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Indonesia is a country with a high potential for disaster threat, from BNPB (National Disaster Management Agency) data until September 3, 2020, nearly 4 million people died and 637 religious facilities were damaged. However, the enthusiasm of caring for its people, including disaster victims, Indonesia is included in the top 10 categories of the most generous countries in the world. On the other hand, the disaster in the two holy books of the majority of religions; Islam and Christianity tell a lot about the catastrophic events of the past people that were befallen those who disobeyed God. However, all the disastrous events that occurred were also experienced by those who obey God. For this reason, this article focuses on disasters as a phenomenon in the perspective of the Koran and the Bible, as well as how both of them respond to continuous and recent disaster events that seek to find a foundation and a common ground for both in responding to disaster phenomena in religious reality. This study uses a descriptive-comparative analysis method of the Qur'an and the Bible. This paper finds that (1) al-Qur'an and the Bible at least agree with the concept of disaster as God's will which is also related to human activity. (2) The response to disasters in the two books is similar in several ways, it's just that in the Bible disaster is sometimes interpreted as a sign of God's "presence" in the presence of humans. And finally (3), the two books explicitly provide messages of social concern from disaster events, on the basis of humanitarian brotherhood (ukhuwah insaniyah) or love for all mankind, without differences in race, culture, ethnicity, religion to the nations. So that a disaster event is a momentum for cooperation in a mission of mutual social concern, as well as to create and strengthen peace and harmony together.

Dr. Brian T. Carl published a paper, “Thomas Aquinas on the Proportionate Causes of Living Species,” in which he defends a thesis that the principle of proportionate cause, as understood by Aquinas, cannot be used to contradict the modern theory of biological evolution. This rejoinder explores thoroughly Carl’s argument, specifically his idea that spontaneous generation serves as a model to explain causality in biological evolution. It is shown that Aquinas indeed accepts proportionate causes in spontaneous generation, but this fact cannot be extrapolated to modern evolutionary theories. The origin of new species after creation was completed is not a straightforward thesis in Aquinas; rather Thomas sees it as a possible exception, which contradicts the evolutionary origin of the vast majority of species. Additionally, Carl misses the major point that in Aquinas the origin of new species belongs to the work of creation rather than the natural operation of secondary causes.

Book review: Martin Ritter, Poznáním osvobozovat budoucí, Benjaminova teorie pravdy, Praha (Filosofický ústav AV ČR, Oikúmené) 2018, 191 str.

"Man and Civil Society According to Antonio Rosmini": This article is an attempt to answer the question about the social status of man in the thought of Antonio Rosmini, namely: Is, and if so then to what extent, the human person a subject of the civil society? To find the answer, it discusses the following themes: 1) the correlation between the civil society and other societies, 2) relationships that constitute the civil society, 3) the constitutive features of the civil society, and 4) particular elements in the structure of the civil society. It concludes that, according to Rosmini, it is the human person that is the proper center of all social activity: exercising the political power, choosing the political system, making the law, etc.

Recent philosophical interpretations of the Confessions, especially of Books I and X, often approach the question that Augustine raises there, i.e. that of a search for God, as a version of Meno’s paradox: How can we search for God if we don’t know him yet? Is it even possible to have any intentional relation to God, such as a desire to know him, if we lack any knowledge of him? And how can we ever know that we have found what we were searching for? According to Book X of the Confessions, we can find a point of orientation for this quest in an implicit knowledge of happy life (beata vita), one that every rational being somehow has in their memory. By considering this knowledge, Augustine is led him to the assertion that the beata vita is joy in truth (gaudium de veritate). That’s why the interpretations following echoes of Meno’s aporia in the Confessions usually focus on these two components of happy life, or alternatively on the sense in which truth can be an object of joy. The first part of the paper seeks to determine the role of Meno’s aporia in the Confessions as a whole. The second part focuses on the nature of the connection between gaudium and veritas which can only be understood against the background of a detailed analysis of Book X; it also draws the reader’s attention to the peculiar role ascribed by Augustine in this context to the remembering of a past joy.

The article points to voluntarism as a tendency in the history of philosophy, which consists in the theoretical justification for the phenomenon of the absolutization of freedom. This phenomenon also occurs in practical life, where freedom is no longer understood as freedom to truth and goodness enjoyed within the limits of natural law, but as negative freedom, i.e., as a space of free choices made without any determination, limitation and coercion (sometimes understood as any external influence on the individual, even cultural or educational), as privacy, or ultimately as complete independence from one’s own nature, from the world and other persons. The absence of natural limitations to human freedom leads to its absolutization and permissiveness, and consequently results in attempts by the state and the law to limit it which, in turn, leads to its negation. However, the conflict between freedom and nature, nature and culture, freedom and law is illusive. The article points out: 1) the essence of human freedom, 2) a synthesis of freedom and religion in the form of the right to religious freedom, and 3) threats to freedom and religion from atheism, fideism, sentimentalism and individualism. What defends against the reductionist account of freedom and religion is a realistic philosophy that indicates the rational and objective character of freedom and religion.

This paper is a review of the book: Frère Pierre Marie, O.P., Dieu existe-t-il? Les preuves de l’existence de Dieu (Editions du Sel, 2020). The author highlights that Frère Pierre Marie’s book (1) describes the shortcomings of modern philosophies, and (2) can serve as both a challenging introduction to the basics of Thomistic thought and a powerful apologetic resource for well-versed Thomists.

This paper is a response to Dennis F. Polis’s article “The Compatibility of Evolution and Classical Metaphysics” (2020), which offered a critique of the author’s article “Classical Metaphysics and Theistic Evolution: Why Are They Incompatible?” (2019). In order to justify and maintain his objections to the compatibility of classical metaphysics and theistic evolution, the author concentrates on three problems: (1) the definition of evolution, (2) the Aristotelian-Thomistic understanding of substance, and (3) the clarification of why Dr. Polis’s responses to his arguments fail.

Book review: Aristotelés, Kategorie, Praha (Oikúmené) přel. J. Hejlek – A. Havlíček – J. Jinek, 2018, 229 str.

The author seeks to answer the question of whether Karol Wojtyła was a Thomist or a phenomenologist. He lists four possible answers: 1) Wojtyła was a Thomist; 2) Wojtyła was a phenomenologist; 3) Wojtyła was both a Thomist and a phenomenologist, meaning one with an inclination toward both Thomism and phenomenology; and 4) Wojtyła was none of them, meaning one who sought to go beyond both Thomism and phenomenology. In order to determine which of these responses is most adequate, the author not only analyzes Wojtyła’s most important works, but also takes into account their publishers and dates of publication. He concludes that 1) Wojtyła was a philosopher of being, who was able to make use of the philosophy of Aristotle and of St. Thomas Aquinas along with phenomenological method, and 2) his philosophy contributed an original approach that bore fruit in a deeper understanding of man as a person.

Book review: Vít Punčochář, Paradoxy klasické logiky, Filosofie a logika hypotetických vět, Praha (Filosofia) 2019, 303 str.

Franciszek Ksawery Bohusz (1746–1820) was a philosopher, theologist, Jesuit, political activist, participant of the Kościuszko Uprising, member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Science, honorary member of the Vilnius University, translator and publisher of the Napoleon Code, who was also the author of the thesis On the Origins of the Lithuanian Nation and Language (1808). The thesis was written in an effort to save from forgetting the traditions of the people whose language, as the author noted, gradually “diminished” and “faded” at the beginning of the nineteenth century, being crowded out by Polish which was used in various areas of everyday life. Bohusz’s work turned out to be a significant voice, a testament which raised interest of many Lithuanian culture researchers. It contributed to the longterm study of the history of the Lithuanian nation and language by numerous Vilnius University professors and students.

The paper deals with the local court records of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from the collection of Vilnius University. The study of Trakai Castle Court documentation of 1660‒1661 (F7–TPT, 1660‒1661) allows us to conclude that the chancery work in local courts in the GDL was highly developed at the time. The system of documents’ drawing up and registering was clearly regulated and structured, taking into account the needs of state and public life. Almost all types of court records were composed according to well-defined canons, owing to which we can speak about certain genres of legal documentation that had developed apparently by the end of the 16th and the middle of the 17th centuries. The manuscript written in Polish and Ruthenian languages is important for research of Lithuanian, Polish and Byelorussian history. The abundance of accumulated information enables us to consider it as unique reference book that reflects changing sociolinguistic situation of the GDL. From the middle of the 17th century, Polish starts to significantly dominate in legal documentation, thus forces Ruthenian out of court by the end of the century.

Hopes to restore the independent state of Lithuania lasted throughout the 19th century and promoted ideas of civil resistance in Poland and Lithuania. The struggle for independence erupted through the uprisings of 1794, 1830-31, and 1863. While these attempts at armed resistance did not lead to the liberation of Lithuania nor Poland, they demonstrated the undying willingness to regain freedom. The role of artists grew up with the increasing repressions of the tsarist government. Paintings and poems became weapons in the fight against the tsarist policy of Russification. The paper focuses on the works that the painters, Vincentas Smakauskas (1797–1876) and Kanutas Ruseckas (1800–1860), done after the suppressed uprising of 1831. A research hypothesis is a statement that paintings produced in this dramatic period of history embodied secret symbolic meanings and represented ideas of civil resistance.

The present article analyses the Lithuanian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Szkice węglem (1876), published in 1890 by „Ukinįkas” („Ūkininkas”) magazine. Themes covered: historical and cultural as well as social and pragmatic contexts of Paisziniai anglimis; the scope of adaptation work in order to create a simplified version for less educated/culturally developed readers; translation authorship identification, strategies, techniques and selections used by the translators. The characteristic of translation process and the final lexical, grammatical and semantical structure of the translation is concluded by considering the role of this translation in Lithuanian historical-literary process at the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th century from a theoretical perspective.

In Vilnius that was considered as spiritual capital of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period of inter-war, and mainly in ’20s of the XX century still was very living romanticism tradition. The important person and symbolic messenger of this tradition was Adam Mickiewicz, the most famous polish-lithuanian poet, polish national prophet. Very noticeable was the fact that the best known literary scientists, like: J. Kallenbach, S. Pigoń, K. Górski were employed in Polish Literature Department, in Faculty of Humanities of Stefan Batory University. Wladysław Mickiewicz – son of the poet Adam Mickiewicz, also his biographer visited Vilnius and university in 1922. In 1926 was published collection of poems named Wiwlasy. Jamb na stulecie filomatów by Edward Walewski. It consists of 48 sonnets that describe the activity of „Filomaci and Filareci“ Society members. The lyrics refer also to people (J. Lelewel, K. Kontry, E. Groddeck), and places (Nowogródek, Tuhanowicz, Bolcienik) related to some meaningful locations connected with „Filomaci“ trial case. The other significant literary event was the attempt to issue due to efforts of some teachers K. Adamska-Roubina, S. Szemitówna-Cywińska and O. Zambrzycka-Swianiewiczowa, in Vilnius in 1929, the school newspaper „Filomatka“. Till our times only one archival copy is left, there is no evidence if there were more copies. It is necessary to mention that both literary events, despite their weak response, are interesting and worth mentioning examples of still alive tradition of „Filomaci“ in Vilnius.

At the beginning of 19th century Vilnius and Polock were the only towns on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in which Polish publications, newspapers, theatres and high schools existed. Enlightenment ideas and liberal trends played an important part in the Vilnius community. On the contrary, ideological climate in Polock was created by Jesuits – the order dissolved by the Pope, but existing in the Russian territory. The Author indicates the differences between these two communities and also draws attention to Lithuanian poems written in Vilnius by Antanas Strazdas and Byelorussian poems written there in the Philomaths community by Jan Czeczot. He also considers how big was the influence of Polock environment on the literary activities and attitude of Jan Barszczewski, a student of Polock college and future leading representative of Polish-Byelorussian literary borderland.

The Union signed at the Sejm of 1569 in Lublin established common institutions for the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which lasted till 1795. Apart from the monarch elected by the nobility of both states, it established a common legislature (Sejm), foreign and defense policy and currency. The armies, treasuries, law systems, state offices and judiciaries remained separate. The philological aspects important of the characterization of the Union comprise of the fact it was written in Polish and it’s stylistic affilation, the document’s signatories name form diversity, the way the text is composed and official and rhetoric style determinants included, which imply both informative and persuasive functions.

Everyone wants a good quality of life and also has its own standards regarding the quality of life, as well as entrepreneurs. Quality of life can include all aspects of life that can not be separated from the elements of spirituality. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship of spirituality to the quality of life in entrepreneurs mediated by resilience. This research uses a quantitative approach. The subjects of this study were 100 entrepreneurs who were scattered in Malang, aged 20-35 years consist of Male 76 persons and female 24 persons. Sample selected from through groups of entrepreneurs in Malang with a purposive sampling method. The measuring instrument used was a questionnaire from the scale of The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25). Data analysis using IBM SPSS version 21 analysis techniques with PROCESS macros from Hayes. From the results of this study there is a mediating effect of resilience in the spiritual relationship with quality of life in entrepreneurs. That spirituality does not only have a direct influence on the quality of life, but also indirectly through resilience.

This article addresses the little-studied area of the subjective experience of meditation through the analysis of the daily meditation diary of an experienced meditator over 2 months during the covid-19 lockdown in England in early 2020. The participant, who began meditating over 40 years ago, practised an open monitoring style of meditation for 90 minutes every day followed by 30-minutes of reflecting and writing notes on the experience. The meditation time included 60 minutes of ambient sounds and 30 minutes of binaural audio. The main and overarching themes in these diaries were identified by thematic analysis. Overarching themes were ‘What is meditation’ and ‘Something feels different! Changes in sensations or feelings while meditating’. One stand-alone theme was identified, ‘Unusual or altered states of consciousness’. The Buddhist concept of jhanas may provide a framework for understanding such experiences. These themes were discussed for the insights they provide into the meditation process.

The focus of this essay is Paul de Man's provocative antipathy towards the category of the aesthetic in his late writings on philosophical aesthetics. I introduce de Man's critique of what he terms aesthetic ideology – a form of ideological communication – which he considers manifest in the aesthetics of Schiller in particular but also in more scrupulously critical philosophers. I begin the essay with Benjamin's well known observation that twentieth century fascisms aestheticized political practice as part of a defence of existing property relations. I introduce de Man's critique of aesthetic ideology as a way of developing or elaborating on what are relatively sketchy comments on the relationship aesthetics and politics in Benjamin's earlier essay.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap karakteristik kitab al-Mus}h}af al-Mufassarkarya Muhammad Farid Wajdi seorang tokoh mufasir kelahiran Mesir. Selain itu diulas pula alasan dari penggunaan karakter tersebut. Setelah melewati proses penelitian, penulis menemukan beberapa hal mengenai karakteristik al-Mus}h}af al-Mufassar Pertama, karakter al-Mus}h}af al-Mufassar tercermin pada dua aspek: (1) postur tafsir yang simpel dan lugas dengan corak tekstual-lugawi yang dikemas secara ijma>li>. Postur tafsirnya yang simpel dan lugas tersebut dapat ditengarai pada setiap bahasan tafsirnya selalu disajikan dalam satu halaman tuntas, tidak lebih. Selain itu, layout penulisan dan penyajian tafsirnya pun lebih berorientasi pada kemudahan dan kenyamanan bagi pembaca, yakni adanya penempatan secara proporsional antara teks ayat yang hendak ditafsirkan, tafsi>r al-alfa>z\ dan tafsi>r al-ma’a>ni>: teks ayat disajikan secara mushafi, sementara tafsi>r al-alfa>z\ ditempatkan persis di bagian samping sebagai hawa>misy, sedangkan tafsi>r al-ma’a>ni> ditempatkan di bagian bawah sebagai tafsiran makna ayat secara global; (2) struktur dan gaya bahasa tafsir yang sederhana. Bahasa tafsir yang lugas, tidak bertele-tele. Bahkan kerap menggunakan struktur kebahasaan Al-Qur’an itu sendiri.Kedua, penggunaan karakter postur dan bahasa tafsir yang simpel dan lugas tersebut, di satu sisi bisa dikatakan sebagai kritik atas tradisi tafsir sebelum-sebelumnya, dan di sisi lain sebagai bagian dari strategi M. Fari>d Wajdi> dalam konteks persaingan “pasar konsumsi tafsir” di Mesir.

The aim of this research is to identify the role of solution focused thinking and valuing on mindfulness among adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data were obtained through convenience sampling via an online platform. Accordingly, a total of 669 people, 357 men and 314 women, were reached. Personal information form, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Solution Focused Inventory and Valuing Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted to test whether progress, obstruction, goal achievement, problem disengagement and resource activation were meaningful predictors of mindfulness. When the research findings were examined in detail, it was determined that the obstruction variable was the strongest predictor of mindfulness in adults in the Covid-19 period. Other significant predictors, respectively, were determined to be problem disengagement, resource activation and progress. On the other hand, it was determined that goal orientation is not a significant predictor of mindfulness. The research findings were discussed within the scope of the literature and recommendations were made.

This study is intended to answer three main questions. First, how does the Z generation in Malang City responds to the use of hermeneutics as a method of interpreting the Qur'an by Muslim scholars? Second, how is the process of transmitting their knowledge about it? And third, how is the construction of their knowledge about the ideal interpretation of the Qur'an and can respond to socio-religious dynamics and phenomena? This study is a field study, while the primary respondents are Z generation in Malang City. The use of descriptive, hermeneutic, and intertext analysis models on data, the results of this study showed that there are differences conveyed by the Z generation of Malang City related to the use of hermeneutics as a method of interpretation of the Qur'an: some of them accept it, while others reject it. The transmission of their knowledge about hermeneutics also varies; most of them are correlated with social media, some are still conventional, which relies on information from teachers, and so on. This showed that generation Z of Malang city is not entirely averse to issues that tend to be controversial. Moreover, the authority for interpreting the Qur'an has not entirely shifted from the real world to cyberspace, no matter how dependent they are on the new media.

La hipótesis que se pretende sostener en este artículo es que la definición foucaultiana de política de 1979, i.e. el juego entre gubernamentalidades heterogéneas, sobredetermina a otras dos dimensiones del concepto, i.e. a la relación bélica o antagónica entre sujetos (1973/1976) y a la resistencia de una forma de subjetivación ante una gubernamentalidad (1978). Para ello, se debe abordar el problema de la posible relación entre la sobredeterminación (un concepto de otro campo disciplinar, el psicoanálisis) y el concepto foucaultiano de política. En este sentido, el trabajo de Laclau y Mouffe y la crítica a Althusser delimitan el campo de la indagación, aunque no lo agotan. El contraste servirá para sacar a la luz las implicancias de una interpretación foucaultiana de la sobredeterminación y así describir las críticas de Foucault al modelo posestructuralista para pensar la política. A partir de esto se busca argumentar a favor de que los últimos escritos de Mouffe parecen orientarse a sortear los peligros señalados por Foucault acercando su reflexión a la del filósofo francés.

The religious value of the local wisdom of the Madurese Macapat song is motivated by the variety of Madurese macapat songs that contain religious values which until now have been neglected by the Madurese ethnic in everyday life. This article examines the religious value of local Madurese wisdom in macapat songs. The method in this research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. The techniques used in collecting data are through transcription, observation, documentation, and listening. Meanwhile, to analyze the data, researchers used identification, classification, and data description techniques. The results showed that the religious value of the local wisdom of the Madura macapat song contains the relationship between humans and God the creator of nature, namely Allah commands humans to carry out His good commands and stay away from His prohibitions. Meanwhile, the human-human relationship found symbolic meaning parèbhâsan with a reflection from Paul Recoer namely Kerras lamon ta’ akerrès which is intended for people who do not think before they act so that something happens less profitable for them. Madurese are advised to think before acting, so as not to be careless in doing something to others.

This paper aims to prove that the manifestation of God's presence in the Old Testament (OT) is not something final. The climax of God's presence among His people is seen in the coming of Jesus into the world through the incarnation. Through this paper, it is explained that even though God is transcendent in Christian theology, He is also immanent at the same time. God's transcendence cannot be separated from his immanent nature and vice versa. The main data used in this research is through a literature review. The results obtained from the literature review were compiled through the Integrative Critical Analysis (ICA) approach to meet the research objectives. The main conclusion is, theologically, the Christian is the abode of the true God.

Anna Stilz es profesora Laurance S. Rockefeller de Política en el Centro Universitario de Valores Humanos de la Universidad de Princeton. Es una figura importante en la filosofía política contemporánea, especialmente en ramas relacionadas con la autoridad política, membresía y obligación, derechos territoriales, nacionalismo, autodeterminación y derechos lingüísticos, entre otros. En esta entrevista pretendemos dilucidar con ella los principales argumentos y reclamos normativos de su libro Soberanía Territorial, especialmente sobre el controvertido tema de la autodeterminación y la secesión.

espanolHow is it possible that "socialism" is a living idea today? How does it push us to a review of its complex heritage and an inquiry into its perspectives? What is the old and the new that socialism implies for the 21st century? After decades of neoliberal counterrevolution, the twilight of "really existing communism", the stories about the "end of history" and the (supposed) entry into a "post-political" and "post-ideological" era, it may come as a surprise that the questions with which We open this review continue to constitute theoretical problems of the first order. And yet the son. EnglishHow is it possible that "socialism" is today a living idea? How does it push us to a review of its complex heritage and to a research into its perspectives? What is the old and the new that socialism implies for the 21st century? After decades of neoliberal counterrevolution, the twilight of "really existing communism", the stories about the "end of history" and the (supposed) entry into a "post-political" and "post-ideological" era, it may be surprising that the questions with which we open this review continue to constitute theoretical problems of prime importance. And yet they are.

Leadership theology is part of theology in general, and even various types of theological studies can be raised as long as it understands the frame work of theology itself. Leadership theology is two different areas of science, theology is in the area (Paravidya) while leadership is in the area (Aparivdya). Leadership theology is basically one solution to the decline in the quality of leaders in the modern era. A leader does not only master the teachings of leadership in general, but also must have a basic understanding of theology so that when leading, the leader will realize that his leadership will be directly accountable to God. This study is included in qualitative research. The data was collected by means of literature study. Novelthy (findings) in this study, namely the theology adopted by a leader will determine every decision taken by a leader. In addition, the experience of a leader will affect the leadership style and become a memory so that it will be a reflection of every leader's actions. An understanding of leadership and understanding of theology are a strong basis for a leader in carrying out his duties as God's representative to manage the universe.

The central part of this article deals with the morality of secession. We present the three main "pure" theories about the morality of secession and suggest the greatest justifying power of an "impure" or mixed theory. At the same time, however, we advocate the need for a proper understanding of the question of the morality of secession. More specifically, we suggest that the best way to raise it is by introducing the notion of "reasonableness" into the question itself.

espanolDos culturas, la islamica y la cristiana, que en principio parecen antagonicas, debido al estrecho contacto que han mantenido en algunos momentos de la historia, nos presentan influencias mutuas. A lo largo de este breve ensayo intentaremos mostrar al lector unas breves muestras de ese intercambio entre ambas culturas, para que estas puedan servir de base a dialogos actuales, por lo que acabamos estableciendo cual es el estado de la cuestion, sobre esos paralelismos y semejanzas entre las mencionadas espiritualidades. EnglishTwo cultures, the Islamic and the Christian, that, at first sight seem antagonistic, yet due to the close contact maintained by both of them in some moments of history, offer us mutual influences. All along this essay we shall endeavor to show to the reader some brief samples of that interchange between the two cultures, so that they may serve as a foundation for present day dialogues, and by this we finish establishing which is the state of the question, about these parallelisms and similarities between the mentioned spiritualities.

espanolTras el Concilio de Trento prolifera la literatura contrarreformista que aborda la manera de confesarse. La juridizacion de este sacramento y las controversias establecidas entre protestantes y catolicos, jansenistas y ortodoxos, contricionistas y atricionistas, exigian cierta claridad para administrar validamente un sacramento en cierta medida magificado y expuesto a la escrupulosidad. Al final de sus dias, Pastor de los Cobos escribio una muestra de ello, en la que, amen de traslucir los topicos teologicos del momento, presenta la Penitencia como un acontecimiento de misericordia divina, subraya su procesualidad e incluso barrunta lo que se puede denominar causalidad intencional del sacramento. EnglishAfter the Council of Trent counter-reformist literature that addresses the way to confess proliferates. The juridization of this sacrament and the controversies established between Protestants and Catholics, Jansenists and Orthodox, contricionists and atricionists, demanded some clarity in order to validly administer a sacrament to some extent turned into magic act and exposed to scruples of conscience. At the end of his days, Pastor de los Cobos wrote a sample of this, in which, in addition to transcending the theological topics of the moment, he presents Penance as an event of divine mercy, underlines its processuality and even glimpses what can be called the intentional causality of the sacrament.

En este trabajo se ofrece el estudio y transcripción literal del único documento conservado de la Cofradía del Rosario de la Cartuja de Granada (1578-1796). Se trata de una corporación eminentemente monástica y con escasa participación seglar, que contó con una vida irregular, a causa de los frecuentes rechazos de la orden frente a un uso devocional que podía transformar las propias costumbres piadosas de los cartujos. Con todo, las generosas indulgencias que se des-prendían de la conformación y pertenencia de esta peculiar hermandad, posibilitaron la existencia de periodos de aceptación, todo lo cual se refleja en este libro que hace posible conocer un poco mejor la vida de la comunidad cartuja de Granada. This paper presents the study and literal transcription of the only preserved document of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of the Charterhouse of Granada (1578-1796). It was an eminently monastic corporation with little secular participation, which had an irregular life. The reason was the frequent rejections of the Carthusian Order in the face of a devotional use that could transform the pious customs of the Carthusians. However, the generous indulgences that emerged from the formation and membership of this peculiar brotherhood, made possible the existence of periods of acceptance reflected in this book that makes possible to know a little better the life of the Carthusian community of Granada.

This research aims to find the effect of shepherd leadership and organizational trust on work motivation and school commitment. This study was directed at Ketapang Christian Schools (SKK), located in Jakarta and Cibubur (West Java). This research used a saturated sample technique, which means the entire population became sample. The total number of respondents is 100. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was selected as a statistical analysis technique. The conclusion showed that shepherd leadership and trust in the school are essential factors that positively impacted teacher’s work motivation. Shepherd leadership and trust in the school also have a positive influence on the commitment to the school. Shepherd leadership has a supportive influence on trust in the school, and work motivation has a supportive impact on the commitment to the school. The finding is expected to provide input for the school in considering policies, especially those related to school organizational structures, to build up trust, work motivation, and teachers’ commitment to the school.

The theme of love throughout history appears in many pedagogical concepts, where it has been researched in detail by various pedagogical theorists and practitioners, and many have also included it in their educational concepts. It is important from the point of view of the child and his involvement in the educational process itself and for proper introduction into the process itself, it requires an empathetic and professionally trained teacher and educator. Through a review of numerous scientific and professional works, the authors investigated the occurrence of the theme of love and found that it appears in many pedagogical concepts. These were presented in detail, critically evaluated and professionally analyzed and compared. They also found that the role of the teacher and educator and their example, which students and children follow, is crucial for the introduction of the theme of love., Tema ljubavi se kroz povijest nalazi u mnogim pedagoškim konceptima gdje su je detaljno istraživali razni pedagoški teoretičari i praktičari, a mnogi su je također uključili u svoje odgojno-obrazovne koncepte. Važna je s gledišta djeteta i njegove uključenosti u sam odgojno-obrazovni proces, a za pravilno uvođenje ljubavi u sam proces potreban je empatičan i stručno osposobljen učitelj i odgajatelj. Pregledom brojnih znanstvenih i stručnih radova autorice su istražile uključenost teme ljubavi i utvrdile da se ona pojavljuje u brojnim pedagoškim konceptima. Ti su koncepti detaljno predstavljeni, kritički su vrednovani te stručno analizirani i uspoređeni. Autorice su također utvrdile da je za uvođenje teme ljubavi presudna uloga učitelja i odgajatelja i njihov primjer kojeg učenici i djeca slijede.

Jesus founded His Church as the new family of God by instituting the Twelve. The new family is a real space which fulfils the Kingdom of God. It is a community of Jesus’ disciples which fosters the rule of God in the world and has an explicitly institutional dimension. The founding of the new family fulfils the promise to create the new Israel made in the Old Testament. The ethos of the new family of God is aimed at proclaiming the universal reign of God, as it is the mission bestowed on the family by Jesus. Its moral principles were laid out in the Sermon on the Mount. The new family of God is a space where all the promises made by God to Israel come to fulfilment. In this sense, we can speak of continuity between the nation of Israel and the Ecclesia. The Church does not replace the people of the Old Testament but is a continuation thereof in Jesus Christ., Isus je svoju Crkvu utemeljio kao Božju obitelj osnivanjem zbora Dvanaestorice. Ova nova obitelj je zbiljski prostor u kojem se ostvaruje Božje kraljevstvo. To je zajednica Isusovih učenika koja podupire Božju vladavinu u svijetu te ima izrazito institucionalnu dimenziju. Osnivanje nove obitelji ispunjava starozavjetno obećanje o stvaranju novoga Izraela. Etos ili model ponašanja za novu Božju obitelj jest naviještanje univerzalne Božje vladavine, a to je poslanje koje je Isus povjerio ovoj obitelji. Njezina moralna načela postavljena su u Govoru na gori. Nova Božja obitelj je prostor na kojem se ispunjavaju sva Božja obećanja Izraelu. U tom smislu možemo govoriti o kontinuitetu između Izraela i Crkve (Kahal – Ecclesia). Crkva ne nadomješta starozavjetni narod Božji nego ga nastavlja u Isusu Kristu.

La política se ocupa de gestionar el conflicto, de cómo deberíamos vivir juntos (Arendt, 2015, p. 131). No obstante, muchas tradiciones de pensamiento y pensadores políticos han tomado este espacio compartido de conflicto, este «nosotros, el pueblo», como un hecho. El pueblo se considera una condición previa necesaria para la política. ¿Qué sucede cuando una parte de este «nosotros» no está de acuerdo con eso? Cuando, para algunos, esta comunidad compartida no se da por hecha y reclaman su derecho a separarse y construir su propia comunidad política independiente. Tales afirmaciones tienen que ver con las preguntas fundamentales ¿quién es el «demos"? ¿quiénes tienen derecho al autogobierno?

Este artículo analiza la interpretación que Michel Foucault propuso de la Revolución Iraní, es decir, de los levantamientos y las sublevaciones populares que tuvieron lugar en Irán en 1978 y de sus derivas en la formación de la República Islámica en 1979, con el fin de sistematizar el pensamiento del filósofo sobre esta cuestión y de profundizar en una matriz sumamente potente en su producción que, lamentablemente, ha sido eclipsada, en parte, por las críticas apresuradas y superficiales que recibió. A tal fin, se procederá al examen de los núcleos problemáticos y las categorías conceptuales centrales que surgen de lo que se puede denominar el dossier Irán de Foucault (entre otros, el poder, la política, la sublevación, la resistencia, los movimientos sociopolíticos, la revolución, la subjetividad, la historia, la religión como factor político, la espiritualidad política, la voluntad y la relación modernidad-tradición) que dan cuenta de la relación entre el sujeto, la política y la historia. Asimismo, se pondrán en evidencia los ejes principales en juego en dicha lectura a partir de su vinculación con las investigaciones y las líneas de trabajo que Foucault se encuentra desarrollando en ese momento, en particular, con la relación que establece entre la vida, el gobierno y la verdad y la redefinición del problema del poder en términos del problema del gobierno, que le permitirá desplegar ese aspecto de sus análisis del poder y la política relacionado con la resistencia, la libertad y la crítica del presente. Finalmente, se propondrá una evaluación en perspectiva, destacando los alcances y las potencialidades, de las ideas foucaultianas sobre esos acontecimientos. This article analyzes the interpretation proposed by Michel Foucault of the Iranian Revolution, i.e. the popular uprisings and revolts that took place in Iran in 1978 and their consequences in the formation of the Islamic Republic in 1979, with the aim of systematizing the thought of the philosopher about this question and of going further in a highly potent matrix in his production which unfortunately has been partly eclipsed by the shallow and hasty criticisms it received. For this purpose, I will proceed to the exam of the problematic cores and the conceptual categories arising from what can be called Foucault’s dossier Iran (amongst others, power, politics, uprising, resistance, sociopolitical movements, revolution, subjectivity, history, religion as a political factor, political spirituality, will and the relationship modernity-tradition) accounting for the relationship between the subject, politics and history. Likewise, I will highlight the main axes of that interpretation following the link with the researches and central lines that Foucault is developing at that moment, in particular, the relationship he establishes between life, government and truth and the reformulation of the problem of power in terms of the problem of government which will enable him to deploy that aspect of his analyses of power and politics relating to resistance, freedom and the critique of the present. Finally, I will propose an assessment in perspective, underlining the scope and the potentialities of the Foucauldian ideas about these events. Fil: Raffin, Marcelo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati učeničke preferencije klasične glazbe, učeničke preferencije klasične glazbe u duru i u molu te utjecaj poznatosti na učeničke preferencije klasične glazbe. Istraživanje je provedeno u veljači 2019. godine. U okviru istraživanja primijenjen je upitnik općih podataka te skala procjene za ispitivanje preferencija glazbenih ulomaka na uzorku od 250 učenika drugih, trećih, sedmih i osmih razreda osnovne škole. Rezultati potvrđuju da su dob i spol značajni prediktori preferencija klasične glazbe. Djevojčice u odnosu na dječake te mlađi učenici u odnosu na starije učenike preferiraju klasičnu glazbu. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na to da učenici preferiraju klasičnu glazbu u molu, nego u duru. Konačno, poznavanje glazbe pokazalo se značajnim faktorom koji utječe na glazbene preferencije učenika, što je u skladu s brojnim dosadašnjim istraživanjima., The aim of this research was to explore students’ music preferences for classical music, their music preferences of classical music in major and minor and the impact of familiarity on students’ music preferences. The research was conducted in February 2019. As part of the research, a general data questionnaire and an assessment scale were used to examine the preferences of musical passages on a sample of 250 students attending the second, the third, the seventh and the eighth grade in elementary school. The results confirmed that the age and the gender are significant predictors of classical music preferences. Girls compared to boys and younger students compared to older students shows greater preferences for classical music. The obtained results indicate that students prefer more classical music in minor than in major. Finally, familiarity of music is a significant factor which effects on student’s music preferences which is in accordance with numerous previous researches.

espanolLos teoricos republicanos han prestado poca atencion a los problemas normativos de los conflictos de secesion. Hasta ahora, no existe una teoria derecho de secesion (TDS) republicana y democratica, ni se ha llevado a cabo ningun analisis exhaustivo de las TDS actuales desde un punto de vista republicano-democratico. Este articulo intenta cubrir este segundo vacio como paso previo para abordar el primero. Al hacerlo, se muestra como los conflictos de secesion representan amenazas para dos valores republicanos democraticos centrales: libertad e inclusion. Estas amenazas son, concretamente, las de exclusion, chantaje de minorias, mayorias permanentes arbitrarias e inestabilidad. El articulo tambien muestra como, debido a sus respectivos sesgos pro-unionistas o pro-secesionistas, ninguna TDS actual esta en disposicion de afrontar esas amenazas, y describe brevemente como podria desarrollarse una TDS republicano-democratica basada en una logica no unilateral. EnglishRepublican theorists have paid little attention to the normative problems of secession conflicts. So far, there is no such thing as a democratic republican theory of the right of secession (TRS); nor any comprehensive analysis of current TRS has ever been undertaken from a democratic republican point of view. This article tries to fill this second gap as a first step in order to fill that first one. In doing so, it shows how secession conflicts pose threats for two core democratic republican values: freedom and inclusion. The threats are, concretely, those of exclusion, blackmailing minorities, arbitrary permanent majorities, and instability. The article also shows how, due to their respective pro-unionist or pro-secessionist biases, no current TRS seems to be able to handle those threats; and briefly outlines how a democratic republican TRS, based on a non-unilateralist logic, could be developed.

espanolEste articulo analiza la participacion de las mujeres en la promocion de arquitectura religiosa en la ciudad de Guadix durante el siglo XVI e inicios del XVII. Partiendo de diversa documentacion de archivo y de bibliografia de la epoca, se ha recuperado su intervencion en las distintas tipologias que conforman el ambito de la arquitectura religiosa. En este contexto, se las ha documentado remodelando y promoviendo capillas dentro de la catedral e iglesias de esta ciudad, como fundadoras de colegios y conventos e, incluso, firmando contratos de obras; en este caso como parte de un proyecto mas ambicioso. EnglishThis article analyzes the participation of women in the promotion of religious architecture in the city of Guadix during the sixteenth century in the early seventeenth. Starting from various archival documentation and bibliography of the time, their intervention in the different typologies that make up the field of religious architecture has been recovered. In this context, they have been documented remodeling and promoting chapels within the cathedral and churches of this city, as founders of schools and convents and, even, signing works contracts; in this case as part of a more ambitious project.

espanolEl libro Maquiavelo en la Argentina. Usos y Lecturas, 1830-1940 nos convoca a adentrarnos en las recepciones, circulaciones y lecturas en Argentina de uno de los pensadores politicos que, merced a cierto halo de enigma e incomodidad y al caracter abierto de sus textos, ha sido objeto de una profusa ambivalencia y divergencia en sus lecturas y valoraciones: Nicolas Maquiavelo. Esta profundidad e intensidad es directamente proporcional al cimbronazo que su irrupcion ha provocado en el pensamiento politico occidental y que, sin ningun lugar a dudas, ha dado a luz a la modernidad politica. EnglishThe book Maquiavelo en la Argentina. Usos y Lecturas, 1830-1940 invites us to delve into the receptions, circulations and readings in Argentina of one of the political thinkers who, thanks to a certain halo of enigma and discomfort and the open nature of his texts, has been the subject of a profuse ambivalence and divergence in his readings and evaluations: Nicolas Machiavelli. This depth and intensity is directly proportional to the shock that its irruption has caused in Western political thought and that, without any doubt, has given birth to political modernity.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost između količine vremena provedenog u korištenju medija djece predškolske dobi i nekih osobnih i okolinskih čimbenika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 391 dijete u dobi od 5 do 7 godina. Roditelji su procijenili korištenje medija, temperament i regulaciju emocija kod djece, roditeljska ponašanja prema djetetu i roditeljsku kompetentnost. Odgojiteljice su procijenile socioemocionalnu dobrobit i otpornost djece, a procjene o samopoimanju prikupile su kroz intervjue s djecom. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je količina vremena koju djeca predškolske dobi provode u korištenju medija slabo, ali statistički značajno povezana s osobnim i okolinskim čimbenicima. Spol djeteta, negativan afekt, regulacija emocija, obrazovanje roditelja, popustljivost, informatička pismenost i stav prema dječjem korištenju medija povezani su s djetetovim ukupnim vremenom provedenim u korištenju medija. Korelati vremena provedenog u korištenju medija razlikuju se i ovise o vrsti medija. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu daljnjeg istraživanja uloge medija između varijabli antecedenti i razvojnih ishoda., The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the amount of time spent using media in preschool children and some personal and environmental factors. The study involved 391 children, aged 5 to 7 years. Parents assessed media use, temperament and emotion regulation in children, parental behaviors toward the child and parental competence. Kindergarten teachers assessed children’s socio-emotional well-being and resilience, and collected assessments of self-concept through interviews with children. The obtained results show that the amount of time that preschool children spend in the use of media is weakly but statistically significantly related to personal and environmental factors. Child gender, negative affect, emotion regulation, parental education, permissiveness, computer literacy and attitudes toward children’s media use are related to the total time spent in media use. The correlates of time spent in media use vary depending on the type of media. The results of this research indicate the need for further research on the role of the media between the antecedent variables and developmental outcomes.

Nu>r is one of the main vocabularies and the name of sura in the Qur'an. Nu>r, which is often interpreted as light, is one of the theme that interest many mufassirs, especially Sufi’s mufassir. One of them is Sahal bin ‘Abdullah al-Tustari. He lived at the beginning of the 3rd century H. His most famous book is Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim. This Tafsir book is one of the first Tafsir in the field of Sufi interpretation which until now, in the introductin of his book he said: "The meaning of Dzahir is a general meaning that has been read through his words. Whereas the inner meaning is the meaning of the understanding it contains, the specific meaning desired. " Interpreting the Koran with this model is not only enough to struggle with language, but there is an aspect of nur given by Allah in the heart of a person who is clean of soul and mind. Therefore, the theme of nur among Sufis has an important position for the enlightenment of the human soul in guiding and finding true happiness and truth. The purpose of this study is to try to explore and explain the interpretation of the verses about nur and its interpretation patterns in the book of Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim by Sahal bin ‘Abdullah al-Tustari. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical with the term thematic, which is a method that collects all the relevant verses in the same theme and then analyzes them one by one. This research found. First, Sahal bin ‘Abdullah al-Tustari's interpretation of verses about nur is divided into two parts: first, the interpretation related to verses which directly contains al-nur's wording in it. Second, the interpretation of nur in verses that does not contain al-nur's wording. Which has implications for two kinds of interpretations, namely exoteric and esoteric. As for the result, there are eight meanings of nur explained by Sahal al-Tustari in his commentary and the theory of nur Muhammad is the most strikingly significant meaning in his esoteric interpretation. Second, regarding his interpretation pattern, Sahal al-Tustari does not use a regular pattern in explaining interpretation about nur. Al-Tustari only interprets verses which according to him need to be interpreted according to the indications which he found in those verses.

Much recent work in analytic theology concerned with Trinitarian doctrine has been limited both by: (1) a narrow focus on the apparent inconsistency of the doctrine and (2) little regard for the historical context in which the doctrine developed. This special issue represents an effort to overcome these limitations in two ways. First, following Timothy Pawl’s definition of “Conciliar Christology,” we define “Conciliar Trinitarianism” as the conjunction of claims about the Trinity in the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Rather than speculative attempts at reconciling, say, sentences taken from the Athanasian Creed, or the common parlance of contemporary, Western Christians, the papers in this issue all address specifically Conciliar Trinitarianism. Second, the special issue brings together both analytic philosophers and patristics scholars in a format in which, in several cases, a scholar from one field responds to a scholar from another. We hope that this will help to jump-start some further conversations between scholars in analytic philosophy and in patristics, as we believe both fields can benefit from a deeper mutual engagement in the study of Conciliar Trinitarianism.

level in the historical course. Even though the madrasahs have been shut down officially with the Law of Unification of Education on March 3, 1924, especially in Southeastern Anatolia the traditional madrasah system continued its existence unofficially. With the Regulation on Courses for the Education and Training of the Quran published in the official newspaper dated 07/04/2012 and numbered 28257, the mentioned madrasas were connected to the Directorate of Religious Affairs and continued their education activities under the name of "Quran course". Just like in the other parts of the Turkey, one might find a madrasah in almost every city in Southeastern Anatolia. But when it comes to keeping the madrasah education systematic, the madrasas that are in the Tillo county of the city Siirt are the ones that come to mind. In Tillo, there are three madrasas that works in that way and they are; Mamduhiyyah, Mujahidiyyah and Ismail Faqirullah madrasas. Tillo Mamduhiyyah Madrasah has been established with the leadership of Sheyh Bedreddin Aydin whom also known as “Seydâ Sheyh” in the region. It is one of the educational institutions that raised a lot of scholars whom could answer all of the theological questions of the people as a result of the excellent Arabic education they received from the madrasah. This institution has lived through the rise in terrorist attacks in 1984 and incessant state of emergencies and the horrible February 28 period with such fortitude. It kept its existence with the sincere support of the locals and by avoiding political statements and actions during this period. In this article the concise history, institutional and physical structure, daily program and the place of fiqh lessons in the education curriculum and curriculum of the Mamduhiyyah Madrasah in general are examined. The research is limited to Mamduhiyyah Madrasah which still continues its educational activities. Interviews were made with the teachers regarding the fiqh program of the madrasa in question, and the fiqh books taught here were introduced in terms of content and context. The following points are the highlights of the study: For Tillo Mamduhiyyah Madrasa there are two basic semesters called “fakihlik” and “tâliplik”. It is seen that during the first period, the lessons are mostly about Arabic grammer. After the pre-prepared reading list for this period is done the students move on to the second period and start following a more advanced curriculum. During this second period, logic, vaz’, kalam and usul al- fiqh are included in the curriculum and the students who goes through all of them are called “tâlip”. The student who is now called a tâlip is required to memorize al- Qâfiyah which is about syntax and Isagoge which is about logic. After a student completes the courses for both fakihlik and tâliplik periods in Mamduhiyyah Madrasah, he gains the right to receive ijazah. Most of the students who obtain their ijazah stays in the madrasah for two more years and become experts on the fields of fiqh, tafsir, hadith, the life of prophet Muhammad. It is a known fact that almost all of the population in Southeastern Anatolia belong to the Shafi sect. As a result of this -though there are some exceptions- most of the books that are included in the madrasas’ curriculums are written by scholars who are also from Shafi sect. When the education and training curriculum of Tillo Memduhiyye Madrasah, which is based on text memorization, opinion and negotiation method, is examined, it is seen that secondary fields such as, syntax, rhetoric and logic are emphasized. Even though this is an understandable way to provide a basis for further education in Islamic education, the lack of materials related to Fiqh, creed, tafsir, hadith and their methodology in the curriculum is an important downside of the madrasah. Considering the place of fiqh teaching in the curriculum, it is seen that it is not systematically included in the sequential courses and is limited to only a few major works as a minor course. As for usul-al Fiqh, it cannot be said that any books other than of Taceddin es-Subki’s Cem’u’l- cevâmi’ are included in the curriculum. Since the language of this work is difficult and hard to understand, most students in the madrasah read this work not to learn the fiqh method, but to complete the sequential books that must be taught in the madrasa to graduate. In this sense, it is seen that the field of fiqh couldn’t take its deserved place in the curriculum. Mamduhiyyah Madrasah with its strong educational tradition and service, and hundreds of graduates have grown out of being local, gained a wide educational web by spreading most parts of Turkey. Today, most of the graduates of Tillo Memduhiyyah Madrasah are imams, muezzin and Quran course instructors in the city center and villages under the Directorate of Religious Affairs.

Hz. Peygamber’in risâlet ile gönderilmesine yakın zamanlarda Mekke’de ve Arabistan’ın çok büyük bir kısmında putperestlik yaygındı. Ancak hâlâ Hz. İbrâhîm’in tevhit inancına bağlı olan küçük bir zümre bulunuyordu. Hanîf ismi verilen bu kişiler Putperestlik, Hristiyanlık ve Yahudilikten uzak durmaya çalışıyor, güçleri yettiğince ve bilgisine ulaşabildikleri ölçüde Hz. İbrâhîm’in dinini devam ettirmeye çalışıyorlardı. Aradan geçen uzun yıllar Hz. İbrâhîm’in şeriatını büyük ölçüde unutturmuş olsa da onlar en azından Câhiliye’nin içki ve zina gibi kötü alışkanlıklarından uzak durmaya çalışıyorlardı. Allah’tan başka bir tanrıyı da kabul etmiyorlardı. Câhiliye döneminde yaşamış ve vefat etmiş olan Hâniflerden biri de Zeyd b. Amr’dı. O, Mekkelileri inançları dolayısıyla eleştirmesi, putlar adına kesilen hayvanların etlerini yememesi ve aileleri tarafından öldürülmek istenen kız çocuklarını kurtarması gibi özellikleri sebebiyle oldukça dikkat çeken bir şahsiyettir. Ülkemizde Zeyd b. Amr b. Nüfeyl hakkında müstakil bir çalışma yapılmadığı için hem zihniyet hem de davranış açısından çağdaşlarının bir hayli ilerisinde olan bu kıymetli şahsiyeti özel olarak incelemenin uygun olacağı kanaatine vardık.Zeyd b. Amr’ın ne zaman doğduğu ve kaç yaşında vefat ettiği konusunda bilgimiz bulunmamaktadır. Annesi üvey oğlu ile evlenip bu evlilikten Zeyd b. Amr dünyaya geldiği için kendisi maktî bir kişidir. Hem kendi ağzından hem de başka şahısların şahitliği onun yaşadığı dönemde Mekke’de Hanîf olan tek kişi olduğunu göstermektedir.Bazı şiirlerinde de ifade ettiği üzere kendisi bir dönem diğer hemşerileri gibi putlara tazimde bulunmuştur. Onu bu görüşünden vazgeçiren bir olay yaşanmış mıdır, yoksa kendi aklî çıkarımları sayesinde mi Allah’ın birliğine inanmaya başlamıştır, bu konuda kaynaklarımızda herhangi bir malumat bulunmamaktadır. Zeyd b. Amr putlara ibadet etmenin yanlışlığının farkına varınca pek çok beldeyi ziyaret ederek doğru bir din arayışına girmiştir. Rivayetlerden anladığımız kadarıyla doğru bir din bulabilmek için yapılan bu seyahatler birden fazla kez gerçekleşmiştir. Zeyd b. Amr’ın doğru dini bulabilmek için Yesrib, Hayber, Fedek, Eyle, Şam, Musul, Cezîre, Belkâ ve Hîre gibi pek çok bölgeyi ziyaret ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yaptığı bu seyahatler esnasında kalbini mutmain eden bir din bulamayan Zeyd b. Amr bilgisine ulaşabildiği ölçüde ataları Hz. İbrâhîm ve Hz. İsmâîl’in dini üzere kalmaya karar vermiştir. Tabi aradan geçen uzun yıllar bu dinin gerekliliklerini unutturduğu için o, sahip olduğu oldukça sınırlı bilgi üzerinden Allah’a ibadet etmeye çalışmıştır. Kaynaklarımızda onun namaz ve hac ibadeti konusunda yaptığı bazı uygulamalardan bahsedilmektedir. Ayrıca o salim bir aklın da bulabileceği içki, zina ve ribâ gibi kötü adet ve alışkanlıklardan da uzak kalmaya çalışmıştır.Zeyd b. Amr belli bir noktadan sonra hemşerilerini de yanlış uygulama ve inançları yüzünden eleştirmeye başlayınca Mekkelilerin, özellikle de amcası ve anne bir kardeşi olan Hattâb b. Nüfeyl’in düşmanlığına maruz kalmıştır. Hatta kendisi Mekke’ye sokulmadığı için Hira Dağı’nda bir mağarada veya bu bölgede kurduğu bir çadırda yaşamaya mecbur kalmıştır.Zeyd b. Amr’ın yaptığı en güzel davranışlardan birisi de aileleri tarafından gömülmek istenen kız çocuklarını kurtarması hatta bu uğurda bazen bu kız çocuklarının ailelerine para vermesidir. Bu davranışı da zihniyet ve davranış olarak çağının oldukça ilerisinde bir insan olduğunu göstermesi açısından yeterlidir.Zeyd b. Amr’ın vefatının ardından eşi Fâtıma bint Ba‘ce’nin ve çocukları Saîd b. Zeyd ve Âtike bint Zeyd’in ilk dönemde İslâm’a girmiş olmaları onun aile üyelerini de olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir.Zeyd b. Amr nübüvvetten evvel Hz. Peygamber ile görüşerek onun da Câhiliye adetlerini sorgulamaya başlamasına vesile olmuştur.Yine konu ile ilgili farklı rivayetler bulunmakla birlikte Zeyd b. Amr muhtemelen Hz. Peygamber otuz beş yaş civarındayken Mekke’de vefat etmiş ve Hira Dağı’nın eteğine defnedilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’den gelen pek çok rivayette onun tek başına bir ümmet olarak haşredileceği ifade edilmektedir. Yine onun Cennetlik olduğuna dair rivayetler de bulunmaktadır.

Some concepts in Quran such as the "al-bâkıyâtu's-sâlihât", "bekıyyetullâh" and "ulû bekıyye" are difficult expressions to understand. Because, it is not an easy to determine what the concept "al-bâkıyâtu’s-sâlihât" indicates through language, as the great commentator Taberî rightly points out. One of the main reasons for this is that it is not clearly mentioned what the deeds are described as "al-bâkıyâtu's-sâlihât" in the relevant verses. Another is that these concepts are included in the Meccan sûrahs. Based on this, some commentators have interpreted the concept "al-bâkıyâtu's-salihât" with invocation expressions which included Tawhid by taking into account the period of Mecca. On the other hand, some other commentators have explained the concept in a way that includes all good deeds without making a distinction between the surah of Meccan and Medinan. The concept "al-bâkıyâtu’s-sâlihât" is mentioned in both the sûrah al-Kahf and Mary which were revealed in Mecca. However, it seems unlikely possible to determine what these two adjectives indicate without looking at the context. However, in our opinion, it is possible to determine the meaning of this concept from the context. As in the whole of Meccan surahs, the issues of faith are explained in both contexts in which this concept is included. The commentators explained the concept by taking into account the relevant context and hadiths on the subject. Therefore, they interpreted this concept with phases such as "subhânallah", "alhamdulillâh", "la havla velâ quwwata illâ billâh" and "Allâhu akbar that express belief in Allah". In our opinion, this interpretation seems appropriate in context from the beginning of the prophecy. Therefore, the explanations that made about the concept and including all the worship, do not fully reflect the meaning of concept. Because it is a known issue that most of prayers are prescribed as obligatory in Medina. In addition, the meanings such as "righteous girls" and "deeds which born into one's heart" in the commentaries about the concept do not correspond to the context in which these expressions are included. As a result, it is possible to say that the concept "al-bâkıyâtü’s-sâlihât", which expresses belief in Allah, indicates the faith and eternal life in hereafter. Another expression used in the Qur’an regarding the word "baqıyya" is the concept "baqıyyetullâh". Some of the commentators have explained this concept by associating it with trade in the relevant context. As narrated in Surah Hûd, the people of Madian tribe made it a custom to deceive people by trading fraud. They thought that the wealth and power, that had acquired by the forbidden way, would keep them alive forever. However, the concept "baqıyyetullâh" shows that the reward of Allah will give to the believers in the hereafter is much more valuable than the temporary worldly blessings that the infidels people of Median tribe obtained through fraudulent means. Accordingly, this concept states that the return mean of trade obtained by lawful ways is eternal paradise. Therefore, with considering the context it is possible to say that this concept means "lawful profit obtained by considering the consent of Allah". Another expression used in the Qur'an regarding the word "baqıyya" is the concept "ulû bekıyye". The commentators have given different meanings to this concept. It is possible to say that those who express their sincerely faith to Allah are more accurate in the context of the meanings. Accordingly, it is possible to interpret this concept as "virtuous people who believe in Allah”. Because only believers who sincerely believe in Allah can eliminate the evils which committed in the world. Finally, the commentators made different interpretations about the concept "baqıyya" in verse 248 of the Surah al-Baqarah. However, it is possible to say that the concept "baqıyya" in this verse refers to "Torah" with considering the relevant context. Because the concept “baqıyya” in this verse refers to an object from Moses and Aaron. In addition, considering the singularity of the word "baqıyya" in the verse, it seems more reasonable that it refers to a single object, namely the Torah, rather than some items. In this article, firstly the verses in which these concepts are mentioned and the related contexts are examined. Then, in the light of the relevant hadiths, these concepts were tried to be interpreted with the examples of some Qur’an translations.