Search

Derivational morphology is an umbrella term used for concatenative and non-concatenative processes for the formation of new lexemes. In Modern Greek, derivational morphology is one of the major morphological processes along with compounding and inflection. In recent years, research on derivational morphology has evolved rapidly. We present here the state-of-the-art on the recent advances in the derivational morphology of Modern Greek. First, we present affixational derivation by focusing on the main features of the derivational affixes used in Modern Greek and then we present the non-concatenative derivational processes. We also discuss the main theoretical issues related to derivational morphology, that is, constraints, competition and productivity of derivational patterns, and the main theoretical approaches to Modern Greek derivational structures. Finally, we present some general themes of derivational morphology, including the relationship between derivation and other morphological processes and the role of derivational morphology in scientific terminology, language teaching/lexicography and psycholinguistics. We aim to contribute to better understanding of how morphology works by highlighting the potential of research on derivational morphology in Modern Greek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Letras (0459-1283) is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is no consensus in the literature regarding the defining characteristics of copy raising (CR), or in other words what determines whether a CR-like expression is CR or not. As a result, existing analyses target different data sets. In this paper, I propose a different approach to these constructions, which takes a functional perspective. I propose to abandon the term copy raising, which is misleading in a number of ways. Instead, I distinguish between perceptual depiction reports and perceptual inference reports and show that the functions which they fulfill are not particular to CR-like constructions, but are in fact more general. Such an approach, I claim, resolves existing conundrums surrounding CR. The analysis is formalized in the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and is inspired by previous accounts of CR in related frameworks such as LFG and SBCG, as well as HPSG analyses. In the spirit of HPSG, the analysis employs type inheritance hierarchies to distinguish between what is shared by the two constructions and what is construction-specific in order to account for alternative realizations of a single lexeme and to ascribe constructional (or extra-lexical) meaning to linguistic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My goal in this study is to persuade the reader that the word mycms is a compound noun with the elements /may/ + /yucmas/. I will endorse the analysis argued by Good that the Punic compound can be explained by reference to the Greek word Μαιουμα(ς), the name of a spring festival. To the cogent objections of critics of the seemingly odd compound implied by this analysis, I offer agreement, but also the further observation that linguistic theory predicts its oddness. Punic mycms provides an example of noun incorporation, a process of deriving lexemes from sentence elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article is devoted to the semantic and discursive analysis of lexical units of English-language news articles aimed at highlighting the coronavirus issue in the period of 2020-2022. Purpose. The paper presents the results of the analysis of The Guardian news articles devoted to Covid-19 pandemic in the period of 2020-2022. Materials and methods. The news articles of The Guardian newspaper devoted to coronavirus issues were selected as the research materials. The methods of semantic and discourse analysis, partial sampling, as well as descriptive method were used in the study. Results. The article provides a detailed semantic and discursive analysis of the lexical means used in the texts. The analysis results reveal the most typical lexical means, providing such features as informativeness and expressiveness. The article provides a detailed description of functioning of expressive means in the total number of 2658 units. Practical implications. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in practical classes in the disciplines “Practical course of the English language”, “Foreign (English) language”, “Lexical aspects of translation”, as well as when writing term papers and final qualifying papers.

Nous partons de l’hypothèse que les faits sociaux nouveaux concourent au renouvellement et à l’invention du vocabulaire, c’est-à-dire qu’ils influent sur la création des mots tant sur le plan sémantique que sur le plan formel. Pour ce motif, nous analysons, au sein de cette étude, des lexèmes non inventés de toutes pièces mais qui, ayant été hors d’usage courant, ont réintégré la langue usuelle par la maladie à coronavirus. De tous les lexèmes récoltés, 9 ont bénéficié des analyses pour raison de brièveté. À l’issue des analyses, le constat a été que l’élargissement de sens paraît comme le mécanisme le plus sollicité pour le renouvellement du vocabulaire.

В статье рассматриваются средства репрезентации конфликта в художественном тексте. В работе исследуются основные лексических единицы, обладающие максимальным конфликтопорождающим потенциалом, в романе Р. Сенчина «Елтышевы». Эти лексемы не обязательно являются ключевыми словами самого текста, выражающими его важнейшие ценностные установки. Речь идет о наиболее частотных конфлитогенах, которые позволяют оценить конфликтную составляющую текста. Автор уделяет внимание тому, что функционирование конфликтогенов в романе Р. Сенчина далеко не ограничивается описаниями конфликтных ситуаций или ситуаций, которые могли бы непосредственно перерасти в конфликт. Кроме того, приведенные автором примеры показывают, что в художественном тексте может иметь место конфликт, который является внутренним, переживается в субъективном измерении и не выходит за пределы личности. В этом отношении художественная литература, которая с высокой достоверностью моделирует психические процессы человека, может быть важным источником для понимания стадий созревания и разворачивания конфликта, особенно в плане скрытой от внешнего наблюдателя внутренней стадии.

В статье исследуется проблема изменения семантики слова, актуализированной событиями медиапространства и мотивированной спецификой медиаречи: влиянием контекста на формирование внутренней семантики слова. Описывается современный лексикографический портрет, контекст существования, прагматика употребления, оценочные механизмы репрезентации скрытых в семантической структуре слова смыслов. Демонстрируется значимость трансформации лексической семантики для безопасности управления искусственным интеллектом. Применяется механизм компонентного аксиологического анализа с помощью параметров оценочной шкалы. Изменение семантики слова трактуется, с одной стороны, как отражение аксиологических процессов сознания, с другой, как результат лингвистических трансформаций.

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Danish and Spanish from a typological, cross-linguistic perspective differ systematically from each other both within the domain of verbal lexicalization patterns related to the encoding of the semantic components Motion, Manner and Path and in terms of the predicate formation strategies dominating the two languages. First, on the basis of a contrastive analysis between the Spanish Motion-Path conflating verb pairs meter 'insert'/sacar 'extract' and entrar 'enter'/salir 'exit' and the Danish activity/Manner-of-motion verbs sprøjte 'spray' and stikke 'stick', it is argued that each language disposes of sets of abstract lexemes that do not exist in the other language. They lexicalize on different levels, one could say. Second, and strongly related to the first point, the article suggests that the preference of Danish to create complex schematic expression structures, where Spanish tends to concentrate information in monomorphemic, semantically saturated lexemes, can be explained by applying a template for valence variation that distinguishes between two basic and two extended sentence structures. Specifically, it is the (im)possibility of realizing the so-called A relation, the 'third' argument, that constitutes the differentiating factor between Danish and Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the use of parallel forms, or morphological overabundance, in Estonian nouns, which are richly inflected in fourteen cases and two numbers. The complexity of the nominal inflection system derives from the multiplicity of declension classes, which allow for the availability of parallel forms in many morphological paradigm cells. Whereas previous studies of overabundance in nominal inflection have focussed on available overabundance in particular cells, this study focuses on the actual usage of overabundant forms, or 'realised overabundance', taking as a starting point those lexemes which are attested with two parallel forms in the corpus. Following the criteria proposed by Thornton (2019), we investigate the canonicity of realised overabundance in Estonian, in terms of its extent across both lexemes and cells. In addition, frequency ratios of alternate variants and conditions on their usage are investigated by comparing lexemes in the most overabundant cells. Finally, we tackle the connections between morphological overabundance and syntactic argumenthood, exploring the hypothesis that parallel forms serve distinct functions. We find no contextual preference in terms of which of the two forms is used. In general, we find realised overabundance to be restricted and more canonical than potential overabundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt to present the formal and genetic nominative mechanisms in the new nomenclature of dishes, beverages, and foods in the Polish language. The author adopts a comparative perspective, making the description of these mechanisms in the monograph Studia nad słownictwem kulinarnym we współczesnej polszczyźnie (Studies on the culinary vocabulary in the contemporary Polish language) of 2005 the basis for her review. The contemporary material comes from two online lexicographical sources that are being developed on an ongoing basis. An analysis of the formal and genetic structure of the most recent names of dishes, beverages, and foods with the structure of the analogous lexical and semantic field from almost 20 years ago leads to the conclusion that the nominative mechanisms are characterised by flexible stability, and the predominance of the activity of the word-formation system over the importation of foreign lexemes that is observed currently (in contrast to the early 21st century) results from extralinguistic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the problem of interlingual equivalence in vocabulary, text translation and intercultural communication and proposes a novel approach to this problem based on ideas from prototype theory and field theory. Within this approach, interlingual equivalence is defined not as the relation between two lexemes, but as the relation between a lexeme and a semantic field. The first part of the paper thus provides a general description of the main types of corresponding semantic fields. The second part deals with the factors that generally serve as a basis for establishing equivalence relations between lexical units in systems of the languages being compared and in texts. Particular attention is paid to outlining the differences between these factors. Furthermore, the paper discusses peculiarities arising when establishing equivalence relations between utterances in interlingual communication. In certain communicative situations, equivalent utterances cannot be perceived as adequate forms of realisation of a speech act, which must be taken into account in order to avoid misunderstanding and communication failure. In this case, equivalence relations in communication often need to be replaced by relations of adequacy. The difference between equivalence and adequacy is discussed as well. The analysis is based on comparison of the lexical‐semantic spheres of English, German and Russian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a small survey on Punjabi morphological analyzer and generator, which does not give any morphological response to lexemes of Malawi dialect of Punjabi. This analyzer works well with the standard variety only. However, it fails to provide an answer when the input is colloquial. The random choice of approximately, (42 words/lexemes, e.g. ਕਾਤ/ੋਂ 'why', ਉਈਂ / 'thus', ਭ ੁੰਨਹੋਣਾ/'Unbearable', ਥ ੁੰਨੀ/'eating', ਅੜੀ/'stubborn', ਭਨਾਲੀ/'breaking', ਮੁੰਨਲਾ/'suppose', ਖਿਜੀ/'annoying' etc.) is not trained either for the analyzer nor the generator. They are unidentified and unrecognized. In this regard, the schemes of SGMA (similar guidelines for morphological analyzer) or SMGMA (similar but modified guidelines for morphological analyzer) could adopt for booming the performance of Punjabi morphological analyzer and widening its scope in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the constitution of the Spanish periphrastic system show that there is a great ease with which verbal periphrases admit different lexical items in the second verb slot as they go through their grammaticalization process. However, it has not been sufficiently explored whether the evolution of combinatorial patterns in near-synonymous periphrases follows similar grammaticalization paths. Adopting a constructionist, usage-based approach, we investigate the evolution of the so-called near-synonymous periphrases dejar de + inf and parar de + inf, as in Deja de/Para de gritar, 'Stop shouting.' More specifically, we discuss the semantic areas they cover, the functional distribution between the two throughout time, their evolution in terms of collostructional patterns, and their realized and potential productivity, paying special attention to the Aktionsart of the predicates in the Vinf slot. All tokens in the corpus were extracted from CORDE and analyzed in terms of morphosyntactic and semantic-pragmatic parameters, as well as contextual elements. We conduct a distinctive collexeme analysis to investigate which lexemes are strongly attracted or repelled by the Vinf slot in each construction. This analysis shows that the evolution of parar de + inf is not parallel to that of dejar de + inf and that there is a clear distribution of labor between the two constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to investigate the modal uses of the lexeme hɒ3 'good' in the Jidong Shaoxing variety of Wu and to reconstruct its grammaticalization pathway. Modal meanings of hɒ3 include circumstantial possibility, deontic possibility and necessity, and epistemic possibility. These meanings can be summarized as 'can', 'may', and 'should', respectively. The modal meanings of hɒ3 are derived from its meaning of 'fit to' rather than 'good'. We propose here that hɒ3 first extended to express circumstantial possibility, and then further extended to denote deontic modality and participant-internal possibility in two separate directions: (i) circumstantial possibility > deontic modality, and (ii) circumstantial possibility > participant-internal possibility. The epistemic use of hɒ3 is proposed as the final stage of the lexeme's modal extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows lexemes such as głupi (gwóźdź), debilne (zebranie), idiotyczny (ząb), nieszczęsne (dokumenty) (a stupid/foolish/ridiculous/wretched (nail/meeting/tooth/document)) as a subgroup of metapredicative adjectives with expressive and colloquial markedness. When they moved to the level of speaking about speaking, they lost some of the formal characteristics of typical adjectives (they are non-contrastive, non-negatable, nod-gradable among other features) and the meanings associated with mental impairment, illness, and other misfortunes have changed into the carrier of the evaluation 'it's not worth talking about'. This process falls into the research on grammaticalisation. This article provides an overview of dictionary entries of the analysed expressions and the author's preliminary hypothesis on their capability to reinforce assertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the contemporary Polish language by the forms ruina (a ruin), ruiny (ruins), rujnować (to ruin). The text is situated in the steam of structuralist linguistics, and more specifically in reduction semantics. The outcome of the conducted analysis is the identification of both verbal units in the form of [ktośi] zrujnował [kogośj], [ktośi] zrujnował się na [cośj], [ktośi] zrujnował [cośj], [ktośi] obrócił [cośj] w ruinę and nominal units in the form of ruiny [czegośi], as well as three expressions associated with the form ruina, namely the specific noun ruina and the abstract nouns ruina [kogośj] and ruina [czegośj]. The author describes the semantic propertied of the distinguished lexemes and formulates an explication of the notions assigned to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welsh is a p-Celtic language spoken mostly in the British Isles. Its consonant inventory features six plosive phonemes, i.e. /p, t, k, b, d, g/. The Welsh plosives exhibit a contrast between the fortis and lenis series marked phonetically by a number of phonetic features, the most important of them being aspiration. A previous study on Welsh plosives conducted by the authors of this paper revealed that, unlike the other plosives, the Welsh /t/ has a strong tendency towards affrication in some contexts. Since affrication of plosives has received some attention in phonetic studies on other languages, it seemed striking that potential affrication of Welsh plosives has not yet been studied phonetically. The present study includes word-initial and word-final realisations of /t/ in Welsh monosyllabic lexemes. The analysis of four key spectral moments; namely, centre of gravity, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis, was conducted to confirm the assumptions regarding allophonic variation of the Welsh /t/ based on a visual inspection of spectrograms. The results suggest that the Welsh /t/ may actually have as many as four allophones, i.e. the aspirated allophone [th ], the affricated allophone [ts], which can also be aspirated in two different ways; namely, aspiration can occur simultaneously with affrication [tsh] or it can follow the affricated section [tsh]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexeme νοῦς has received little attention in Pauline exegesis. The few relevant studies on Paul's use of νοῦς rely solely on Josephus' use of the term. In order to overcome this one-sidedness, this article understands νοῦς against both a Jewish-Hellenistic and a Graeco-Roman horizon by grasping the range of its meaning in terms of a semantic frame. From there it becomes clear that Paul uses the word in the sense of a psychic faculty and not in the sense of a single thought—a conclusion that is quite different from those of former approaches, which contend that he means both at the same time. These insights will be illustrated by Paul's use of the lexeme in the opening chapters of 1 Corinthians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper revises etymologies of Croatian adversative conjunction ali, commonly associated with Polish ale. Even though both lexemes contain a conjunction a, they are composed of a question particle li and restrictive particle le respectively. Old Croatian, Serbian, and modern Slovenian disjunctive function of ali seems to be unrelated to the adversative function, which might have evolved directly from rhetorical questions. The paper shows what such change could look like, in line with the pragmatics of rhetorical questions and adversative coordination, Old Church Slavonic examples, and the uses in Old Croatian texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the adjective word group in the Uzbek language and its linguistic nature were treated, and the reasons for the meaning transfer of adjective lexemes were studied and explained. Also, the phenomenon of conversion observed in adjectives was highlighted, the semantic-functional features of adjectives in the Uzbek language were revealed, and their possibilities in the text were explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the processes of adaptation and change in the transfer of foundational UK economics terms to relevant Bulgarian research literature. The study is based on a corpus of lexemes derived from recent publications in Bulgarian economics journals and dissertations and analyzes the specifics of the symbiosis of various Bulgarian translation equivalents with the original lexemes in Anglo-Saxon usage and their relationships. The used methods are interdisciplinary, i.e. ranging from morphological derivations, semantic and grammatical aspects to intercultural interpretations of existent realia and translation phenomena. The corpus and the inferences elicited from our observations can serve as a reference and educational tool for students of economics and users of related terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Suvremena Lingvistika is the property of Suvremena Lingvistika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Ethnology & Folklore Research / Narodna Umjetnost is the property of Institute of Ethnology & Folklore Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper, which certainly does not aim at exhaustiveness, intends to address the declination of the concept of boundary in the Sicilian lexicon and rural toponymy. It is divided into two sections, each composed of two sub-paragraphs. The first part discusses the denomination of the boundary line (§1.1) and the boundary pillar (§1.2), examining how the recorded lexemes demonstrate productivity in toponymic systems. The second section, on the other hand, focuses on the relationship between perceived and administrative boundaries in toponymy, considering border locations as points of convergence (§2.1) and points of contention (§2.2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pleremic writing systems, which also include contemporary Chinese, pronunciation and meaning are associated with a single grapheme. Every system however contains exceptions that disrupt its integrity. “Zero-meaning sinograms” are such an existing paradox within their own system. Although they are graphemes that represent a syllable, they do not constitute an independent meaningful unit. This paper aims to shed light on the problematic perception of zero-meaning sinograms. Based on corpus-driven analysis, this paper intends to illustrate distinctive features of zero-meaning sinograms in relation to their ability to derive new lexemes and consequently, to their compatibility with other sinograms. The second purpose of this study is to suggest a classification system that reflects the distribution of zero-meaning sinograms within standard contemporary lexicon, and thus provide a comprehensive view on this widely overlooked topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old Bulgarian text of the Orations against the Arians by Athanasius of Alexandria has survived in ten Russian copies, dating between the 15th–18th centuries (middle of the 17th c.), all of them preserving the colophon of Tudor Doksov, according to which the translation was done by Constantine of Preslav in 906. The article discusses how five, six or seven centuries after the Old Bulgarian translation, the Russian copyists perceived certain specific linguistic markers from the translation done by Constantine of Preslav: the theological terms, neologisms such as сѫтьство φύσις, бꙑшьнъ γενητός, лоу-ьшен-е βελτίωσις, the participle сѫ/сѫ- as an epithet of God, the archaisms братръ, съцѣглъ μόνος and some morphosyntactic devices (the adverb сегда/сьгда, the particle есе, the conjunction небонъ). Their substitution with other lexemes can be explained by diverse reasons: inability to understand the authentic meaning, inaccurate copying, adaptation of the text to certain theological interpretations in view of the time and place of the copying process. The copyists’ mistakes and reinterpretations of the lexemes that were irrelevant for the 15th–18th century serve not only as a revealing comment on various aspects of the copyists’ practice but also as a tool to look into the textual history of the composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the history of the digraph 〈oa〉 in English: it is relatively rare in OE and early ME, falls out of use in late ME, and reappears in the late fifteenth century. Different lexemes have been spelt with 〈oa〉 in the different language periods, but in the majority of cases, the vowel so represented is the reflex of early ME /ɔ:/ or OE o in an open syllable; hence, the digraph is clearly phonetically conditioned. The paper also investigates the graphotactic constraints on the orthographic variants 〈oa〉, 〈oCe〉, 〈oe〉. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has changed the way societies all over the world communicate in this modern age. Studies on this research area have shown that of the various forms available, hashtags (#) have a higher means of attraction, as they often produce social media trends and innovative linguistic items that are developed through several approaches, including the use of non-native English varieties. This interesting trend is the motivation for the current study, which explores how features of Malaysian English (ME) lexemes, are used as social media hashtags. To date, linguistic research on social media in the Malaysian context has focused on identifying the use of Malay and English slang words in general. There is relatively little research on the use of localised ME lexemes as hashtags in social media. The current study addresses this gap by employing a cross-sectional survey of the use and practice of a list of 30 ME lexemes by Malaysian speakers and a content analysis of the morpho-syntactic features of these lexemes as social media hashtags based on valid hashtag taxonomies from previous research. The study found that popular ME hashtags used in social media posts are mostly composed of short strings in the form of the # + two words and # + code-switching variation. Interestingly, the analysis of the morpho-syntactic features of one particular ME lexeme with distinct characteristics led to the development of a new category, namely “# + discourse particle”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper is concerned with the reconstruction of the linguistic vision of pigs in Spanish language based on lexicographical data. The corpus used in the analysis contains lexicographic definitions, semantic connotations, idioms and proverbs, which make use of the lexeme cerdo ('pig') or its synonyms, i.e. chancho, cochino, guarro, puerco, marrano. The linguistic vision of pigs reflected in Spanish turns out to be predominantly influenced by negative connotations, related not only to its physical features, but also to its behavior. The data also display the importance of the anthropocentric attitude of man towards the surrounding world, which is based on the opposition between what is human and, therefore, good and what is animalistic and bad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a suggestion of adding a derivational network to the Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego (SGJP, Grammatical Dictionary of Polish). To date, SGJP regularly noted selected wordbuilding relations (e.g., names of features created by adding the ending-ość to adjectives), several (such as diminutives) were marked inconsistently and many were not introduced there at all. To fill this gap, the authors adjusted the classification of derivatives developed by Renata Grzegorczykowa to the needs of SGJP (with slight modifications discussed in the first part of the text). Next, an experiment was conducted where lexemes from a list of 2500 most common SGJP words were connected with their derivatives and the latter were then classified according to the assumed rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have long recognized that some Pyramid Text utterances display signs of age that indicate a pre-monumental history of use. Two utterances in particular, PT 355 and PT 662, have been dated by scholars as early as the Pre- or Early Dynastic, based on lines interpreted as describing a pre-pyramidal royal tomb-form (a mudbrick mastaba or a sand grave). This article evaluates the assumptions upon which these claims are based and uses this question to examine the complex interaction between lexical semantics, religious beliefs, and material culture. This article will show that tomb terminology is not a definitive indicator of an early date of composition of Pyramid Text utterances, as the association of lexemes with specific archaeological building-types is problematized by innovations in language, religion, and architecture that occurred in the early Old Kingdom, as well as changes in modern scholarship's understanding of the context and use of the Pyramid Texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the process taking place in the Middle Polish period, which led to the transformation of nominative, singular, feminine forms of three adjectives (można 'possible', niemożna 'impossible' and niepodobna 'impossible') into verbal lexemes (the so-called predicatives). In this respect, the predicative uses of these forms in the texts collected in the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (up to 1772) were investigated. The progressive verbification of adjectival forms was considered to be indicated by three changes in the constructions where these forms played the role of a predicate: supersession of connections with feminine verb forms by connections with neuter forms, limiting the connections with verbs to the auxiliary verb być 'to be', and disappearance of connections with the personal form of the verb być in the present tense. The research results show that both forms acquired the two most important features characteristic for predicatives during the 17th century. The third of the analysed properties characterizes the form można/niemożna from the second half of the 19th century, and the process of its acquisition by the form niepodobna has not ended yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issue of semantic discrepancies between the lexical units of the Spanish language national variants on the example of the semantic field “Bread and baking” lexemes. The relevance of the study is due to its focus on the needs of the current stage of development of comparative semantics, variantology and intervariant dialectology, which provide for the gradual coverage of all the supporting semantic fields of the language in the communicative-pragmatic aspect. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that through a comparative intervariant analysis of language units with the primary meaning of baking, the cultural specificity of the corresponding concepts in different Spanish-speaking countries and regions within the framework of a multinational language is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the semantic processes and linguistic phenomena underlying the intervariant discrepancies, their classification is proposed in relation to this area. The question is raised about the importance of extralinguistic factors in the formation of the alimentary thesaurus of a particular country and culture or sets of cultures in a certain territory. As a result of the study, it was proved that the vocabulary of the field “Baking” is a source of difficulties in intercultural communication, directly related to linguistic phenomena in the field of variantology and intervariant dialectology of the Spanish language.

The object case inflection in Koalib (Niger-Congo) represents complex patterns that involve phoneme position, syllable structure, and tonal pattern. Few attempts have been made with qualitative and quantitative approaches to identify the rules of the object case paradigms in Koalib. In the current study, information on phonemes, tones, and syllables are automatically extracted from a Koalib sample of 2,677 lexemes. The data is then fed to decision-tree-based classifiers to predict the object case paradigms and extract the interactive patterns between the variables. The results improve the predicting accuracy of existing studies and identify the case paradigms predicted by linguistic hypotheses. New case paradigms are also found by the computational classifiers and explained from a linguistic perspective. Our work demonstrates that the combination of linguistic theoretical knowledge with machine learning techniques can become one of the methodological approaches for linguistic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Form predictability has long been known to influence speaker behaviour in language learning and use. However, this observation has largely remained dissociated from the question of the most apt theoretical framing of the effects observed. We set out to seek evidence that speakers' relationship to form predictability is best characterised in paradigmatic terms: in an experimental task comparable to prediction of one word form from a related one, speakers appear sensitive to the probabilistic, implicative relations that make up a morphological paradigm. We find this effect to be omnidirectional, from any paradigm cell to any paradigm cell. Form predictability does not impact speaker behaviour in a vacuum, but instead works together with aspects of memory and learning to organise the mental lexicon and inform language use. In a corpus study, we map out the complex relationships that exist between paradigmatic form predictability, lexeme frequency and cell frequency in the context of naturalistic language use. Speakers appear to exploit all available probabilistic relationships between the word forms of a language in a way that is predicted by Word and Paradigm theories of morphology, with memory and predictive processing playing a mediating role in all aspects of language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses alternative lexemes and textual fragments written in the margins of manuscript lists of the hagiographies of the St Procopius of Scytopolis, St Pelagia of Tarsus, and St Athanasius of Alexandria, translated by Orthodox and Uniates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland from the Polish-language hagiographic corpus Żywoty Świętych by the famous Catholic preacher Piotr Skarga. The data obtained allow to identify the lists subjected to secondary editing according to other Cyrillic versions, which helps to clarify or refine the textual history of the hagiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the verbs formed from pronoun bases, which have indefinite meaning - Slovak ondiať (sa) and onačiť (sa) and their correspondences in other Slavic languages and dialects. In the Czech-Moravian-Slovak linguistic territory both verbs with synonymous meaning are represented. In the rest of Slavic territory, either verbs like ondiť (Lusatian and almost all South Slavic languages) or verbs like onačiť (Polish, Ruthenian, Ukrainian) are known. Special attention is paid to the etymology of these verbs. The reasons for such areal distribution of the verbs in question are suggested, and the possibility of interpreting Carpatho-Ukrainian lexemes is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aims to analyze the concept of happiness in terms of their semantic content and verbal implementations. Linguistic analysis is tied to the lexicosemantic approach and fits into the modern directions of diachronic linguoculturology, and axiology. The transformations of happiness from the Archaic era through Christian culture to the present day are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the use of indigenized English lexemes (IELs) in Cebuano, specifically focusing on the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Language Education (MTB-MLE) Sinugbuanong Binisaya textbooks. These IELs have been prevalent despite the existence of the equivalent words and language policy being enforced. Specifically, this study sought to: identify the linguistic features of the IELs; determine the semantic relations associated with the IELs; and explore how Cebuano IELs reflect the cultural norms of its users. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing textual analysis and thematic analysis. The findings reveal notable phonological and morphological features in the IELs. Phonologically, insertion, deletion, and substitution processes were observed, while morphologically, changes in the inflectional affixes of verbs were highlighted, specifically through the use of the common affixes gi, i-, -i, and nag-. Furthermore, the IELs exhibit various semantic relations that include contrasts, similarities, class inclusion, case relations, and part-whole relationships. Finally, emergent themes demonstrate how IELs in Cebuano reflect the cultural norms of its users, encompassing preferences in teaching styles, classroom observations involving IELs, teaching goals and intentions, thoughts and attitudes, and challenges encountered with the MTB-MLE program. The study concludes that language borrowing offers functional advantages and remains essential even in the teaching of a mother tongue such as Cebuano. Future studies could explore IELs in informal contexts such as magazines, advertisements, and social media, investigate the semantic changes of IELs in Cebuano, and conduct longitudinal studies on the effects of the MTB-MLE program on its learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at descriptions of ideophones in Kiranti (Sino-Tibetan, Eastern Nepal) languages. It will do so by first providing a description of the ideophones of Thulung, for which four distinct ideophone types are identified, on the basis of a 10 h narrative corpus. Next, the results of this analysis will be compared to descriptions of ideophonic lexemes in sources on other Kiranti languages. In order to place these topics within an areal perspective, descriptions of the same phenomena in Nepali, the contact language for the linguistic area in question, will also be looked at. The goal of the article is to present data on the ideophonic patterns found in the Kiranti linguistic area and to consider the question of borrowing for ideophones in the Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)