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Copyright of Management & Quality / Zarządzanie i Jakość is the property of Scientific Society of Organization & Management / Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MSCs products as well as their derived extracellular vesicles, are currently being explored as advanced biologics in cell-based therapies with high expectations for their clinical use in the next few years. In recent years, various strategies designed for improving the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), including pre-conditioning for enhanced cytokine production, improved cell homing and strengthening of immunomodulatory properties, have been developed but the manufacture and handling of these cells for their use as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) remains insufficiently studied, and available data are mainly related to non-industrial processes. In the present article, we will review this topic, analyzing current information on the specific regulations, the selection of living donors as well as MSCs from different sources (bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, etc.), in-process quality controls for ensuring cell efficiency and safety during all stages of the manual and automatic (bioreactors) manufacturing process, including cryopreservation, the use of cell banks, handling medicines, transport systems of ATMPs, among other related aspects, according to European and US legislation. Our aim is to provide a guide for a better, homogeneous manufacturing of therapeutic cellular products with special reference to MSCs.

To allow for adequate and safe reprocessing of reusable medical devices, the device manufacturer should provide instructions for use (IFU). This should include instructions for cleaning, disinfection, packaging and (where sterility is required), a method of sterilization. These instructions should be clear and relevant in the regions where they are marketed. They must not be too vague, however if they are too detailed, reprocessing of the device may be effectively restricted if a very specific process step is not available. This article summarizes IFU requirements for every process step and shows the available options if there are issues with the IFUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has the goal of determining the judicial effects produced by the acts of a union organization created and operating without the fulfilment of its legal obligations. This research's approach is hermeneutical-documentary, given how it was performed using bibliographic inquiries, compilation of literature on fundamental law in union association and regulatory jurisprudence on the matter in accordance with the specific analytical needs of the research. As a main conclusion, the research states that the actions carried out by a union association that are contrary and overreach the legal terms established for them do not produce any judicial effect whatsoever, taking into account that the labour legislation is defined as a public order normativity and that disposition does not produce any affect or act that disown them without needing a judicial declaration for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sale of private vehicles used in the automotive sector of the department of Quindío, the practice is to divide the transfer fees between the buyer and seller in equal parts; However, it is not certain whether said practice meets the requirements that the law requires to be considered a customary legal norm. Therefore, in the present investigation, the commercial practice of the division of the transfer costs of used private vehicles will be analyzed, to verify compliance with the requirements of uniformity, reiteration, validity, publicity and obligation, to determine if it can be subject to certification as a commercial custom by the Chamber of Commerce oAf rmenia and Quindío. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The INCOTERMS terms are described and updated by the International Chamber of Commerce to regulate and interpret the responsibilities of the subjects in the contracts for the sale of goods. Given the importance and recognition they have in the context of international trade, the purpose of this investigation is to verify whether the practice of the term EXW used in contracts for the international sale of goods entered into in Armenia is the INCOTERMS described by the International Chamber of Commerce. and if it can reach the category of commercial custom by meeting the requirements of uniformity, reiteration, validity, publicity and obligation to be certified by the Chamber of Commerce of Armenia and Quindío. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the city of Armenia and Quindío, contracts for the supply of goods other than food are signed, which are regulated according to commercial law and the contractual will. Thus, the duration of the contract can be determined or indefinite, giving rise to the parties to terminate it in the agreed term, and if there is no term, it will be the one indicated by the commercial custom or the nature of the supply. This research will analyze the commercial practice of prior notice in the termination of the supply of goods other than food, to verify compliance with the requirements of uniformity, reiteration, validity, publicity and obligation, to be certified as commercial custom by the Chamber of Commerce of Armenia and Quindío. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contracts for the supply of goods other than food entered into in the commerce sector of Armenia and Quindío, it is necessary that the terms for the execution of the contract are subordinate to the will of the parties, including the determination of the amount of the supply; However, in those cases where the amount was omitted, the rule corresponding to ordinary consumption or consumer needs is applied, except for commercial custom to the contrary. This research will analyze the commercial practice that allows determining the amount of the contract for the supply of goods other than food, to verify compliance with the requirements of uniformity, reiteration, validity, publicity and obligation, to be certified as commercial custom by the Chamber of Commerce of Armenia and Quindío. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report is part of a larger body of research exploring ways to structure the development process for the Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay so that it is aligned with community well-being and leveraged to reinvest substantial resources into the community. This report provides the following: • A review of Richmond’s current community needs and potential opportunities through the development of the Berkeley Global Campus. • An analysis of a community development entity (CDE) as an Opportunity Model for the development of the Berkeley Global Campus, supplemental to a community benefits agreement and contrasted to a conventional public-private partnership. • A clear pathway of the steps necessary to begin implementation of applying the CDE model for the campus development.

Biosafety laboratory accidents are a normal part of laboratory science, but the frequency of such accidents is unclear due to current reporting standards and processes. To better understand accident reporting, a survey was created, with input from ABSA International, which included a series of questions about standards, requirements, and likely motivations for reporting or nonreporting. A total of 60 biosafety officers completed the survey. Respondents reported working with more than 5,000 people in laboratories, including more than 40 biosafety level 3 or animal biosafety level 3 laboratories, which work with higher-risk pathogens. Most of the respondents were located in the United States, Canada, or New Zealand, or did not identify their location. Notable results included that 97% of surveyed biosafety officers oversee laboratories that require reporting exposure to at least some pathogens. However, 63% relayed that the reports are not usually sent outside of the institution where they occurred. A slight majority (55%) stated that paper reports were used, with the rest reporting they used a variety of computer systems. Even in laboratories that used paper-based reporting systems, 67% relayed that these reports were used alongside, or entered into, a digital system. While 82% of these biosafety officers agreed that workers understood the importance of reporting for their own safety, 82% also agreed that a variety of disincentives prevent laboratory workers from reporting incidents, including concerns about job loss and loss of funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water ecosystem service, as a natural resource for direct and indirect consumption, and a limited and scarce production source is of great interest among all types of ecosystem services. Based on Iran’s situation and taking into account the characteristics of the Golestan province and Chehel Chai watershed, as well as the increasing use of payment mechanisms in exchange for ecosystem services worldwide, highlights the necessity of using an efficient management tool for ecosystem financial values. The present study seeks to examine legal, social, and economic challenges of enforcing payment for water services. Furthermore, practical solutions aimed at localising the payment mechanism for water in sustainable development and conservation of natural resources are proposed. Therefore, primarily, the characteristics of the study area and the payment mechanism for water service in Chehel Chai watershed were introduced. Its implementation framework and the challenges facing the implementation of the mechanism were also identified. Finally, based on the applied studies in different parts of the world and according to the economic, social, political, and legal status of the study area, practical solutions for the implementation of payment for water ecosystem services are provided.

The fire safety requirements in Federal law [1] and standards [2, 3] take the form of generalized lists of rules ensuring an optimal level of safety. At manufacturing enterprises, which employ a range of technological processes and transform a great variety of materials, the generality of the lists may result in excessive or, alternatively, inadequate measures in specific circumstances. In both cases, the potential outcome is unacceptable: either unjustified expenditures on fire safety; or considerable loss of materials or human life in a fire. Accordingly, fire safety is a fundamental consideration in the design and construction of manufacturing enterprises. Storehouses are of particular interest: they are of considerable area and contain numerous combustible materials, but few employees are present. That must be taken into account in calculations of the fire risk. In the present work, the standard approach is applied to a storehouse built according to government-approved design documents at a manufacturing plant for machine tools in Mordovia. This is a continuation of research at other industrial sites in Mordovia [4, 5]; those sites differed in purpose, in production technology, and in the materials employed. In one case, the required level of fire safety was confirmed by fire-risk calculations [4]. The specific features of the other site were such that special technical specifications were developed for the project before the level of fire safety was confirmed by fire-risk calculations [5]. Expansion of the functions of these facilities required further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives This study has analyzed the policy-making requirements related to basic health insurance package at the national level with a systematic view. Results All the documents presented since the enactment of universal health insurance in Iran from 1994 to 2017 were included applying Scott method for assuring meaningfulness, authenticity, credibility and representativeness. Then, content analysis was conducted applying MAXQDA10. The legal and policy requirements related to basic health insurance package were summarized into three main themes and 11 subthemes. The main themes include three kinds of requirements at three level of third party insurer, health care provider and citizen/population that contains 5 (financing insurance package, organizational structure, tariffing and purchasing the benefit packages and integration of policies and precedents), 4 (determining the necessities, provision of services, rules relating to implementation and covered services) and 2 (expanded coverage of population and insurance premiums) sub themes respectively. According to the results, Iranian policy makers should notice three axes of third party insurers, health providers and population of the country to prepare an appropriate basic benefit package based on local needs for all the people that can access with no financial barriers in order to be sure of achieving UHC.

The aim of the present study was to compare a new housing (NC) for rabbit does and their kits that complies with German welfare regulations with established wire mesh cages (CC) on a commercial rabbit farm. Rabbit does were single-housed from five days antepartum until weaning at 31 d postpartum either in large pens (80x80 cm with an open top) with slatted plastic flooring (11 mm slats and 11 mm gaps), nestbox, elevated platform (15% perforated) and different manipulable materials (NC) or in cages (70x50x30 cm) with wire mesh flooring (12x70 mm holes and 3 mm wire diameter), nestbox and one gnawing stick (CC). Skin lesions, weight development, fertility, morbidity, cleanliness and kit performance of 272 rabbit does in a total of six batches were investigated. While there was no difference in performance of their kits, rabbit does showed an impaired performance with less weight gain and less body weight at weaning, lower fertility, more injuries and a higher incidence of mastitis and diarrhoea at the end of the rearing period in NC housing compared to CC housing. Additionally, soiling of hind feet was higher in NC than in CC housing. Overall, the poor hygienic conditions may have affected the animals' health and make an improvement in the new housing system necessary, especially with regard to the floor design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic legal metadata provides information that helps with understanding and interpreting legal provisions. Such metadata is therefore important for the systematic analysis of legal requirements. However, manually enhancing a large legal corpus with semantic metadata is prohibitively expensive. Our work is motivated by two observations: (1) the existing requirements engineering (RE) literature does not provide a harmonized view on the semantic metadata types that are useful for legal requirements analysis; (2) automated support for the extraction of semantic legal metadata is scarce, and it does not exploit the full potential of artificial intelligence technologies, notably natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML). Our objective is to take steps toward overcoming these limitations. To do so, we review and reconcile the semantic legal metadata types proposed in the RE literature. Subsequently, we devise an automated extraction approach for the identified metadata types using NLP and ML. We evaluate our approach through two case studies over the Luxembourgish legislation. Our results indicate a high accuracy in the generation of metadata annotations. In particular, in the two case studies, we were able to obtain precision scores of 97,2% and 82,4%, and recall scores of 94,9% and 92,4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Directive 2010/31/EU introduces a new building standard (NZEB) in all member states of the European Union from 1.01.2021. In Poland, a low-energy building has been defined. The design, construction and use of such building is a complex process and requires knowledge of many aspects concerning building materials, general construction, building physics, installations, renewable energy systems and architectural design. Implementation of the current technical requirements in this area encompasses examining many parameters of an entire building but also of its external walls and joints. Defining them according to the applicable legal regulations and relevant standards evokes many questions and uncertainties regarding calculation procedures and interpretation of physical aspects. On the basis of conducted calculations and analyses, the authors have started a discussion on calculation methods in this field, proposing changes in legal regulations and calculation procedures. The paper describes selected factors influencing low-energy buildings: physical parameters of building envelope elements, support of modern ventilation systems, energy performance parameters. The calculation part of the work concerns the analysis of physical parameters of the elements of low-energy building envelope and energy performance parameters of a buildings with consideration of energy saving and thermal insulation criteria. Formation of material systems of external walls and building joints requires taking into account innovative insulation materials and specific parameters of the air inside and outside of a building. The use of professional software for calculations and analyses provides reliable results. Many coherent factors such as: architecture of a building, structural and material solutions of the external walls and their joints (elements of the building envelope), type and efficiency of the ventilation, central heating and hot water systems, use of renewable energy sources, integral management of the building in the field of energy production help to obtain optimal parameters of energy performance of the building and reduce emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere.

Background: This study aimed to reflect on scientific experts' and executive stakeholders' opinions on how charitable organizations can participate in the health care system properly and cope with problems, challenges, strategies, and executive requirements at three major levels of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.Methods: A total number of 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with scientific experts and executive stakeholders, selected for this qualitative study, based on an interview guide. Using the purposeful sampling method, we selected scientific experts with 5 years of experience in the health care system and executive stakeholders who had 5 years of experience in charitable activities. We applied a framework method for data analysis, and the main themes were extracted through MAXQDA software.Results: Our findings revealed that charitable organizations at the major levels of the health care system, i.e., prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, possessed the necessary capacities to provide services effectively. Nevertheless, charities encountered some problems, e.g., financial instability, non-recognition of donors' legal status, non-involvement in policy-making, inadequate cooperation from other agencies, absence of transparent programs and goals, together with weaknesses in advertising and attracting donations. It was noted that the government should take more operational steps towards supporting such organizations, e.g., by granting special facilities and exemptions, engaging charities in policy-making and training processes, and empowering them in terms of the production of resources. Charitable organizations are also recommended to establish external communications with other bodies such as municipalities, secretaries of state, governorate offices, welfare organizations, relief committees, and medical sciences universities.Conclusions: Charitable organizations have the potentials to provide health care services at prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation levels. Thus, it is of utmost importance to adopt strategies such as creating sustainable funding sources, training charity managers with a wide variety of scientific management techniques, and implementing their intellectual capacities in legislative and planning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject of this article is analysis of requirements to achieve a knowledge-based economy at the macro level, and in particular, legal frameworks necessary for realization of knowledge-based economy in Iran. For this purpose, a framework, that is close to the one developed by Australian Bureau of Statistics is used in which, knowledge-based economy consists of four main dimensions: context (institutional and economic structure), human capital, information and communication technology, and innovation and entrepreneurship. The results show that despite different laws and regulations in development programs and other permanent laws, current situation in Iran is far away from a coherent and comprehensive legal framework to move towards a knowledge-based economy. In the field of entrepreneurship and innovation, there are several legal weaknesses. Compared to the previous two pillars, human resources development and information and communication technology are more acceptable in current legal framework. Also, using the World Economic Forum's competitiveness framework, structural reform priorities to establish a knowledge-based economy in Iran are mentioned in this study.

• Overview on regulations regarding bottom ash utilisation in 22 European countries. • Diverse regulation of bottom ash utilisation in the EU. • Utilisation rates vary between 0% and 100% between investigated countries. • Critical discussion of limit values and comparison between countries. • Proposal of key-points for a uniform legislation at EU level. Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the research is determined by the entry into force of the FSC National Forest Stewardship Standard of Ukraine, part of which is the requirements for ensuring effective public relations. Accordingly, the study outlines the rights of interested stakeholders and affected stakeholders defined by the FSC national standard for the transparency and openness of the forest certification process. Achieving the aim has led to the use of analysis, synthesis and comparison methods to make reasonable conclusions about the rights of interested and affected stakeholders defined by the requirements of the FSC national standard, and about the mechanism of their practical implementation in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. The research determined that the FSC standard requirements provide for both appropriate informing and engagement of interested and affected stakeholders in forest decision-making at the planning, implementation and monitoring of management activity. The FSC-defined rights of these stakeholders do not contradict the laws of Ukraine and in some cases impose additional voluntary obligations on FSC certificate holders. It has been found that forestry enterprises shall engage interested and affected stakeholders on the scope that their activities impact the rights of those stakeholders. That is, these stakeholders can require the exercise of their legal rights but cannot require the suspension or revocation of a permit to conduct management activities of the enterprise. Key areas of informing and engagement of interested and affected stakeholders, in accordance with the FSC national standard, related to avoiding negative social, environmental and economic impacts of management activities, supporting opportunities for local social and economic development, dispute resolution process, and assessment, maintenance and monitoring of High Conservation Values, protection sites which are of special cultural, ecological and other importance. It is justified that the FSC national standard does not specify the ways of informing or forms and means of the engagement of interested and affected stakeholders in forest decision-making but emphasizes their reasonability to achieve the goals. The perspective for further research is to justify mechanisms to increase public participation in forest certification processes and the most effective ways of informing and engaging them in forest decisionmaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Directive 2010/31/EU introduces a new building standard (NZEB) in all member states of the European Union from 1.01.2021. In Poland, a low-energy building has been defined. The design, construction and use of such building is a complex process and requires knowledge of many aspects concerning building materials, general construction, building physics, installations, renewable energy systems and architectural design. Implementation of the current technical requirements in this area encompasses examining many parameters of an entire building but also of its external walls and joints. Defining them according to the applicable legal regulations and relevant standards evokes many questions and uncertainties regarding calculation procedures and interpretation of physical aspects. On the basis of conducted calculations and analyses, the authors have started a discussion on calculation methods in this field, proposing changes in legal regulations and calculation procedures. The paper describes selected factors influencing low-energy buildings: physical parameters of building envelope elements, support of modern ventilation systems, energy performance parameters. The calculation part of the work concerns the analysis of physical parameters of the elements of low-energy building envelope and energy performance parameters of a buildings with consideration of energy saving and thermal insulation criteria. Formation of material systems of external walls and building joints requires taking into account innovative insulation materials and specific parameters of the air inside and outside of a building. The use of professional software for calculations and analyses provides reliable results. Many coherent factors such as: architecture of a building, structural and material solutions of the external walls and their joints (elements of the building envelope), type and efficiency of the ventilation, central heating and hot water systems, use of renewable energy sources, integral management of the building in the field of energy production help to obtain optimal parameters of energy performance of the building and reduce emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The success of indigenous business firms is no longer exclusively an internal process given increasing competition and globalization. Achieving success under dynamic conditions requires active involvement of governments to provide proper environments for local businesses to survive global challenges. Many also want to attract foreign investors to start new businesses. The role of governments is no longer limited to providing preconditions for basic infrastructure needs but now also includes fortifying business environmental factors such as the Internet, legal systems, trained work forces, and equitable tax systems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions in Albania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey. Using the Enterprise Survey from the World Bank, this study evaluates these nations' adaptation to the global challenges of doing business. These five nations were selected because of their status of potentially joining the European Union (EU). The findings indicate that there are problems and significant gaps among these nations. Suggestions include that national leaders develop policies that go beyond simply addressing the identified obstacles. Additionally, company managers can also use the insights from this study when evaluating these nations as potential EU members before entering these markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal and ethical demands for more transparent and strict data protection measures to enhance research participant privacy have grown with an increasing number of human biobanks providing biomaterial collections long term for unspecified future research questions. The design of a data protection scheme that minimizes the risk of donor reidentification and promotes biomaterial and data use in research is a big challenge to all kinds of human biobanks. Yet, there is a lack of publications which address this basic building block of a biobank. In this study, we present the data protection concept of our project driven, stand-alone biobank, focusing on meeting two biomaterial and data management areas simultaneously: operation of primary research projects involved in sample collection and long-term provision of biomaterial for future research purposes. The concept is based on national and international laws and ethical demands. Since the presented measures are transparent and basic, they should encourage biobanks in defining their own data protection concept and be easily transferable to different legal requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing conditions of the non-life insurance market have increased the importance and strength of insurance intermediaries over the last ten years. The need to implement European requirements, directives and practices necessitates a number of changes to the regulatory framework governing the insurance market in Bulgaria. The purpose of this article is to address the challenges facing participants in the insurance channel, with an emphasis on the quality of service provided by insurance intermediaries as a result of regulatory changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Technology adoption is vital for improving the efficiency of workflows across value chains. However, technology selection can be challenging, especially for multi-party workflows across different geographical boundaries. The chosen technologies must satisfy the requirements of the tasks at hand and align with international and local laws and regulations. Marine bunkering is a global industry comprising multiple stakeholders with diverse roles and responsibilities that must adhere to global standards and regulations. Through a single case study, we endeavor to understand the role of blockchain technology in marine bunkering, drawing on the Task-Technology Fit theory and Group Support System model to investigate this concept. Our analysis reveals that fit depends on underlying legal norms, task characteristics, and technological properties. Furthermore, we shed light on the blockchain framework used and the role of smart contracts in the value chain. Our research offers insights into an extended Task-Technology Fit theory where stakeholders in a value chain are distributed across multiple geographical boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hijab has turned into a major concern for the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the recent decades. Since the Revolution, the obligatory hijab and considering it to be in line with the human morales has served as the major reason for maintenance of this legal obligation. Over certain periods, there has been ups and downs regarding objections and criticisms concerning hijab but such criticisms have never stopped. There is a competing hypothesis which necessitates observance of the fundamental human rights of the Iranian citizens. In contrast, the government seeks recourse to the need for observance of the majority of Iranian citizens as Muslims to defend hijab as a legal (rather than mere religious) requirement. Due to the relative success of this hypothesis, the Islamic government is required to review in theory and practice the implementation of such legal requirement, while at the same time defending the legal stance of hijab. The present article seeks to adopt a practical perspective and provide an academic report to investigate the truth of hijab and the governing rules with respect to the legal, social and political ideas to portray a more realistic future for policy making concerning hijab in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Introduction: One ways to prevent heat stress illness and protect workers is regional and national legislation and international standards about heat stress. If these regulations and standards are implemented correctly, they can be very effective and efficient. The aim of this review research was studying the importance of heat stress, the ways of prevention of heat related illnesses based on the emphasis on the regulations and standards of heat stress. Methods: In this review study some keywords, including "regulations, standards and thermal stress" using literature search was retrieved, in different occupational health and safety websites such as Safe Work Australia, OSHA, NIOSH and other international organizations during the period from 1992 to 2014. Conclusion: The results showed that legislations and standards are positive steps towards the prevention of heat stress illness in developed and developing countries, unfortunately, some problems occur when running the requirements. Many employers are concerned about the costs that they must paid to their workers due to the heat related illness, and often looking for a legal way to avoid paying it. Although with legislations and standards about heat stress, the workers can complain to the legal authorities in the absence of preventive measures and salary, complain to the authorities, but they rarely do it because of fear of losing their jobs. So, legislations, especially in developing countries do not have enough efficiency and remain only as a document.

Background: Although formal protected areas in South Africa date back to the turn of the 19th century, requirements for protected area management plans only became mandatory a century later. Prior to the promulgation of the World Heritage Convention Act 49 in 1999, and subsequently the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 in 2003, requirements for management plans were voluntary, and guidance to the plan’s content was fragmented across an array of international, national and provincial policy instruments. Objectives: As there has been little academic debate on the relevance and content of protected area management plans, an improved understanding of these plans, and the role they play in biodiversity conservation, is required. Method: This article explores the evolution of the management plan, revisiting its historical and current legal context at international and national scales. Results: Despite being the principal legislative framework for management plans, the World Heritage Convention Act and the National Environmental Management Protected Area Act did not consolidate the plethora of management plan requirements, and hence did not bring clarity when these conflicted or were ambiguous. Conclusion: Legal provisions for management plans are highly fragmented. This risks plans not being complete, falling short of the requirement to ensure that protected areas fulfil the purpose for which they were established. A consolidation of relevant provisions, as well as emerging best practices is recommended. This may require the revision of South Africa’s environmental law, to provide greater clarity on the contemporary understanding of the contribution of protected areas to conservation and the well-being of people (viz. the ‘purpose’).

The application of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) contributes to many aspects of sustainable farming, including integrated control of weeds, diseases, and pests, and optimization of fertilization and irrigation. It is a relatively neglected issue in debates regarding the application of new technology, such as genetic modification (GM), which often revolve around the intrinsic properties of a GM crop allegedly leading to unsatisfactory performance. However, the performance largely depends on the agronomic and institutional embedding of applying new technology, which generally applies to all crops, whether conventional or GM. We describe and discuss four cases in which the government or private partners in the production chain regulate this, using legal measures, incentives, or mutual agreements, or a combination thereof. These cases serve as a starting point for a discussion on how GAP can be stimulated, organized, and guaranteed. We argue that next to the government, also seed suppliers, NGOs, and buyers, as well as farmers can be drivers for the application of GAP when tools are available that enable farmers to make optimal farming choices.

European Court of Human Rights states that the execution of final decisions is a compulsory provision for a fair hearing and a successful conlusion of a trial. The right to a court protected by Article 6 would be illusory if a Contracting State’s domestic legal system allowed a final, binding judicial decision to remain inoperative to the detriment of one party. Execution of a judgment given by any court, is considered to be an integral part of the “trial” for the purposes of Article 6. Based on the Article 1 of European Convention for Human Rights member states of European Council are obligated to implement the the decisions of ECHR in their domestic legislation in the context of building an efficient legal system. This paper aimes to analyze the legal system of member states regarding the reinforcment of decisions looking forword to identify issues, commonalities and diferences among states. What is the procedure followed in the process of execution? What do we understand with “Reasonable timeframe” and which are the legal requirements in which are based “Concrete deadlines” within a judicial decision should be executed? What is the significance of the enforcment agents in this process?