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Sleep paralysis (SP) is a mixed state of consciousness and sleep, combining features of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with those of wakefulness. The exact cause of SP is unknown, and its prevalence varies among the studies. We aim to identify SP's global prevalence, the affected population's characteristics, and the SP's clinical picture. We searched three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS)) using a unique search strategy to identify eligible studies. All observational studies identifying the prevalence or frequency of sleeping paralysis were included. No exclusions are made based on country, race, or questionnaire. The analysis was performed using the latest version of R software (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). The analysis included 76 studies from 25 countries with 167,133 participants. The global prevalence of SP was 30% (95% CI (22%, 39%)). There were similar frequencies of isolated SP and SP (33%, 95% CI (26%, 42%), I2 = 97%, P <0.01; 31%, 95% CI (21%, 43%), I2 = 100%, P = 0, respectively). A subgroup analysis showed that the majority of those who experienced SP were psychiatric patients (35%, 95% CI (20%, 55%), I2 = 96%, P <0.01). The prevalence among non-psychiatric patients was among students (34%, 95% CI (23%, 47%), I2 = 100%, P = 0). Auditory and visual hallucinations were reported in 24.25% of patients. Around 4% had only visual hallucinations. Meta-regression showed no association between the frequency of SP and sex. Publication bias was detected among the included studies through visual inspection of funnel plot asymmetry. Our findings revealed that 30% of the population suffered from SP, especially psychiatric patients and students. The majority of SP cases lacked associated hallucinations, while a noteworthy proportion experienced combined visual and auditory hallucinations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Hefnawy et al.)

At common law, contributory infringement for copyright infringement requires "knowledge" of the infringing activity by a direct infringer before secondary liability can attach. In the USA, the "safe harbor" provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, that shield Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from secondary copyright liability, are concomitantly available only to ISPs that lack the common law knowledge prerequisites for such liability. But this leads to the question of when a juridical corporate entity can be said to have "knowledge" under the statute. Legal institutions have well-established processes for inferring the knowledge state of natural persons, but corporations are complex sociotechnical networks of human and non-human elements whose information state does not map well onto such inferential methods. This question is of course not unique to copyright liability; corporate entities may be responsible for "knowing" actions under a variety of applicable legal provisions, and the question of corporate knowledge is generally under theorized. But consideration of ISP "knowledge" in this context points the way to consideration of corporate epistemology that must be foundational to determining corporate responsibility in copyright protection. © The Author(s) 2011.

У роботі розглянуто найбільш популярні у світовій практиці використання індекси з композитними змінними для визначення соціального статусу респондентів – індекс статусної характеристики Уорнера (ISC), соціоекономічна статусна оцінка (SES) та індекс соціальної позиції Холлінгсхіда (ISP). Індекси є порівнюваними, але не еквівалентними. Аналіз набору показників кожного індексу, способу їх отримання та розрахунку підтверджує вищу надійність ISP й ISC, аніж SES.

Over the years the need for mobile broadband had seen a great increment due to the demand of internet mobile users. In this research work, data size for Internet operation on UMTS mobile network operators on the University of Ilorin Campus was assessed. The study assessed three UMTS network operators using an Infinix T627 android smart phone and RantCell App. to measure the download and upload at the selected points on the University of Ilorin Campus. It was observed that the number of active subscribers with their relative position in a cell have a great effect on the performance of the networks and therefore, the authors recommend the need for the operators to improve their data sizes so as to enhance users' satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inertial stabilised platforms are increasingly popular with a large range of products available mainstream. Most items are controlled using popular algorithms that sometimes do not offer best achievable performances. Present paper proposes an advanced control which aims at improving these latter. The exposed solution is based on quaternion representation and self-adapts to the characteristics of the payload it tries to stabilise. Proposed control law ensures the stability of the system whatever the required orientation path is. Although only simulation has been performed to check the performances of such control, results look very promising compared to non-adaptive controls and may help to construct more polyvalent and efficient gimbals which would further facilitate their expansion. Proposed control law can also be applied, as is, to every system that shares the same quaternion-based rotational dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information System Project (ISP) Selection is the most significant strategic consideration to each management of organizations, in terms of business intelligence (BI) as critical factors must be considered from large volume of information, known as Big Data (BD). In today's competitive environment, the main objective is selecting suitable and effective ISP to reduce the risk of investment, maximize overall performance of management of organization by mitigating uncertainty. As these types of decisions generally involve several criteria and it is often necessary to compromise among possibly conflicting factors, the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) becomes a useful approach to solve this kind of problem. This paper establishes a novel intelligent model by integrating fuzzy Shannon entropy and Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Method (FTOPSIS) techniques as a decision tool for solving MCDM problem using linguistic values, which smoothly aids decision makers dealing with uncertain or incomplete information without losing existing quantitative information. The novelty of this paper is to propose a framework of BI in management of an organization to determine suitable ISP where all the meaningful information, relevant knowledge and visualization retrieved by analyzing BD based on decision making to enhance any organizational performance worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multistep linear elastic analysis (MLEA) method to estimate the nonlinear out-of-plane load-deflection behavior of precast concrete insulated sandwich panels (ISPs), idealized as multiple segments of linear behavior. The proposed method was verified using the results of out-of-plane flexural tests conducted on six precast concrete ISPs, two of which were enclosed by end beams. The MLEA method predicted the experimental load-deflection behavior of the tested precast concrete ISPs with 12% deviation. The results of the MLEA method were also compared with the experimental results of eight precast concrete ISP specimens tested by other researchers; these precast concrete ISP specimens varied in geometry and type of interlayer mechanical connectors. The MLEA method estimated the elastic out-of-plane deflection, cracking, and ultimate strength of the eight precast concrete ISP specimens within 31%, 14%, and 24% margin of error, respectively. This suggests that the MLEA method can be used to estimate the out-of-plane behavior of precast concrete ISPs with any geometric properties and type of interlayer mechanical connectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological mediation describes the process where internet service providers (ISPs) translate telecommunications network innovations from the “technological frontier” to their particular commercial context. Although the original conception defined three obstacles during this process (technical, commercial, and structural), how these obstacles unfold has yet to be fully investigated. Using a qualitative case study with a rural ISP, we identify extensions to the model, in particular emotional response during mediation and their relationship to the dynamic elements mediation process. This illuminates how commercial market maturation impacts the organizations adopting these technologies, and the impacts of experience on the dynamic nature of technological mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we prove three main theorems: (1) guessing models are internally unbounded, (2) for any regular cardinal κ ≥ ω2, ISP(κ) implies that SCH holds above κ, and (3) forcing posets which have the ω1- approximation property also have the countable covering property. These results solve open problems of Viale [Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 163 (2012), no. 11, 1660-1678] and Hachtman and Sinapova [J. Symb. Log. 84 (2019), no. 2, 713-725]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The The government has recently announced its mid- to long-term plans for promoting art. With the advent of the 4th industrial revolution, contemporary art contents that are integrated with Intelligent Information Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and Big Data are being introduced, and social interest in humanities and creative convergence is rising. In addition, the industrialization of the art market is expanding amid the rising popularity of art among the general public and the growing interest of art as an investment replacement system, along with the strengthening of the creative personality education of our Education Ministry. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a strategy for transparency and revitalization of the art market by providing comprehensive information such as search functions, analysis data, and criticism by writer and price. This paper has established an information system plan for the establishment of an online supply system for art transaction information, providing auction transaction information for art market, providing report and news for art market, providing public relations platform, and providing art market analysis service and membership relationship management service. To this end, the future model was established through environmental analysis and focus analysis of the art market, and strategic tasks and implementation plans were established accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly illness caused by Leishmania donovani that provokes liver and spleen inflammation and tissue destruction. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, the protein of L. major, named inhibitor of serine peptidases (ISP) 2, inactivates neutrophil elastase (NE) present at the macrophage surface, resulting in blockade of TLR4 activation, prevention of TNF-α and IFN-β production, and parasite survival. We report poor intracellular growth of L. donovani in macrophages from knockout mice for NE (ela-/-), TLR4, or TLR2. NE and TLR4 colocalized with the parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole. Parasite load in the liver and spleen of ela-/- mice were reduced and accompanied by increased NO and decreased TGF-β production. Expression of ISP2 was not detected in L. donovani, and a transgenic line constitutively expressing ISP2, displayed poor intracellular growth in macrophages and decreased burden in mice. Infected ela-/- macrophages displayed significantly lower IFN-β mRNA than background mice macrophages, and the intracellular growth was fully restored by exogenous IFN-β. We propose that L. donovani utilizes the host NE-TLR machinery to induce IFN-β necessary for parasite survival and growth during early infection. Low or absent expression of parasite ISP2 in L. donovani is necessary to preserve the activation of the NE-TLR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legacy IPv4 networks are strenuous to manage and operate. Network operators are in need of minimizing the capital and operational expenditure of running network infrastructure. The implementation of software-defined networking (SDN) addresses those issues by minimizing the expenditures in the long run. Legacy networks need to integrate with the SDN networks for smooth migration towards the fully functional SDN environment. In this paper, we compare the network performance of the legacy network with the SDN network for IP routing in order to determine the feasibility of the SDN deployment in the Internet Service provider (ISP) network. The simulation of the network is performed in the Mininet test-bed and the network traffic is generated using a distributed Internet traffic generator. An open network operating system is used as a controller for the SDN network, in which the SDN-IP application is used for IP routing. Round trip time, bandwidth, and packet transmission rate from both SDN and legacy networks are first collected and then the comparison is made. We found that SDN-IP performs better in terms of bandwidth and latency as compared to legacy routing. The experimental analysis of interoperability between SDN and legacy networks shows that SDN implementation in a production level carrier-grade ISP network is viable and progressive.

The dynamic change occurred in the soil due to different uses can be can be estimated by monitoring sensible variables. There is no agreement about the most appropriate phosphorus (P) parameter for this purpose. The aim of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of soil tests for P availability, risk of P loss and P retention capacities (P-Bray1, P-CaCl2, P75, PSI and DPS in order to differentiate changes in soil P content related to soil uses, and to establish the relationship between these techniques. Two soil depths in two sites at the southeast of Buenos Aires province were analyzed. Different soil uses were considered: natural grasslands (PN), forest systems (FO), secondary grassland (PS) and different agricultural sequences (A). All techniques significantly differentiated between management systems; however, these differences were affected by soil depth. There were close correlations between the techniques, but there were dependent of soil use, P-Bray1 to P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.89), P75 to PSI (R2 = 0.79) and DPSP75 or DPSPSI to P-CaCl2 (R2 = 0.82 and 0.83 respectively). The A systems increased P availability (P-Bray1), decreased P retention capacities (P75 and PSI) and generated an increased risk of P losses (P-CaCl2). The FO and the PS had better P availability with respect to the PN, more P retention capacity and lower risks of P losses by runoff. Based on these results, a given P form could be estimated based on the analytical determination of another P form, but differentially by soil use.

Age-related decline in interhemispheric connectivity between motor areas has been reported with both transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. However, not all studies were able to confirm these findings, and previous studies did not apply structural (DTI) and functional (TMS) measurements within each individual appropriately. Here, we investigated age dependency of the ipsilateral silent period (ISP) and integrity of fibers in the corpus callosum as operationalized by fractional anisotrophy (FA), using TMS and DTI, respectively, in 20 participants between 19 and 72 years of age. We found age-dependent increase for ISP, and decrease of FA, both indicating a decrease in interhemispheric inhibition, with a negative association between FA and ISP for the dominant hemisphere (r = −0.39, p = 0.043). Our findings suggest that aging leads to decline of interhemispheric motor connectivity, as evidenced in both structural and functional parameters, which should be taken into account when interpreting disease- or medication-related changes.

In this paper, we propose a control framework for virtual-link provisioning in software defined networking (SDN)-based Internet service provider (ISP) networks. Within the problem’s scope, we have analyzed the traffic engineering (TE), quality of service (QoS) provisioning, network stability, and failure recovery issues. The proposed solution aims to optimize the network throughput subject to multiple QoS constraints and link-failure robustness constraints that are defined in service level agreements (SLAs), while minimizing the time-average rate of routing updates according to ISP preferences. In contrast to the conventional TE mechanisms which periodically optimize all the routing rules, our solution is based on a bi-objective optimization model which jointly optimizes the routing and the number of flow-table updates. In this way, the reconfiguration overhead of TE is reduced, thus the SDN controller could perform TE more frequently, in order to quickly and efficiently respond to traffic and topology changes. To generate a set of Pareto optimal solutions for the proposed optimization model we use the augmented $\epsilon $ -constrained method. The most efficient trade-off solution from the Pareto set is chosen by the Lypunov drift-plus-penalty algorithm. In order to make the proposed approach scalable enough for large network topologies, we also propose a heuristic TE algorithm that runs in polynomial time. The proposed solution is validated via simulations and experimentally, and it is shown that it outperforms conventional periodic TE techniques. The advantages of our proposal over a state-of-the-art TE technique in terms of the capability to adjust the reconfiguration rate based on the threshold set by ISP is demonstrated. In the analysis, a special attention is paid to the impact of proactive failure protection mechanisms on the network service capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the great features IPv6 has over IPv4, many countries have adopted IPv6 in their networks, and many websites are planning to complete their migration to IPv6. In Yemen, the process of deploying IPv6 is still very slow, and if it continued in the same pace, in few years Internet users in Yemen won’t be able to reach some websites or even communicate with IPv6-only users in other countries. In this paper, not only did we investigate the details of the IPv6 transition process in Yemen, but we also suggested, implemented and tested solutions to one of the most important problems that prevent Yemen’s ISP from deploying IPv6 in their network, which is the fact that many users still have IPv4-only devices and can’t change them or upgrade their software to support IPv6. In our work, we used a combination of software and hardware to implement IPv6 migration techniques, and focused on many important theoretical concepts such as IP addresses planning and OSPF routing in order to make sure that these solutions are applicable in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document specifies a new mechanism called D4across6, which stands for Deploying IPv4-only Connectivity across Local IPv6-only Access Networks. This protocol could be used to ease the process of transition to IPv6 protocol, particularly in the ISPs' access networks. This protocol allows legacy IPv4-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only content providers over an IPv6-only infrastructure. The main part is an application level tunnelling protocol that allows IPv6-only ISPs to provide IPv4 connectivity in addition to IPv6 connectivity across IPv6-only access networks. It carries IPv4 packets and routing information of the IPv4 protocol over an IPv6-only network infrastructure. The features of the proposed protocol are: offers IPv4 connectivity across IPv6-only access networks, stateless operation, cost-effective solution, and requires simple and automatic configuration at customers' hosts. D4across6 requires installing an application and a pseudo network driver at the IPv4-only hosts in order to allow them to communicate with IPv4-only content providers. The configured IPv4-only hosts will be able to auto-detect the ISP available connectivity in the following precedence: native IPv6, IPv4-in-IPv6, or no IPv4 connectivity. The protocol does not require replacing or upgrading customer edges. Thus, a minimal cost is expected in providing IPv4-only connectivity after successfully deploying of IPv6 service to subscribers. The simulation analysis showed that the performance metrics of D4across6 is pretty near to those of native IPv6 and IPv4 protocols. Additionally, the performance of D4across6 is better than that of all (A+P), DS-Lite and 4rd protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor recovery following a multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse depends on mechanisms of tissue repair but also on the capacity of the central nervous system for compensating of permanent damage. Objectives: We aimed to investigate changes in corticospinal plasticity and interhemispheric connections after a relapse of MS using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods: Twenty healthy and 13 relapsing-remitting MS subjects with a first motor relapse were included. TMS mapping and ipsilateral silent period (iSP) were performed after relapse and at 6-month follow-up. Results: Strength and dexterity of the paretic hand were impaired at baseline and improved over time. After relapse, mapamplitude and mapdensity were decreased for the ipsilesional-corticospinal tract (IL-CST) while expanded for the contralesional-CST (CL-CST). At follow-up, map parameters normalized for the CL-CST independently from recovery while the increase of outputs from the IL-CST was associated with straight and dexterity improvement. iSP measurements were impaired in MS irrespective of the phase of the disease. Prolonged iSPduration at baseline was associated with less dexterity recovery. Conclusions: After a motor relapse, TMS mapping shows acute changes in corticospinal excitability and rearrangements of motor outputs. iSP is less influenced by the phase of disease but may better predict recovery, possibly reflecting the integrity of interhemispheric motor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional illuminance intensity detection method using a single sensor has a problem that uniformity of illuminance detection is deteriorated depending on the measurement position due to the narrow FOV characteristic. In order to overcome this problem, a method of detecting an average illuminance value through a plurality of illuminance sensors is used, but the complexity and detection error are increased. In this paper, we propose a illuminance intensity detection method based on a single image sensor with wide FOV. The proposed method can solve the problems such as system complexity and error increase of existing illuminance sensor. The test results show that the difference of average value is 12% using a illuminance sensor, 10.7% using five illuminance sensors, and 6.2% using an image sensor compared with the reference value using the color difference illuminometer. It is confirmed that the proposed method can easily and accurately detect the space illuminance with improved uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trends of electronic devices applications are changes with the evolutionary change in the electronics technology. The field of embedded technology is growing with advanced microcontrollers. Due to this, electronic system is widely used in different sectors for monitoring and controlling. On observation, it is found that controlling railway gate crossing is one of the most important concept and it is proposed to develop and deploy the advanced microcontroller for the same. Hence, the literature survey has been carried out and proposed to deploy advance microcontroller of PIC family to develop a prototype for the present system for monitoring and controlling the railway gate. For this the IR sensor is deployed to sense the position of the train and corresponding signal is processed by microcontroller according to the user firmware to generate control action of closing or opening the railway crossing gate. To cater the need of mechanical movement, DC motor is deployed in the proposed system. On investigation of the deployment of to prototype for practical purpose, it is observed that the system works successfully with high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have studied the impact of customer confusion on the decision-making strategies of Internet service providers (ISP) in the network and telecommunications market. This confusion may come from several factors, e.g. incomplete information on the offer, non-transparent advertising, the ability of the analysis, etc.; but that sure varies over time since yesterday's customer is no longer today's. In this work, we have developed a simple oligopolistic model, using non-cooperative game theory, to formalize the interactions between service providers and end-users by considering that the rationality of customers varies over time. We assessed the impact of the dynamics of consumer confusion on the competition and profitability of service providers who are considered rational and competitive with one another to maximize their respective gains in the face of a confused fraction of consumers while others are not confused. We have shown the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. We used the best response dynamic algorithm for learning Nash equilibrium. On the one hand, we have shown that when the number of confused customers is large, the ISP is interested in that and they offer moderately high prices with low quality of service. On the other hand, over time, rationality increases, forcing the ISPs to change their strategies by offering better services so that their demand increases. We also add that when customer behavior changes quickly, the ISPs follow clearer strategies with customer satisfactory services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related decline in interhemispheric connectivity between motor areas has been reported with both transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. However, not all studies were able to confirm these findings, and previous studies did not apply structural (DTI) and functional (TMS) measurements within each individual appropriately. Here, we investigated age dependency of the ipsilateral silent period (ISP) and integrity of fibers in the corpus callosum as operationalized by fractional anisotrophy (FA), using TMS and DTI, respectively, in 20 participants between 19 and 72 years of age. We found age-dependent increase for ISP, and decrease of FA, both indicating a decrease in interhemispheric inhibition, with a negative association between FA and ISP for the dominant hemisphere (r = −0.39, p = 0.043). Our findings suggest that aging leads to decline of interhemispheric motor connectivity, as evidenced in both structural and functional parameters, which should be taken into account when interpreting disease- or medication-related changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dorsal root injury commonly results in irreversible loss of sensory functions because of the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of adult sensory axons and the growth-inhibitory environment at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) between the dorsal root and the spinal cord. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the dominant suppressors of axonal regeneration, acting via neuronal receptors including protein tyrosine phosphatase-σ (PTPσ). ISP (Intracellular Sigma Peptide) is a small peptide mimetic of the PTPσ wedge region that has been developed to target PTPσ and relieve CSPG inhibition. Extracellular regulated kinases (Erks) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) are signaling molecules downstream of CSPGs and PTPσ; they are expressed in neurons and essential for axon growth. In this study, we observed that ISP administration could promote sensory function restoration in adult rats after dorsal spinal root crush injury. Our results show that systemic ISP administration would not only significantly increase sensory axon regeneration and functional recovery, but also activate Erk and CREB signaling pathway. Furthermore, ISP has also been verified to increase dorsal root ganglion axonal remyelination in vitro. These results suggest that modulation of PTPσ by ISP represents a promising therapeutic strategy for sensory neuronal injuries. Highlights • ISP (Intracellular Sigma Peptide) promotes axonal regeneration into the spinal cord. • ISP promotes axonal regeneration in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). • Treatment with ISP promotes sensory functional recovery. • Systematic ISP treatment activates Erk/CREB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize network cost, performance, and reliability, SDN advocates for centralized traffic engineering (TE) that enables more efficient path and egress point selection as well as bandwidth allocation. In this paper, we argue SDN-based TE for ISP networks can be very challenging. First, ISP networks often are very large in size, imposing significant scalability challenges to the centralized TE. Second, ISP networks usually have diverse types of links, switches, and cost models, leading to a complex combination of optimizations. Third, ISP networks not only have many choices of internal paths but also include rich selections of egress points and interdomain routes, unlike cloud/enterprise networks. To overcome these challenges, we present a novel TE application framework, called Dragon, for existing SDN control planes. To address the scalability challenge, Dragon consists of hierarchical and recursive TE algorithms and mechanisms that divide flow optimization problems into subtasks and execute them in parallel. Further, Dragon allows ISPs to express diverse objectives for different parts of their network. Finally, we extend Dragon to jointly optimize the selection of intradomain and interdomain paths. Using extensive evaluation on real topologies and prototyping with SDN controller and switches, we demonstrate that Dragon outperforms existing TE methods both in speed and optimality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract SCI is followed by dramatic upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which limit axonal regeneration, oligodendrocyte replacement and remyelination. The recent discovery of the specific CSPGs signaling receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (RPTPσ) provided an opportunity to refine the therapeutic approach to overcome CSPGs inhibitory actions. In previously published work, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery of 44 μg/day of a peptide mimetic of PTPσ called intracellular sigma peptide (ISP), which binds to PTPσ and blocks CSPG-mediated inhibition, facilitated recovery after contusive SCI. Since this result could be of great interest for clinical trials, we independently repeated this study, but modified the method of injury as well as peptide application and the dosage. Following SCI at the Th10-segment, 40 rats were distributed in 3 groups. Animals in group 1 (20 rats) were subjected to SCI, but received no treatment. Rats in group 2 were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 44 μg/day ISP (SCI + ISP44) and animals of group 3 with s.c. injections of 500 μg/day ISP (SCI + ISP500) for 7 weeks after lesioning. Recovery was analyzed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after SCI by determining (i) BBB-score, (ii) foot-stepping angle, (iii) rump-height index, (iv) number of correct ladder steps, (v) bladder score and (vi) sensitivity (withdrawal latency after thermal stimulus). Finally, we determined the amount of serotonergic fibers in the preserved neural tissue bridges (PNTB) around the lesion site. Our results show that, systemic therapy with ISP improved locomotor, sensory and vegetative recovery which correlated with more spared serotonergic fibers in PNTB. Highlights • ISP was applied two modes: 44 μg/day i.p. and 500 μg/day s.c for 7 weeks after SCI. • Recovery was analyzed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after SCI. • We determined the spared serotonergic axons in preserved neural tissue bridges (PNTB). • Systemic therapy with ISP improved locomotor, sensory and vegetative recovery. • This correlated with more spared serotonergic fibers in PNTB [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), are cysteine-dependent peroxide reductases that group into six structurally discernable classes: AhpC-Prx1, BCP-PrxQ, Prx5, Prx6, Tpx, and AhpE. A previous study showed that forkhead box protein O (FOXO) in the insulin signaling pathway (ISP) plays a vital role in regulating locust diapause by phosphorylation, which can be promoted by the high level of ROS. Furthermore, the analysis of transcriptome between diapause and non-diapause phenotypes showed that one of the Prxs, LmPrx6, which belongs to the Prx6 class, was involved. We presumed that LmPrx6 might play a critical role in diapause induction of Locusta migratoria and LmPrx6 may therefore provide a useful target of control methods based on RNA interference (RNAi). To verify our hypothesis, LmPrx6 was initially cloned from L. migratoria to make dsLmPrx6 and four important targets were tested, including protein-tyrosine phosphorylase 1B (LmPTP1B), insulin receptor (LmIR), RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase (LmAKT), and LmFOXO in ISP. When LmPrx6 was knocked down, the diapause rate was significantly reduced. The phosphorylation level of LmPTP1B significantly decreased while the phosphorylation levels of LmIR, LmAKT, and LmFOXO were significantly increased. Moreover, we identified the effect on two categories of genes downstream of LmFOXO, including stress tolerance and storage of energy reserves. Results showed that the mRNA levels of catalase and Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), which enhanced stress tolerance, were significantly downregulated after silencing of LmPrx6. The mRNA levels of glycogen synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) that influence energy storage were also downregulated after knocking down of LmPrx6. The silencing of LmPrx6 indicates that this regulatory protein may probably be an ideal target for RNAi-based diapause control of L. migratoria.

Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas jaringan bagi penyedia Internet Service Provider (ISP),turunnya nilai throughput dan menaikkan nilai delay, banyaknya ISP, besarnya delay jaringan, banyaknya bangunan/pemukiman tempat mengakses layanan internet dapat menyebabkan adanya paket data yang hilang (packet loss) pada saat pentransmisian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis spasial jaringan internet dan penyedia Internet Service Provider (ISP) dengan data spasial; Titik lokasi pengukuran, Waktu pengukuran, Besar nilai paket data, dan Operator seluler (ISP) dengan sampel objek pada Kecamatan Sungai Pinang, Kota Samarinda Kalimantan Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan Analisis Spasial Exploratory dan analisis Spasial Confirmatory. Metode pengumpulan data dengan studi lapangan pengukuran langsung dan studi literatur dengan mengacu standard TIPHON (Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks). Hasil analisis data pengukuran bahwa besarnya nilai jitter, delay, throughput pada provider yang ada di objek penelitian masih sangat tinggi. Indeks pengukuran berdasarkan standar dari TIPHON terhadap parameter-parameter QoS, bahwa kualitas pelayanan jaringan internet berbasis seluler di Kecamatan Sungai Pinang Kota Samarinda dalam kategori jelek, sedang dan sangat bagus.

Section J, Chapter 18 of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement on Internet Service Providers (ISP), with the objectives of providing copyright holders with effective legal remedies against online copyright infringement whereas properly limit the scope of liability of ISPs for copyright infringements committed through their platforms that they do not control, initiate or direct. The later objective is to be achieved via the so-called Safe Harbours for ISPs. To prepare Vietnam for the implementation of ISP provisions of the TPP Agreement, this paper shall provide: (i) a overview of the evolution of ISP liability regimes and Safe Harbours (ii) an examination of the legal, technological and economic foundations for the development of ISP liability regimes and statutory Safe Harbours; (ii) A comparative comparison among Vietnam’s current limitations on copyright liability of ISP with the Safe Harbor provisions in TPP Agreement; and (iii) recommendations on a strategic approach to the implementation of TPP’s Safe Harbor provisions.

This article describes the basic directions of state policy in the use and implementation of cloud computing. It answers the question about the applicability of foreign cloud services for the processing of personal data of citizens of Russia. It describes the systematization of cloud services in Russia and the EU. It defines some specific measures to ensure the protection of personal data using the standards of the EU and Russia.

This work reports on the properties of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) grown epitaxially on a patterned silicon substrate composed of squared inverted silicon pyramids (ISP). This compliant substrate prevents stacking faults, usually found at the SiC/Si interface, from reaching the surface. We investigated the effect of the size of the inverted pyramid on the epilayer quality. We noted that anti-phase boundaries (APBs) develop between adjacent faces of the pyramid and that the SiC/Si interfaces have the same polarity on both pyramid faces. The structure of the heterointerface was investigated. Moreover, due to the emergence of APB at the vertex of the pyramid, voids buried on the epilayer form. We demonstrated that careful control of the growth parameters allows modification of the height of the void and the density of APBs, improving SiC epitaxy quality.