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Hablar de disforia de género infantil en Colombia es enfrentarnos al vacío que en este tema se tiene y ello puede responder, entre otras cosas, a factores culturales y heterodominantes, ya que el país, hasta hace poco, ha venido mirando y trabajando incipientemente el tema de diversidad de género. Por tanto, la investigación que aquí abordamos pretende ser un aporte que sirva para afianzar caminos en este campo específico del saber en el país para futuras investigaciones.

El artículo expone, en síntesis, el estado de la cuestión del campo de la bioética. Trata del vínculo indisoluble con la ética y presenta una propuesta epistemológica para el ámbito de conocimiento de la bioética.

Os cuidados paliativos na atenção à pessoa idosa com demência são uma estratégia contemporânea. Os objetivos foram identificar as características pessoais e profissionais dos enfermeiros, conhecer os sentimentos dos enfermeiros ao cuidar de idoso com demência em cuidados paliativos. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo descritivo-exploratório. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, mediante entrevista gravada. A amostra constitui-se de 14 enfermeiros. As categorias emergentes foram: “Impotência e limitação”, “Tristeza pela evolução da doença” e “Beneficiente”. Concluiu-se que os sentimentos do profissional enfermeiro e a Bioética integram e qualificam os cuidados paliativos.

El envejecimiento ha despertado un gran interés en las últimas décadas, estimulando así la aparición de multitud de modelos tanto explicativos como descriptivos, siendo uno de los más destacados el envejecimiento de éxito. Sin embargo, el interés por la vejez parece haber partido de aspectos cuantitativos y económicos, caracterizándolo de problemática social. Este hecho, sumado a los frecuentes estereotipos y prejuicios sociales de los que son objeto las personas mayores, ha convertido a la vejez en un factor de marginalidad. Así, este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre algunos posibles factores, tanto psicológicos como psicosociales, implicados en un supuesto envejecimiento considerado de éxito, pero desde una óptica bioética que asegure un foco de interés último en la autonomía, dignidad y libertad de las personas.

En España, diez comunidades autónomas regulan jurídicamente el derecho a morir dignamente. Objetivo: analizar si las leyes permiten la equidad de la toma de decisiones y una calidad de la asistencia equivalente. Método: estudio cualitativo de diseño documental, mediante el análisis comparativo de las leyes autonómicas. Resultados: se constata una homogeneidad de derechos asistenciales, pero existen diferencias en la conceptualización y condiciones de aplicación de la limitación de esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) o de la adecuación de esfuerzo terapéutico (AET). Conclusiones: la falta de igualdad de criterios sobre la LET y la AET obliga a una asistencia diferente según territorios.

En las últimas décadas se viene produciendo un envejecimiento de la población que es foco de atención de instituciones de ámbito mundial con objeto de promover un envejecimiento saludable. Las enfermedades crónicas forman parte del envejecimiento y la población geriátrica es la mayor consumidora de medicamentos. Limitar la participación de esta población en la investigación clínica puede resultar en la falta de información sobre la eficacia y seguridad. Es necesario definir acciones que incluyan la investigación clínica como parte del envejecimiento saludable ya que promueve el envejecimiento activo y proporciona información relevante para un mejor uso de los medicamentos en esta población.

The article is an attempt to look at the relationship between the state and the market on the example of the prohibition of trade on Sunday through the prism of the personalistic economy. The article has a metaeconomic character. Its aim is to show that state intervention in the market mechanism in the form of the prohibition of trade on Sunday is not aimed at trade as an economic activity, but is a natural consequence of the community-forming function of the state. In the first part, the author presents a personalistic approach to the state and the market as well as relations between them. In turn, in the second part, he describes the essence of the Sunday dispute in the context of a personalistic approach to the market and shows that state intervention, consisting in protecting Sunday from being limited to the seventh working day, protects it against rationalization and marketization, i.e. its derealization.

The main point of the article is to analyze the ethical assumptions of the Codex of Food Ethics and to answer the question of whether the formalization of morality related to food is possible at all. The analyzed Codex was created in October 2013, with the participation of experts from various communities. The value that was indicated and considered to be accepted by all acceding to its use is the “good of the consumer,” although it was not clearly defined in the content of the Code. The Code does draw attention to safety, quality, trust, control, and respect of the law, however. These issues were discussed in the article. Unfortunately, due to the lack of information about the further fate of the Code, it is difficult to answer the question whether it has a chance to for practical application in the form proposed by its creators.

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the logical relationship between the prevalence of specific macroeconomic theories and the ethical quality of practices that take place in the financial markets. The main thesis presented herein is that viewing the financial markets through an appropriate economic framework is a crucial prerequisite of maintaining their ethical foundations and harnessing their ethical potential. Three competing macroeconomic visions – the “animal spirits” theory, the efficient market hypothesis, and the causal-realist market process approach – are assessed with respect to their logically deducible effects on the ethical thinking of financial operators. The main conclusion of the paper is that the causal-realist approach provides the most satisfactory account of the inherent conceptual nature of financial markets, thereby furnishing the best guidance for the development of appropriate professional virtues by their key members.

This study aims to describe and analyze the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on HR performance with professional commitment and knowledge sharing as an intervening variable. The population used is the total number of employees of local water company (PDAM) Semarang total of them are 569 people, with a total sample of 85 people. The sampling technique is Proportional Random Sampling. The analysis tool is Partial Least Square. Another test result shows that OCB has a positive effect on professional competence. The test proves that OCB and professional competencies have a positive effect on knowledge sharing. Organizational citizenship behavior, professional competence and knowledge sharing have a positive effect on HR performance. The test results show that professional competence is able to be an intervening variable between OCB and knowledge sharing, while professional competence is not able to be an intervening variable between OCB and HR performance. Knowladge sharing is able to be an intervening variable between OCB and HR performance and knowledge sharing can also be an intervening variable between professional competence and HR performance.Keywords:�� �Organizational citizenship behavior, professional commitment and knowledge sharing and performance of Human Resources

Social insurance is one of the social security techniques based on the principles of universality, compulsion, comprehensiveness and solidarity. The basis for the functioning of social insurance is the existence of a community of insured people – all those who earn a living through their own work. This community creates a contribution fund from which benefits are paid when certain social risks occur. The proper functioning of social insurance relies on the mutual trust of all involved entities and the sense of joint responsibility for contributions to the Social Insurance Fund and the distribution of the fund. In particular, it is important that the insured trust the insurance institution and that the trust of this institution be ensured. However, we should remember that other entities, such as employers and doctors, are also involved. A lack of a sense of community means that abusing the Social Insurance Fund (failing to make contributions or extorting benefits) is perceived in society as resourcefulness, not as an unethical, blameworthy action, that damages the community of insured people and, consequently, also those who abuse it. Therefore, the question arises, what actions should the Social Security Institution take to build trust in social insurance among society? How is it possible to create or strengthen the sense of community among the insured? The Social Insurance Institution consistently implements various activities to build society’s trust in social insurance and build a sense of community. In order to do this, the government must get more involved in insurance education, and the legislator should ensure legal stability and certainty.

The clinical evaluation in palliative care of patients with advanced chronic diseases is characterized by the multidisciplinary approach with the objective of establishing care planning proportional to the stage of the incurable disease. This establishes the rational use of technological resources, adequate allocation of the patient and clinical treatment that promotes systematic control of symptoms, quality of life and dignity at the end of life. In addition, a complex deliberative process between the health professional and the patient/family binomial is necessary in order to share the best possible care planning. In this context the autonomy of the patient/family will be linked to the degree of empowerment in such situation and the stage of the disease. This article proposes an analyticalreflexive discussion, based on literature review, in order to explore the aspects of the empowerment process in patients undergoing palliative care and to identify the dilemmas in the balance between patient autonomy and medical decision. A avaliação clínica em cuidados paliativos, de pacientes com doenças crônicas avançadas, se caracteriza pela abordagem multidisciplinar com o objetivo de instituir um planejamento de cuidados proporcional ao estágio de doença incurável. Desta forma, estabelece-se o uso racional de recursos tecnológicos, alocação adequada do paciente e tratamento clínico que promova controle sistemático de sintomas, qualidade de vida e dignidade no final de vida. Ademais, faz-se necessário um processo deliberativo complexo entre profissional de saúde e o binômio paciente-família no sentido de compartilhar o melhor planejamento de cuidados possível. Neste contexto a autonomia do pacientefamília estará vinculada ao grau de empoderamento nessa situação e ao estágio da doença. Este artigo tem como proposta a discussão analítico-reflexiva, baseada em revisão de literatura, para explorar os aspectos do processo de empoderamento em pacientes sob cuidados paliativos e identificar os dilemas no equilíbrio entre autonomia do paciente e decisão médica.

The request for euthanasia and the desire to die, in many cases, has social causes. The first thing in a society is to face these social conditions rather than facilitate death. Many people do not want to die but to live differently. The article analyzes twenty factors that condition this desire to die: loneliness, isolation, distrust, lack of participation and sense of community, abandonment, depression, lack of palliative care, lack of affection, fear of being an economic burden, pressure from family, fatigue, lack of respect for fragile and vulnerable life, the difficulty of handling suffering, the increase of medical power, etc. Societies and countries must fight to transform these social conditions to enable better care for these people and to fight, beyond euthanasia, to avoid suffering caused by social problems. La petición de eutanasia y el deseo de morir, en muchas ocasiones, tiene causas sociales. Lo primero en una sociedad es afrontar esas condiciones sociales antes que facilitar la muerte. Muchas personas no quieren morir sino vivir de otro modo. El artículo analiza veinte factores que condicionan ese deseo de morir: soledad, aislamiento, desconfianza, falta de participación y sentido de comunidad, abandono, depresión, falta de cuidados paliativos, falta de afecto, temor a ser una carga económica, la presión de los familiares, el cansancio, la falta de respeto a la vida frágil y vulnerable, la dificultad de manejar el sufrimiento, el incremento del poder médico, etc. Las sociedades y los países deben luchar por transformar estas condiciones sociales para posibilitar una mejor atención para estas personas y luchar, más allá de la eutanasia, por evitar sufrimientos causados por problemas de tipo social.

Bioethics is a transcendental discipline applied to medical training for decision making. Teachers and students lack adequate knowledge. A descriptive crosssectional study was proposed. 15 teachers and 231 students were surveyed to assess the degree of bioethical knowledge through a standardized survey. Low levels of knowledge were found in teachers and students at below 70%. Doctors fom Argentina, Mexico and Ecuador were compared in knowledge without significant differences being found. The level of knowledge about bioethics in teachers and students is limited. It is to establish training and education programs about this subject.

Today, the public debate on euthanasia in Spain focuses on the presentation of a draft law at the national level. When we look at the Spanish autonomous community, we see that most of the autonomies already have regulatory regulations on dignified death, rights of patients in the process of death, etc. Now it is time to ask the question that appears as the title of this article: is it necessary a law that regulates euthanasia when we have a multiplicity of autonomic norms that are already regulating the rights of people at the end of life? We are going to focus on the regulations of only one of these autonomous communities: Comunidad de Madrid. Hoy, el debate público sobre la eutanasia en España se centra en la presentación de un proyecto de ley a nivel nacional. Cuando se echa una mirada al entorno autonómico español, comprobamos que la mayoría de las autonomías ya disponen de normativas reguladoras de la muerte digna, derechos de los pacientes en el proceso de la muerte, etc. Ahora es momento de plantearnos la pregunta que figura como título de este artículo: ¿es necesaria una ley que regule la eutanasia cuando contamos con una multiplicidad de normas autonómicas que ya están regulando los derechos de las personas al final de la vida? Nos vamos a centrar en la normativa de una sola de estas comunidades autónomas: la Comunidad de Madrid.

The 2019 Harvard Medical School Annual Bioethics Conference questioned if we’re controlling death by choosing when and how we die. This integrative review compared literature findings with the discussion of the Conference. While people discuss comfort and dignity in their end-of-life, legal and ethical aspects of Palliative Care and other exit options like Palliative Sedation to Unconscioussness, Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, Physician-assisted death and Voluntary active euthanasia must be discussed, as well as Advance Directives and palliative care team. We concluded arguing which other health conditions (psychiatric, cardiovascular or respiratory) could benefit from the exit options. En 2019, la Conferencia Anual de Bioética de la Facultad de Medicina de Harvard se cuestionó si estamos controlando la muerte eligiendo cuándo y cómo morimos. Este artículo compara las investigaciones publicadas con el tema de la conferencia. Los participantes en la conferencia discutieron sobre la comodidad y la dignidad en el final de la vida, los aspectos legales y éticos de los cuidados paliativos, pero otras opciones de salida deben ser discutidas, como los cuidados paliativos, la suspensión voluntaria de comer y beber, la muerte asistida por un médico y la eutanasia activa voluntaria, así como el documento de voluntades anticipadas o el equipo de cuidados paliativos. Concluimos discutiendo qué otras condiciones de salud (psiquiátricas, cardiovasculares o respiratorias) podrían beneficiarse de las opciones de salida.

Caring for people at the end of their lives requires human, technical and ethical characteristics. The person at the time of his death needs the human approach of those who care for him in addition to his professional competence. In this article I will discuss how to care for people so that leaving this life is not a traumatic experience for those who die and for their loved ones who accompany them in the process of dying, and so that those who die perceive that they are cared for by caring, sensitive and knowledgeable people. Los cuidados a las personas que se encuentran en el final de sus vidas necesitan de unas características humanas, técnicas y éticas. La persona que se enfrenta a su muerte necesita el acercamiento humano de quienes le cuidan además de su competencia profesional. En este artículo abordaré cómo poder cuidar a las personas para que salir de esta vida no sea una experiencia traumática para quien se muere y para sus seres queridos que le acompañan en el proceso de morir y para que quien se muere perciba que le cuidan personas solícitas, sensibles y entendidas, intentando comprender sus necesidades.

Spanish legal framework on death or end-of-life process is determined by the binding rules in each Self-Governing Community. A comparative analysis of the respective rules will allow us to check the internal coherence of the system and its adequacy to the guidelines provided by the Guide on the decision-making process regarding medical-treatment in end-of-life situations, approved in 2014 by the Council of Europe. El régimen jurídico aplicable en España al proceso de muerte o final de la vida viene determinado por las normas aprobadas en las diversas comunidades autónomas. Un estudio comparado de las normas respectivas permitirá comprobar la coherencia interna del sistema y su adecuación a las directrices de la Guía para el Proceso de Toma de Decisiones relativas al Tratamiento Médico en situaciones del Final de la Vida, aprobada en 2014 por el Consejo de Europa.

We live in a time when artificial intelligence is being used in more and more areas of our lives. Its use in the sphere of management has become a big problem. Should we comply with the judgments of the cold rationality of artificial intelligence or, by contrast, are we able to realize the limits of its application? The question should be asked: why can good management not be limited to solutions presented by artificial intelligence? In order to answer this question, one should show what the difference is between artificial intelligence and moral intelligence, and what the use of moral intelligence in management is. The role of ethics in the decision-making process will be shown. The final conclusion is that artificial intelligence will never replace man in management.

Personal income differentiation (inequality) is widely observed. Various historicaland cultural factors are responsible for this phenomenon. In the longer run, thesefactors lead to a log-normal distribution of income with country-specific parameters.Ethical aspects of income differentiation are discussed in this paper. The startingpoint for the discussion is a diagnosis of income differentiation in Poland and EuropeanUnion countries based on statistical data. Another discussed issue is ethical dilemmasresulting from income inequalities. Special attention is paid to the relationshipbetween income differentiation and economic growth. The ethical aspects of the ratiobetween lower and upper income in corporations are also discussed.The conclusion is that income differentiation and its change may influenceeconomic growth in different ways. Extremely high income differentiation maylead to negative effects and is ethically doubtful.

During the global financial crisis and its aftermath, Islamic financial institutions were less affected, protected by their fundamental operating principles of risk sharing and the avoidance of leverage and speculative financial products. This has led to a greater appreciation of the role of Islamic finance in supporting economic growth across the globe. The contribution of Islamic finance and Islamic social finance especially through waqf sector promotes real economic development and could help to foster real economy and social sustainability.� The impact and contribution of waqf for economic development in fostering real economy and social sustainability can be obverved in many areas such as enhancing economic progress, eradicating proverty, restoring distribution of income, reducing government expenditure, preventing deficit financing and stimulate growth and job creation. Therefore, a new mechanism is needed to support non-bankable and poor customers for financing facilities via Shariah compliant Islamic financial products and services.The purpose of this paper is to examine the most feasible mechanism for deposit and financing instruments based on waqf through Waqf Bank that able to foster and stimulate economic and social sustainability in the real economy sector especially for Muslim countries. The methodology of research in this study is through qualitative research based on interviews with Muslim scholars as well as Islamic banking and waqf practitioners. The finding of this study shows that there is feasible mechanism and modus operandi for the development of deposit and financing instruments in the Waqf Bank that able to be applied in many Muslim countries worldwide.

This paper aims to investigate and examine the mediating role of religio-centric selling strategy in relation to market sensing capabilities with SMEs business performance in religious-based industries. This paper selected 330 Muslim SMEs in Central Java and tested the regressive relationships of the three constructs. Through confirmatory factor analysis and goodness of fit model testing using SEM, the results of market sensing capabilities obtained have a positive effect on the religio-centric selling strategy and SMEs business performance. In addition, the religio-centric selling strategy also has a positive impact on SMEs business performance. Therefore, the religio-centric selling strategy really acts as a partial mediation in relation to market sensing capabilities with SMEs business performance. By examining the literature on various marketing capabilities, selling strategies, religiosity, and SMEs business performance, this paper offers a unique analysis of the relationship between market sensing capabilities and religio-centric selling strategy and their impact on SMEs business performance. Conceptual discussions and empirical results are expected to extend previous research on the culture of market orientation and selling strategy in specific religious-based small businesses.

Nowadays, the Internet fulfils multiple functions: it supplies us with information and entertainment, and it is sometimes all the social life we have. Typing any phrase into Google – the most popular Internet search engine – will give you thousands of answers in just a second. However trivial or important the question is, Google will come up with numerous search results. Internet users hardly ever stop to think how a content search list works and how the choice of what they see on their computer screen has been made for them. Hardly anybody knows that entering the same words in the search engine will bring different search results for different users. For every person browsing Google, the search engine will return expert interviews, press articles, scientific publications, etc. – but the answer to the search question will be biased, and can differ substantially for different users. What is at work here is the web personalization mechanism, which involves changes in the Google Search Algorithm depending on the place, time, and other circumstances of the question asked, as well as any past searches of the user. The same mechanism can be observed in Facebook’s news feed, which only serves us selective information. In the end, we all end up closed in a filter bubble. At the end of the day, in exchange for user-friendly Internet and our unyielding faith in technology, we pay the ultimate price – our freedom.

As public concern over greenwashing has grown in the last two decades, academic research has increased correspondingly, and there is now a substantial body of research addressing issues related to greenwashing. In this paper, we therefore review and analyze greenwashing research, to provide an evaluation of trends and progress in the field and a synthesis of the empirical and conceptual results presented in existing studies. Our main finding leading to our theory contribution is the criticism raised in greenwashing research that the entirely voluntary CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) approach facilitates the diffusion of greenwashing. The voluntary idea of CSR is still prevalent in the CSR literature and appears to be a grey-zone that creates space for misleading ‘green’ communication. Consequently, we propose that greenwashing could be better prevented with a combination of voluntary and mandatory aspects. The new paradigm should promote creative and effective corporate CSR initiatives, while at the same time design the limits and the rules for their accomplishments and communication, as firms would risk breaching legislation when overstretching CSR messages.

The aim of this study is to research the representation of university students of Biological Sciences regarding the concept of challenges in bioethics. It is an exploratory study which uses natural semantic networks to carry out the analysis. It utilizes convenience sampling and consists of 64 participants. The most significant findings indicate that the most relevant challenges fall within the social dimension where we find "Human Rights", "Human Reproduction", "Health", "Research", "Healthcare" and "Equality". Within the dimension of environmental issues we find the challenges of "Environment" and "Pollution", and within the economic dimension, the terms "Genetically Modified Food" and "Food Production" are found. The term "Human Rights” possesses the greatest semantic weight. There is a significant correlation between mentions and the m-value. There is a 31 percent overlap between the terms selected by male and female participants. El estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la representación que tienen estudiantes universitarios del área de ciencias biológicas sobre el concepto de los desafíos en bioética. Es un estudio exploratorio, en el que se utilizó la técnica de redes semánticas naturales. La muestra fue por conveniencia y consistió en 64 participantes. Los hallazgos más significativos indican que los retos más relevantes se distribuyen en la dimensión social donde encontramos a los “derechos humanos”, “reproducción humana”, “salud”, “investigación”, “atención médica” e “igualdad”. En la dimensión de lo ambiental hallamos las nociones de “medio ambiente” y “contaminación”. Mientras en la económica localizamos los términos de “alimentos transgénicos” y “producción de alimentos”. La palabra con mayor peso semántico fue “derechos humanos”. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre las menciones y el valor M. Existe una similitud del 31% entre los términos seleccionados entre las participantes del género femenino y masculino.

Objectives: This study seeks to establish potential determinants in the opinion of Portuguese physicians on euthanasia, and to verify if a confrontation with concrete scenarios has an effect on this opinion.Methods: a questionnaire was distributed to physicians of various specializations with greater links to the potential practice of euthanasia. We researched the degree of agreement regarding the applicability of euthanasia to concrete situations.Results: Of a total of 251 surveyed physicians, 58.2% favored the legalization of euthanasia in Portugal. In most scenarios that included the concept of voluntary euthanasia, agreement with the applicability of euthanasia was around 55%. In scenarios where the concept of non-voluntary euthanasia was explicit, more than 60% of physicians disagreed with its application.Conclusion: It seems clear that the most relevant factor influencing the physicians’ agreement with the applicability of euthanasia is respect for the patient’s autonomy, and the existence of suffering. Objetivos: com este estudo pretendemos identificar potenciais determinantes na opinião de médicos portugueses sobre eutanásia e verificar se o confronto com cenários concretos influencia essa opinião.Material e método: foi distribuído um questionário por médicos de várias especialidades mais relacionadas com a potencial prática de eutanásia, por meio do qual aferimos o grau de concordância com a aplicabilidade dessa prática em situações concretas.Resultados: dos 251 médicos que participaram do estudo, 58,2% foram a favor da legalização da eutanásia em Portugal. Na maioria dos cenários que compreendiam o conceito de eutanásia voluntária, a concordância com sua aplicabilidade foi de cerca de 55%. Já nos cenários de eutanásia não voluntária, mais de 60% dos médicos discordaram de sua aplicação.Conclusão: parece claro que os critérios mais relevantes para concordar ou não com a eutanásia são o respeito pela autonomia do doente e a existência de sofrimento.

This article takes a Bioethics approach to topics linking gender issues and Primary Education, in teachers of Elementary School I and II of public and private schools in the municipality of Pouso Alegre-MG. It uses a content analysis method, which combines a thorough bibliographic research with a semi-structured survey applied to eighteen teachers from two public and one private schools. A lack of teacher knowledge regarding bioethics and dialogue on gender issues was found, possibly due to the absence of graduate-level courses on bioethical approaches to gender issues. Arguments offered by teachers also demonstrated unfamiliarity with the subject. It is concluded that bioethical knowledge in pedagogical practice is necessary for education forged in a society of prejudice. Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar, sob a perspectiva da Bioética, as questões entre gênero e educação na Educação Básica pelos pedagogos que atuam nos Ensinos Fundamental I e II de escolas públicas e privadas do município de Pouso Alegre-MG. A metodologia empregada foi uma análise de conteúdo. Foi realizada uma investigação bibliográfica e aplicado um questionário com questões semiestruturadas a dezoito pedagogos de duas escolas públicas e um colégio particular. O desconhecimento dos docentes sobre bioética e o diálogo acerca das questões de gênero foi constatado. Isso parece ser devido à ausência, em sua formação na graduação, da abordagem bioética sobre as questões de gênero. Os argumentos utilizados pelos pedagogos também demonstraram certa ignorância em relação à temática. A educação forjada na sociedade do preconceito, pelo que tudo indica, necessita do conhecimento bioético na prática pedagógica de pedagogos.

Although the concept of spirituality is briefly analyzed, the principal aim of this article is to study spirituality in the bioethical thought of Daniel Serrão. For this purpose, a hermeneutical analysis was carried out on a collection of published and unpublished articles by Daniel Serrão on spirituality and religion. Results: The analysis and interpretation of the texts revealed three important notes or characteristics in the conception of spirituality in Daniel Serrão: mystical, horizontal and transcendence. These notes or characteristics are fundamental for understanding, and coincide with the structure of their triadic thinking: metaphysical, scientific and cultural. When we enter the "heart of the Serronian discourse" we perceive that it presents a uniqueness in diversity. That is to say, there is no split between ethical, transcendental and scientific discourse. In bioethical thinking, spirituality is based on existential metaphysics, on essential metaphysics and on metaphysics in relation.

The consent to abuse made by consumers reflects a particular normative order which constitutes part of a socially accepted moral order. It constitutes a specific market regulator because the wide acceptance of unethical behaviours can hinder the functioning of legal and other formal institutions, while the lack of such acceptance can support them and make them more efficient. The paper presents the results of a periodical research project aimed at reconstructing this order in the financial area. The project, entitled “The Financial Morality of Poles”, includes a survey of a group of 1000 Polish adults from the whole country. The survey has been conducted on a yearly basis since 2016. The main result of the project is a map of Poles’ moral permissivism in the area of finance. The map is based on questions the respondents were asked about the level of justification of consumer activities which are illegal or which violate moral norms. Ethical standards for judging consumers’ behaviours vary considerably, from behaviours that are condemned by the overwhelming majority to behaviours deemed justifiable by more than half of the respondents. It was assumed that, based on the results obtained in individual questions, an estimate of consumer reliability on the financial market can be made. This estimate results from averaging the responses which accept the behaviours described in the questions and is defined as the acceptance index for unethical financial behaviours.

Over the last few years, a change has been noticed in the approach to shaping legal regulations in the economic field, and this has become the motive for a new approach to self-regulation. The change consists in the fact that the legislator mainly defines the purpose of a regulation, the regulatory framework, and the sanctions. However, it does not contain specific provisions indicating how an economic entity should fulfill the purpose of a given regulation. Thus, it leaves the broad sphere undefined. The legislator indicates what is expected, what the sanction for non-compliance will be, but it does not indicate exactly how business owners should achieve this compliance. The aim of the article is to describe a new trend of self-regulation, from the perspective of the role that industry organizations can play. Three examples of new acts in the field of commercial law are analyzed, which are characterized by a lack of clarity and are part of the case-law framework. Two initiatives of an industry organization which clarify unclear legal provisions are pointed out. The analyses make it possible to state that the industry organizations are able to take responsibility for interpretations of imprecise regulations in the field of commercial law. The organizations are also able to set standards of conduct and develop industry self-regulation so that they are respected by the industry and the legislator as a response to the new model of shaping the law.

Economics and ethics are practical sciences. The common research subject of both sciences is man. Economics is looking for an answer to the question of how to manage in business life. Ethics looks for the answer to the question of how to live. Because man is a person, his value brings consequences for all areas of human activity. This also applies to the market. The market is one of the foundations of economic life and is a great good for people and societies. The market is defined in different ways. It is worth comprehensively describing what the market is, emphasizing its personal character. In economics, attention is paid to market failure, understood mostly as the ineffectiveness of management (deviation from the model market, which is perfectly competitive). The negative impact of the market on society is also identified. Although moral aspects are increasingly taken into account in the concept of market failure, there is no general theory that attempts to capture market in moral aspects. Therefore, it is worth asking whether such a theory is possible. The construction of the moral theory of market failure can be a reference point to the analysis of market practices and institutional conditions from an ethical point of view.

Examples of scandals related to exposing the unethical practices of companies which are classified as CSR leaders include cases where their declarations on undertaking social responsibility, as well as spending a lot of money on spectacular social campaigns and then rigorously reporting it in the appropriate documents, are accompanied by acts of abusing workers’ and environmental rights, misleading customers, i.e., abusing consumer rights, and finally “tax optimisation”, which generates measurable losses to the local communities. These cases raise the question about the reason for corporate social responsibility not being immune to abuse or opportunities to treat it as merely an image-related issue. The problem is presented using Max Weber’s widely known typology. It contrasts the ethics of conviction (ruled by the principle of intentionally keeping to the rules which have been adopted as being right) with the ethics of responsibility for the consequences of actions, including those that were undertaken in good faith but which have unintentional consequences. The usefulness of Weber’s typology when considering CSR problems becomes evident when we notice that the dominant interpretation of the corporate social responsibility concept, with its characteristic emphasis on voluntariness and positivity of actions within CSR, brings this concept closer to the ethics of conviction model. Voluntary actions in the field of CSR should go beyond carrying out regular goals of economic activities, i.e., the maximisation of profits, by providing good quality, desirable goods and services. However, what should be considered a prosocial activity –and thus, social responsibility –remains unclear in some companies. In accordance with the thesis of the paper, this ambiguity is one of the important factors that create discrepancies between declarations and real corporate activities. As we can see, the focus on voluntarily doing good which has been adopted in the current interpretation of CSR pre-empts the pursuit to avoid bad practices, both in theory and in the implementation of CSR programmes. Moreover, the CSR-dominant interpretation leads to a particular terminological confusion and replaces the companies’ responsibility towards concrete stakeholders, which is appropriate for the economic activity, with an abstractly understood responsibility towards an abstractly understood society. In this sense, the conceptual analysis of the relationship between CSR and ethics reveals that one of the important sources of problems with CSR is joining this concept with an unsuitable model of ethics. This is not because of the alleged defects of the ethics of conviction, appreciated by Weber, among other thinkers, but because it is a model that, in fact, is not suitable for business ethics. If the ethics of conviction is private, then it cannot be used to regulate social relations. In conclusion, it may be stated that, paradoxically, a dominant way of thinking about the social responsibility of corporations leads more to separation than to bringing together ethics and business. CSR, in its current form, cannot be an efficient means of implementing ethical objectives in business because it defines the issue of social responsibility as a sphere of private beliefs and arbitrary interpretations. Therefore, it undermines the relevance of the proper and socially significant notion of responsibility for economic activities and their consequences. Of course, the CSR concept can and should be modified; the question remains as to whether eliminating the elements that bring it closer to the ethics of conviction does not actually translate into giving it up entirely.

The task of the paper is to analyze Talcott Parsons’ concept of economic disinter-estedness, which the classical American sociologist introduced at an early stage of his work. It is aimed at economic orthodoxy, whose permanent foundation is thestill vital figure of homo oeconomicus. The concept of disinterestedness is about crossing the limits of one’s own advantage in economic activities. When justifying the concept, Parsons refers to Alfred Marshall and his concept of a “gentleman of the world of free industry and entrepreneurship” and Max Weber’s concept of the “spirit of capitalism”. According to Parsons, the embodiment of disinterestedness in advanced capitalism should become a specific type of bureaucracy.

Introduction Sustainability constitutes an essential element in corporate contexts by now. Corporate sustainability may be addressed differently, either selectively or integrated. The holistic approach opted for primarily focuses on conveying aspects of corporate sustainability across different socio-cultural contexts. In doing so, the full quadruple scope of sustainability dimensions is considered cornerstone of a well-chosen case-study design. Such particular reference prototypically exemplifies business models in highly volatile commodity markets. Continuously longing for optimization and rationalization due to creativity and productivity gains, the company is predominantly challenged by changing customer needs resulting from digitization as mega trend of the twenty-first century. Case description Alluding to the business of stationery and professional office supplies, this case study aims at advocating the systematic proceeding of how to strengthen corporate sustainability through both embracing existing and evolving culture-bound approaches of sustainability vis-à-vis a framework implementation strategy and related guidelines for implementation at operational level. The essential quest is how to convey aspects of corporate sustainability across different socio-cultural contexts? Aiming at contributing to some kind of framework implementation strategy this implies reflecting upon assessing the status quo of corporate sustainability-related strategic approaches, activities and initiatives, means and instruments (sustainability performance); identifying universal and culture-bound drivers (sustainability opportunity); and deducing operational guidelines towards stakeholder awareness, selected strategic options, projects and best practices (sustainability commitment). Given the theoretical background of corporate sustainability and related contexts, impetus for operationalizing is created by triple means of: ▪ Adopting an extended and generic life-cycle assessment (LCA) as core analytic framework and structuring element, corresponding with the value-chain-oriented approach of business segments, ▪ Applying the multi-method paradigm of methodological triangulation, including stakeholder observation, expert interviews and company resources, and ▪ Framing major characteristics as case study according to principles of qualitative content analysis. Discussion and evaluation Assuming that corporate sustainability may be conducive to foster innovation and evolution of products and services, the company’s sustainability performance, sustainability opportunity and sustainability commitment is systematically analysed in line with the generic life cycle. By covering supply chain, production, distribution/packaging, service/use, and end-of-life, the status quo of corporate sustainability-related strategic approaches is assessed first, followed by identifying universal and culture-bound drivers to corporate sustainability, and concluding operational guidelines in terms of stakeholder awareness, selected strategic options, projects and best practices. A resultant framework implementation strategy provides four strategic options of product stewardship, operational efficiency, innovative transformation, and adaptive responsiveness, and attributing them to cross-sectoral aspects of innovation, business-model evolution and socio-cultural contexts, first and foremost. Innovative value is added by systematically and holistically assessing corporate sustainability driven by grounded heuristics, multi-dimensional and culture-inclusive rationale, and implementation-focused impetus. Conclusions It can be concluded that adequately taking socio-cultural contexts into consideration may constitute a strategic and influential driving force to corporate sustainability, that strengthening cultural aspects of corporate sustainability may push the innovative capacity for business-model evolution; and that highlighting comparative advantages of sustainability-oriented manufacturing and branding favours the identification of business cases for sustainability. In a nutshell, corporate commitment to/for sustainability is essentially advised in challenging times of economic turbulence and rapid changes; it represents the window of opportunity to revisit assumptions and value propositions of long-lived business models.

The proper functioning of local-government administration means not only improving legal and organisational solutions, but mainly officials abiding by ethical principles. Therefore, an important role in the process is played by the ethical standards of good administration referred to in the European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour. The principles apply to the assessment of the operation of public administration. They reflect the duties of the administration towards the citizens. The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of the principles of ethics as a factor conditioning the efficient operation of local government administration. The questionnaire research carried out among local government staff and their stakeholders enabled the identification of the most frequent irregularities in the work of the officials and indicates the importance of the principles of ethics in the process of eliminating irregularities.

Liquidity management has been incessantly challenging for the financial institutions and especially Islamic financial institutions due to their nature of business. The convoluted nature of liquidity management impedes the task of Islamic banks in managing their liquidity efficiently. Given the intricacies of the subject matter, this paper delves into elaborating the critical aspects of liquidity management; subsequently, discusses the consequences of poor liquidity management and problems inherent in managing the latter by analyzing the real-life failure of an Islamic financial institution as a result identifying the issues that could possibly jeopardize the existence of the Islamic banks. The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the liquidity management framework and furnish with effective tools to mitigate the liquidity risk for the Islamic banks.

Industrial districts face challenges after the advent of information technology (on line), which considers that places are not important but for some industry players and consumers to determine. Research aims to offer practical and implementable solutions for industry players so that their performance is at a minimum before or after moving to an industrial district. Journal research methods are used in this study with journal sources originating from reputable international journals and scopus indexed. The concept of the model of knowledge of communication adaptation is our finding. The concept model is derived from the industrial district theorem and organizational knowledge typology. Knowledge of communication adaptation is a mediating alternative between government perceptions and industry players. Concept definitions are explained in this study.

One of the characteristics of Islamic banking is using the concept of profit� sharing financing. This study aims to determinan of implementation profit sharing financing, consist of Third Party Funds , Non Performing Financing, Return On Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio� and Financing to Deposit Ratio. The population in this study are all Islamic banking which listed in Bank of Indonesia in the periode �2013 to 2016. The sample was selected using purposive sampling methodTotal samples used in this study were 11 Islamic Banks with 4-year study period, with �get sampleof 44 data.� The analytical method used in this study is multiple regression were processed using SPSS. The results of this study indicate third party funds, financing to deposit ratio� have a positive significant effect to the financing profit sharing. While non performing financing ,return on asset and capital adequacy ratio �no effect on the profit �sharing financing.

The goal of the article is to criticise neoclassical economics from the behavioural economics perspective on the example of Poland’s reform of the retirement system (the possibility of earlier retirement). The creators of the reform assume that people are rational and will choose the best option and save enough for retirement. Thanks to conclusions from psychology we know that people cannot discount utility in time, but they behave in accordance with hyperbolic discounting. This situation leads to the conflict between preferences in time. To resolve this conflict, the concept of multiple selves is presented. Different preferences in time are not the problem for neoclassical economics, which assumes that people choose what is best for them (revealed preferences). The criticism of this assumption is presented along with the limitations of perceiving rationality in the instrumental sense. Thanks to axiomatic assumptions, neoclassical economists could dismiss conclusions from behavioural economics which concerns human irrationality. It proves that people do not always make the best choices, which is observable on the example of people who take early retirement. The concept of libertarian paternalism is presented as a way of helping people to make the “right” choices. The possibility of early retirement is presented as the default option. The author comes to the conclusion that this state is a flawed choice architecture because, despite its negative consequences, many people will choose early retirement.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a necessidade da transexualidade deixar de ser uma patologia, tornando visível a importância desta despatologição e atualmente a colocação do termo transexualismo auxilia o desenvolvimento dos preconceitos e demais problemas. É importante definir alguns termos usados e confundidos como sexo, orientação sexual, identidade de gênero, ressaltando suas distinções e onde cada uma delas se enquadra. Apesar de diversos estudos a classificação é de transtornos psicológicos, elencado como transtornos de identidade sexual, e que a redesignação, embora seja ampla, é o tratamento utilizado na questão sexual cirúrgica que é suficiente para satisfazer o transexual.

Muitos países se opõem à gestação de substituição em geral, ou ao menos à modalidade remunerada, ao argumento de que é procedimento que acarreta a indignidade da gestante. À luz da experiência indiana –muito criticada em vista de relatos de acontecimentos efetivamente degradantes– investiga- se nesse estudo se o tratamento da relação entre gestante substituta e beneficiários da técnica como um negócio jurídico (e todo o arcabouço jurídico correlato) pode se apresentar como solução para evitar que tais situações ocorram e, assim, demonstrar que a indignidade não está relacionada ao procedimento em si, mas sim às condições nas quais é realizado.

For many people the expression “applied ethics” sounds like a pleonasm. They tend to claim that ethics by its very nature is about practical matters. It deals with human actions and their motivations and there is no need to create an additional discipline with special practical bias. However, at least since the 1970s, there has been a growing movement of applied ethics which resulted not only in the increase of enrolment to the academic courses but also in the demand for consulting services in this field. And yet the question still remains to what extent applied ethics inherits philosophical tradition and style of thinking. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the applied ethics is a continuation of philosophical inquiry in the way adjusted well to the demands of the pluralistic and democratic societies. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Na ultima decada, ganharam destaques tecnologias reprodutivas, sobretudo o diagnostico genetico pre-implantacao (DGPI): selecao de embrioes saudaveis obtidos atraves de programas de fertilizacao in vitro antes de estes serem transferidos para um utero materno. O melhoramento genetico pode levar a eugenia positiva, que exclui determinadas enfermidades, ou a eugenia negativa, que abre espaco para que os pais escolham caracteristicas especificas dos filhos, como pele, cor dos olhos, ou nivel de raciocinio. A partir da nocao de vulnerabilidade e necessidade de protecao do embriao, defende que nao se deve esperar a ocorrencia de danos severos para empregar medidas.

The bioethical aspects in clinical trials are regulated by organizations such as the FDA, the European Agency and, in Cuba, the Centro Nacional Coordinador de Ensayos Clínicos. The aim of this paper is to determine the importance of codes, guidelines and regulations for the safety and well-being of the subject of the trial. As a method, the review of the issue on the databases Medline, Hinari, Scielo, Springer, Wiley and others on the webpage http://www.infomed.sld.cu were used. In conclusion, the codes, guidelines and regulations for the safety and well-being of the subject of the trial were analysed in order for cancer patients to be treated ethically and not as means or objects.

Through a qualitative analysis of bioethical and bio-legal content from the critical hermeneutics and interpretation of texts, we achieved the objective of identifying the bioethical dilemmas confronting the health professional during the adolescent’s medical care and the elements for its resolution, establishing that the dilemmas are inherent to the violation of the adolescent’s confidentiality due to the presence of a third party, the decision-making of three actors in an physician-adolescent patient relationship and the attitude of the health professional in situations that imply legal judgments, in the medical act. A través de un análisis cualitativo de contenido bioético y biojurídico desde la hermenéutica crítica e interpretación de textos, logramos el objetivo de identificar los dilemas bioéticos que confronta el profesional de la salud durante la atención médica al adolescente y los elementos para su resolución, estableciendo que los dilemas son inherentes a la vulneración de la confidencialidad del adolescente por la presencia de un tercero, a la toma de decisiones de tres actores en una relación médico-paciente adolescente y a la actitud del profesional de la salud ante situaciones que implican juicios de legalidad, en el acto médico.

This study consists of theoretical-normative research which aims to analyze children’s right to participate under art. 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and its application in health care. It draws the conclusion that regardless the child’s capacity for informed consent, their participation is an ethical-legal requirement that must be applied to current Brazilian legislation and to the daily practice of health professionals. O presente estudo consiste em pesquisa teórico e documental em que se objetiva analisar a aplicação do direito à participação da criança, previsto no art. 12 da Convenção sobre Direitos da Criança, no âmbito dos cuidados em saúde. Conclui-se que, independentemente da capacidade jurídica da criança para o consentimento informado, sua participação nos seus cuidados em saúde é um imperativo ético-jurídico a ser incorporado à legislação brasileira vigente e à prática cotidiana dos profissionais de saúde.

The characters within Luigi Pirandello’s novels portray real people whose topicality is undeniable. As such, the purpose of this article is to establish a comparison between the physician in Pirandello’s novels and the physician in Brazilian society nowadays, highlighting their professional conduct. The novels “The Doctor’s Duty”, “The Fly”, and “The Other Son” were analyzed in the light of the current Medical Ethics Code, conveying old problems that still remain these days. Reading Pirandello induces critical thinking of the medical practice, prompting the establishment of a physician-patient relationship based on exchanging experiences and sharing decisions.