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In order to clarify the effects of microbial agents combined with urea on reactive gaseous nitrogen（N2O and NH3） emissions and vegetable yield, a field experiment was designed to simultaneously measure N2O and NH3 fluxes using the static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph and ventilation chamber-ammonia capture method, respectively.Three following field treatments were set up including control（CK）,urea（U）,and urea combined with microbial agents（EM）.The results showed that compared with CK treatment, the U treatment increased vegetable yield as well as reactive gaseous nitrogen emissions, though the increase trends were not significant.However, the combination of microbial agents with urea markedly enhanced both the vegetable yield and reactive gaseous nitrogen emissions（P<0.05）,specifically, the vegetable yield, cumulative N2O emission, cumulative NH3 emission, reactive gaseous nitrogen emission and emission intensity were significantly increased by 22.28%,103.46%,45.07%,92.80% and 57.14%,respectively.It can be concluded that, besides the economic benefits by increasing vegetable yield, the enhancement of reactive gaseous nitrogen emissions and the resulting environmental losses need to be carefully evaluated for application of microbial agents in vegetable fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The strain DIAZ-5, capable of efficiently degrading diazinon was isolated from soil. DIAZ-5 was identified as Bacillus alcalophilus based on 16S rRNA and the analysis of morphology as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics. The optimal pH value and temperature for strain DIAZ-5 to grow were pH8.0-9.0 and 35°C, respectively. The degradation efficiency of diazinon (50 mg/L) by strain DIAZ-5 could reach 71.0% in 3 days. Strain DIAZ-5 also had a high tolerance to diazinon and could tolerate at least 1000 mg/L of diazinon. In addition, strain DIAZ-5 had been successfully developed into a microbial agent that could be used to treat diazinon residues in soil. It was believed that strain DIAZ-5 could be used to control diazinon pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lacking systematic evaluations in soil quality and microbial community recovery after different amendments addition limits optimization of amendments combination in coal mine soils. We performed a short‐term incubation experiment with a varying temperature over 12 weeks to assess the effects of three amendments (biochar: C; nitrogen fertilizer at three levels: N‐N1~N3; microbial agent at two levels: M‐M1~M2) based on C/N ratio (regulated by biochar and N level: 35:1, 25:1, 12.5:1) on mine soil properties and microbial community in the Qilian Mountains, China. Over the incubation period, soil pH and MBC/MBN were significantly lower than unamended treatment in N addition and C + M + N treatments, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN) contents increased significantly in all amended treatments (p 1%) of the bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and decreased the relative abundance of fungal phyla Chytridiomycota (p

Rice straw contains a large amount of lignocellulose which is difficult to be decomposed. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alkaline pretreatment (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and microbial agents on the decomposition of rice straw. The experimental detail consisted of NaOH (control and NaOH solution pretreatment) and microbial agent (Bacillus licheniformis agent, Bacillus subtilis agent, Trichoderma viride agent, and no microbial agent) treatments. Compared with no NaOH pretreatment, the pH of NaOH pretreatment increased by 6.30–18.28%, while the electrical conductivity decreased by 49.18%, but the change in total nutrient content was not obvious. Under no NaOH pretreatment, Bacillus subtilis agent improved the temperature of the rice straw decomposition. Compared with Bacillus licheniformis agent and Trichoderma viride agent, Bacillus subtilis agent increased the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in rice straw by 1.39–10.30%. The organic carbon content was reduced by 3.50% and 17.15%. The germination index was greater than 80%. Under NaOH pretreatment, the pile with Bacillus subtilis agent reached the maximum temperature (39.5 °C) on the 12th day. Compared with Bacillus licheniformis agent and Trichoderma viride agent, Bacillus subtilis agent increased the content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in rice straw by 1.64–11.87%. The humus polymerization, organic carbon, and carbon/nitrogen ratio were reduced by 6.40–44.06%. In addition, gray analysis, principal component analysis, and comprehensive evaluation were used to comprehensively evaluate the effect of straw decomposition. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis agent under NaOH pretreatment and no NaOH pretreatment had the most obvious effect on rice straw composting. This study provides a scientific basis for efficient decomposition of rice straw.

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Organic farming is necessary to sustainable agriculture, preserve biodiversity and continued growth the sector in agriculture. In organic farming, reduced usage of chemical agents that adversely affect human health and environment, employing amino acids and oil cake fertilizer, plant extracts, and microbial agents are used to provide safe agricultural products to consumers. To investigation microbiome structure, we proceeded on the pepper plant with difference fertilizers and treatments in organic agriculture for three years. The microbial communities were analyzed by the next generation sequencing approach. Difference soil microbiota communities were discovered base on organic fertilizer agents. Occurrences of virus and anthracnose diseases had a low incidence in conventional farming, whereas bacteria wilt disease had a low incidence in microbial agents treated plots. Microbe agents, which applied in soil, were detected in the microbial community and the funding suggested the applied microbes successfully colonized in the organic farming environment.

In order to promote the recycling of vegetable waste into fields, different amounts of tomato straw and cabbage leaf residues（full amount：1.8 t per 667 m², half amount：0.9 t per 667 m2）were simulated in the laboratory. Treatments comprising addition of different inoculants（composting agents, agricultural enzymes）and no added decomposing agents were applied. Soil temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nutrient content and humus composition content were recorded 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d after waste was returned to the field to explore the effects of different volumes of vegetable waste returned and decomposing agent on soil physicalchemical properties and humus composition. The results show that the pH value of soil under waste return treatments first decreased and then increased. The pH value of the treatment with microbial agents changed only slightly. The organic carbon content of each treatment increased rapidly 7 days after the vegetable waste was returned to the field; the increase ranged from 0.55 g·kg-1 to 1.73 g·kg-1. Compared with returning waste to the field without using fungicides, the total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium content in the soil following full tomato straw return with enzyme application increased by 14.49%, 9.30% and 5.61%, respectively. The increase in available phosphorus content with the full amount of returned cabbage leaf residues and combined application of enzymes was the largest, reaching 34.98%, 35 days after returning. During the returning treatment, the water-soluble substance content of tomato straw reached its maximum on day 21, while that of cabbage leaf residue increased to its maximum on day 7. The water-soluble substance content of the cabbage leaf residue returning treatment was higher than that of tomato straw. Returning the full amount of vegetable waste in conjunction with enzyme application can effectively promote an increase in soil humus and humic acid content. The soil humus degree of the two vegetable waste returning treatments reached a maximum 7 d after returning. Following a comprehensive comparison, it can be concluded that the full return（1.8 t per 667 m²）of vegetable wastes combined with enzymes has the best effect on improving straw resource utilization efficiency and reducing returning cost, which makes it most suitable for popularization and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom popularly cultivated worldwide. Distilled grain waste (DGW) is a potential substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation. However, components in DGW restrict P. ostreatus mycelial growth. Therefore, a cost-effective approach to facilitate rapid P. ostreatus colonization on DGW substrate will benefit P. ostreatus cultivation and DGW recycling. Results: Five dominant indigenous bacteria, Sphingobacterium sp. X1, Ureibacillus sp. X2, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. X3, Geobacillus sp. X4, and Aeribacillus sp. X5, were isolated from DGW and selected to develop a consortium-based microbial agent to compost DGW for P. ostreatus cultivation. Microbial agent inoculation led to faster carbohydrate metabolism, a higher temperature (73.2 vs. 71.2 °C), a longer thermophilic phase (5 vs. 3 days), and significant dynamic changes in microbial community composition and diversity in composts than those of the controls. Metagenomic analysis showed the enhanced microbial metabolisms, such as xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, during the mesophilic phase after microbial agent inoculation, which may facilitate the fungal colonization on the substrate. In accordance with the bioinformatic analysis, a faster colonization of P. ostreatus was observed in the composts with microbial inoculation than in control after composting for 48 h, as indicated from substantially higher fungal ergosterol content, faster lignocellulose degradation, and higher lignocellulase activities in the former than in the latter. The final mushroom yield shared no significant difference between composts with microbial inoculation and control, with 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.04 kg fresh mushroom/kg DGW, respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The consortium-based microbial agent comprised indigenous microorganisms showing application potential in composting DGW for providing substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation and will provide an alternative to facilitate DGW recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of fixed-bed bioremediation device was designed to treat the oily sludge in Changqing Oilfield. The factors related to the remediation effect of the compound microbial agent were optimized, including temperature, ventilation, moisture, oil content, salt content, microbial agent and nutrients addition amount. The experimental results showed that when the oil content was less than 8% and the salt concentration was less than 20 000 mg/kg, the optimal bioremediation conditions were as follows: oil mass fraction 5%, water mass fraction 25%, ventilating for 1 h every 12 h, flow rate 60 L/min, temperature 30 ℃. After 20 days of field test at Hua HXX well site in Longdong, Changqing oilfield, the mass fraction of petroleum substances was reduced from 83.1 g/kg to 3.7 g/kg, and the degradation rate was 95.6 %. The total number of microorganisms was up to 89.63×107 cfu/g, and the oil degradation rate was 95.5%. The relevant indicators could meet the requirements of oily sludge treatment standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Two kinds of bacteria, named TDJ-7 and TDJ-9, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade terbutylazine effectively. TDJ-7 and TDJ-9 were identified as Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis. The degradation efficiency of 10mg/L of terbutylazine by TDJ-7 could reach 95% within 6 days, and the strain TDJ-9 could reach 98% under the same conditions. Both strain TDJ-7 and strain TDJ-7 could also effectively degrade simazine, metribuzin, atrazine and ametryn. In addition, strain TDJ-7 and TDJ-9 had been successfully developed into a live bacterial agent that could be used to degrade terbutylazine residue. These results suggest that strain TDJ-7 and TDJ-9 can be used for the bioremediation of terbutylazine or other s-triazine herbicides contamination.

Probiotics are being used in diets to improve the quality of chicken meat. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent on the meat quality, amino acids, and volatile compounds of chicken. The experiment was carried out with 160 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens, rearing for 42 d. The chickens were randomly divided into two groups of 8 replicates each, with 10 chickens in each group. No supplement was added to the basal diet in the control group and Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent was added to the diet of the experimental group. At the end of the experiment, the meat quality, meat chemical composition, amino acid composition, and volatile compounds of chicken were determined. The results showed that pH (p < 0.05), pressing loss (p < 0.05), cooking loss (p < 0.05), and shear force (p < 0.01) were notably decreased, the percentage of breast meat (p < 0.01), protein content (p < 0.05) were visibly increased, and remarkable changes were observed in the amino acid composition (change in seven amino acids) and volatile compounds profile (an increase of about 20-fold in the contents of 1-octen-3-ol and hexanal). In summary, it was found that Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent can be used as a novel and effective feed supplement to improve the nutritional quality and flavor characteristics of broilers.

Three kinds of bacteria, named JBL-M02, JBLM07 and JBL-M16, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade phorate effectively.JBL-M02, JBL-M07 and JBL-M16 were identified as Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus halmapalus and Bacillus tequilensis. The degradation efficiency of 10mg/L of phorate by JBL-M02 could reach about 95% in 6days, and JBL-M07and JBL-M16 could reach 93% and 98% respectively under the same conditions. The combination of JBL-M02 and JBL-M16 could significantly accelerate the degradation of phorate, and the degradation efficiency was significantly better than other combinations. JBL-M07 and JBL-M16 have been successfully developed into a microbial agent for bioremediation of phorate pollution, and the new microbial agent could also effectively degrade some other organophosphorus pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strains MEIS-07 and MEIS-11 were isolated from soil, which could effectively reduce and detoxify isofenphos-methyl. They were identified as Bacillus megaterium MEIS-07 and Bacillus altitudinis MEIS-11 based on the 16S rRNA analysis. Both MEIS-07 and MEIS-11 could also degrade many other organophosphorus pesticides. MEIS-07 had higher ability to degrade isofenphos-methyl and other organophosphorus pesticide than MEIS-11, and it was also highly tolerant to isofenphos-methyl. In addition, the rhamnolipid and G. hirsutum rhizosphere soil could accelerate the biodegradation of isofenphos-methyl by MEIS-07. The new microbial agent developed by MEIS-07could be used to degrade isofenphos-methyl in soil, and had achieved many satisfactory results. Based on the research results in this study, it was considered that MEIS-07 and its live bacterial agent could play an important role in bioremediation of isofenphos-methyl (or other organophosphorus pesticides) pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ anaerobic treatment is an effective and sustainable method for petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated groundwater remediation. In this study, application of a formerly screened microbial agent with quinone-respiration ability for PHC removal in our previous study on an actual contaminated site has been investigated. The background characterization revealed that bioaugmentation should be applicable taking into consideration the contamination plume, N:P ratio, overall dissolved oxygen, toxic substances, and colony number. In single-well investigation, viable bacteria present in groundwater were not sharply decreased after injection and maintained around 80% on the 28th day. Removal rate of PHCs in groundwater in injection and monitoring wells on the 28th day was 96% and 52%, respectively, while it decreased to 36% with the distance from the injection well increasing to 2 m. In multiwell investigation, removal rate for PHCs (C < 22) in injection wells was 95%, 89%, and 94%, respectively, after 63 days. Addition of nitrate nitrogen slightly improved the removal rate of PHCs, while presence of biological surfactants resulted in a quicker, greater, and more stable PHC removing process. A higher removal rate was found in monitoring wells on the downstream of the groundwater, with a maximum of about 76.5%. Degradation of PHCs in GW1-S3 (3 m from the injection well) reached 76.1%, which was much higher than that in single-well investigation, mainly due to the longer reaction time and groundwater flow. The remediation process in a stable period obeyed pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics. The results document the suitability of application of microbial agent to bioremediate PHC-contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the microbial agent on the improvement of Pisha sandstone soil and find out an effective measure for the control of soil erosion in the Pisha sandstone area. Pisha sandstone containing the microbial agent composed of Bacillus halotolerans P75, Sinorhizobium meliloti D10, Bacillus megaterium H3, Bacillus subtilis HB01, and organic substrate was utilized to be the soil matrix for pot experiment, and then alfalfa, ryegrass, and caragana were planted, respectively. Effects of the microbial agent plus plants on the soil properties of Pisha sandstone were evaluated, and the results showed that the microbial agent plus plants significantly increased the organic matter content, alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content, invertase activity, and urease activity. Meanwhile, inoculation with the microbial agent significantly promoted the growth of alfalfa, ryegrass, and caragana and also influenced the number of soil bacteria and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and others. However, the effects of the microbial agent plus different plants on the soil properties and bacterial composition of Pisha sandstone were different, while the growth of different plants showed differences, suggesting that there was a different interaction between microbes and different plants in Pisha sandstone soil. In conclusion, the microbial agent plus plants could improve Pisha sandstone soil which could provide some theoretical and experimental references for soil erosion control in the Pisha sandstone area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the synergistic effects of fulvic acid and microbial agents on tobacco bacterial wilt and bacterial community in rhizosphere soil, a randomized block experiment was conducted to investigate the incidence of tobacco bacterial wilt in fields. The V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in rhizosphere soil samples was amplified and high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the bacterial community structures of all the treatments. The results showed that: 1) One hundred and twenty days after transplanting, the incidence and disease index of tobacco bacterial wilt significantly reduced by the synergistic treatment of fulvic acid and microbial agents. 2) Observed species, Shannon index and Simpson index of the bacterial community significantly increased by the synergistic treatment of fulvic acid and microbial agents. 3) The synergistic treatment of fulvic acid and microbial agents improved the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere soil, and significantly increased the relative abundances of Arthrobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Bryobacter. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of unidentified Burkholderiaceae, Streptomyces, unidentified Gemmatimonadaceae and Dyella significantly reduced. The synergy of fulvic acid and microbial agents had a good control effect on tobacco bacterial wilt, the diversity and structure of bacterial community in rhizosphere soil increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: As an extensively used tree species in landscaping and afforestation in China, lacebark pine (Pinus bungeana Zucc.) seedlings are in high demand. However, the small number of fine roots and the low growth rate of lacebark pine seedlings increase the risks encountered during transplant and extend the nursery time for outplanting. We aimed to find out whether a microbial inoculant would promote root growth and accordingly, shorten the nursery cultivation time. Materials and Methods: One-year-old lacebark pine seedlings were treated with the inoculant Bacillus subtilis 8–32 six times from June to September. At each application time, five treatments of undiluted microbial inoculants (UM), 30 times diluted microbial inoculants (30 DM), 40 times diluted microbial inoculants (40 DM), 50 times diluted microbial inoculants (50 DM), and distilled water as a control (CTRL) were administered to the seedlings. In the end, all the seedlings were harvested to measure the root growth, aboveground growth, and the physiological indices. Results: Root and stem growth was enhanced by the inoculants in terms of the increased number of root tips, the length and surface area of the roots, the biomass of the roots and stems, as well as the increase in height and basal stem diameter. The chlorophyll a/b of the needles was increased, in spite of the fact that the total chlorophyll content was decreased by the microbial inoculant treatments at the end of the growth phase. Meanwhile, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of the needles was increased by the inoculant treatments. The soluble sugar content was additionally translocated into the stems in the UM treatment, suggesting the change in carbon allocation. The content of available potassium, phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen in the potting soil was increased in the 30 DM group, and the content of soil organic matter was increased in all the inoculant treatments. Conclusions: The microbial inoculant Bacillus subtilis 8–32, in appropriate concentrations, could be applied to promote root and shoot growth and improve the seedling quality of the lacebark pine during cultivation.

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2 kinds of bacteria, named XLL-M04 and XLLM12, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade phoxim effectively. XLL-M04 and XLL-M12 were identified as Bacillus cohnii and Bacillus firmus. The degradation efficiency of 10mg/L of phoxim by XLL-M04 could reach about 99.0% in 7d, and the strain XLL-M12 could reach 98.0% under the same conditions. Both strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 could also effectively degrade chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion and fenitrothion. In addition, strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 had been successfully developed into a live microbial agent that could be used to degrade phoxim residue. These results suggest that strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 can be used for the bioremediation of phoxim or other organophosphorus pesticides contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting has become the most important way to recycle medicinal herbal residues (MHRs). The traditional composting method, adding a microbial agent at one time, has been greatly limited due to its low composting efficiency, mutual influence of microbial agents, and unstable compost products. This study was conducted to assess the effect of multi-phase inoculation on the lignocellulose degradation, enzyme activities, and fungal community during MHRs composting. The results showed that multi-phase inoculation treatment had the highest thermophilic temperature (68.2 °C) and germination index (102.68%), significantly improved available phosphorus content, humic acid, and humic substances concentration, accelerated the degradation of cellulose and lignin, and increased the activities of cellulase in the mature phase, xylanase, manganese peroxidase, and utilization of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the non-metric multi-dimensional scaling showed that the composting process and inoculation significantly influenced fungal community composition. In multi-phase inoculation treatment, Thermomyces in mesophilic, thermophilic, and mature phase, unclassified_Sordariales, and Coprinopsis in mature phase were the dominant genus that might be the main functional groups to degrade lignocellulose and improve the MHRs composting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This paper aimed to the problem that application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and long-term continuous culti vation mode in the industry caused the yield and quality of Lycium barbarum L had declined in recent years, and the effects of different mi crobial agents on the growth and development of the L. barbarum L. and fruit yield and quality were studied. [Method] Ningqi No. 7 L. barba rum L. was used as experimental material, and the field trials with no microbial agents as a control were conducted by the application of Tl, T2, T3 three microbial agents. [ Result] Each treatment had different degrees of promoting effects on the vegetative growth, reproductive growth, yield and quality of L. barbarum L. plants. Microbial agents could significantly increase the survival rate of first-year L. barbarum L. seedlings, and the amount of roots and branch growth by 9. 06% - 57. 84% and 4. 76% - 54. 9%, respectively; Microbial agents could in crease the number of branches, branch growth and SPAD value of fourth-instar L. barbarum L. plants by 29. 9% - 87. 09%, 7. 5% - 18. 3%, and flower formation rate, fruit setting rate, 100-seed weight and yield by 2. 07% - 18. 87%, 3.19% - 13. 63%, 0.57% - 4. 92%, 29. 7% - 52. 7%, respectively; Especially, T2 had the most significant effect, compared with other treatments, the amount of branches, flower formation rate and yield were increased by 30. 05%, 12. 23% and 4. 45%. Microbial agents could significantly improve fruit quality and increase the content of polysaccharides, betaine, total flavonoids, and carotene in L. barbarum L. fruit by 4. 55% 25%, 25. 5% - 43. 67%, 12. 5% - 58%, and 2. 8 - 3. 6 times, respectively. Especially, Tl had the most significant effect on the improvement of quality indicators, compared with other treatments, the content of polysaccharides, betaine and carotene increased significantly by 5. 77%, 8. 52% and 23. 78%. [ Conclusion] Comprehensive evaluation of the analysis results showed that the three combinations of microbial agents tested had a certain positive effect on growth of L. barbarum L. . T2 had the most significant effect on tree growth, yield and economic benefits, Tl had the best effect on fruit quality, and it could be used for reference and promotion according to production needs in production practice, Tl and T2 could be used together to achieve the effect of improving quality and increasing production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crop replanting leads to soil degradation and soil productivity reduction, which is a challenge for sustainable agricultural development. We previously found that silicon fertilizers combined with additional microbial agents are an effective means to alleviate problems that occur in a variety of Chinese lily during replanting, but little is known about the changes in microbial structure during this process. In the present study, we applied four treatments: CK (control), SF (silicon fertilizer), MF (microbial agents), and SMF (combination of silicon fertilizer and microbial agents). We treated the soil constantly for three years and investigated the bacterial community structure and some specific microbial groups in the soil of the lily root zone using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis. The results showed that silicon fertilizer and microbial agent treatment significantly improved the growth status of the plants and changed the diversity and structure of the bacterial community in the soil. The genus Pseudomonas significantly increased in the SF treatment, and the phylum Actinobacteria and the genera Nordella, Devosia, and Rhodoplanes significantly increased in the SMF treatment. The genera Nordella, Pedomicrobium, and Chthoniobacter correlated with the seedling index or available silicon content. In addition, the two genera Gaiella and Nocardioides were the key species linking the bacterial community in the soil. The soil physicochemical properties played an important role in restoring the soil bacterial community structures. In conclusion, silicon fertilizer and microbial agents changed the diversity and structure of the bacterial community. Under the fertilizer supplement model, the enrichment of the phylum Actinobacteria and the genus Pseudomonas played an important role in improving soil health and alleviating CRPs in lilies. In addition, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, and available silicon were found to be the most important factors that have a great impact on the restoration of bacterial community structures.

Two kinds of bacteria, named YMJ-5 and YMJ-8, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade ametryn effectively. YMJ-5 and YMJ-8 were identified as Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis. The degradation efficiency of 150mg/L of ametryn by YMJ-5 could reach 96.3% in 7 days, and YMJ-8 could reach 97.7% under the same conditions. Both YMJ-5 and YMJ-8 could also effectively degrade simazine, prometryn, atrazine and terbuthylazine. In addition, YMJ-5 and YMJ-8 had been successfully developed into a live bacterial agent that could be used to degrade ametryn residue. These results suggest that YMJ-5 and YMJ-8 could be used for the bioremediation of ametryn or other s-triazine herbicides contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bacterial strain, YQJ‐6, capable of highly degrading atrazine was isolated from soil. Strain YQJ‐6 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus based on 16S rRNA and the analysis of morphology as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics. The optimal pH value and temperature for strain YQJ‐6 to grow and degrade atrazine were 7.0–7.5 and 30–40°C, respectively. The degradation rate of atrazine (50 mg/L) by strain YQJ‐6 reached approximately 99.2% in 7 days. Strain YQJ‐6 also had a high tolerance to atrazine and could tolerate at least 1000 mg/L atrazine. In addition, strain YQJ‐6 was successfully made into a microbial agent that is easy to commercialize and can be used to treat atrazine residues in soil. The microbial agent containing the strain YQJ‐6 achieved good experimental results. It is believed that strain YQJ‐6 can be used to control atrazine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】In order to explore the effect of microbial agents on the growth of eggplant seedlings after colonization.【Methods】 Using the variety "black-bright" as test materials and the random block as test method, the different concentrations of Baitai microbial agents (special for seedlings) were selected to carry out the root filling test on eggplant seedlings.【Results】The results showed that 300 times diluent of Baitai microbial agents (special for seedlings) was applied (treatment 2) on the 3rd, 10th and 20th day after root irrigatedion. The plant height of eggplant seedling increased by 13.45%, 12.02%, 10.56% than CK, stem diameter increased by 11.68%, 10.81%, 10.00%, leaf area increased by 14.14%, 17.09%, 10.57%, abover overground fresh weight increased by 26.73%, 23.30%, 18.43%, root fresh weight increased by 25.40%, 39.44%, 36.48%, abover overground dry weight increased by 26.83%, 23.40%, 18.19%, root dry weight increased by 27.27%, 41.67%, 35.00%, respectively; Root-shoot ratio was higher than that of the control group 13.51% and 16.22% aton the 10th and 20th day after root irrigatedion; The contents of chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll (a+b) were 9.88%, 12.90% and 10.71% higher than those of CK; Soluble protein content increased by 8.22%; Treatment 3 (100 times diluent) showed the same performance as treatment 2, with no significant difference between them (P>0.05), both which could promote plant growth and development and improve metabolism level.【Conclusion】Different concentrations of Baitai microbial agents could promote the growth of eggplant seedlings after transplanteding. Combined with cost input, it is more economical and effective to use 300 times diluent in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The effect of microbial agent on soil phenolic acid contents and soil microbial population of tobacco-planted soils were discussed, which provided theoretical basis for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and producing high-quality tobacco. [ Method] A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of three microbial agents on the content of P-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, soil microbial population and tobacco growth using ' Yunyan87', a flue-cured tobacco cultivar, as material. [Result] The contents of five soil phenolic acids were decreased under microbial agent treatments, soil phenolic acid contents decreased by 19.16 % -74. 83 % compared to water treatment. Microbial agent treatments increased the soil microbial population&, the a mount of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased 44. 02 % -78.19 %, 108. 70 % -128. 26 %, and 156. 45 % -158. 06 % compared to water treatment, respectively. Soil phenolic acid contents were negatively correlated with the soil microbial population, The biomasses of microbial agent-treatment tobacco plants were 11. 63 % - 26. 99 % higher than that of control plants. [ Conclusion] Microbial agent treatments increased soil microbial populations, decreased the content of soil phenolic acids, these results 1uggellled that microbial agent improved the micro environment of tobacco-planted soil end improved the growth of tobacco plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bacterial strain, TBZ-Z5, capable of highly degrading terbutylazine was isolated from soil. Strain TBZ-Z5 was identified as Bacillus xiamenensis based on 16S rRNA and the analysis of morphology as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics. The optimal pH value and temperature for strain TBZ-Z5 to grow and degrade terbutylazine were 7.0-7.5 and 35-40°C, respectively. The degradation efficiency of terbutylazine (25 mg/L) by strain TBZ-Z5 reached approximately 97.2% in 3 d. Strain TBZ-Z5 also had a high tolerance to terbutylazine and could tolerate at least 500 mg/L terbutylazine. In addition, strain TBZ-Z5 was successfully made into a microbial agent that was easy to commercialize and could be used to treat terbutylazine residues in soil. The microbial agent containing the strain TBZ-Z5 achieved good experimental results. It was believed that strain TBZ-Z5 could be used to control terbutylazine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisha sandstone mainly distributes in the interprovincial border areas of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia in the Yellow River Basin of China. These distribution areas are difficult to carry out effective treatment due to serious soil erosion and deteriorative ecological environment. Therefore, the main challenge is to improve the soil matrix of Pisha sandstone suitable for plant growth, which can be applied to soil ecological restoration and vegetation restoration in Pisha sandstone areas. In this study, the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus halotolerans P75, Sinorhizobium meliloti D10, Bacillus megaterium H3 and Bacillus subtilis HB01 were used as raw materials to meet the challenge. After the strains were activated and centrifuged, the bacterial cell pellets were re-suspended in sterile water to obtain the four bacterial suspension of P75, D10, H3 and HB01. Then, the bacterial suspension was thoroughly mixed with organic/inorganic substrates at a volume-mass ratio of 1:1, and dried at 37 ℃ to prepare four kinds of single solid bacterial agents. Afterwards, 11 kinds of composite solid bacterial agents were obtained by mixing the four kinds of single solid bacterial agents uniformly according to different combinations of equal mass. The greenhouse pot experiment was carried out from March to April, 2019. 17 test groups in total were set in each pot with 300 g Pisha sandstone, where 15 test groups were the soil matrix of Pisha sandstone containing 15 different microbial agents at a mass ratio of 5% respectively, and two groups were the Pisha sandstone with the same amount of biological substrate and the Pisha sandstone without treatment. Each pot of soil matrix was watered regularly, and the soil indexes for the soil matrix of Pisha sandstone in each test group were tested after one month. A 20-day seedling experiment was performed on the planted alfalfa under the condition of the original potted soil matrix. The improvement effects of different solid microbial agents on the properties of Pisha sandstone were evaluated by the soil pH, organic matter content, available nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content, enzyme activities and the number of bacteria, as well the seedling growth. The results showed that the addition of organic/inorganic substrates can improve the soil quality of Pisha sandstone, and promote the growth of plant seedlings, compared with the untreated control group. Compared with the effect of organic/inorganic substrates on improving Pisha sandstone soil, the addition of microbial agents can significantly increase the content of organic matters by 18.4%-30.0%, the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen by 19.7%-30.4%, the content of available phosphorus by 12.4%-47.8%, the content of available potassium by 25.3%-82.9%, the invertase activity by 13.2%-58.0%, the urease activity by 13.0%-37.7%, and the total number of soil bacteria reached more than 107 CFU/g. Compared with the effect of soil matrix containing biological substrate on Alfalfa seedling promoting, the soil matrix containing microbial agents can further increase the seedling height by 18.0%-39.2%, the root length by 37.4%-70.5%, the shoot fresh weight by 56.3%-94.1%, the root fresh weight by 106.5%-234.6%, the shoot dry weight by 32.8%-90.5%, and the root dry weight by 108.8%-301.2%. The optimum results were found in the compound agent A3 containing strains P75, D10 and H3, and A4 containing strains P75, D10, H3 and HB01. According to the soil indexes of each test group and the growth of Alfalfa seedlings, the optimal combination of P75+D10+H3 and P75+D10+H3+HB01 were finally determined for the improvement of the Pisha sandstone soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine how to strengthen the Cd-enriched plant Solanum nigrum L. to remediate cadmium(Cd)-contaminated soil, a pot experiment was conducted with five treatments:control treatment(CK), Glomus mosseae (GM), G. mosseae +citric acid(GM+CA), G. mosseae + Bacillus megaterium (GM+BM), and G. mosseae + B. megaterium +citric acid(GM+BM+CA). We measured soil total Cd, available Cd, plant Cd uptake, and microbial community changes and analyzed the effects of exogenous microbial agents and citric acid addition on the remediation effect of Cd contamination by S. nigrum L. The results showed that relative to that of the CK treatment, the root, stem, and leaf biomass of the GM treatment significantly increased by 35.67%, 41.35%, and 65.38%, and the root and stem biomass of the GM+BM+CA treatment significantly increased by 73.38% and 75.38%. The GM+BM+CA treatment significantly increased Cd accumulation in leaves by 226.84%. The GM+BM+CA treatment significantly increased the Cd transport factor from stem to leaves by 52.47%. The GM+BM+CA treatment significantly increased the leaf bioconcentration factor by 120.53%. In addition, the combined restoration also had an impact on the rhizosphere microbial community structure, especially in inducing the relative abundance of some key microbial groups such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Glomeromycota, and Olpidiomycota to increase by 2.00%-5.77%, 0.76%-9.96%, 2.11%-3.63%, and 0.54%-2.98%, respectively. According to the RDA analysis, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were negatively correlated with soil total Cd, whereas Glomeromycota and Olpidiomycota were negatively correlated with soil total Cd. The changes in key microorganisms enhanced the ability of S. nigrum L. to absorb rhizosphere nutrients and resist Cd stress, increased the Cd accumulation ability of S. nigrum L., and effectively reduced the total Cd content in soil. In conclusion, G. mosseae , citric acid, and B. megaterium activated insoluble Cd in the soil by co-inoculation, which contributed to more Cd accumulation by S. nigrum L. and also produced co-remediation with G. mosseae . The enrichment plant-microorganism combined remediation Cd-contaminated soil has good application potential.

The effects of Lactobacillus bulgaricus , Rhodopseudomonas palustris , Issatchenkia orientalis and anaerobic sludge on anaerobic digestion of microalgae to organic fertilizer were studied. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze characteristics of microbial community structure during anaerobic digestion of microalgae using different inocula. Lactobacillales and Saccharomycetales were more likely to become dominant bacteria and eukaryotes. The relative abundance of Lactobacillales was 98.15%, 88.61% and 81.73% of total bacteria at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, respectively. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Saccharomycetales was 90.91%, 98.41% and 98.8% of eukaryotes at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, respectively. At the end of digestion, the microcystin content in the reactor inoculated with Issatchenkia orientalis decreased to 0.71 μg/kg, which met drinking water standards. Rhodopseudomonas palustris did not become a dominant microorganism and had the most negative impact on the atmosphere. Volatile organic compounds were 11.92 mg/kg while the odor concentration reached 97,724 ou/m3. The organic matter content in reactors inoculated with specific groups of microbial agents, which was higher than the standard required for bio-organic fertilizer, occupying over 96% dry weight. In addition, the effective microorganism counts of Issatchenkia orientalis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in fermentation products reached 1.8E+09 colony-forming units (cfu)/g and 1.6E+09 cfu/g, respectively, which are suitable values for microbial fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The built-in products are highly appreciated, regardless of customs, among them salami consisting of minced and seasoned meat, classified as raw, dry or semi-dry and non-emulsified fermented product with low moisture content and presence of lactic acid. the homemade salami has no BPF guarantee and presents variables that will determine the time for safe consumption. The temperature regulates the microbial growth delimiting the time of consumption, but the place of storage also influences in the microbial multiplication leading to the economic losses as unfeasible the consumption. The hygiene of food products is of paramount importance for the food security of the population. Of note in these sectors is the informal trade in food products that are marketed, which do not have quality control inspection in any of the manufacturing and marketing stages. These foods are more likely to undergo physical, chemical and microbiological changes that compromise their quality. In this context the scarce information about salami and its time and place of storage this work aims to evaluate the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of homemade salami submitted at different times and storage locations. 24 homemade salamis were purchased. A set of 12 samples formed the unit that was stored in the refrigerator and a set of 12 samples formed the unit that remained at room temperature. The samples were analyzed at the initial time, 7 days, 15 days and 21 days, at the different storage sites, how much weight loss, chemical analyzes of moisture content, protein, lipids and mineral matter and isolation of Staphylococcus, Salmonella and Coliforms at 45 ° C. The results were evaluated in a completely randomized design (DIC) with two treatments (two storage situations - refrigerator and environment) with twelve replicates. The results obtained in this work report that these products are suitable for human consumption, according to the standard required by sanitary surveillance (ANVISA), and that the storage temperature does not interfere with the quality of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling control is vital for the safe operation of circulating cooling water system. Biological treatment involves the addition of microbial agent; it employs the metabolism of functional strains, and it is a novel, efficient and environmentally friendly method used to control scaling. In this study, microbial agent (including Nitrosomonas , Nitrospira , Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas) were selected to investigate their anti-scaling mechanisms and the effects of employing biological methods. The anti-scaling efficiency of the microbial agent was found to be approximately 55.34–61.29%. The anti-scaling mechanisms of the functional strains included (a) acid production and solubilisation, (b) acid production and dissolution, (c) CaCO 3 lattice distortion and (d) biosorption of scaling ions. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the anti-scaling mechanisms of functional strains and will assist in the advanced development and application of microbial agent in scaling control. [Display omitted] • The anti-scaling efficiency of microbial agent was approximately 55.34–61.29%. • The functional strains could increase solubility of Ca2+ by acid production. • The acidic substances produced by functional strains dissolved the formed scale. • The EPS produced by functional strains resulted in lattice distortion on CaCO 3 crystal. • The functional strains had weak biosorption capacity of scaling ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Addition of peach shell biochar and microbial agent increased the temperature and pH. • Both additives decreased the emissions of NH 3 and N 2 O and reduced nitrogen loss. • NO 3 −-N and TKN increased by 0.02–0.11 g/kg and 8.15–9.13 g/kg compared to control. • Both additives increased the bacteria abundance related to C and N conversion. • Both additives were reduced the abundance of denitrifying bacteria (Luteimonas). In this study, the effects of peach shell biochar (PSB) and microbial agent (EM) amendment on nitrogen conservation and bacterial dynamics during sheep manure (SM) composting were examined. Six treatments were performed including T1 (control with no addition), T2 (EM), T3 (EM + 2.5 %PSB), T4 (EM + 5 %PSB), T5 (EM + 7.5 %PSB), and T6 (EM + 10 %PSB). The results showed that the additives amendment reduced NH 3 emissions by 6.12%∼32.88% and N 2 O emissions by 10.96%∼19.76%, while increased total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content by 8.15–9.13 g/kg. Meanwhile, Firmicutes were the dominant flora in the thermophilic stages, while Proteobacteria , Actinobacteriota , and Bacteroidota were the dominant flora in the maturation stages. The abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota were increased by 17.49%∼32.51% and 2.31%∼12.60%, respectively, which can accelerate the degradable organic materials decomposition. Additionally, redundancy analysis showed that Proteobacteria , Actinobacteriota , and Bacteroidota were positively correlated with NO 3 −-N, TKN, and N 2 O, but a negative correlation with NH 3 and NH 4 +-N. Finally, results confirmed that (EM + 10 %PSB) additives were more effective to reduce nitrogen loss and improve bacterial dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge amount of aged oily sludge was generated during the drilling and transportation of crude oil. Sometimes, the sludge exhibited characters of combined pollution, such as saline-alkali oily sludge. Orthogonal experiments of L16(45) were conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration, microbial agents (Oil Gator and ZL) and bulking agents (peat and wheat bran) on the biodegradation of aged saline-alkali oily sludge. Compared with the control group, the significant improvement in the removal rate of TPH was exhibited with the addition of microbial agents and bulking agents after 231 days of the experimental period. Based on the values of mean range (R), it was revealed that the predominant influencing factor of the bioremediation was TPH concentration. After biostimulation and bioaugmentation, the quantity of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the oily sludge increased by 2–4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the bioremediation improved the microbial diversity based on the analysis of PCR-DGGE. It was inferred that the addition of microbial agents and bulking agents reconstructed the microbial ecological niche. The principal component analysis indicated that the differentiation of the microbial community was generated by the biostimulation and bioaugmentation in comparison with the control samples.

Premature senescence in greenhouse tomato is a significant challenge under long-season cultivation, due to suboptimal nutrient management during growth periods. We investigated the effects of microbial agents (T 1 ), corn protein ferment (T 2 ), and their combined application (T 3 ) on photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities in 'Saint Laurent 3689' tomato leaves, normal management served as the control (CK). We explored the physiological mechanism of delaying leaf senescence. Results showed that applying microbial agents or corn protein ferment individually led to improvements in leaf photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities. The combined application yielded superior outcomes. Eighty days post the combined application of microbial agents and corn protein ferment (T 3 ), chlorophyll (a+b) content, net photosynthetic rate, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in leaves increased by 16.4%, 30.9%, 23.4%, 33.0% and 40.3%, respectively, compared with the CK. Furthermore, plant height and stem diameter increased by 8.2% and 7.0%, while the total yield exhibited a significant increase of 9.9% compared with the CK 210 days post-treatment. In conclusion, the combined application of microbial agents and corn protein ferment has promising potential in enhancing chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in tomato leaves. This approach effectively delayed leaf senescence, thereby promoting tomato growth and remarkably increasing the yield.

In order to solve the problem of residual contamination caused by the extensive use of deltamethrin and enrich the resource library of deltamethrin-degrading microorganisms, the effective deltamethrin-degrading XQ08 strain was isolated by enrichment culture method. The strain XQ08 was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia based on the morphological, physiological and biochemicalcharacteristics, and the 16S rDNA homologue sequence analysis. The results showed that the strain XQ08 could degrade more than 66.76% of 50 mg/L deltamethrin in pure cultures within 5 d. Moreover, the ideal fermentation effect of the strain XQ08 could be achieved under the conditions of 35 °C, pH 8.0, maltose as a carbon source and ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source. And fermentation 24 h OD600 could reach 2.5. The optimal preparation technology of the liquid microbial agent of the strain XQ08 was developed. Under the condition of in door pot and field experiments, the XQ08 liquid microbial agent was sprayed on Coriandrum sativum at 2, 24 and 48 h after the spray of 25 g/L deltamethrin EC at a dose of 6.25 a.i.g/hm2. The application of the liquid agent of the strain XQ08 could effectively degrade or remove deltamethrin residues on C. sativum. At 3, 5 and 7 d after the application of XQ08 microbial agent, the degradation rate of deltamethrin residues on C. sativum were more than 20%, 50%, 60% and 70%, respectively. 7 and 9 d after the application of the liquid agent of the strain XQ08, the deltamethrin residues on the leaves of C. sativum were lower than 0.5 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. This is the first report on the degradation of deltamethrin by S. maltophilia. The degradation pattern of deltamethrin on C. sativum was found to follow first-order kinetics. The results presented here indicate that the strain XQ08 could effectively reduce or eliminate deltamethrin residues on vegetables. The strain XQ08 has attractive application potentia and value for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercial microbial agent (Devoroil) was applied to study the biodegradation efficiency of four petroleum contaminated soils/sediment collected all around China. After 40 days of biodegradation, the total petroleum hydrocarbons removal rates were 41.8%, 95.7%, 84.5% and 93.5%. The soil achieved the lowest biodegradation efficiency was chosen to conduct another bioremediation experiment to study the degradation dynamics of petroleum and the microbial mechanism. The results showed that biodegradation dynamics correspond to a negative index relation. The analysis of PCR-DGGE exhibited that Thioalkalivibrio sp., Nocardia sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were probably the dominant functional microbes in the contaminated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]