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Background: Hemorrhoids or piles are a common ailment among adults. More than half of men and womenaged 50 years and older will develop hemorrhoid symptoms during their lifetime. This disease Gudarshacomes under the heading of Mahagada, as it is Dirghakalanubandhi, Dushchikitsya in nature, Tridoshaj andinvolves the Marma and it is well known for the chronicity and difficult to treat. Aim & Objectives:- Toevaluate the effect of local application of Palash Kshar Ointment in Management of Abhyantar Gudrsha.Methodology:- The study is prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Total 60 patients will beselected for this study, which will be further divided randomly into two groups. Each group consists ofabout 30 patients. In which group A, will be trial groups and group B will be control groups. Every patientwill be observed at regular follow up. On 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th Day.. Results– Results will be drawn from theobservations of objective parameters. Conclusion – Conclusion of the study will be drawn on the basis ofstatistical data calculated from the collected data.

Marma spelunca sp. nov. Figures 53–56, 57I, 58K Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin noun meaning “cave”, in reference to the habitat where the specimens were found. Diagnosis. Marma spelunca sp. nov. shares most similarities with M. rosea, both with the same length of the process on the embolic disc and cymbium (proportionally to the bulb) (Figs 57 H–I), and similar pattern of epigynal structure (copulatory ducts with similar length, encircling primary spermathecae and almost touching each other; Figs 58 J–K). However, males of M. spelunca sp. nov. can be distinguished by having a symmetrical embolic disc (both edges with the same degree of curvature; Figs 53C, 55A, C, 57I), whereas in M. rosea, the retrolateral edge of the embolic disc has more accentuated curvature (Figs 48C, 50A, C, 57H). Females of M. spelunca sp. nov. also differ from those of M. rosea by having larger copulatory openings (Figs 58 J–K). Further, the body of M. spelunca sp. nov. is larger (on average 4.50 mm in total length, while specimens of M. rosea are about 3.0 mm), being the largest species of Marma currently known. Description. Male (Holotype, MPEG 34347). Total length: 4.44. Carapace 2.51 long, 1.72 wide, 1.28 high. Ocular quadrangle 1.19 long. Anterior eye row 1.66 wide, posterior 1.29 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 5.44 (1.78 + 2.09 + 1.57); II 4.86 (1.56 + 1.79 + 1.51); III 5.69 (1.82 + 1.95 + 1.92); IV 5.77 (1.75 + 1.89 + 2.13). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I–II p0- 1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-0-2; IV p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1r-0-0-2. Metatarsus I p1-1, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV d0 (or d1p-0-0), p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 53 A–B): thoracic area with rhombus of setae; abdomen ventrally with three longitudinal dark brown stripes delimited by stripes of pale circles; lateral borders with pale circles; legs: femur I almost black (ventrally not totally colored), II with dark distal ring and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III with proximal and distal dark ring, IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I with dark proximal ring and distal region with dark retrolateral spot, II with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I almost black, II with black tip, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 53D, 55B); embolic disc with curved and symmetrical edges (Figs 53C, 55A); PED very long (about three times the length of the exposed portion of embolic disc), emerging from middle-distal part of embolic disc (Figs 55A, E); embolus tip ends beyond tip of PED (Figs 53C, 55A). Female (Paratype, MPEG 34348). Total length: 4.89. Carapace 2.36 long, 1.67 wide, 1.27 high. Ocular quadrangle 1.20 long. Anterior eye row 1.56 wide, posterior 1.33 wide. Legs 3=412. Length of legs: I 4.20 (1.32 + 1.61 + 1.27); II 4.15 (1.41 + 1.52 + 1.22); III 5.55 (1.82 + 1.88 + 1.85); IV 5.55 (1.71 + 1.84 + 2.00). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; III d1-1-1, p1di, r0; IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I–II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-0-2; IV p1-1-1-0 (or p0-1-1-0), r1-1-1-0, v0-1p-0-2. Metatarsus I p1-1, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v0-1p-2. Color in alcohol (Figs: 54A–B): carapace and abdomen as in male; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and with prolateral and retrolateral dark stripe, II with dark distal ring, with dark retrolateral stripe and proximal region with dark proventral spot, III with proximal and distal dark ring, IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 54 C–D, 55F–G): copulatory openings with large diameter (similar to diameter of primary spermathecae), very close to each other, placed more anteriorly than primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts long, encircling primary spermathecae; proximal copulatory duct longer than distal section; primary spermathecae slightly arched; secondary spermathecae well developed. Type material. Holotype ♁: BRAZIL: Pará: Vitória do Xingú, Nova Kararaô cave [03°08’19.43”S, 51°49’12.53”W], leg. G.R.S. Ruiz & R. Valente, 5.VIII.2016 (MPEG 34347). Paratype: Same data as holotype, 1♀ (MPEG 34348). Other material examined. Same data as holotype, 3♁ (MPEG 37193), 4♁ (MPEG 37194), 4♁ (MPEG 37195), 2♁ (MPEG 37196). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 59B). Natural history. The specimens were collected from the walls around a cave entrance (Figs 53 E–F)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 344-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831, {"references":["Simon, E. (1902) Description d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Salticidae (Attidae) (suite). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 46, 24 - 56 + 363 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19237","Simon, E. (1900) Etudes arachnologiques. 30 e Memoire. XLVII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 69, 27 - 61."]}

Marma femella (Caporiacco, 1955) Figure 58D Pseudoamphidraus femellus Caporiacco, 1955: 422 (Holotype ♀: VENEZUELA: Distrito Federal: La Pecha, Isla Los Frailes, leg. Marcuzzi, XII.1948, deposited in MUCV 710—not examined); transferred by Ruiz & Brescovit (2005): 754. Marma femella: Ruiz & Brescovit 2005: 754, figs 3–4. Note. We did not get in contact with the MUCV again, and therefore, for this study, the holotype of M. femella was not re-examined. The holotype was already examined by Ruiz & Brescovit (2005), who provided good diagnostic illustrations. Herein we provided a modified drawing of the cleared epigyne (Fig. 58D), based on the drawing of Ruiz & Brescovit (2005). The positions of the Bennett’s glands and the secondary spermathecae remain unknown. Revised diagnosis. Among all currently known females of the genus, M. femella is most similar to M. baeri (Fig. 6C) and M. abaira sp. nov. (Figs 18 C–D) by having the copulatory openings far from each other and the copulatory ducts not encircling the primary spermathecae (Figs 58A, C–D). However, M. femella (Fig. 58D) can be distinguished from M. baeri by having elliptical primary spermathecae (the initial region is dilated and the end region is narrow in M. baeri; Figs 6C, 58A). Also, M. femella can be distinguished from M. abaira sp. nov. by having the copulatory openings placed more posteriorly, the copulatory ducts more arched and the primary spermathecae projected to the external lateral side (anteriorly projected in M. abaira sp. nov.; Figs 18 C–D, 58C–D). Description. See Ruiz & Brescovit (2005). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Distrito Capital, Venezuela) (Fig. 59A)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on page 310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di (1955) Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Venezuela. 2 a parte: Araneae. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 1, 265 - 448.","Ruiz, G. R. S. & Brescovit, A. D. (2005) Notes on the Venezuelan jumping spiders described by Caporiacco (Araneae, Salticidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22 (3), 753 - 760. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752005000300036"]}

Marma baeri Simon, 1902 Figures 2–11, 57A, 58A Marma baeri Simon, 1902: 376 (Holotype ♁: ECUADOR: Túmbez [00°49’01.2”N, 78°21’00.2”W], leg. G.A. Baer, deposited in MNHN, collection of E. Simon; allotype ♀, same data as holotype, both examined by photographs); Galiano, 1962: 36, pl. I, figs 1–5; Galiano, 1963: 395, pl. XXVIII, figs 7–10. Note. Both sexes are redescribed based on newly collected specimens. Photographs of the type specimens were provided by MNHN (Figs 4 A–G). Diagnosis. The males of M. baeri are most similar to those of M. linae sp. nov. by having a short process on the embolic disc (PED; 5C, 7A, 13C, 15A), but differ by having a thicker embolic disc (Figs 57 A–B). Besides, the embolus shaft (e) in M. baeri emerges from a less proximal portion of embolic disc and is consequently shorter than the embolus of M. linae sp. nov. (best visualized cleared in clove oil; Figs 7F, 9C, 15E, 16A). The females of M. baeri differ from those of M. linae sp. nov. by having the copulatory openings separated by approximately three times the girth of the copulatory duct and by its placement anterior to the primary spermathecae (Figs 6C, 7 G–H, 58A), whereas they are very close (separated by less than 1/2 their diameter) and placed at the same level of the primary spermathecae in M. linae sp. nov. (Figs 14C, 15 F–G, 58B). Also, females of M. baeri have the distal portion of the primary spermathecae projecting laterally (Figs 6C, 7H, 58A), whereas they project anteriorly in M. linae sp. nov. (Figs 14C, 15G, 58B). Females of M. baeri are also very similar to those of M. femella, both with copulatory openings far from each other and the distal portion of primary spermathecae projecting laterally (Figs 58A, D). However, in M. baeri the initial portion of spermathecae is dilated, whereas the spermathecae of M. femella have an elliptical shape (Figs 58A, D). Description. Male (QCAZ). Total length: 3.12. Carapace 1.64 long, 1.27 wide, 0.97 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.90 long. Anterior eye row 1.11 wide, posterior 0.96 wide. Legs 1432. Length of legs: I 4.30 (1.29 + 1.75 + 1.26); II 2.95 (0.99 + 1.04 + 0.92); III 3.55 (1.20 + 1.16 + 1.19); IV 3.66 (1.10 + 1.22 + 1.34). Leg macrosetae: femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; III d1-1-1, p1di, r0; IV d1-1-1, p0 (or p1di), r1di; patella I–II 0, III–IV p0, r1; tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-1p; III p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1p-0- 0-2 (v2di); IV p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0, v2di; metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 5 A–B): carapace with triangle of scales pointing backwards; regions beside the triangle with less concentrated scales; abdomen pale ventrally, with three dark brown longitudinal stripes; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark prolateral spot, II with dark distal ring and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I with dark proximal ring and distal region with dark retrolateral spot, II–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I almost black, II with dark tip, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 5D, 6C); embolic disc with both edges curved (Figs 5C, 7A); PED with approximately same length of exposed portion of embolic disc and emerging from the middle-distal part of embolic disc (Figs 5C, 7A); tip of embolus aligned with tip of PED (Figs 5C, 7F). Female (QCAZ). Total length: 3.51. Carapace 1.70 long, 1.20 wide, 0.81 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.73 long. Anterior eye row 1.13 wide, posterior 0.94 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 2.71 (0.86 + 1.03 + 0.82); II 2.57 (0.86 + 0.92 + 0.79); III 3.39 (1.13 + 1.16 + 1.10); IV 3.65 (1.11 + 1.23 + 1.31). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; III d1-1-1, p1di, r0; IV d1-1-1, p1di (or p0), r0 (or r1di). Patella I–II 0, III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I–II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-1; IV d0-1p-0-0, p0-1-1-1 (p1-0-1-0), r1-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-2 (or 2di). Metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0- 2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV d1p-0-0 (or d0), p1-0-2 (or p1-1-2), r1-0-2 (or r1-1-2), v2-0-2 (or v1p-0-2). Color in alcohol (Figs 6 A–B): carapace as in male, abdomen ventrally with three dark longitudinal stripes and with dark brown edge with pale circles; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark retroventral spot, II–III with dark distal ring and proximal region with incomplete dark ring (dorsal portion not totally colored), IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 6 C–D, 7G–H, 10A–D): copulatory openings separated by approximately three times the girth of copulatory ducts, placed anteriorly to primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts short; proximal copulatory duct with approximately same length as distal section; primary spermathecae with initial portion dilated, tapering towards fertilization ducts; primary spermathecae laterally projected. Other material examined. ECUADOR: Santa Elena: Montañita, 01°49’01.8”S, 80°45’29.1”W, 2019, 1♁ 1♀ (QCAZ). Distribution. Known from the provinces of Imbabura and Santa Elena (Ecuador) (Fig. 59A)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 292-294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831, {"references":["Simon, E. (1902) Description d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Salticidae (Attidae) (suite). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 46, 24 - 56 + 363 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19237","Galiano, M. E. (1962) Los generos Amphidraus Simon y Marma Simon (Araneae, Salticidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 18, 31 - 44.","Galiano, M. E. (1963) Las especies americanas de aranas de la familia Salticidae descriptas por Eugene Simon: Redescripciones basadas en los ejemplares tipicos. Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales (C), 23, 273 - 470."]}

The Neotropical genus Marma Simon, 1902 is revised. With exception of the holotype of M. femella (Caporiacco, 1955), which was redescribed in previous work, all the other species of the genus were revised based on their types. The type species, M. baeri Simon, 1902, and M. nigritarsis (Simon, 1900) are redescribed based on newly collected specimens. The third and last species presently listed in the World Spider Catalog, M. femella, is confirmed as valid. Two species presently considered synonyms of M. nigritarsis are revalidated: M. rosea (Mello-Leitão, 1941) and M. argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1941). Two species are synonymized: Thysema dorae Mello-Leitão, 1944, syn. nov. with Ocnotelus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941 and Paralophostica centralis Soares & Camargo, 1948, syn. nov. with Agelista rosea Mello-Leitão, 1941. Pseudoamphidraus variegatus Caporiacco, 1947 and M. trifidocarinata Caporiacco, 1947 are confirmed as synonyms of M. nigritarsis. Six new species from northern/northeastern Brazil are described: M. abaira sp. nov. (♀), M. linae sp. nov. (♂♀), M. pipa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. sinuosa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. spelunca sp. nov. (♂♀) and M. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀). Also, the male of M. argentina is described for the first time. We give new diagnostic illustrations and updated distribution records for all the species of the genus.

Marma rosea (Mello-Leitão, 1941), revalidated Figures 1C, 47–52, 57H, 58J Agelista rosea Mello-Leitão, 1941: 180 (Holotype ♀: ARGENTINA: Salta, deposited in MLP 14965 —examined). Paralophostica centralis Soares & Camargo, 1948: 397 [Lectotype ♁, here designated: BRAZIL: Goiás: Aragarças [15°53’40.6”S, 52°15’20.9”W], leg. H. Sick, 15–22.IX.1946, deposited in MZUSP E-740/C-1334]; paralectotype ♀ and paralectotype ♁: Same data as lectotype, deposited in MZUSP E-740/C-1335, examined]. Syn. nov . Note. Marma rosea was previously considered one of the synonyms of M. nigritarsis. The difference between these species was explained in the diagnosis of M. nigritarsis above. The comparisons among the female types of M. rosea (Figs 49 D–F) and Paralophostica centralis (Figs 49 A–C) provided some evidence that both belong to the same species. However, the lack of a topotypic male type for M. rosea precludes comparisons and makes it difficult to provide an accurate result. Despite this, because of the many morphological similarities among their epigynes (Figs 49C, F) we decided to synonymize these species. The male is described based on a freshly collected specimen (Figs 48 E–G) and the female based on the well-conserved paralectotype of P. centralis (Figs 49 A–C). Revised diagnosis. Among all Marma species, M. rosea shares more similarities with M. argentina and M. spelunca sp. nov. The males of these species have a thick embolic disc, with both borders curved (Figs 44C, 46A, 48C, 50A, 53C, 55A, 57 G–I), and females have very long copulatory ducts that encircle the primary spermathecae and almost touch each other (Figs 45F, 46D, 49F, 50G, 54C, 55G, 58 I–K). However, the male of M. rosea differs by having the retrolateral border of the embolic disc with more accentuated curvature than the prolateral edge (Figs 48C, 50A, C, 57H), whereas both borders have approximately symmetrical curvature in M. argentina (Figs 44C, 46A, 57G) and M. spelunca sp. nov. (Figs 53C, 55A, 57I). Also, the females of M. rosea differ from those of M. spelunca sp. nov. by having smaller copulatory openings (Figs 49C, 54C), and they differ from those of M. argentina by having the primary spermathecae without their initial region expanded to lateral side (Figs 46C, 50F, 58 I–J). Description. Male (MPEG 34360). Total length: 3.02. Carapace 1.85 long, 1.27 wide, 0.98 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.82 long. Anterior eye row 1.29 wide, posterior 1.05 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 3.35 (1.05 + 1.24 + 1.06); II 3.12 (1.00 + 1.12 + 1.00); III 3.77 (1.24 + 1.31 + 1.22); IV 3.90 (1.20 + 1.30 + 1.40). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0 (or r0-1-0), v1r-2-2; III p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-0-2; IV p1-1-0, r 1-1-0, v1p-0-2 (or v1r-0-2). Metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r0-1, v2-2; III p1-0-1, r1-0-1, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 48 E–F): carapace with triangle of scales pointing backwards; abdomen ventrally dark brown; legs: femur I distal region with dark retrolateral spot, II with incomplete dark distal ring (prolaterally not colored) and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III with incomplete dark distal ring (ventrally not totally colored) and proximal region with dark prolateral spot, IV with incomplete dark distal ring (ventrally not colored); tibia I–II with dark proximal ring, III–IV with dark proximal ring and distal portion with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; tarsus I black, II with black tip, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 48D, 50B, 52D); embolic disc with curved edges (retrolateral edge with more accentuated curvature; Figs 48C, G, 50A, C, 52A); PED long (about three times the length of exposed portion of embolic disc), emerging from middle-distal part of embolic disc (Figs 50A, 50E); tip of embolus ends slightly beyond tip of PED (Figs 50A, E). Female (Paralectotype, MZUSP E-740/C-1335). Total length: 3.22. Carapace 1.73 long, 1.21 wide, 0.89 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.80 long. Anterior eye row 1.13 wide, posterior 1.00 wide. Legs 3412. Length of legs: I 2.82 (0.97 + 1.02 + 0.83); II 2.71 (0.91 + 0.99 + 0.81); III 3.78 (1.23 + 1.29 + 1.26); IV 3.76 (1.17 + 1.25 + 1.34). Leg macrosetae: Femur I–II d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; III d1-1-1, p1di, r1di (or r0); IV d1-1-1, p1di, r0; Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1; Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III–IV p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-0-2; Metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r0-1, v2-2; III p1-0-1, r1-0-1, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 49 A–B): pattern of carapace setae is lost; abdomen ventrally with pale central portion and with two variegated dark brown stripes on edges; legs: femur I with dark prolateral stripe, distal region with dark retrodorsal spot and proximal region with dark retrolateral spot, II with incomplete dark distal ring (ventrally not totally colored) and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tibia I–IV with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 49C, F, 50 F–G): copulatory openings very close to each other, placed more anteriorly than primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts long, encircling primary spermathecae; proximal copulatory duct approximately with same length as distal section; primary spermathecae slightly arched, with distal region slightly dilated. Other material examined. BRAZIL: Piauí: Brasileira & Piracuruca, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°3’33.09”S, 41°42’58.70”W, leg. D.F. Candiani, 2.XII.2006, 1♀ (MPEG 37177); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°5’39.9’’S, 41°43’53.3’’W, leg. E.B.O. Marques, 13.XII.2003 – 17.XII.2004, 4♁ (MPEG 9845, 9853, 9859, 9921), leg. F.M. Oliveira-Neto, 13.XII.2004, 2♁ (MPEG 9834, 9885), leg. L.S. Carvalho et. al., 17.XII.2004 – X.2006, 2♀ (MPEG 9871, 9922); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05’45.1”S, 41°43’55.8”W, leg. L.S. Carvalho et al., 11.XII.2007, 1♀ (MPEG 37178); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05’56.2”S, 41°43’12.9”W, leg. L.S. Carvalho, 28.III.2005, 1♀ (MPEG 37179), 1♁ (MPEG 37180), leg. L.S. Carvalho, unknown date, 1♀ (MPEG 37181), leg. F.M.O. Neto, 24.III.2005, 1♀ (MPEG 37182); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05’56.3”S, 41°05’56.3”W, leg. L. S. Carvalho et al., 24.VI.2007, 1♁ (MPEG 37183), 1♀ (MPEG 37184); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°05’57.5”S, 41°43’01.3”W, leg. L.S. Carvalho, 6.XII.2006, 1♁ (MPEG 37185); Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, 04°07’53.1’’S, 41°42’44.1’’W, leg. E.B.O Marques, 26.XII.2004, 1♁ (MPEG 9904); Castelo do Piauí, Fazenda Bonito, ECB Rochas Ornamentais LTDA [05°19’05.9”S, 41°33’00.8”W], leg. L.S. Carvalho et al., unknown date, 2♁ (MPEG 37186), 1♁ (MPEG 37187). Pará: S„o Geraldo do Araguaia, near to Santa Cruz Village, 06°12’15.5”S, 48°26’22.6”W, leg. A. Salgado, 1–3.XI.2019, 3♁ (MPEG 34360, 37188, 37189); São Geraldo do Araguaia, Ideflor, 06°24’08.9”S, 48°33’32.8”W, leg. A. Salgado, 31.X.2019, 1♀ (MPEG 37190), 2♁ (MPEG 37191, 37192). Tocantins: Pium, Trilha Cezar Machado, 09°23’04.7”S, 50°00’06.3”W, leg. E.L.S. da Costa, 14.V.2016, 1♁ (MPEG 34359). Distribution. Known from the Brazilian states of Goiás, Pará, Piauí and Tocantins and from the province of Salta, Argentina (Fig. 59A)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 338-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831, {"references":["Soares, B. A. M. & Camargo, H. F. de A. (1948) Aranhas coligidas pela Fundac \" o Brasil-Central (Arachnida-Araneae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 10, 355 - 409."]}

Marma pipa sp. nov. Figures 25–28, 57C, 58E Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from type locality. Diagnosis. Males of M. pipa sp. nov. are most similar to those of M. nigritarsis, both of which have a thick embolic disc with a straight prolateral edge and curved retrolateral edge (Figs 25C, 27A, 36C, 37A, 57C, E). However, they differ by having a shorter process on the embolic disc and a shorter embolus (Figs 57C, E). Also, the base of the embolus shaft is larger in M. pipa sp. nov. (Figs 27E, 28A, 37G, 40C). The general pattern of the epigynal structures among M. pipa sp. nov. and M. nigritarsis are similar, with both having copulatory ducts that encircle the primary spermathecae (Figs 26 C–D, 27G, 58E, G). However, females of M. pipa sp. nov. can be distinguished by having the primary spermathecae with different widths (being dilated at their basal portion and thinner at their distal end; Figs 26 C–D, 27G, 58E), whereas in M. nigritarsis the primary spermathecae is evenly wide throughout their length (Figs 35 H–I, 37I, 58G). Description. Male (Holotype, MPEG 34352). Total length: 3.14. Carapace 2.05 long, 1.47 wide, 0.98 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.92 long. Anterior eye row 1.25 wide, posterior 1.02 wide. Legs 1432. Length of legs: I 4.52 (1.38 + 1.76 + 1.38); II 3.52 (1.11 + 1.27 + 1.14); III 4.10 (1.36 + 1.43 + 1.31); IV 4.14 (1.24 + 1.36 + 1.54). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-2; II p0-1-0 (or p1-1-0), r0-1-0, v1r-2-2 (or v1r-1r-2); III–IV p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-2. Metatarsus I p1-1, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2 (or v1p-0-2); IV p-1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 25 A–B): carapace with triangle of scales pointing backwards; areas around triangle with dense concentration of scales; abdomen ventrally with three longitudinal dark stripes, almost fused, and pale edge; legs: femur I with prolateral surface with dark stripe and distal region with a dark retrolateral spot, II distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark prolateral spot, IV with dark distal ring; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I almost black, II without dark marks; III–IV with dark proximal spot. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 25D, 27B); embolic disc thick, with straight prolateral edge and curved retrolateral edge (Figs 25C, 27A); PED slighty longer than exposed portion of embolic disc, emerging from prodistal part of embolic disc (Figs 27A, E); tip of embolus ending beyond tip of PED (Figs 27A, E). Female (Paratype , MPEG 34349). Total length: 3.68. Carapace 2.09 long, 1.63 wide, 1.10 high. Ocular quadrangle 1.11 long. Anterior eye row 1.38 wide, posterior 1.22 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 3.44 (1.09 + 1.33 + 1.02); II 3.37 (1.10 + 1.22 + 1.05); III 4.38 (1.42 + 1.52 + 1.44); IV 4.45 (1.26 + 1.51 + 1.68). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v1r-1-2; II p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v1r-2-2; III p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-2; IV p0-0-1-0 (or p0-1-1-0), r1-1-1-0, v2di (or v1p-0-0-2). Metatarsus I–II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2 (or v1p-0-2); IV d1p-0-0, p1-0-2 (or p1-1-2), r1-0-2 (or r1-1-2), v0-1p-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 26 A–B): carapace as in male; legs: femur I prolateral surface with dark stripe and distal region with dark retrodorsal spot, II distal region with dark dorsal spot and proximal region with dark prolateral spot, III distal region with dark dorsal spot and proximal region with dark proventral spot, IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 26 C–D, 27F–G, 28E–F): copulatory openings very close to each other and placed more anteriorly than primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts longer and encircling primary spermathecae; proximal copulatory ducts approximately with same length as distal section; primary spermathecae with dilated initial portion, tapering towards the fertilization ducts; primary spermathecae anteriorly projected. Type material. Holotype ♁: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Norte: Tibau do Sul, Pipa, 06°13’42.5”S, 35°02’55.5”W, leg. G.R.S Ruiz, IV.2017 (MPEG 34352). Paratype: Same data as holotype, 1♀ (MPEG 34349). Other material examined. Same data as holotype, 1♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37129). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 59B)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 315-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831

Marma wesolowskae sp. nov. Figures 1E, 29–33, 57D, 58F Etymology. The epithet commemorates the career and life of Polish Professor Wanda Wesołowska. During her career, she has authored/co-authored the description of hundreds of jumping spider species. Diagnosis. Among all Marma species, Marma wesolowskae sp. nov. shares most similarities with M. nigritarsis and M. pipa sp. nov. The males of these species have an embolic disc with a straight prolateral border and curved retrolateral border (Figs 25C, 27A, 30C, 32A, 36C, 37A, 57 C–E). Besides, in the females, the copulatory ducts do not touch each other and they encircle the primary spermathecae (Figs 26 C–D, 27F–G, 31C–D, 32F–G, 35H–I, 37H–I, 58E–G). The males of M. wesolowskae sp. nov. differ from the males of these species by having a narrower embolic disc (Figs 30C, 32A, 57 C–E), and the females differ by having the posterior border of the epigynal plate projected and the copulatory openings placed more posteriorly (posterior to the distal region of the primary spermathecae) (Figs 31 C–D, 32G, 58E–G). Description. Male (Holotype, MPEG 34355). Total length: 3.38. Carapace 1.96 long, 1.31 wide, 0.97 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.78 long. Anterior eye row 1.18 wide, posterior 0.97 wide. Legs 3412. Length of legs: I 3.53 (1.13 + 1.32 + 1.08); II 3.17 (1.02 + 1.15 + 1.00); III 4.09 (1.39 + 1.41 + 1.29); IV 3.94 (1.25 + 1.30 + 1.39). Leg macrosetae: Femur I–III d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; IV d1-1-1, p0, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0 (or p0-1-0), r0, v1r-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v1r-1r-2; III p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0 (or r0-1-1-0), v1p-0-0-2; IV p0-1-1-0, r1-1- 1-0, v1p-0-0-2. Metatarsus I p1-1, r0-1, v1r-2 (or v2-2); II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 30 A–B): carapace covered entirely by scales (homogenous distribution); abdomen with thick dark brown stripe and pale lateral borders; legs: femur I–II with dark dorsal spot distally, III with distal and proximal regions with incomplete dark ring (distal ring: not colored ventrally; proximal ring: not colored dorsally), IV with dark distal ring; patella I–IV with dark proximal spot; tibia I–II with proximal region with dark dorsal spot, III–IV proximal and distal regions with dark dorsal spot; tarsus I with dark tip, II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 30D, 32B, 33E); embolic disc narrow, with straight prolateral edge and curved retrolateral edge (Figs 30C, 32A, 33A); PED slightly longer than exposed portion of embolic disc and emerging from the prodistal part of embolic disc (Figs 32A, E, 33A); tip of embolus ending beyond tip of PED (Figs 30C, 32A, E). Female (Paratype, MPEG 34354). Total length: 4.01. Carapace 1.90 long, 1.43 wide, 1.11 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.97 long. Anterior eye row 1.27 wide, posterior 1.07 wide. Legs 3421. Length of legs: I 2.97 (0.93 + 1.17 + 0.87); II 3.00 (0.95 + 1.16 + 0.89); III 4.17 (1.37 + 1.45 + 1.35); IV 4.09 (1.27 + 1.37 + 1.45). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II d0 (d1-1-1), p0 (p1di), r0 (r1di); III d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; IV d1-1-1, p0, r0 (r1di). Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; II p1di (p1-1-1), r0, v0 (v1r-2-0); III p0-1-0- 0 (or p0-1-1-0), r1-1-1-0 (or r0-1-1-0), v1p-0-0-1-2; IV p1-1-1-0 (or p0-1-1-0), r1-1-1-0, v0-1p-0-2. Metatarsus I p1-1, r1di, v2-2; II p1di (p1-1), r1di, v2di (v2-2); III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v0-1p-2 (or v1p-1p-2). Color in alcohol (Figs 31 A–B): carapace as in male; abdomen ventrally pale; legs: femur I–II with distal region with dark spot, III with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot, IV with dark distal ring; patella I–II with dark proximal spot; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 31 C–D, 32F–G, 33J): copulatory openings very close to each other and placed more posteriorly than end region of primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts long, encircling primary spermathecae; proximal copulatory duct shorter than distal section; primary spermathecae with homogenous diameter, narrow distal end and anteriorly projected. Type material. Holotype ♁: BRAZIL: Pernambuco: Buíque, Paraíso Selvagem camping area, 08°35’08.8”S, 37°14’28.4”W, leg. A. Salgado, 21.VII.2019 (MPEG 34355). Paratypes: Same data as holotype, 1♁ (MPEG 37130), 3♀ (MPEG 34354, 37131, IBSP 267943). BRAZIL: Pernambuco: Venturosa, Pedra Furada, 08°34’12.6”S, 36°49’34.4”W, leg. A. Salgado, 21.VII.2019, 1♁ (IBSP 267944). Other material examined. Same data as holotype, 2 ♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37132), 1♁ (MPEG 37133), 1♁ (MPEG 37134), 1♀ (MPEG 37135). BRAZIL: Pernambuco: Venturosa, Pedra Furada, 8°34’12.6”S, 36°49’34.4”W, leg. A. Salgado, 21.VII.2019, 1♁ (MPEG 37136). Distribution. Known only from the Brazilian state of Pernambuco (Fig. 59B). Natural History. The specimens were collected from sandstone (Figs 1E, 29).

Marma abaira sp. nov. Figures 18–19, 58C Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition that refers to the type locality. Diagnosis. Among all currently known females of the genus, M. abaira sp. nov. (Figs 18 C–D) is most similar to M. baeri (Fig. 6C) and M. femella by having the copulatory openings far from each other and the copulatory ducts not encircling the primary spermathecae (Figs 58A, C–D). However, M. abaira sp. nov. can be distinguished from M. baeri by having elliptical primary spermathecae (the proximal portion is dilated, and the distal portion is narrow in M. baeri; Figs 6C, 18 C–D, 58A, C) and by having copulatory openings closest to each other (Figs 58A, C). Marma abaira sp. nov. can be distinguished from M. femella by having the copulatory openings placed more anteriorly, and the primary spermathecae projecting to the anterior side (laterally projecting in M. femella; Figs 18 C–D, 58C–D). Male unknown. Description. Female (Holotype, UFMG 15049). Total length: 4.35. Carapace 1.97 long, 1.34 wide, 0.95 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.97 long. Anterior eye row 1.26 wide, posterior 1.08 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 2.98 (1.04 + 1.12 + 0.82); II 2.89 (1.05 + 1.04 + 0.80); III 3.81 (1.30 + 1.36 + 1.15); IV 3.87 (1.28 + 1.26 + 1.33). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; III d1-1-1, p1di, r0 (or r1di); IV d1-1-1, p1di, r0. Patella I–II 0, III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-1p (or v1p-0-0-2); IV p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1p-0-0-2. Metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-0-2; II p1-0-1, r1di, v2-0-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 18 A–B): carapace with triangle of scales pointing backward; areas beside triangle with less concentrated setae; abdomen ventrally pale, with three dark longitudinal stripes; lateral stripes with pale circles; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and dark prolateral stripe, II with dark distal ring and proximal region with incomplete dark ring (dorsally region not totally colored), III with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark prolateral spot, IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark ventral spot; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring and distal region with incomplete dark ring (dorsally region not totally colored), III–IV with distal and proximal dark ring; tarsus I–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 18 C–D, 19A–D): copulatory openings separated by approximately twice the girth of copulatory ducts and placed anteriorly to primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts long; proximal copulatory duct approximately seven times longer than distal section; primary spermathecae elliptical and anteriorly projected. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♀: BRAZIL: Bahia: Abaíra, Pico da Serra do Barbado, Distrito de Catolés, 13°17’27’’S, 41°54’06’’W, leg. L.S. Carvalho & M.B. da Silva, 3.XI.2013 (UFMG 15049). Paratype: Same data as holotype, 1♀ (MPEG 37127). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Bahia, Brazil) (Fig. 59B)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 308-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831

Genus Marma Simon, 1902 Marma Simon, 1902: 376 (type species: Marma baeri Simon, 1902). Thysema Mello-Leit „o, 1944: 390 (type species: Thysema dorae Mello-Leitão, 1944); synonymized by Galiano (1962: 36). Paralophostica Soares & Camargo, 1948: 396 (type species: Paralophostica centralis Soares & Camargo, 1948); synonymized by Galiano (1962: 36). Revised diagnosis. The Amphidraus-Marma clade (which also includes genera Nebridia and Yacuitella) is composed of small to medium-sized jumping spiders. The chelicerae in these genera have two promarginal teeth and one fissident retromarginal tooth with two or more cusps (Figs 51A, C; Galiano 1999: figs 6–7; Zhang & Maddison 2015: fig. 218; Salgado & Ruiz 2019: figs 28A–C). Furthermore, the male palp has an embolic disc with projections (Figs 5C, 7A, 9 A–C, 16A, 23A–C, 28A; Galiano 1999: figs 8–9, 15; Salgado & Ruiz 2019: fig. 3A), and the epigynal plate is sclerotized and lacks the typical euophryine window structure (a pair of rounded and less sclerotized regions that allow the visualization of the spermathecae; Figs 7G, 15F, 22F, 27F, 32F, 37H, 46C, 50F, 55F; see Zhang & Maddison 2015: figs 39, 46, 53, 60). Males of Marma can be distinguished from related genera by having a sclerotized cymbial conductor (cc; Figs 36C, 40A), whereas it is membranous in the other members of the Amphidraus - Marma clade (see Salgado & Ruiz 2019: fig. 2E); by having part of embolus shaft hidden under the tegulum (Figs 7A, F, 9A, C, 15A, E), whereas it is typically exposed in the tribe (see Salgado & Ruiz 2019: figs 5A, 7C); and by not having the tegular lobe (Figs 13C, 15A, 25C, 27A), which is developed in Amphidraus and Nebridia (see Galiano 1963: Lam. XXVII, fig. 16 and Salgado & Ruiz 2019: fig. 3A) and slightly differentiated from the tegulum in Yacuitella (see Galiano 1999: fig. 9). In addition, males of Marma and Yacuitella have an embolus composed of a shaft alone (Figs 20C, 22A, 23A, 53C, 55A, 56C; see Galiano 1999: figs 8–9, 15), whereas in Amphidraus and Nebridia the embolus opening is extended, forming a tubular piece that is less sclerotized than the shaft (see Salgado & Ruiz 2019: figs 3A, 7C). Males of Marma can be distinguished from those of Yacuitella by having a single distal process on the embolic disc (Figs 23 A–C, 30C, 32A, 33A, D) and a single apophysis on the male palpal tibia (Figs 20D, 22B, 23 D–E, 30D, 32B, 33E) (Yacuitella has two processes on the embolic disc and three tibial apophyses; see Galiano 1999: figs 9–10). Females of Marma differ from those of Amphidraus by not having a coupling pocket in the epigynal plate (present in some species of Amphidraus; see Salgado & Ruiz 2019: fig. 27E). Also, the proximal copulatory duct is longer in Marma, which places the secondary spermatheca farther from the copulatory opening (Figs 6C, 7H, 10B, 18 C–D, 19A–B), whereas the secondary spermatheca is adjacent to the copulatory opening in Amphidraus and Yacuitella (see Salgado & Ruiz 2019: figs 17D, 25D; Galiano 1999: figs 12–13). The female of Nebridia remains unknown. Description. Small to medium-sized (2.9–4.8 mm); standard jumping spider body (without striking modifications such as mimicry to ants, beetles, etc. or flattening of carapace; Figs 1, 2, 3, 5 A–B, 6A–B). Carapace: anterior region of carapace (near to anterior eyes) slightly narrower than widest section (Figs 8D, 13A); PME closer to PLE than to ALE (Fig. 8D); PME slightly more dislocated to lateral side of carapace than PLE (Fig. 8D); anterior eye row in frontal view wider than anterior section of carapace (Figs 3D, 47F); fovea placed slightly beyond PLE (Figs 6A, 20A, 21A); in lateral view the posterior third with abrupt slope (Figs 47B, E). Coloration: cephalic area black and thoracic area brown in both sexes (Figs 5A, 6A, 30A, 31A). Scale pattern: with blend of white and brown scales (Figs 2 A–D, 8D–E). Brown scales (Fig. 8E) are longer and slenderer than white scales (about the same width throughout its length) and bear lateral barbs. White scales (Figs 8A, E) are flattened and wide (at least twice the width of its base) and bear central ridge along their dorsal length; shallow, oblique grooves extending towards borders, with single lateral row of flattened barbs; venter of scales apparently also with barbs. White and brown scales are connected to the unmodified base (Figs 8A, C) and rest parallel to the surface. Cephalic region also with rigid, black protective bristles connected to round, well-delimited bases (Figs 8 A–B, F). Two different patterns of distribution of scales on carapace can be observed (best observed in live specimens): (1) presence of a distinct triangle of scales pointing backward, with scarce scales on sides (Figs 34 A–B, D–E, 47A–B, D–E); (2) homogeneous distribution of scales on carapace (Figs 1E, 29 A–F, 30A, 31A); anterior lateral eyes (ALE) and anterior median eyes (AME) surrounded by brown scales (Figs 1A, D, 3B, D, 12C, F, 34C, F, 47C, F). Abdomen: dorsally variegated, with brown and white scales (Figs 5A, 6A); ventrally, it can be light brown with three longitudinal, narrow dark brown stripes (Figs 5B, 6B), or with pale border and thick dark brown longitudinal stripe (Fig. 30B), or without stripes (Figs 21D, 26B). Anal tubercle covered with white scales (yellow arrow in Figs 11A, G), like the ones present on carapace. Epiandrous region with a pair of conspicuous tufts of spigots, bearing about six long spigots each (Figs 11 H–I). Chelicerae: with two promarginal teeth and one fissident retromarginal tooth with two or more cusps (Figs 51A, C; see Zhang & Maddison 2015: fig. 218); ventral keel with long (sensitive?) setae (Figs 51 A–B); frontal surface with sparse long and short setae (Figs 51 D–E), and long, barbed setae between teeth and fang (Fig. 51F). Legs: in general, are pale with dark marks (small spots, or stripes that cover entire surface of an article, or rings that circulate an article; Figs 1A, 3C, 12A); femur I color pattern can vary within a species, being yellowish with dark marks, totally yellowish or totally dark in different males (compare Figs 12 A–C in M. linae sp. nov. and Figs 47A, 48E in M. rosea); color pattern for metatarsi is standard for all species and both sexes: metatarsi I–II with dark proximal ring, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring (Figs 30B, 31B); all males with black tarsus on leg I (Figs 3A, 12 A–B, 29A, 34A–B). Spinnerets (Figs 11 A–F; examined only in M. baeri male): spigots, in general, are reduced in number in all spinnerets. In the ALS there are only four piriform spigots forming an arch anteriorly (Figs 11 B–C); ALS also has a single major ampullate spigot (MAP) placed posteriorly, hidden in Fig. 11B and partially seen in Fig. 11C (females are expected to have two MAP in ALS). In the PMS there is an unusually elongate minor ampullate spigot (mAP) right behind a large tartipore, and possibly a single lateral aciniform spigot, which is broken off in both PMS photographed (Fig. 11F). In the PLS, among the tartipores, there are four unusually elongate aciniform spigots forming an arch facing mesally (Figs 11 D–E). Male palp: in general, brown with some dark spots (Figs 30 C–D); short trochanter (Figs 30D, 37B); femur without modifications (Figs 32B, 37B); short patella without modifications (Fig. 7C) and generally with white scales concentrated dorsally (orange scales in M. wesolowskae sp. nov.; Figs 30D, 33E, G–H); tibia with the same length as the patella and with a single apophysis placed retrolaterally (RTA) (Figs 5D, 7C, 13D, 15B, 20D, 22B, 25D, 27B, 30D, 32B); dorsally with a smooth single dark scale (without shallow, oblique grooves; Figs 33E, I); the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) is generally finger-shaped with dark tip (Figs 36D, 44D, 48D, 53D); tip of RTA with parallel ridges (Figs 23 D–E, 28D, 33F, 52E); cymbium with tip narrower than the proximal region (Figs 7E, 15D, 22D, 27D, 32D, 37D, 50D, 55D); sometimes with apical dark spot (Figs 30D, 37B); with a small proximal retroventral projection (possibly part of paracymbium; indicated by arrows in Figs 9F, 16D, 28B, 40B); with sclerotized cymbial conductor (cc, a modification of cymbial groove) placed on retrolateral ventrodistal portion (Figs 5C, 9E, 13C, 20C, 25C, 30C, 40A); cymbial conductor with a groove on which the embolus tip rests (Figs 9E, 16C, 28B, 33B, 40A; white arrow in Fig. 56D); subtegulum with a prolateral lobe (Figs 23B, 56 A–B); tegulum without proximal lobe and with large retrolateral “shoulder” (Figs 9A, 23A, 33A, C); tegular shoulder with a groove on which the embolus shaft rests (black arrow in Fig. 33C); typical euophryine retrolateral sperm duct loop is absent (Figs 7F, 15E, 22E, 27E, 32E, 37G, 50E, 55E); embolic disc with a pointed process (PED) projected to apical portion of the palp (Figs 5C, 9 A–B, 33D, 40C, 52A); embolic disc with a dorsal groove (indicated by black arrow in Figs 9C, 16A, 23C, 28A, 33D, 40C, 52A, 56C); base of embolus shaft with a projection of granulated appearance (Figs 16A, 28A, 33D, 40C, 52 A–B, 56C); part of embolus shaft hidden under the tegulum (Figs 7A, F, 9A, C); embolus shaft with small spikes, sometimes forming a spiral row (Figs 9D, 16B, 23C, 28C, 33D, 40D, 52C, 56C). Female with unmodified palp (Fig. 3D). Expansion of palp and copulation (Figs 38–39): the male grabs the female’s abdomen with his leg I before the expansion of the palp (Figs 39 A–D); the bulb rotates to the retrolateral side when the basal hematodocha is filled with hemolymph (Figs 38 A–B). Later, the distal hematodocha is filled and the embolic disc rotates to the prolateral side (Figs 38 A–B, D–E). The subtegulum and the tegulum remain coupled during the expansion (Figs 38 D–E). Epigyne: epigynal plate generally with two distinct copulatory openings (Figs 6C, 7 G–H, 10A, 17A, 41A) (M. sinuosa sp. nov. has the copulatory openings fused in a single opening; Figs 21E, 22 F–G, 24A, C); copulatory ducts with glands on their initial portion (near to copulatory openings), independent from those of secondary spermathecae (Figs 10D, 43 C–D); copulatory ducts length ranges from short (e.g. M. linae sp. nov.; Figs 14 C–D) to very long (e.g. M. argentina; Figs 45C, F); internal tegument of copulatory ducts is smooth (Fig. 42D); the secondary spermathecae are reduced and generally placed far from the copulatory openings (Figs 10B, 17 B–D, 19A–B, 24B, F, 28E–F, 33J, 41B, 43A–B); primary spermathecae with homogeneous diameter in some species (Figs 14 C–D, 31C–D); in other cases, with their initial portion dilated, tapering towards the fertilization ducts (Figs 21 E–F, 24D, 26C–D); internally, spermathecae have spikes on the tegument (ets; Figs 41 C–D, 42A–B); Bennett’s glands (BG) externally appear as a circular hole (Figs 10C, 19 C–D, 24E); internally they are projected into the middle of the spermathecae and have a spiky appearance (spikes probably bear openings of individual glands; Figs 41C, 42 A–C); fertilization ducts are laterally projected (Figs 10C, 14C, 15G). Remarks about crypsis: Members of Marma are specialized in hunting on the ground, rock surfaces, urban constructions and tree trunks. They are not found inhabiting intertwined tree branches or leaves. The preference for open environments as those mentioned above is related to the cryptic coloration in shades of brown that provide them efficient camouflage with the substrate (Figs 1, 2, 3, 12, 29, 34, 39, 47). Also, no bright colors are observed in males (Figs 2 A–B, 3A–B, 12A–C, 29A–C, 34A–C, 47A–C)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 289-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831, {"references":["Simon, E. (1902) Description d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Salticidae (Attidae) (suite). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 46, 24 - 56 + 363 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19237","Galiano, M. E. (1962) Los generos Amphidraus Simon y Marma Simon (Araneae, Salticidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 18, 31 - 44.","Soares, B. A. M. & Camargo, H. F. de A. (1948) Aranhas coligidas pela Fundac \" o Brasil-Central (Arachnida-Araneae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 10, 355 - 409.","Galiano, M. E. (1999) Description of Yacuitella, new genus (Araneae, Salticidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 11, 158 - 160.","Maddison, W. P. (2015) A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Journal of Arachnology, 43, 231 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / arac- 43 - 03 - 231 - 292","Salgado, A. & Ruiz, G. R. S. (2019) Seven new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini). Zootaxa, 4563 (3), 451 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4563.3.3","Galiano, M. E. (1963) Las especies americanas de aranas de la familia Salticidae descriptas por Eugene Simon: Redescripciones basadas en los ejemplares tipicos. Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales (C), 23, 273 - 470."]}

Marma linae sp. nov. Figures 1B, 12–17, 57B, 58B Etymology. The species is named after the Brazilian arachnologist Lina Maria Almeida Silva, the first to bring us specimens of this species from Bahia, Brazil. Diagnosis. Males of M. linae sp. nov. are most similar to those of M. baeri, both with a short process on the embolic disc (PED), but they differ by having a thinner embolic disc (Figs 7A, 15A, 57 A–B). Besides, the embolus in M. linae sp. nov. emerges from a more proximal portion of the embolic disc, and consequently is longer than in M. baeri (best visualized after clarification techniques using clove oil; Figs 7F, 9C, 15E, 16A). Females of M. linae sp. nov. differ by having the copulatory openings close together and aligned with the distal portion of primary spermathecae (Figs 14C, 15G, 58B), whereas they are separated by approximately three times the girth of the copulatory duct and placed anterior to the primary spermathecae in M. baeri (Figs 6C, 7H, 58A). Also, females of M. linae sp. nov. have homogeneous primary spermathecae with distal portion projecting anteriorly (Figs 14 C–D, 15F–G, 58B), whereas primary spermathecae have di l ated initial portion, tapering towards fertilization ducts in M. baeri (Figs 6C, 7 G–H, 58A). Description. Male (Holotype, MPEG 34356). Total length: 4.08. Carapace 2.09 long, 1.37 wide, 1.02 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.84 long. Anterior eye row 1.33 wide, posterior 1.10 wide. Legs 1342. Length of legs: I 5.20 (1.56 + 2.02 + 1.62); II 3.73 (1.17 + 1.34 + 1.22); III 4.42 (1.44 + 1.48 + 1.50); IV 4.29 (1.34 + 1.42 + 1.53). Leg macrosetae: Femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–IV d1-1-1, p1di, r1di. Patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1. Tibia I p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-2; II p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v1r-2-2; III p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0 (or 0-1-1-0), v1p-0-0-2; IV p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1-0, v1p-0- 0-2; Metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2 (or v2-0-2). Color in alcohol (Figs 13 A–B): scales uniformly distributed on carapace; abdomen ventrally pale; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and with prolateral and retrolateral dark stripe, II with dark distal ring and with proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot, IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark prolateral spot; tibia I–II without dark marks, III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I totally black, II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 13 C–D); thin embolic disc with both edges straight (Figs 13C, 15A); PED approximately with same length of exposed portion of embolic disc, emerging from prodistal part of embolic disc (Figs 15A, E); tip of embolus ending more distally than tip of PED (Figs 13C, 15A). Female (Paratype, MPEG 34346). Total length: 3.62. Carapace 1.85 long, 1.19 wide, 0.88 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.80 long. Anterior eye row 1.21 wide, posterior 0.98 wide. Legs (4=3)12. Length of legs: I 2.84 (0.93 + 1.04 + 0.87); II 2.72 (0.91 + 0.98 + 0.83); III 3.78 (1.29 + 1.29 + 1.20); IV 3.78 (1.18 + 1.26 + 1.34). Leg macrosetae: femur I d1-1-1, p1di, r0; II–III d1-1-1, p1di, r1di; IV d1-1-1, p0, r1di; patella I–II 0; III–IV p0, r1; tibia I–II p0-1-0, r0, v1r-2-2; III p1-1-1-0 (or p0-1-1-0), r0-1-1-0 (or r1-1-1-0), v1p-0-0-2; IV p0-1-1-0, r1-1-1- 0, v1p-0-0-2; metatarsus I p1di, r0, v2-2; II p1-1, r1di, v2-2; III d1p-0-0, p1-0-2, r1-0-2, v2-0-2; IV p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1p-0-2. Color in alcohol (Figs 14 A–B): carapace and abdomen as in male; legs: femur I–II with dark distal ring and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III–IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark prolateral spot; tibia I–IV with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 14 C–D, 15F–G, 17A–D): copulatory openings separated by less than 1/2 their diameter, placed at same level as primary spermathecae; copulatory ducts very short; proximal copulatory duct slighty shorter than distal section; primary spermathecae with homogenous diameter and anteriorly projected. Type material. Holotype ♁: BRAZIL: Pará: Belém, Macacário, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 01°28’21.4”S, 48°27’29.5”W, leg. A. Salgado, 10.VII.2017 (MPEG 34356). Paratypes: Same data as holotype, 1♁ 1♀ (MPEG 34345), 1♀ (MPEG 34346). BRAZIL: Bahia: Salvador [12°55’39.5”S, 38°25’56.3”W], leg. L.M.A. Silva, unknown date, 1♁ 1♀ (IBSP 267942). Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: Belém, walls of restaurant “Poema”, 01°28’21.0”S, 48°26’49.3”W, leg. A. Salgado, 6.IX.2017, 1♁ (MPEG 37105); Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Macacário, 01°28’21.4”S, 48°27’29.5”W, leg. A. Salgado, 10.VII.2017, 1♁ (MPEG 37107), 1♀ (MPEG 37108), 5♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37109); São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra das andorinhas, Cantinho da Dona Madalena, 06°12’15.5”S, 48°26’22.6”W, leg. A. Salgado, 1–3.XI.2019, 3♁ (MPEG, 37110, 37112, 37113), 1♀ (MPEG 37111); São Geraldo do Araguaia, Ideflor, 06°24’08.9”S, 48°33’32.8”W, leg. A. Salgado, 31.X.2019, 3♁ (MPEG 37114, 37115, 37116), 1♀ (MPEG 37117). Piauí: Luís Correia [02°52’47.5”S, 41°39’56.4”W], leg. L.S. Carvalho, 30.XII.2007, 3♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37118); José de Freitas, Fazenda Nazareth [04°45’03.4”S, 42°35’14.2”W], leg. Equipe Aracno MPEG, 18.I.2003, 1♀ (MPEG 9830); Teresina, Estrada da Uni „o (23 km north of Teresina, near village of São Vicente), Sítio Ouro Verde, 04°54’13.9’’S, 42°47’27.1’’W, unknown collector and date, 1♀ (MPEG 9855); Teresina, Bairro São Joaquim [05°03’22.2”S, 42°50’12.7”W], leg. L.S. Carvalho, 22.I.2009, 1♁ (MPEG 37119); Castelo do Piauí, ECB Rochas Ornamentais, 05°13’54.1’’S, 41°42’01.7’’W, leg. A.B. Bonaldo, 12.IX.2006, 2♁ (MPEG 9906); Paquetá [07°06’17.3”S, 41°42’14.6”W], leg. M.N.C. Costa, 8.IV.2006, 1♀ (MPEG 9901). Bahia: Jardim Botânico de Salvador [12°55’43.3”S, 38°26’04.7”W], leg. I. Daniel, 22.II.2007, 6♁ (IBSP 118472, 118543, 118545, 132534, 132585, 132654), 1♀ (IBSP 118476); Salvador, Clube da Adelba, 12°56’29.5”S, 38°23’38.4”W, leg. A. Salgado, 30.VII.2017, 2♁ (MPEG 37121), 1♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37122), 1♁ 1♀ (MPEG 37123), 3♀ (MPEG 37124), 2♁ (MPEG 37125). Distribution. Known from the Brazilian states of Pará, Piauí and Bahia (Fig. 59B). Natural history. The specimens were collected from tree trunks and urban constructions., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 302-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831

Marma argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1941), revalidated Figures 44–46, 57G, 58I Ocnotelus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941: 185 (Holotype ♀: ARGENTINA: La Rioja: Anillaco [28°48’21.7”S, 66°56’29.2”W], leg. Birabén, deposited in MLP 14980 —examined). Thysema dorae Mello-Leitão, 1944: 390 (Holotype ♀: ARGENTINA: Tigre, Guayracá, leg. Prosen, deposited in MLP 16300 — examined). Syn. nov. Note. Marma argentina was previously considered one of the synonyms of M. nigritarsis. The differences between these species were explained in the diagnosis of M. nigritarsis above. The comparisons between the female holotypes of Ocnotelus argentinus (Figs 45 A–C) and Thysema dorae (Figs 45 D–F) revealed that both belong to the same species, and therefore we propose the synonymy. Both sexes were described based on well-preserved specimens deposited in the MACN. Also, the male is described for the first time. Revised diagnosis. Among all Marma species, M. argentina shares more similarities with M. rosea and M. spelunca sp. nov. The males of these species have a thick embolic disc, with both edges curved (Figs 44C, 46A, 48C, 50A, 53C, 55A, 57 G–I), and females have very long copulatory ducts that encircle the primary spermathecae and almost touch each other (Figs 45F, 46D, 49F, 50G, 54C, 55G, 58 I–K). However, the males of M. argentina differ by having some palpal structures elongated (cymbium, embolus and process of embolic disc; Figs 44 C–D, 46A–B, 57G–I). Females differ by having the proximal region of the primary spermathecae laterally expanded to the external side (Figs 58 I–K). Description. Male (MACN-Ar 39650). Total length: 3.86. Carapace 2.14 long, 1.42 wide, 1.02 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.90 long. Anterior eye row 1.31 wide, posterior 1.11 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 4.00 (1.30 + 1.51 + 1.19); II 3.50 (1.16 + 1.25 + 1.09); III 4.15 (1.34 + 1.43 + 1.38); IV 4.20 (1.30 + 1.39 + 1.51). Color in alcohol (Figs 44 A–B): carapace with triangle of scales pointing backwards; high concentration of setae around triangle; abdomen ventrally with three dark brown stripes delimited by stripes of pale circles; legs: femur I with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark retrolateral spot, II with dark distal ring and proximal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot, III with dark distal ring and proximal region with incomplete dark ring (dorsally not totally colored), IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I–IV with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; tarsus I almost black, II with black tip, III–IV with proximal dark ring. Palp: RTA finger-shaped (Figs 44D, 46B); elongated cymbium with narrow apical region (Figs 44C, 46A); embolic disc with curved and symmetrical edges (Figs 44C, 46A); PED very long (about four times the length of the exposed portion of embolic disc; Figs 44C, 46A); PED emerging from the middle-distal part of embolic disc (Figs 44C, 46A); embolus tip ends slightly beyond tip of PED (Figs 44C, 46A). Female (MACN-Ar 39648). Total length: 4.63. Carapace 1.81 long, 1.35 wide, 0.94 high. Ocular quadrangle 0.91 long. Anterior eye row 1.24 wide, posterior 1.06 wide. Legs 4321. Length of legs: I 2.82 (0.95 + 1.03 + 0.84); II 2.86 (0.96 + 1.05 + 0.85); III 3.83 (1.33 + 1.29 + 1.21); IV 3.92 (1.30 + 1.25 + 1.37). Color in alcohol (Figs 45 G–H): carapace as in male; abdomen ventrally pale with dark lateral borders; leg: femur I with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark retrolateral spot, II with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark retroventral spot, III with dark distal ring and proximal region with incomplete dark ring (retrolaterally not totally colored), IV with dark distal ring and proximal region with dark proventral spot; tibia I–II with dark proximal ring and distal region with prolateral and retrolateral dark spot; III–IV with proximal and distal dark ring; tarsus I–II without dark marks, III–IV with dark proximal ring. Epigyne (Figs 45C, F, I, 46D): copulatory openings very close to each other and placed more anteriorly than primary spermathecae; copulatory duct long, encircling primary spermathecae; proximal copulatory duct shorter than distal section (half the length); primary spermathecae arched and with distal portion slighty dilated; secondary spermathecae well developed. Note. Due to the lack of time to examine all specimens of Marma available at MACN, the macrosetae pattern of Marma argentina has not been documented. Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Salta: Rosario de La Frontera [25°47’56.9”S, 64°58’08.0”W], leg. Donadio, IX.1986, 1♁ (MACN-Ar 39632); Cafayate [26°04’22.9”S, 65°58’34.7”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, XI.1960, 1♁ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39571). Córdoba: Cerro Colorado [30°05’42.5”S, 63°55’55.8”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 21.XI.1983, 2♁ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39584); Bialet Massé [31°17’57.4”S, 64°28’03.6”W], leg. A. Gonzalez, XI.1985, 1♁ (MACN-Ar 39634); Argüello [31°20’55.8”S, 64°15’00.1”W], leg. J. A. De Carlo, XII.1943 – II.1946, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39622), 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39629); San Roque, Parque Siquimán, Villa Playa [31°21’52.2”S, 64°28’43.7”W], leg. M. Miranda, I.1982, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39544), leg. M.E. Galiano 20.XI.1983, 3♁ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39631); Road Between R. Encantado and Panaholma [31°22’39.9”S, 64°09’39.5”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 15.XI.1987, 2♁ (MACN-Ar 39494); Cuesta Blanca, Carlos Paz [31°28’56.4”S, 64°34’10.8”W], leg. Peretti, IX.1990, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39621, 39624); Alta Gracia, Los Paredones [31°39’17.9”S, 64°26’32.6”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 16.XI.1984, 3♁ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39623); Cura Brochero [31°40’00.4”S, 65°01’05.5”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 17.XI.1983 – XII.1987, 3♁ 4♀ (MACN-Ar 39526), 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39529), 3♁ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 39545), 1♁ (MACN-Ar 39619), 1♀ (MACN-Ar 39648), 6♁ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39649), 1♁ (MACN-Ar 39650); Pampa de Achala [31°40’51.6”S, 64°50’14.1”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 15.XI.1984, 2♁ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 39620); Alta Grácia, Vila Paisanita [31°43’08.9”S, 64°28’47.6”W], leg. A. Oliva, 7–13.XII.1984, 1♁ (MACN-Ar 39573). San Luis: Merlo, Pasos Malos [32°19’49.3”S, 64°59’55.0”W], leg. M.E. Galiano & Miranda, XI.1985, 2♁ (MACN-Ar 39628); Merlo [32°20’48.3”S, 65°00’56.8”W], leg. M.E. Galiano, 15.XI.1983 – 14.XI.1984, 2♁ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 39625), 2♁ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 39626), 2♁ (MACN-Ar 39627). Distribution. Known from the provinces of Salta, Córdoba and San Luis, Argentina (Fig. 59A)., Published as part of Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2020, Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 287-353 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 335-338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/4456831

The integration of exponential technologies in the traditional manufacturing processes constitutes a noteworthy trend of the past two decades, aiming to reshape the industrial environment. This kind of digital transformation, which is driven by the Industry 4.0 initiative, not only affects the individual manufacturing assets, but the involved human workforce, as well. Since human operators should be placed in the centre of this revolution, they ought to be endowed with new tools and through-engineering solutions that improve their efficiency. In addition, vivid visualization techniques must be utilized, in order to support them during their daily operations in an auxiliary and comprehensive way. Towards this end, we describe a user-centered methodology, which utilizes augmented reality (AR) and computer vision (CV) techniques, supporting low-skilled operators in the maintenance procedures. The described mobile augmented reality maintenance assistant (MARMA) makes use of the handheld&rsquo, s camera and locates the asset on the shop floor and generates AR maintenance instructions. We evaluate the performance of MARMA in a real use case scenario, using an automotive industrial asset provided by a collaborative manufacturer. During the evaluation procedure, manufacturer experts confirmed its contribution as an application that can effectively support the maintenance engineers.

There are 107 vital points spread over the body called as MARMA. All the marmas are seat of prana. Owing to this close association of chetana, injury to marma will produce severe sufferings. KSHIPRA marma is one of the Shakhagat marma situated on both upper and lower extremities and are four in number. It is situated between the great toe and the second toe of the foot with a dimension of half Angula. Based on predominant structural entity it is a Snayu marma. While classifying on the basis of traumatic effect it is a Kalantara pranhara marma. Trauma to this marma causes death due to convulsions. Understanding marma is very important in clinical practice of Ayurveda. Even the prognosis of disease depends upon the extent of involvement of marma points. This review will give a complete summary of KSHIPRA marma regarding its location, structural entity and clinical application.

Marma means vital parts of the human body. There are 107 marma in human body. Marma hass been classified into 5 categories, i.e. Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma, Asthimarma & Sandhimarma. Vaikalyakara Marma are the points where injury causes structural functional deformity. These are 44 in number and there are 12 present in ADHOSHAKHAGA (lower body) i.e. 6 in each lower limb. They are Kurch, Janu, Aani, Urvi, Lohitaksh & Vitapa. Janu marma is considered as sandhi and vaikalyakar marma in Ayurveda and injury to Janu Marma causes Khanjatva. Khanjatva which means limping of limb. Thus, this topic is selected to study as to evaluate the actual structural changes and which further causes deformities

Ayurveda the ancient system of Indian medical science offers various principles and concept to remain healthy and live long life. Sports medicine is of the modality of Ayurveda science which deals with treatment and prevention of sport injury. The sports medicine is a novel concept of Ayurveda emerging from last few decades. Ayurveda offers various treatment modalities for sport injury such as; Marma therapy, oil massage, Yoga, Raktamokashana, Agnikarma, physiotherapy and herbal medication. The present article explores scope and utility of sport medicine as per Ayurveda.

We have analyzed haplotypes for 17 Y chromosomal STR loci in Bangladeshi mainstream Bengali population and four largest ethnic groups inhabiting the North-Eastern and Southern region of Bangladesh using AmpFlSTR® Yfiler® PCR amplification systems. A total of 667 haplotypes from Bangladeshi Bangali, 157 from Rakhine, 144 from Marma, 112 from Hajong, and 136 from Manipuri individuals were observed with corresponding discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.973 for Bengali, 0.723 for Rakhine, 0.743 for Marma, 0.794 for Hajong, and 0.720 for Manipuri groups, respectively. In order to investigate genetic relationship and the pattern of paternal contributions of the studied population, a comparison of the studied data with the published data from Y-STR haplotype reference database (YHRD) was conducted based on analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Construction of neighbour-joining tree revealed that the Rakhine population lies closer to a clade consisting, Korean and Japanese population. The Hajong population showed close affinity with Riang (Tripura, India) tribe followed by Marma population. On the other hand, Manipuri group is closely related to Thai population followed by Tamil and mainstream Bengali population.

In today’s era due to unending process of globalization, we are acquiring the western culture blinding like eating fast food, preserved food, late night sleeping or shifting duties and secondary life style with lot of stress, due to this, disturbances in metabolism occurs hence there is increasing incidences of life style disorders like Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc. later in chronic condition this patients comes with chronic kidney diseases. As per Ayurveda CKD is disease of mutravaha strotasa and It correlated with Mutraghata. Formation and Excretion of urine is takes place in pakwashaya. Basti is one of the main marma out of three marma. If problem takes place in these marma it becomes life threatening. Hence it is need of era to find out supportive, rejuneuating treatment for such patients to expel the toxins from the body. Hence Pratham triphala rasayana this drug is chosen for CKD patients. It is Anulomak, its action on pakwashaya, it regulates Apana vayu hence toxins expel out from the body, because of rasayana effect datu vardhana also takes place. Pratham triphala rasayana contains Survary Haritaki, Aamalaki, Bibhitaki. As per Charak Aacharya one Surwari Haritaki is given in the morning empty stomach,2 Bibhitaki is given before meal and 4 Aamalaki is given after meal with honey and ghee respectively. Here Charakacharya has mentioned this does in the form of phala or fruit, since the size and weight of every fruit of triphala differs hence it is highly impossible to conduct clinical trial on it. Therefore we have decided to standardize the fruit(phala) and convert it into its churna form so that equal dose of this rasayana can be given to the patients which are under trial.

Ayurveda is a life science which mainly aims at maintaining the health of an individual and at the same time treating the ailments of a diseased person. “DashaPranayatana” is a unique concept of Ayurveda mentioned in Charaka Samhita. In Sutrasthana, we find a whole chapter dedicated to the study of DashaPranayatana and highlighted that one who knows these concepts will be known as Pranabhisara Vaidya, i.e., one who is confident and having absolute knowledge of the patient and the disease. In Charaka Samhita, we find references of ten such entities known as DashaPranayatana, which every Ayurvedic physician should be aware of, as they are seats of life or vitality. In such instance, it becomes important to understand the concept of Prana along with their seats in the context of Shareera Rachana. Shiras is one such Pranayatana mentioned in Charaka Samhita. It has been given much importance that it has been mentioned both in the context of DashaPranayatana and Marma. In this article, an attempt is made to understand and review Shiras in the context of DashaPranayatanas.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, accessing maternal healthcare services (MHC) by Indigenous women in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), Bangladesh.DesignThis was a cross-sectional survey among Indigenous women of reproductive age.SettingTwo upazillas (subdistricts) of Khagrachhari hill district of the CHT.ParticipantsIndigenous women (15–49 years) within 36 months of delivery were surveyed about accessing MHC services (antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care) for their last pregnancy and delivery.Primary outcome measuresThe primary outcome for this analysis is the prevalence of accessing any MHC service and secondary outcome is factors associated with access to MHC services for Indigenous women during their last pregnancy and childbirth.ResultsOf 438 Indigenous women (220 Chakma, 100 Marma, 118 Tripura) who participated, 75% were aged 16–30 years. With an 89% response rate, a total of 258 (59%) women reported accessing at least one MHC service (Chakma 51.6%, Marma 28%, Tripura 20.5%; p=ConclusionFindings suggest that the prevalence of accessing MHC services is lower among Indigenous women in the CHT compared with national average. MHC access may be improved through better education and awareness raising of local services.

Aim- Study of Gulpha Marma and ankle joint. Objective- 1. Exact location of Gulpha Marma in limbs 2. Effect of injury to Gulpha Marma 3. Contemperory concept of Gulpha Marma and ankle joint 4. Concept of marma chikitsa in pain related to Gulpha Marma. Observation- Gulpha Marma is sandhi marma and rujakar marma. It is predominantly made up of sandhi i.e. the joint or components making the ankle joint. Injury to it causes stabhdata & khanjata. The location of Gulpha Marma is nothing but the joint between tibia, fibula and talus and other structures related to lateral aspect of ankle joint. Marma chikitsa gives tridosha triguna samanya as there is a site of prana at these points. This chikitsa acts as the pain reliever or preventional aspect of these vital sites or Marma. Conclusion- On dissection of ankle joint various structures were studied and were compared with Gulpha Marma. The injuries related to these marma’s can be studied under tendons, ligaments, vessels and bones. These can be considered as siravedhya and vatavyadhi and treated accordingly. Based upon the above observations and study we can conclude the exact location, effect of injury, relation with ankle joint of Gulpha Marma. Keywords- Marma, Gulpha Marma, Ankle Joint, Marma Chikitsa

Marma therapy is the original point system of healing in the body. “Marma” come from the sanskrit “Mru” and which means “To kill” the 107 Marma points are categorised in terms of their effect on the vitality of the body. Marma is one of the unique and important topics discussed in Ayurveda. It plays an important role in surgery. Hence it is rightly called as Shalya Vishayardha. Marma plays a significant clinical role and may be correlated to the Acupressure/Acupuncture. Marma are the critical points of body associated with different organs and nerves. Ayurveda describe use of Marma therapy for various diseases and identification of Marma points which is to be cured, since injury to these Marma points may causes serious harmful effect. Different types of muscles, veins, bones, ligaments and joints meets with each other at the Marma point thus these points acts as a physiological junction. Discussion of Marma points is found in most of the great texts of Ayurveda but the most famous text to explore the subject is the Sushruta Samhita. Vaidya Sushruta described ‘the locations of the Marma points, as well as how they influence Prana. He stated that it is important for the surgeon to have knowledge of these points for the purpose of avoiding them, so as to cut into them could result in a catastrophic outcome. This article summarizes various perspectives of Marma and their clinical importance as per Ayurveda.

– Sushrutacharya is the pioneer of Ayurved Rachana Sharir and Ayurvedic Shalya Tantra. He has mentioned various concepts in Rachana Sharir in the Sushrut samhita sharirsthan. In 7th adhyaya of the sharirsthan, he has given the meticulous information regarding the Siras of the human body. In the same adhyaya the Acharya has named some Avedhya Siras which should not be punctured during the treatment aspect. The Lohitaksha sira is one of them. So, it is essential to know the details of this lohitaksha sira which is present in shakhapradesh (Both extremities). So, for this purpose, this study is to clarify the perception of Lohitaksha sira with the help of modern anatomy. Lohitaksha is also a marma which is vital spot in the human body. So, lohitaksha sira can be called as marmashrit sira.

Marmas are the vital points in the body. The word Marma derived from the Sanskrit root “mru” and applies to a part or a spot of vital importance in the body, which if injured results in serious consequences. It also denotes the vital force of life. About 107 Marmas have been explained in Ayurveda, according to Acharya Sushruta Jathruurdva Marmas are considered as major places of Prana and Phanamarma is one of them belonging to Vaikalya-Karamarma, located on either side of nostrils. The term Phana means expanded side of the nose or expanded hood of the serpent. When we compare the site of Phana Marma there is an difference of opinion between Acharya Sushruta and Vagbhata (Astanga Sangraha) but both explained the similar Viddhalaxana, hence to clarify the doubt regarding its location the study is undertaken. As no such study regarding Phanamarma has been taken up by previous scholars, this subject has attracted me to conduct cadaveric study to ascertain its anatomical limitations, which will be definitely helpful for the future scholars, as lot of dark areas are highlighted concerned to this Marma.

Ashtanga Hridya identifies 4 major nerves in the feet that connect to the eyes. These nerves help in maintaining good eyesight and relieve eyestrain when subjected to soothing therapies like padabhyanga. Padabhyanga is a holistic therapy and a religious approach towards an effective psychosomatic healing. According to Charak and Vagbhatta it is described as drishtiprasadak and according to Sushruta chakshushya. It can be done with the help of ghrita or taila, eg- tila taila, ksheerbala taila, eranda taila, goghruta. Other than this kansya vati padabhyanga can also be done as it balances the tridoshas. Marma Vijgyana theory of Ayurveda is the base of Acupressure, Acupuncture and Reflexology treatments. These therapies include healing the diseases by massage on the marma points. The reflexology points of eye are situated on the undersides of second and third toes. Doing massage on these points maintains the eye health and benefits in digital eye strain, dry eye, computer vision syndrome, myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, astigmatism, amblyopia and many other eye diseases. The medicated ghrita or taila gets absorbed via the siras, reaches the structures of the eyes, pacifies the doshas, reduces strain and provides soothing effect by nourishing the eyes.

A modified auto-regressive moving average (MARMA) model is proposed in this paper, which can be used to describe the dynamic hysteresis nonlinearity accurately. First, combined with the stability condition of auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model, the Least Square approximation and the Lagrange Multiplier method (LSLM) are used to improve the traditional ARMA model. And then, according to the collected voltage-displacement data set, the parameters of the MARMA model are identified by LMLS method. Meanwhile, aiming at the difficulty of real-time displacement detection in the process of fast tool servo (FTS), a direct feedforward open-loop control (DFOC) strategy is designed based on the identified model. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the method, a series of high frequency trajectory tracking and contrast experiments have been carried out successfully with the traditional PI and MARMA models. It shows that the MARMA model is nearly 20 times higher than the traditional PI model in terms of control accuracy and linearity, while the control bandwidth is achieved up to 200Hz.

Background: Ashmari Roga is considered as one of the Ashta Maha Gada considered difficult to cure because of its Marma Ashrayatwa, due to the involvement of Bahu Dosha and Basti, which is one of the Tri Marma, Acharyas has specifically mentioned many treatment modalities for reducing the symptoms as well as eliminating the Ashmari from its root, in which Basti and Virechana is having prime importance. So here an attempt is made to compare and study the efficacy of Basti and Virechana in Mutrashmari. Objective: To study the effect of Avapidaka Snehapana followed by Virechana and Shamanoushadhi and Matrabasti followed by Shamanoushadhi in the management of Mutrashmari. Materials and methods: 40 patients diagnosed with Mutrashmari (urinary calculus) and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. In Group A: Amapachana with Hingvastaka Churna, Avapidaka Sneha with Punarnavadi Ghrita and Virechana with Trivrut Mrudvika Rasa followed by Shuntyadi Kwatha as Shamanoushadhi, In Group B: Amapachana with Hingvastaka Churna, Varunadhya Taila Matra Basti followed by Shwadamstra Kwath as Shamanoushadhi. Pain (from loin to groin), Nausea, Dysuria, Haematuria, Burning Micturation, Number of stones, Size of stones, Site of stone, Hydroureter and Hydronephrosis were assessed before and after treatment. The total duration of the study was 60 days or up to expulsion of the stone with 45 days of follow up. Results: In this study, Group A shows statistically more significant result than Group B. Conclusion: Both Group A and Group B have shown significant outcomes in all parameters with proper diet and regimen. Reoccurrence of stone was not found in a single subject.

In the process of evolution from quadrupeds to bipeds, the forelimbs developed into upper limbs. In quadrupeds they serve the purpose of weight bearing and attack. In bipeds they serve fine functions, holding an object, attack and defense. It has been estimated by research group that the hand performs approximately thousand different functions in an ordinary day today’s activity. Apabahuka is one such disease which hampers most of the foresaid functions of the hand. Although any of the classics do not mention about the Shoola as a Laxana of Apabahuka, it still is a feature practically seen in Avabahuka patients. Chikitsa Sara Sangraha and Nidana Sara, clearly mentions about Svedana as a predominant Laxana of Avabahuka, along with other Laxana. It is often said that ‘the pain is often severe enough to disturb the sleep’. Amsa Marma is primarily involved in Avabahuka, it is a Snayu Marma and one of Vaikalyakara Marma, any trauma to this will produce disability or deformity of the shoulder joint. Management of pain is facilitated by Marma Chikitsa i.e. Nidana Parivarjana, Abhyanga, Swedana, Uttarabhaktika Snehapana, Vata Hara Oushadha Sevana, Marmabhighata Chikitsa, Brumhana, Nasya, Lepa, Seka, Nasya, Nasaapaana, Agnikarma, Siravyadha, etc.

Intent of the study was to trace the shifts in masculinities among three generation's indigenous Marma men due to their increased affiliation with development interventions and its impact on gender relationship in Marma community. Following qualitative methodology, total 28 in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions were carried out at Bandarban Sadar, Tigerpara and Balaghata areas. Study covered 70 Marma men of three different generations, where age ranged from 13 to 60 years above. It reflected that to keep pace with modernization or to fill up increased gap with Bengali settlers, indigenous men are moving from primitive non hegemonic order to hegemonic order as existing situation is forcing them to grow up with competitive mind for survival purpose. Gigantic gap among men of three generations, in terms of their perception on what it ought to be a ‘real man' signifies how stereotypical gender norms, values, practices are getting engrossed in indigenous Marma communities which is putting serious impact in gender relationships by leaving indigenous women in vulnerable state.

Marma are vital areas of the body on which if any injury occurs may lead to Marana or Maranasadrishya Dukha (Death). As per the description given by Sushruta Samhita, Lohitaksha Marma (vital point in the near to femoral triang le) is situated in between the Urvi Marma (vital point of middle of thigh) an d Vankshana Sandhi (hip joint). Both Vagbhata have stated its location at Uroomula ( Root of Hip). The injury effects of Lohitaksha Marma (vital point in the near to femoral triang le) lead ing to Lohita Kshaya (blood loss), Marana (death) and Pakshaghata (paralysis). Therefore the regional and applied Anatomy of Lohitaksha Marma (vital point i n the near to femoral triangle) is reviewed in this paper.

Background: At present, only a limited amount of documentation exists that shed light on aspects of plants used by Traditional Healers (THs) in Bangladesh for treating general ailments. The current study is concerned with information on medicinal plants (MPs) used in Traditional Medicine (TM) by the Khumi, Marma and Tripura communities of Bangladesh. Aims: The study attempted to collect, analyze and evaluate Traditional Knowledge (TK) of the healing powers of plants used in TM in Thanchi upazila during August 2011 to January 2013; and to classify as far as possible the plants encountered in the study. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information through Focused Group Discussions (FGD) and one to one discussions with the selected indigenous

Vedhya Sira means puncturable vein used in the treatment of Vicarchika (eczema). Sirave dh is para surgical procedure in which suitable vein is punctured to release impure blood. Vicarchika is skin disease similar to Eczema in Allopathic medicine. Both are difficult to cure and need long term treatment. In Ayurved especially in Caraka samhita (text book of medicine) the disease is classified as Kshudra Kushtha (minor skin disease). Various remedies have been given to treat this disease. Sushruta has given Siravedh (vene puncture) of sira (blood vessel ) found two finger above of Khsipra Marma (vital sp ot in hand and dorsum of foot) in both limbs to alleviate the severity of disease. The statement is vague and does not indicate the exact structure and site of puncture (i.e. lateral, medial, dorsal or palmer surface of hand/foot). Here there are many structures like dhamani (artery), sira (vessels), strotas (conduits/channels), snayu (ligament) etc. Sharir sthanas (Anatomical Chapters) of Bri hatrayii (three major classical texts, viz Caraka , Sushruta and Vagbhat Samhita) includes basic knowledge o f structures and their clinical importance. Sushruta has explained 700 siras in body in which 100 sira is present in each limbs/shakha in which 4 vein/sira is non puncturable i.e. av edhya sira . Keeping all above points in mind it is necessary to identify a nd confirm the anatomical site of Vedhya sira and their application in Vicarchika by Siravedh (vene puncture) in the context of modern science. Keyword: Vicarchika , eczema, vedhya sira (puncturable vein), Siravedh ( vene puncture), kshipra marma

The central point of body in between Amashaya (location of undigested food) and Pakvashaya (location of digested food) is termed as Nabhi. In classical texts of Ayurveda; scattered references regarding Nabhi are available like Nabhi is mentioned as a vital spot (Marma) of body. Nabhi is also included among the fifteen Koshthangas of body. In Sharirasthana of Sushruta Samhita; Acharya Sushruta mentioned that Sira and Dhamani are originated from Nabhi. Acharya Vagbhatta has quoted Nabhi as a dominant place of Pitta Dosha. Nabhi is an abode of Pranas (vital energy). Available literature and commentary on Nabhi interprets it as a Navel but practically it doesn’t make a sense to stick with this interpretation. Therefore; it is need to review classical texts of Ayurveda and contemporary literature to get clear and unambiguous meaning of the word “Nabhi” now a day. After thoroughly reading and interpreting the literature available regarding Nabhi; core of physiological process would be considered by the term Nabhi.

Hridaya Marma is 4 Anguli in size, situated between two breasts near to cardiac orifice of stomach. It is looking like inverted lotus and consist Satwa, Raja and Tama as physiological entities. It is hollow muscular pumping organ made up of Mamsapeshi (hritapeshi) and looking like Adhomukha Kamala. According to Acharya Bhavaprakash, Hrudaya is also known as Jivashaya. It means it is seat of life. Ashaya means Avastana Pradesh; it means Hrudaya having cavities in it known as atrium and ventricles. According to Acharya Vagbhata, Hrudaya having Samrutasamrutadwaram it means valves of the heart. According to Acharya Charaka, it has ten Moola Siras. Hrudaya is seat for Vyana Vaayu, Sadakapitta, Avalambaka Kapha, Para Ojus, Chetana and Manas. According to Acharya Charaka and Acharya Sushruta, Hrudaya is one of the Kostanga. According to Charaka, Hrudaya is the Moola Sthana for Pranavaha Srotus and Rasavahasrotas. It is the seat of Chetana, hence it maintains life process. It ejects and receives Rasarakta Dhatu by the help of Vyanavayu. It controls intellectual power and mental activities of human being, by Manas and Sadakapitta.