the damage caused by MSG. Tannic acid (TA) is a naturally occurring plant polyphenol that exhibits versatile physiological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and radical scavenging. This study was conducted to assess the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of these two dietary components in the rat cerebral cortex. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 equal groups and were treated with MSG (2 g/kg) and TA (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination for 3 weeks. Alterations in oxidative stress indicators (MDA and GSH) were measured in the cortex tissues. In addition, changes in enzymatic activities and gene expression patterns of antioxidant system components (GST, GPx, CAT, and SOD) were investigated. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of FoxO transcription factors (Foxo1 and Foxo3) and apoptotic markers (Casp3 and Casp9) were assessed. Results revealed that dietary TA intake significantly rehabilitated MSG-induced dysregulation in cortical tissue by regulating redox balance, cellular homeostasis, and apoptosis. The present study proposes that MSG-induced detrimental effects on cortical tissue are potentially mitigated by TA via modulation of oxidative stress, cell metabolism, and programmed cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sunset yellow (SY) are food additives that cause oxidative stress in body tissues. Curcumin has many therapeutic activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Aim of the Work: This study aimed to compare the toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sunset yellow (SY) on the structure and function of multiple organs and to evaluate the possible protective effect of curcumin. Material and Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into six groups. Group I (control). Group II received curcumin. Group III received MSG; group IV received SY. Group V received MSG with curcumin, and group VI received SY with curcumin. All treatments were given daily to rats by oral gavage for 28 days. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis at the end of the experiment. The liver, kidney, and testis were dissected for histological studies. Results: Monosodium glutamate, and to a lesser extent SY caused a significant increase in body weight and protein carbonyl levels with a significant elevation in liver enzymes, total bilirubin, and lipid profile. Sections in the liver showed fatty degeneration, necrosis, and cellular infiltration. A significant increase in Caspase-3 positive immunoreactivity was also detected. Glomerular atrophy, degenerated tubules, and a significant decrease of BCL-2 positive cells were recorded in the kidney with significantly elevated urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels. In the testis, decreased height of germinal epithelium was confirmed by a significant decrease in PCNA-positive cells, testosterone and LH levels. A significant increase in collagen fibers deposition in the liver, kidney, and testis was noticed. Curcumin ameliorated the deleterious effects of MSG and SY on the structure and function of the examined organs. Conclusion: Monosodium glutamate had more toxic effects in comparison to SY. Supplementation with curcumin extract could successfully ameliorate their toxic effects through its antioxidant action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has diverse physiological functions, but its production by lactic acid bacteria is costly due to the culture medium. This study aimed to enhance GABA production by L. futsaii CS3 using low-cost substrates and agri-food industries by-products. Optimal culture conditions were determined using response surface methodology with a central composite design (CCD). Batch and fed-batch fermentation techniques were employed. In the MRS medium with 2% (w/v) monosodium glutamate (MSG), L. futsaii CS3 produced 6.84 g/l of GABA. Further optimization revealed that 2% (w/v) cane sugar resulted in a maximum GABA production of 9.6 g/l, while cane molasses yielded 7.4 g/l. The modified MRS medium with 2% (w/v) MSG, 2% (w/v) cane sugar, 3.06% (w/v) tuna condensate, and 2.5% (w/v) surimi washing water exhibited the highest GABA concentration of 11 g/l. Surimi washing water had a lower GABA concentration of 4.12 g/l. Critical factors identified through CCD analysis were cane sugar, tuna condensate, and MSG. The optimized modified MRS medium consisted of 3.48% (w/v) cane sugar, 3.84% (w/v) tuna condensate, and 10.77% (w/v) MSG, resulting in an actual GABA concentration of 18.27 g/l. Under flask-scale and batch fermentation conditions (initial pH 5, temperature 37 °C), GABA concentrations of 20.63 g/l and 17.24 g/l were obtained after 48 h, respectively. In fed-batch fermentation, GABA concentrations reached 23.01 g/l at 72 h. The addition of cane sugar and tuna condensate effectively enhanced GABA production in L. futsaii CS3, highlighting their suitability as cost-effective substrates for industrial-scale GABA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the nephroprotective and curative effects of methanol extract of Asystasia gangetica leaves on monosodium glutamate (MSG) challenged rats. The study adopted a completely randomized experimental design comprising 9 groups of rats. Group 1 served as the normal control, group 2 was MSG control, group 3 was MSG induced treated with silymarin. Groups 4 and 5 received only methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves, groups 6 and 7 (nephroprotective) were pre-treated with methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves for 7 days before receiving 8 g/kg MSG, while groups 8 and 9 (nephrocurative) received 8 g/kg MSG and treated with methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves for 14 days. Each of the treatments was given to the rats orally. The MSG caused significant elevation (p<0.05) of serum creatinine, urea, sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride ion and bicarbonate ion levels in the MSG control when compared with the normal control. The methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves had no significant effects (p>0.05) on the serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte levels of the extract control groups relative to the normal control. The nephroprotective and curative groups treated with graded doses of methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves had significantly reduced (p<0.05) creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate levels with mild alterations in the kidney histo-architecture relative to the MSG control. The findings of this study indicated that methanol extract of A. gangetica leaves possesses nephroprotective and curative effects and could protect the kidney from the adverse effects of nephrotoxic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Apis dorsata honey on the histopathological changes of the kidney in mice exposed to monosodium glutamate. This study used 25 male mice as the experimental animal which were divided into five groups with five replication, respectively i.e. (C- ) was administered basal diet, (C+) was administered 4 mg/g BW MSG, (T1) was administered A. dorsata honey of 53.82 mg/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW, (T2) was administered A. dorsata honey of 107.64 mg/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW, and (T3) was administered A. dorsata honey of 161.46 g/20g BW followed by MSG 4 mg/g BW. All treatments were carried out orally for 52 days. This study was observed tubular epithelial hydropic degeneration, epithelial necrosis, and glomerular necrosis. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test. As a result, for the epithelial and glomerular necrosis variables, the T3 group showed significant results when compared with C+, T1, and T2 groups. Moreover, T3 was not significantly different from the C- group. It can be concluded that A. dorsata honey in T3 group could protect mice kidneys from the damaging effect of MSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using visible and near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, the discriminative analysis models for a brewed soy sauce brand and its high imitation adulterated samples were established. The "blended soy sauce" was prepared with salt water, monosodium glutamate, and caramel color, and added to brewed soy sauce in different adulteration rates, formed adulterated soy sauce samples. Short- and long-measurement modals (1 mm & 10 mm cuvettes) were used to collect the transmission spectra, help to improve spectral quality and category characteristics in long- and short-wavelength regions. Based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), moving-window waveband screening and wavelength step-by-step phase-out, were used for wavelength optimization of the first and the second stages, respectively, jointly denoted as MW-WSP-PLS-DA. For 1 mm case, four optimal models (N = 5, 5, 3 and 3) with MW-WSP-PLS-DA from visible (400–780 nm), short-NIR (780–1100 nm), and long-NIR (1100–2498 nm) regions were selected, respectively. Through independent validation, their total recognition-accuracy rates in validation (RARV) reached 95.2%, 99.1%, 100% and 100%, respectively. For 10 mm case, three optimal models (N = 3, 3 and 7) from visible (400–780 nm) and NIR high-overtone frequency (780–1388 nm) regions were selected, respectively. Their RARV values reached 97.8%, 99.1% and 97.8%, respectively. For short- and long-measurement modals (1 mm & 10 mm), RARV values of the global optimal models of three wavelengths located exactly in long- and short-wavelength regions, reached 100% and 99.1%, respectively. It indicated that Vis–NIR spectroscopy and miniaturized wavelength strategy with MW-WSP-PLS-DA could be used for high-precision soy sauce adulteration identification. It provided a valuable reference for designing dedicated and miniaturized spectrometers for different measurement modals and different spectral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The combination of chemo- and biocatalysts to perform one-pot synthetic route has presented great challenges for decades. Herein, glutamate oxidase (GLOX) and trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn 3 O 4) nanocrystals were combined for the first time by one-step biomineralization to construct a mimic multi-enzyme system (GLOX@Mn 3 O 4) for chemoenzymatic synthesis of α‑ketoglutaric acid (α‑KG). Mn 3 O 4 not only served as a support for the enzyme immobilization, but also contributed its catalytic activity to co-operate with natural enzymes for the cascade reactions. The as-synthesized chemo-enzyme catalysts with directly contacted catalytic sites of the enzyme and inorganic catalyst maximizes the substrate channeling effffects for in situ rapid decomposition of the oxidative intermediate, H 2 O 2 , during the enzymatic oxidation of sodium glutamate, thus relieving the inhibition of H 2 O 2 accumulation for GLOX. Benefiting from the excellent stability and reusability of GLOX@Mn 3 O 4 , a nearly 100% conversion (99.7%) of l -glutamate to α-KG was achieved, over 4.7 times higher than that of the free GLOX system (21.2%). This work provides a feasibility for constructing a high-performance chemo-enzyme catalyst for cascade catalysis, especially for those reactions with toxic intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most frequently used food additives that endanger public health. The antioxidant, hyperlipidemic, and cytoprotective properties of Lepidium sativum seeds (LSS) as a natural remedy can minimize the harmful effects of MSG. This study investigated the potential protective effect of LSS against MSG-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male albino Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) were equally divided into four groups for 30 days: the control group (G1) received a basal diet without supplement, group (G2) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) as a model group, group (G3) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) + LSS (30 g/kg b.w.), and group (G4) was fed a basal diet + MSG (30 g/kg b.w.) + LSS (60 g/kg b.w.). LSS enhanced serum alkaline phosphatase activity as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. It can decrease peroxide content in serum lipids and inhibit glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase in hepatic cells. The dietary supplementation with LSS provided cytoprotection by enhancing the histoarchitecture of the liver and decreasing the number of apoptotic cells. Due to their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, LSS effectively protect against the hepatotoxicity of MSG. These findings are of the highest significance for drawing attention to incorporating LSS in our food industry and as a health treatment in traditional medicine to combat MSG-induced hepatic abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review analyzes monosodium glutamate (MSG) in the Alzheimer’s disease-like condition to enhance translational research. Our review seeks to understand how MSG affects the brain and causes degenerative disorders. Due to significant preclinical data linking glutamate toxicity to Alzheimer’s disease and the lack of a comprehensive review or meta-analysis, we initiated a study on MSG’s potential link. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, DOAJ, and Scopus for animal research and English language papers without time constraints. This study used the PRISMA-P framework and PICO technique to collect population, intervention or exposure, comparison, and result data. It was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022371502. MSG affected mice’s exploratory behaviors and short-term working memory. The brain, hippocampus, and cerebellar tissue demonstrated neuronal injury-related histological and histomorphometric changes. A total of 70% of MSG-treated mice had poor nesting behavior. The treated mice also had more hyperphosphorylated tau protein in their cortical and hippocampus neurons. Glutamate and glutamine levels in the brain increased with MSG, and dose-dependent mixed horizontal locomotor, grooming, and anxiety responses reduced. MSG treatment significantly decreased phospho-CREB protein levels, supporting the idea that neurons were harmed, despite the increased CREB mRNA expression. High MSG doses drastically lower brain tissue and serum serotonin levels. In conclusion, MSG showed AD-like pathology, neuronal atrophy, and short-term memory impairment. Further research with a longer time span and deeper behavioral characterization is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to analyze the possible changes that might be caused by MSG and soybean on the secretion of both the male and female reproductive hormones in wistar rats. Two hundred and ten wistar rats (105 female and 105 male rats) were used for this study. The 105 female rats were equally divided into three groups representing the various experimental durations of 2, 4, and 6 months. Each of these groups consisting of 35 rats were further divided equally into 7 subgroups each containing 5 rats. 3 out of the 7 subgroups were orally administered MSG, another 3 out of the 7 subgroups were orally administered soybean according to the established LD50 as follows: 1000 mg/kg b.w (low dose, LD), 2000 mg/kg b.w (medium dose, MD), 3000 mg/kg b.w (High dose, HD) daily, while the 7th group served as the control group and was given only water and normal rat chow. The 105 male rats were also grouped in same manner and orally administered the MSG and soybean. The levels of LH, FSH, progesterone (PRG), oestrogen (E2) and testosterone were analyzed by ELISA technique. Long period administration of MSG significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of LH, PRG, E2 and FSH in the female rats when compared with the control group. Consumption of soybean for a long period of time significantly (p<0.05) decreased the level of E2 and FSH in the female rats, while short period administration significantly (p<0.05) increased the PRG level and long period administration significantly (p<0.05) decreased the PRG level in comparison with the control. Long and short period consumption of MSG as well as soybean significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of testosterone and LH in the male rats, while only long period administration of both significantly (p<0.05) decreased the level of FSH in the male rats when compared with the control group. The consumption of both small and large amounts of MSG and soybean elicit reproductive hormonal imbalance irrespective of the gender through the alteration of the levels of FSH, LH, E2, testesterone and PRG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two strains of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing bacteria, L. brevis Y1 and L. plantarum LM2, were microencapsulated in sodium alginate with two concentrations (1% and 2%) of monosodium glutamate (MSG) by using vibrating technology. The mix of both species was microencapsulated both in fresh and freeze-dried form. After 0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C in quarter strength Ringer's solution, the microcapsules were subjected to cell viable counting and sub-cultured in MRS at 37° for 24 h. The MRS cultures were analyzed for the GABA content. The amount of GABA produced per CFU of MRS inoculum was then calculated. Only the 4-week-old microcapsules were used to inoculate a chocolate milk drink with the aim of obtaining a functionalized drink containing viable probiotic cells and GABA after a 1-week incubation at 4 °C. Therefore, the GABA production in chocolate milk per CFU of the probiotic culture after the incubation time was calculated. Results of the GABA analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of the MRS sub-cultures showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in GABA yield between 1% and 2% MSG for the microcapsules containing fresh cells. On the contrary, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in productivity along the storage was registered. Microcapsules containing freeze-dried cells showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in GABA yield between 1% and 2% MSG only after 2 and 4 weeks of storage. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in GABA yield between the storage time was found only for the trials with 2% MSG for freeze-dried cells. The synthesis of GABA in chocolate milk significantly decreased (p < 0.05) only for fresh cells when comparing 2% with 1% MSG. In conclusion, a 1-month storage of microcapsules containing both culture forms, fresh and freeze-dried, did not affect GABA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of age and gender on taste function is rarely investigated. Therefore, we tried to study the effect of age and gender on taste function as evaluated by the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT®). The WETT® consists of 40 strips that are coated with one of five tastants (sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, caffeine, or monosodium glutamate). Each tastant is prepared with four different concentrations. These 40 strips are interspersed with an additional 13 tasteless strips. To implement the WETT®, a strip was placed on the middle portion of the tongue. The subjects closed their mouth and tasted the strip. They then chose one of six answers (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy, or no taste at all). If the answer was correct, one score was acquired. One-hundred-and-twenty healthy men and women were collected in this study. Among them, there were 40 subjects in each age group of 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and ≥60 years. The overall taste and individual tastant function decreased with age, particularly between subjects aged 20–39 years and those aged ≥60 years. The overall taste and individual tastant function were better in females than in males, especially for subjects aged older than 59 years. Our results show that taste function is affected by both age and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the colour and C:N ratio of quinoa flours pigmented with M. purpureus supplemented with monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride were evaluated during 14 days of fermentation. The best values of L*, a* and b* corresponded to the eighth day. This research showed that the pigmented flour produced by solid state fermentation of quinoa by M. purpureus showing variations in the colour red along with the C:N ratio during the fermentation time, resulting in a product with good visual sensory attributes that can be used to develop new naturally pigmented products with potential functional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid (GLA), used as a flavour enhancer. MSG is considered a controversial substance. It is incriminated in disturbing the antioxidant system, but also has beneficial effects, as GLA metabolism plays a crucial role in homeostasis. This study highlights which positive or negative aspects of MSG sub-chronic consumption are better reflected in subjects potentially affected by advanced age. Daily doses of MSG were administered to four groups of two-year-old Wistar rats for 90 days: (I) 185 mg/kg bw, (II) 1500 mg/kg bw, (III) 3000 mg/kg bw and (IV) 6000 mg/kg bw, compared to a MSG non-consumer group. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct and total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea levels were analysed; stomach, liver and kidney samples were subjected to histopathological analysis. Although, in most cases, there were no statistical differences, interesting aspects of the dose–effect relationship were observed. After MSG sub-chronic consumption, the positive aspects of GLA seem to be reflected better than the negative ones. The hormesis effect, with low-level reactive oxygen species' protective effects and GLA metabolism, may represent the hypothesis of a potential defence mechanism triggered by MSG sub-chronic consumption in ageing rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of lanthanide coordination polymers, i.e., [LnIII4(oba)6(H2O)9]·3H2O, where LnIII corresponded to EuIII (I), GdIII (II), TbIII (III), H2oba—4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid), were synthesized using the rapid and facile microwave technique. They were structurally characterized and evaluated for use as photoluminescent probes in monosodium glutamate (MSG) detection. Possible interferences of amino acids were examined. Based on the devised ratiometric parameters, I showed viable responses to MSG. Linear calibration plot could be constructed over 10–100 mM with sensitivity, limits of detection and quantification of 33.2% mM, 1.3, and 4 mM, respectively. The constructed calibration plot could be used to determine concentrations of standard MSG solutions providing the percentage recoveries of 94–103%. The use of I for real soup samples was also attempted through the standard spiking approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular food flavor enhancer, and a glutamate subset that induces different toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and nephrotoxicity. This study was conducted to assess the effects of MSG on the α7 and α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHR) protein subunits expression of adult rat testis and the safety role of vitamin C. Materials and Methods: For this experimental research, 24 rats were haphazardly grouped into four equal groups (n=6) and orally gavaged for 30 days as follows: control group (distilled water gavage), MSG group (3 g/kg/b.w/day), vitamin C group (150 mg/kg/b.w/day), and MSG+vitamin C group (3 g/kg/b.w/day+150 mg/kg/b.w/day, respectively) that rats of all groups on the 30th day were anesthetized, and the left testes were used for of α4 and α7 nACHR protein subunit evaluation by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical computations were performed using Graph Pad Prism software. Results: The present study revealed a significant reduction in the expression and optical density (OD) of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue in the MSG group compared to the control group. In the MSG+vitamin C group, the expression and OD of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR increased in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue but this improvement was not significant compared to the MSG group. Conclusion: MSG decreased the expression level of nACHR protein subunits, α7 and α4, in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial testicular tissue. Vitamin C in the MSG+vitamin C group could not significantly improve the expression of α7 and α4 nACHR subunits in testicular tissue. Probably, MSG toxicity can be compensated with higher doses of vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites synthesized by the producer Streptomyces are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, and agricultural industries. These industries around the world are developing rapidly, as a result of which they need new engineering solutions that should increase the yield of the final product and optimize the production process. Understanding the dependence of the optimal correlation of the components of the nutrient medium on the increase in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by the producer Streptomyces will promote the development of these industries in economic and ecological aspects. In this study, we optimized the quantitative correlation of twelve (6+6) components of the nutrient fermentation medium for Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15. Foroptimization we used the simplex method of mathematical modeling of the optimization conditions of the biotechnological process. After optimization, a 6.36 times increase in the level of biosynthetic capacity was obtained compared to the control version of the medium. To determine the dynamics of biosynthesis, samples of culture fluid were taken. Sampling was carried out every 24 hours of cultivation, the dynamics of pH diapason, biomass accumulation in mg/ml and amylolytic activity in U/mL were determined. The correlation of amylolytic activity to the level of biomass accumulation was taken as the biosynthetic capacity of the strain. A photocolometric method based on the starch-iodine method was used to determine amylolytic activity. The volume of biomass accumulation was determined by a weighted method. As a result of the optimization, the composition of the nutrient medium was developed, in which the degree of synthesis of amylolytic enzymes increased by 6.11 times, and there was a significant increase in biomass accumulation, while the cost of the optimized medium was reduced by 1.5–2.0 times from the initial one. Positive dynamics were studied when new components were introduced into the environment, such as sodium glutamate and corn extract. Optimum concentrations of monosodium glutamate were established at 0.5% of the volume of the nutrient medium and corn extract at a concentration of 1%, respectively. The significance of the positive effect upon the introduction of heavy metal ions and some vitamins into the medium was also checked, the obtained results provide an opportunity for further research into these aspects of the composition of the nutrient medium. The advantage of biotechnological developments in matters of industrial enzymology is the opportunity to obtain not only raw materials for the pharmaceutical or other industries (where it will only acquire a final form), but also produce as a final product in a ready, convenient form. Enzyme preparations of microbial origin, which can be obtained from the studied strain, have unique properties (efficiency and specificity of action, non-toxicity, ability to work in mild conditions, to process various raw materials of plant and animal origin), in connection with which their use in industry will be profitable from the economic and ecological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) production has been attracting environmental concerns due to its high energy consumption and high pollutant discharge, especially to water and the air. The water footprint of MSG has been investigated in previous studies; however, the carbon emissions have not been evaluated. This study conducted a carbon footprint analysis on monosodium glutamate production, to identify the critical material and stage that contribute the most to the carbon footprint during MSG production. The results indicated that the carbon footprint of producing 1 t of MSG is 3.14 × 10³ kgCO2eq, and 32.92 % of which is from the extraction and refinement process. Indirect emissions from raw materials used in MSG production, such as caustic soda liquid and concentrated sulfuric acid, and on-site emissions from the prodsteam production are major carbon footprint contributors. In addition, the glutamate fermentation stage accounts for 23.35 % of the total carbon footprint of MSG production due to the use of steam and liquid ammonia. In terms of the hotspot of carbon footprint in MSG production, it is identified that the steam used is the largest contributor, accounting for 34.90 % of the total carbon footprint in MSG production, followed by coal (16.47 %). Based on the research results, several cleaner production suggestions, such as greener raw materials utilization, green supply chain construction, and industrial symbiosis network establishment are proposed to further reduce the overall carbon footprint of MSG production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction1: In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05). Results and Discussion: The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period was significant so that adding 0.4% of monosodium glutamate to the diet was able to increase the height of albumin and Haugh units and decrease yolk height compared to other treatments. Adding 0.8% monosodium glutamate increased the white diameter in the whole period compared to the control treatment and the treatment containing 0.4% monosodium glutamate. The data showed that adding 0.8% of monosodium glutamate to the diet could increase cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL concentrations at 70-72 weeks of age compared to other treatments. Also, adding 1.2% of monosodium glutamate to the diet has been able to increase the concentration of HDL and VLDL at the age of 76-74 weeks. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the addition of monosodium glutamate to the diet has no significant effect on the percentage of production, the relative weight of yolk, albumin and egg weight despite the significant effect on blood parameters that was observed also it did not have qualitative parameters of the shell. On the other hand, the addition of 0.4% monosodium glutamate to the diet reduced feed consumption in the entire production period. Also, this treatment was able to increase the height of the albumin and Haugh unit and decrease the height of the yolk compared to other treatments in the entire production period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is globally used to impart flavor in cooking and to improve palatability. This work assessed the protective effects of quercetin (QU) on alterations associated with exposure to MSG. Thirty female rats were equally sorted into five groups: G (I) received water and was considered the healthy control, G (II) received corn oil orally, G (III) received QU orally for 30 days, G (IV) received MSG as an oral solution (15 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days, while G (V) was given MSG and QU simultaneously. Alterations in the levels of (serum estrogen, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione), and the activity of (glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), ovarian histological lesions, and ultrastructural changes induced by MSG administration were remarkably ameliorated on treatment with QU (14 mg/kg b. wt.). Thus, due to its antioxidant characteristics, QU might be utilized in combination with MSG to relieve ovarian toxicity brought on by MSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Betanin active ingredient in red beetroot plant (Beta vulgaris) in elderly rats exposed to chronic toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG). A total of 48 elderly rats were randomly divided into 4 different groups. At the end of the 28–day study, the rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), paraoxonase (PON), thiol, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were investigated in rat blood serum using the spectrophotometric method. Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated by dividing TOC by TAC. Total bilirubin was measured with the colorimetric method using an ELISA kit. Liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) for histopathological examination. The difference in serum levels of TAC, TOC, OSI, PON, MDA, and thiol was statistically significant between the groups (P0.05). The analysis of histopathological findings revealed uncommon mild hydropic degeneration in the MSG group and almost normal histological appearance in the MSG+Betanin group. This study demonstrated that betanin could increase the antioxidant effect and reduce the histopathological damage caused by MSG.

The immune system plays a vital role in controlling liver fibrosis and enhancing the pathogenesis of liver inflammation. Monosodium glutamate is a common flavor-enhancement food additive. This study evaluated the immunomodulatory and hepato-curative effects of the Immuno-Kachiks polyherbal formulation against monosodium glutamate-induced immune suppression and hepatic damage in rats. Monosodium glutamate was given orally at a 2000 mg/kg dose to male Wistar rats for three months to induce liver damage and immune suppression. After three months of successful induction, three groups were separately administered orally with Immuno-Kachiks formula at 400, 800, and 1500 mg/kg/day for 28 days. At the end of the treatment period, liver and blood samples were collected for histological and biochemical analysis. The lymphocyte count remained significantly low while the neutrophil count and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio increased significantly, despite the cessation of monosodium glutamate ingestion for 28 days. The Immuno-Kachiks formula (IKF) significantly increased the lymphocyte count, reduced the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and normalized the neutrophil count. Neither monosodium glutamate nor the IKF significantly caused alpha-fetoprotein levels to rise or fall below normal. High doses (800 and 1500 mg/kg) of the Immuno-Kachiks formula significantly raised serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin. 1500 mg/kg of the IKF caused mild liver inflammation. The IKF restored the liver morphologic alterations observed in monosodium glutamate-induced liver damage in rats. The results suggest that the Immuno-Kachiks herbal formulation is a potential curative agent for early-stage liver damage and could restore suppressed adaptive immunity.

Excessive neuronal excitation by glutamate is a well-established cause of neurotoxicity, leading to severe impairment of brain function. Excitotoxicity is a key factor in numerous neurodegenerative conditions. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of Danshensu (DSS) against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced neurotoxicity in adult mice and their offspring. We randomly divided one hundred 8-week-old Kunming mice (equal number of males and females) into a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was further subdivided into various treatment groups, including MSG gavage treatment, bwbw DSS treatment group 1 (bwbw DSS treatment group 2, a drug control group, and a normal control group (receiving an equal volume of physiological saline for ten consecutive days). Additionally, another one hundred healthy 8-week-old Kunming mice were similarly divided into groups and treated. These mice were paired randomly (one male and one female) and pregnant females were housed separately to obtain offspring. Subsequently, we conducted histological and behavioral analyses on adult mice and their offspring. MSG treatment induced significant cellular edema and hippocampal damage in both the treated mice and their offspring. However, varying doses of DSS effectively counteracted the neurotoxic effects of MSG, with no adverse impact on brain tissue structure or neural function in either adult mice or their offspring. Behavioral experiments further confirmed that DSS exerted a substantial protective effect against MSG-induced impairment of learning and memory in the treated adult mice and their offspring, in addition to mitigating central nervous system overexcitation and inhibiting exploratory behavior. In conclusion, DSS exerts significant protective effects against MSG-induced neurotoxicity in both adult mice and their offspring.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most extensively used flavour enhancers worldwide. Although it is widely regarded as a safe food additive with no recommended daily dosage, its over-consumption has been associated with notably pathophysiological events in various tissues and organs of the body. Previous studies have reported of the neuro- cardio- and hepato- toxic effects of its excessive exposure. Moreover, the food additive instigates metabolic dysfunction. It has been established that MSG damages male reproductive accessory organs like prostate glands and epididymis. In addition, it impairs serum enzymatic activities and serum levels of testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and cholesterol. Reduced sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm viability, imbalances in male reproductive hormones, alongside alteration in the histoarchitecture of the testes and other male reproductive tissues have also been connected with excessive exposure to MSG. Literature reports affirm the link between the over-consumption of MSG and reproductive organ weight and male sexual behaviour. This review article addresses the multi-systemic effects of exposure to MSG and the possible mechanism of action of the compound with a focus on the negative implications of the food additive on male reproductive functions and the possible role of natural antioxidants in male reproductive functions. carefully selected keywords were used during the literature search to gather credible and up-to-date information about the subject matter.

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of L-arginine (L-A) on cognitive hypofunctions induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). Thirty-six male albino Wistar rats 10 weeks old (180 to 200g) were divided into 4 groups: Group I: received distilled water, group II received L-arginine (L-A) 500 mg/kg, group III received 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate (MSG), group IV received L-arginine 500 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate by oral gavage for 10 days. Cognitive performance was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests. The relative brain weight of experimental rats was recorded. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain homogenate as oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and dopamine (DA) levels were estimated. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry to serotonin (S-2A) receptors and caspase-3 were performed. Results revealed that MSG can cause a decline in cognitive functions as evidenced by NOR and y-maze tests. Besides, it has a neurotoxic effect as evidenced by increasing MDA level and GPx activity, decreasing SOD and CAT activities, reduced DA level, histopathological alteration in the brain, decreased S-2A receptors, and increased apoptosis as demonstrated by promoted caspase-3. Treatment with L-A 500 mg/Kg BW ameliorated the neurophysiological effects of MSG through improving memory, decreasing MDA level, GPx activity, increasing SOD and CAT activities, increasing DA level, improving histoarchitecture of the brain, improving S-2A receptors and decreasing apoptosis ameliorating caspase-3 protein in the brain.

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is popularly consumed as food and as medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive constituents. This study assessed the anti-genotoxic effect of aqueous leaf extract of VA against monosodium (MSG) –induced genotoxicity. Crude extraction and phytochemical analysis were done using standard methods. In silico studies was done using compounds in the extract against Bcl-2, NF-kB 50, DNA polymerase lambda, DNA ligase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Twelve rats were divided into three groups with four rats in each group. Group I was fed on food and water, group II received MSG (4 g/kg) per body weight (pbw) intraperitoneally, group III received MSG (4 g/kg) pbw intraperitoneally followed by oral dose of VA leaf extract (250 mg/kg) per body weight. The number of the micronucleated red blood cells and white blood cells were determined from blood smears microscopically. Results showed that aqueous extract of VA contained in mg/100 g alkaloids (7.04 ± 0.16), saponins (3.91 ± 0.13), flavonoid (1.64 ± 0.16), phenol (3.40 ± 0.12) and tannins (0.07 ± 0.32). In silico studies revealed high binding interaction (ΔG > −8.6) of vernoniosides D and E with all the tested proteins. There was a reduction in the number of micronucleated cells, neutrophils and eosinophils of the treated group compared to the MSG group, while there was an increase in the lymphocyte count. The anti-genotoxic effects of VA leaf extract might be attributed to the synergistic interaction of the various bioactive components in the extract. VA could be a potential plant for the prevention of cancer and other diseases that attenuate the immune system.